Mastering Standardized Tests -...

115
Mastering Standardized Tests Student Edition

Transcript of Mastering Standardized Tests -...

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Mastering Standardized Tests

Student Edition

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the conditionthat such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students,teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with theGlencoe Science program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibitedwithout prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN 0-07-873029-5

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 08 07 06 05

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ContentsIntroductionWhat is in this book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Task Regimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Unit 1: Science and TechnologyChapter 1: The Nature of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Chapter 2: Science, Technology, and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Unit 2: Motion, Forces, and EnergyChapter 3: Motion, Acceleration, and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 4: The Laws of Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Chapter 5: Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Chapter 6: Work and Machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Chapter 7: The Earth–Moon–Sun System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Chapter 8: The Solar System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Unit 3: Energy in MotionChapter 9: Heat and States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Chapter 10: Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Chapter 11: Sound and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 12: Earth’s Internal Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Unit 4: Forms of EnergyChapter 13: Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Chapter 14: Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

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Chapter 15: Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chapter 16: Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 17: Weather and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Unit 5: Matter and Earth MaterialsChapter 18: Classification of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Chapter 19: Properties of Atoms and Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . 80

Chapter 20: Earth Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Chapter 21: Earth’s Changing Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Unit 6: Interactions of MatterChapter 22: Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Chapter 23: Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Chapter 24: Solutions, Acids, and Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Chapter 25: Nuclear Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Chapter 26: Stars and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

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Introduction

What is in this book? Welcome to the Student Edition of Mastering Standardized Tests for PhysicalScience with Earth Science.

There are three distinct sections in this workbook:

• Introduction: Methods

This introduction provides you with methods to tackle test questions. Using themethods in this introduction, you will learn how to use the process of elimination,how to identify important information in the tests’ graphs, charts, and tables, as wellas other skills that can help you succeed on tests. Carefully study the methods in thisintroduction before you begin the test questions in this workbook.

This workbook was written to accompany your textbook. For every chapter in yourtextbook, there are two types of tests in this workbook.

• Chapter Test: Content Mastery

For every chapter in the textbook, this workbook contains a Chapter Test. EachChapter Test is made up of multiple-choice questions designed to assess yourknowledge and understanding of the material in the corresponding chapter of thetextbook.

• Standardized Test Practice: Test Preparation

For every chapter in the textbook, this workbook contains a correspondingStandardized Test Practice. The questions in this section are designed to prepare youfor national science tests such as the TerraNova, the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS),and the Stanford Achievement Test, Tenth Edition (SAT-10). The format of thequestions found in these practice tests is very similar to the format of the questionsfound in the actual national science tests.

Physical Science with Earth Science Introduction • 1

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Methods of Content Review and Test PreparationA unique four-part Task Regimen and helpful Test-Taking Tips designed tomaximize the benefits of using this workbook are presented in this section. Each of thefour tasks is designed to help you identify challenges and improve your performance.

Each task has an assignment for you to do on your own at home and one to do inclass. The homework and the in-class activities will often be coordinated, so it isimportant that you concentrate on both equally.

Remember, the entire goal of this workbook is to benefit YOU! Before you begin this workbook, take a minute to answer the following questions. On the blank lines, write in any other questions or ideas you might have. Remember to discuss your questions with your teacher so that you can be fully informed about the test.

1. Is the standardized test timed, or will I have unlimited time?

2. Am I allowed to write on the test? If not, do I need to bring scratch paper?

3. Where will the test be held? Is it in a room that tends to be cold, and should I bring a sweater?

4.

5.

2 • Introduction Physical Science with Earth Science

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Task RegimenTask I

Objective: To use the Chapter Tests to review science material from yourtextbook

At-Home Goal: To identify parts of the textbook you need to review further

In-Class Goal: To receive explanations about details from the textbook chapter andhelp with content that you need to review further

Physical Science with Earth Science Introduction • 3

Task I At-Home Assignment For each question you missedin the Chapter Test, find thepages in the textbook thatcover the material.

If you cannot find theinformation, write out threequestions about the materialthat you did not understand.

In-Class Assignment Work in a group to review thetextbook material and themissed questions. Have yourteacher explain any questionsor concepts that your groupdoes not understand.

How It Will Help You By receiving personal attention,you will be able to have all ofyour specific questionsanswered and explained.

Reviewing the missed questionswill help you make sure thatyou understand your mistakes.

Example 1

Which type of wind generally moves from thesouthwest to the northeast in the northernhemisphere?

f. polar easterliesg. jet streamh. sea breezej. prevailing westerlies

Note the page in the textbook where thisinformation can be found.

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4 • Introduction Physical Science with Earth Science

Task IIObjective: To use the Standardized Test Practices as preparation for actual

standardized tests

In-Class Goal: To practice working on test-like questions in a realistic test-takingenvironment

At-Home Goal: To analyze your mistakes and identify any questions on which youneed more work

Task IIIn-Class AssignmentTake the test in arealistic test-takingenvironment.

At-Home Assignment With an answer keyfrom your teacher,review your test. Usingyour textbook, reviewany incorrect answers.Put a question markbeside any questionsthat you cannot figureout and bring them toclass the next day.

How It Will Help You This assignment willhelp you carefullyanalyze your mistakesand identify the exactreason you answeredsome questionsincorrectly. You will also receive help withquestions you need to review.

Example 2

A fifth element also was tested. It did not conduct, itreacted with alkali metals, and it was a gas. Thiselement behaved most similarly to

F Element 1

G Element 2

H Element 3

J Element 4

Test

Conductivity

Physicalappearance

Reactivity

Element 1

Yes

Shiny solidstored in oil

Very reactive

Yes

Shiny solid

Reacts withnon-metals

Element 2

No

Colorless gas

Unreactive

Element 3

No

Yellow gas

Reacts withalkali metals

Element 4

Carefully consider the information in thetable again. Only Element 4 reacts withalkali metals and is a gas.

Carefully consider theinformation in the table. None of these elements reacts withalkali metals and is a gas.Therefore, all of these answerchoices are incorrect.

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Physical Science with Earth Science Introduction • 5

Task IIIObjective: To use the process of elimination during testing situations

At-Home Goal: To practice using the process of elimination to identify incorrectanswer choices

In-Class Goal: To strengthen your use of the process of elimination

Task III At-Home Assignment Make a list of the hardestquestions and consider each answer choice. Notewhether you think eachanswer choice is correct orincorrect and why. Place aline through the letter ofeach answer choice thatyou eliminate. Put aquestion mark next to anyanswer choices that youare not certain about. Feelfree to use the textbookwhen needed.

In-Class Assignment Your teacher will lead adiscussion about theanswer choices for eachquestion. Share your ideasand analysis with the class.

How It Will Help YouWorking alone and as aclass will give you achance to learn andpractice the process ofelimination. You will learn how to successfullyeliminate incorrect answerchoices.

Example 3

Which of these statements is correct?

F Rocks grow and develop from energy.

G Energy uses living things.

H Trees respond to the wind.

J Young animals grow into mature animals.

Choice F: No, rocks do not grow. They do not use energy.

Choice G: No, living things use energy. Energy does not use living things.

Choice H: No, trees move in the wind, but it is not a response.

Choice J: Yes, young animals do grow and developinto mature animals.

Living Things

Organized

Respond

Reproduce

Take In andUse Energy

Grow andDevelop

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6 • Introduction Physical Science with Earth Science

Task IV Objective: To develop the ability to recognize, extract, and use all information

given within the test

At-Home Goal: To learn how to recognize and use all of the information given to youin the questions

In-Class Goal: To share ideas and techniques for use all of the information given toyou in the questions

Task IV At-Home AssignmentWrite a list of the hardestquestions. For eachquestion, write down allof the information givenby the graphic and thequestion. Note whatinformation helped youanswer the questioncorrectly. Write aquestion mark beside anyquestion or graphic thatyou found confusing.

In-Class Assignment As a class or in groups,discuss each question.Write down a list of allthe informativeobservations you andyour peers make.

How It Will Help YouPracticing understandingcharts and graphs andanalyzing the informationprovided by the test willhelp you to answer thequestions correctly.

Example 4

According to the chart, which month hadthe LEAST precipitation?

f. March

g. May

h. June

j. August

August was the month with the least precipitation. This is the correct answer choice.

Precipitation Amounts

Month Precipitation (cm)

March 10.63

April 11.47

May 14.68

June 9.32

July 5.87

August 4.99

The chart showshow muchprecipitationthere was foreach month.There aredifferentamounts foreach month.

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Test-Taking Tips

Test-Taking Tips for

1. Be sure to get plenty of sleep the week before the test. A healthy amount of sleep is8–9 hours every night.

2. The night before the test, try to do something relaxing but stimulating, such asplaying a board game, exercising, or reading an enjoyable book. Cramming the nightbefore the test can often hamper your memory and make you tired.

3. The morning of the test, eat a healthy breakfast with fresh foods that are high inprotein and carbohydrates.

4. The morning of the test, clear your mind of any outside distractions so that you willbe better able to focus on the test. If breaks are given during the test, use that timeto relax and clear your mind.

Test-Taking Tips for

1. Listen to and read all directions.

2. Be sure you understand the question before reading the answer choices. Then, makesure to read and consider every answer choice.

3. Remember to carefully consider all the information presented in the test’s graphics.

4. If the test is timed, be sure to pace yourself.

5. Always choose an answer. By eliminating as many incorrect choices as possible, youwill have a good chance of guessing correctly and obtaining more points.

During the Test:

Before the Test:

Physical Science with Earth Science Introduction • 7

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

8 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:

1. Which of the following features shouldNOT be included in the scientific method?

a. hypothesis formation

b. experimenter bias

c. observation

d. theory development

2. All of the following are standardcomponents of the experimental processEXCEPT .

f. models

g. controls

h. variables

j. opinions

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

3. The best conclusion to draw from these data is that the population of the world is .

a. decreasing

b. staying about the same

c. growing at a constant rate

d. increasing exponentially

01000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f H

um

ans

(Bill

ion

s)

The World’s Population Growth

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

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4. Life science is the study of living things.According to this definition, a life scientist would most likely study .

f. weather changes

g. magnetic force

h. cave formation

j. cellular reproduction

5. All of the following quantities havederived units in the SI system EXCEPT .

a. volume

b. density

c. mass

d. pressure

6. In general, models benefit scientificinvestigation the most by .

f. using derived units as measurements

g. representing ideas, events, and objects

h. changing experimental results

j. providing descriptions of patterns innature

7. Under which heading in a table of contentswould the most information about units befound?

a. Dependent Variables

b. History of Lord Kelvin

c. Scientific Law

d. Measurement Systems

8. At the World Series, a star pitcher threwthree pitches in the center of the strikezone. These pitches were .

f. precise but not accurate

g. accurate but not precise

h. accepted and practiced

j. precise and accurate

9. To determine the boiling point of anunknown liquid, a student heats 10 mL ofthe liquid in a test tube and records thetemperature every minute for 20 minutes.In this example, time is the .

a. control

b. dependent variable

c. independent variable

d. hypothesis

10. Melissa heated a few blue crystals in a testtube. After a few minutes, she observedthat the crystals had turned white and afilm of water had formed on the inside ofthe test tube. Before Melissa conductedthis experiment, she most likely .

f. developed a theory

g. developed a hypothesis

h. developed a bias

j. developed a scientific law

Physical Science with Earth Science 9

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 1 The Nature of Science

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In science, activities are performed thattest the validity of theories. Theseactivities are called .

A experiments

B hypotheses

C variables

D controls

Sometimes scientists misinterpret theirdata, causing them to draw the wrongconclusions. What is one common causeof scientific misinterpretation?

F unit conversion

G modeling

H researcher bias

J phenomenon

Which of the following is the bestapplication of a line graph?

A to make observations and gatherinformation

B to show trends and how the datachanges over time

C to show how some fixed quantity isbroken down into parts

D to compare information collected bycounting

Which of these unit systems is used byscientists?

F foot-pound

G British

H Norwegian

J SI

Mr. Alicea’s class is measuring thedensity of a tennis ball. What additionalinformation do the students need to findthe ball’s density?

A mass

B temperature

C volume

D weight

5

g

4

3

2

1

10 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 1 The Nature of Science

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Physical Science with Earth Science 11

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 1 The Nature of Science

Directions: Read numbers 8–9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

A statement is scientific if it is testable. Write a scientific statement about something in yourclassroom.

“Science” and “technology” are words that often are mixed up, even though they havedifferent meanings. Science is the process of finding new information about the world, whiletechnology is using that scientific information to make new products. Think of somethingyou use every day. Write one sentence about the technology used to make that object andanother sentence describing the science behind the technology.

9

8

Which of the following is measured inkilograms?

F temperature

G length

H mass

J speed

Jeb has decided to start an aquarium. Atthe pet store, Jeb learns that everyaquarium should be comprised of acertain percentage of different things,such as water, rocks, plants, and filters.Which of these would be the best way toillustrate the information about whataquariums should contain?

A table

B circle graph

C bar graph

D line graph

76

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

12 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:

1. Which of the following technologies would be least useful to a farmer in anunderdeveloped country?

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. Which of the following objects wouldNOT be considered a technology?

f. the wheels on the first cart made byhumans

g. a disposable cafeteria fork

h. arrowheads used by Native Americans

j. floor mats made of recycled tires

3. A facilities engineer in a hospital complexwould be expected to .

a. research treatments for diabetes

b. test and maintain the back-up powersystem

c. distribute medications to variousdepartments

d. design an assembly line formanufacturing health care products

4. Using the chart above, which of thefollowing vehicles is the best technology interms of fuel consumption?

f. Pickup truck

g. Sport-utility vehicle

h. Minivan

j. Station wagon

Vehicle Fuel Consumptionm

iles

per

gal

lon

Vehicles

5045403530252015100

Pickuptruck

Sport-utilityvehicle

Stationwagon

Minivan

Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and Society

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5. As a result of testing, the airbags to be installed in a new line of carswere modified to improve the vehicle'ssafety rating.

a. crash assurance

b. control

c. performance

d. accident prevention

6. In the drawing above, figure A is anexample of a .

f. prototype

g. pilot

h. computer simulation

j. demonstration

7. Which of the following indicators oralarms would NOT be included on abuilding's fire prevention control panel,such as the one above?

a. air temperature

b. tenant contact information

c. smoke levels

d. power connections

8. An engineer designed a way to moreefficiently manufacture bicycles. Whichgroup would likely fund the furtherdevelopment of this equipment?

f. the Federal government

g. the local government in which theengineer resides

h. a social research foundation thatstudies youth issues

j. the sports industry

Figure A Figure B

Physical Science with Earth Science 13

Name: Date: Class:

Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and SocietyC

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Which person below would most likelybe an engineer and not a scientist?

A

B

C

D

Copyrights, patents, and trademarks donot protect .

F intellectual property

G creative work

H works in the public domain

J brand names

Which of the following questions is amoral or ethical issue in technology?

A How many sectors in society wouldthe technology benefit?

B How would the technology affect theenvironment?

C Do the technology developers havereputations of being honest and fair?

D All of the above

Which of the following factors wouldmost likely not contribute to the successof hybrid minivans?

F a higher purchase price compared togas-only minivans

G lower operating costs than a standardminivan

H reduced vehicle emissions that reduceair pollution

J research proving hybrid minivansmaximize vehicle fuel efficiency

When a manufacturer considers whichmaterials and natural resources will benecessary to develop, sell, use, recycle,and dispose of a new type of machine,this is an example of .

A an ethical technology

B a responsible technology

C a repressed technology

D a societal technology

5

4

3

2

1

14 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 2 Science, Technology, and Society

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Directions: Read numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

A recycling plant uses a new type of equipment to separate metal from plastic waste materials.Explain how science and technology played a role in adding this equipment to the facility.

Explain some of the benefits and risks of agricultural biotechnology.8

7

About 50 years ago, a chemical fluid called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was placedinside large pieces of electrical equipment to prevent fires. Some of the chemical leaked intothe soil and water near the equipment, which scientists have since shown to be harmful tohuman health and the environment. In 1978, the U.S. government made it illegal to produceany more of this chemical. As a result, several companies have developed other products thatcan protect electrical equipment without harming the environment. On the graph above,which line represents the benefits of PCBs?

F Line A G Line B H Line C J Line D

6

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

A

B

C

D

109876543210

Ben

efit

leve

lYears

Physical Science with Earth Science 15

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 2 Science, Technology, and Society

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Page 20: Mastering Standardized Tests - Glencoeww.glencoe.com/sites/oklahoma/student/science/assets/pdfs/gpemst2.pdfdiscussion about the answer choices for each question. Share your ideas and

1. What is probably being measured in the diagram above?

a. speed

b. engine temperature

c. rate of tire wear

d. gasoline mileage

1,000 meters 60

15

3045

16 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 3 Motion, Acceleration, and Forces

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

2. The horses on this carousel areaccelerating because .

f. the speed of the horses is constantlyincreasing

g. the speed of the horses is constantlydecreasing

h. the direction of the horses’ motion isconstantly changing

j. the travel time is different for everyride

3. The graph above represents the change invelocity of four cars over a period of 6seconds. Which line represents the carwith the greatest acceleration?

a. Line 1

b. Line 2

c. Line 3

d. Line 4

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

00 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time (s)

Vel

oci

ty (

m/s

)

Car Acceleration

Line 1

Line 4

Line 2

Line 3

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4. The pictures show a large box being pushed in opposite directions by two men. The boxchanged its position in the room because .

f. the opposing forces were balanced

g. the smooth floor created no friction

h. the man on the left side applied more force than the man on the right side

j. the man on the right side applied more force than the man on the left side

Before

After

Physical Science with Earth Science 17

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 3 Motion, Acceleration, and Forces

5. Instantaneous speed is the speed of anobject at an instant in time. Based on thisstatement, a reasonable conclusion is thatif an object’s instantaneous speed does notchange over time, then .

a. the object is quickly speeding up

b. the object is very gradually slowingdown

c. the object is moving at a constantspeed

d. the object has returned to itsbeginning position

6. The man applies a force to the box, but thebox does not move. The force of friction isacting on the box to cancel the force of hispush. What is the most likely reason forthis friction?

f. The floor is polished to a smoothfinish.

g. The weight of the box is greater thanthe force of the man’s push.

h. The rough surfaces of the box and thefloor are sticking together.

j. The man is not pushing the box withenough force.

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Which of these is measured in metersper second per second (m/s2)?

A speed

B velocity

C acceleration

D displacement

A group of students is playing tug-of-war. The students on both sides of therope are pulling with equal force. This isan example of .

F unbalanced forces

G displacement

H acceleration

J balanced forces

As the skydiver falls to Earth, her para-chute helps her land safely by .

A increasing air resistance

B acting like a helium-filled balloon

C warming the surrounding air

D blocking the Sun’s rays

Which of these would allow a box to bemoved up a ramp with the least amountof force?

F

G

H

J1 Meter

50 kg Wheels

1 Meter50 kg

Sandpaper

50 kg

1 Meter

1 Meter50 kg

4

3

2

1

18 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 3 Motion, Acceleration, and Forces

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Sometimes, people mistakenly state thatvelocity and speed are the same thing.People might make such a mistakebecause they forget that velocitydescribes both speed and .

A volume

B force

C time

D direction

Which statement provides the bestdescription of terminal velocity?

F Terminal velocity is the last velocity ofan object recorded by a scientist.

G A skydiver never reaches terminalvelocity.

H Terminal velocity is the highestvelocity that a falling object will reach.

J Terminal velocity is the velocity askydiver reaches just before touchingthe ground.

65

Physical Science with Earth Science 19

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 3 Motion, Acceleration, and Forces

Directions: Read number 7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in complete sentences.

Explain the motion and forces involved in a situation in which a snowboarder heads down a

300 m slope in 5 minutes. Recall that v� � �dt� and a� � �

(

(

v

tf

f

t

v

i

i

)

)�.

7

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3. The table shows the total vertical distance a free-falling body travels for each second it falls.About how far does the free-falling body travel between 4 and 5 seconds?

a. 44 m

b. 54 m

c. 144 m

d. 154 m

Time (s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Distance (m)

0

4.9

19.6

44.1

78.4

122.5

Distance for Free Fall

1. The firefighter feels the hose pushingbackwards. What is the most likely cause ofthis force?

a. The hose material is very elastic.

b. Since the hose is at rest, it tends to stay atrest.

c. The force exerted on the water equals themass of the water times its acceleration.

d. The escaping water exerts an equal andopposite force on the hose.

2. If the same force is applied to each of theseballs, which one will have the LEASTacceleration?

f.

g.

h.

j.

m = 0.5 kg

m = 0.75 kg

m = 7.3 kg

m = 1.0 kg

20 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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4. According to the diagram, which statementbest describes what happens when twoastronauts collide in space?

f. Their force increases.

g. Their velocity increases.

h. Their momentum is conserved.

j. Their momentum increases.

5. The gravitational force between twomasses .

a. decreases rapidly as the distancebetween the masses increases

b. decreases rapidly as the distancebetween the masses decreases

c. increases rapidly as the distancebetween the masses increases

d. remains constant

6. Felicia wanted to pull out a particular issue from a pile of magazines. First, shetried pulling slowly, and the whole pilebegan to move. Then she tried pullingquickly, and the issue she wanted came outwithout the pile moving. The pile did notmove when she pulled quickly because ofthe .

f. smooth surface of the magazines

g. inertia of the pile and friction

h. larger force Felicia applied

j. friction between the magazines

7. Earth’s gravity causes projectiles to .

a. travel vertically only

b. travel horizontally only

c. follow a curved path

d. accelerate with a forward motion

m = 80 kg m = 80 kg m = 160 kg

In MotionV = 4 km/hr

At RestV = 0 km/hr

In Motion togetherV = 2 km/hr

Before After

Physical Science with Earth Science 21

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 4 The Laws of Motion

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Which of these keeps the satellitemoving in a circular orbit?

A centripetal force

B friction

C the gravity of the satellite

D inertia

Which of these is measured inkilograms?

F acceleration

G mass

H momentum

J weight

Momentum equals mass times velocity(p = mv). Which of these would have theleast momentum?

A 1,400 kg car moving at 15 meters persecond

B 0.035 kg bullet moving at 1,200 metersper second

C 16 kg greyhound moving at 25 metersper second

D 1.0 kg baseball moving at 38 metersper second

Which of the following is a force?

F weight

G mass

H inertia

J acceleration

You give your cousin, who’s wearingroller blades, a push down the sidewalk.The forces involved are .

A unbalanced forces

B moving in the same direction

C action and reaction forces

D balanced forces

Rosita weighed 50 N when she traveledto Mars, a planet with an accelerationdue to gravity that is about one-third aslarge as Earth’s acceleration due togravity. About how much does Rositaweigh on Earth?

F 16.7 N

G 33.0 N

H 80.0 N

J 150 N

6

5

4

3

2

1

22 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion

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Which scientific law does the diagramrepresent?

A law of gravity

B Newton’s first law of motion

C Newton’s second law of motion

D Newton’s third law of motion

What are two different forces acting onthe ball in the diagram above?

F gravity and air resistance

G gravity and acceleration

H air resistance and friction

J mass and acceleration

8

7

Start After one second

Physical Science with Earth Science 23

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 4 The Laws of Motion

Directions: Read number 9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

Explain how weightlessness happens in a space shuttle orbiting Earth.9

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2. In the diagram above, a roller coaster carstarts from rest at point A and moves alongthe track. At which point does the rollercoaster car have the greatest kinetic energy?

f. A

g. B

h. C

j. D

3. Air resistance is a form of friction thatmakes a moving object slow down. Whichof these drawings shows a skier whoseshape would allow him or her to movethrough the air with the LEAST resistance?

a.

b.

c.

d.

20 m 6 m 10 m 15 m

A

B

C

D

24 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 5 Energy

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

1. The objects in Group A are different from the objects in Group B because only the objects inGroup A .

a. are electrical appliances

b. have chemical potential energy

c. convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

d. are fossil fuels

Group A Group B

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5. If Jessica were to eat two servings of thisfood, about how many Calories of energywould she take in?

a. 160 Cal

b. 25 Cal

c. 320 Cal

d. 50 Cal

6. The graph shows the kinetic energy (KE)and potential energy (PE) of a bouncingball over a period of 9 seconds. Areasonable hypothesis based on these data is that as the kinetic energy decreases, .

f. the ball will stop bouncing

g. the potential energy will remainunchanged

h. the potential energy will also decrease

j. the potential energy will increase

Energy of a Bouncing Ball

45004000350030002500200015001000500

KE

PE

0

Ene

rgy

Seconds

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nutrition FactsServing Size 1.5 oz.(42g/About 1/3 package)(About 1 cup cooked)Servings Per Container about 3

Amount Per ServingCalories 160 Calories from Fat 25

% Daily Value**

Total Fat 3g 5% Saturated Fat 1.5g 8%Cholesterol 5mg 2%Sodium 870mg 36%Total Carbohydrate 26g 9% Dietary Fiber 1g 4% Sugars 4gProtein 7g

4. What energy change do these appliances have in common?

f. They convert electrical energy to thermal energy.

g. They convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.

h. They convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.

j. They convert heat energy to electrical energy.

Physical Science with Earth Science 25

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 5 Energy

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Page 30: Mastering Standardized Tests - Glencoeww.glencoe.com/sites/oklahoma/student/science/assets/pdfs/gpemst2.pdfdiscussion about the answer choices for each question. Share your ideas and

Which of these is the reason that usingelectrical energy from a wall outletlocated in the bathroom can beextremely dangerous?

A A wet electrical appliance can blow afuse.

B Moisture can cause some electricalappliances to emit harmful fumes.

C Contact with water and an electricalappliance can cause a fatal shock.

D Dampness can cause some electricalappliances to produce toxic wastes.

The diagram shows a person swinging agolf club from point A to point D. Thekinetic energy of the golf club would begreatest at .

F point A

G point B

H point C

J point D

A scientist wanted to calculate thegravitational potential energy of a piledriver using the formula GPE = weight �height. The scientist measured theheight, in meters, from which the piledriver was dropped. The weight wasmost likely measured in .

A newtons

B pounds

C tons

D kilograms

Workers in factories must periodicallygrease the wheels and gears in machineryin order to .

F decrease efficiency

G slow them down

H increase energy usage

J decrease friction

4

3

In a pile driver, a heavy weight is lifted high into the air, then dropped onto a girder that is being sunk into the ground.

Heavyweight

Girder

2

A

BC

D

1

26 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 5 Energy

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Based on the diagram above, which ofthe following is the correct sequence ofenergy changes needed to produceenergy for the hair dryer?

A

B

C

D

The temperature is higher inside agreenhouse than outside because of theconversion of .

F light energy into thermal energy

G heat energy into light energy

H nuclear energy into thermal energy

J electrical energy into thermal energy

6

Light energy

Absorption

Thermal energyreflected

Mechanical ThermalChemical Electrical

Mechanical Thermal ChemicalElectrical

Thermal MechanicalChemical Electrical

Thermal Mechanical Chemical Electrical

5

POWER PLANT

TURBINE GENERATOR

COAL

BOILER(produces

steam)

Physical Science with Earth Science 27

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 5 Energy

Directions: Read number 7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, generates most of the world’selectricity. Burning fossil fuels is a major cause of air pollution. The world’s supply of fossilfuels is limited. Three alternative methods for generating electricity are pictured above.Explain the similarities and differences among these methods.

7

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1. In a third-class lever, the input force isapplied between the fulcrum and theoutput. According to this definition, whichof these is a third-class lever?

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. Using a jack, Sonia is able to raise a15,000-newton (N) car off the ground witha force of 500 N. What is the mechanicaladvantage of the jack?

f. 2

g. 10

h. 15

j. 30

3. The table shows an experiment used to find out how the surface of an inclinedplane affects the input force needed tomove an object up the plane. Which of the following would make this a better-designed experiment?

a. record the temperature of the room

b. use the same size resistance for eachsurface

c. put wheels on the boxes

d. record the time of day

4. The efficiency of a machine is a measureof how much of the work put into amachine is converted to useful output workby the machine. What causes the efficiencyof a machine to be always less than100 percent?

f. friction

g. poor design

h. limited strength of the user

j. elastic limit of the parts

Surface Resistance Input

Polished wood 20 N 6.5 N

Plain wood 30 N 10.0 N

Sandpaper 40 N 20.0 N

Oil on wood 50 N 15.0 N

28 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 6 Work and Machines

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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5. The graph shows the length and input forcefor the four inclined planes pictured above.A reasonable hypothesis based on thesedata is that as the length of the inclinedplane decreases, .

a. the amount of work done decreases

b. the mechanical advantage increases

c. the input force required decreases

d. the input force required increases

6. Which pulley system would require theLEAST amount of effort to lift the weight?

f.

g.

h.

j.

7. What is the most likely reason that acarpenter might put a thin coat of oil onthe blade of a saw before cutting wood?

a. to soften the wood

b. to reduce friction

c. to stain the wood

d. to waterproof the blade

120

90

60

30

0

18

13.5

9

4.5

0A B C D

Len

gth

(cm

)

Inp

ut (N

)

Ramp

InputLength

BA

DC

Physical Science with Earth Science 29

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 6 Work and Machines

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Which of these is measured in watts?

A force

B weight

C power

D work

Which of these diagrams shows a leverbeing used to do work?

F

G

H

J

On a bicycle, the wheels are wheel andaxles, the handbrakes and gearshift arelevers, and the chains are pulleys.Combinations of two or more simplemachines are called .

A third-class levers

B block and tackles

C complex devices

D compound machines

Which of the following instrumentswould best measure the force applied toa rope pulling an object up a ramp?

F

G

H

J

4

3

PAINT

2

1

30 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 6 Work and Machines

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The person in the picture used a shovelto move 1,100 N of snow a distance of 2meters (m) in 15 minutes. The snowplowmoved the same amount of snow thesame distance in one-half of a minute.The most likely cause of this differencein time is that .

A the snowplow did more work

B the person moved the snow a smallerdistance

C the snowplow used more power

D the person did less work

Which statement best describes theefficiency of a simple machine?

F Efficiency is the applied force timesthe distance through which it isapplied.

G Efficiency is the rate at which work isdone.

H Efficiency is the comparison of workoutput to work input.

J Efficiency is the weight of an objecttimes the distance it is moved.

6

5

Physical Science with Earth Science 31

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 6 Work and Machines

Directions: Read number 7 below. Then, write your answer in complete sentences on the linesthat follow.

Explain what work, force, power, and energy are and how they are related.7

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1. Observing Earth’s curved shadow on theMoon during a lunar eclipse indicates that

.

a. the eclipse is taking place during thefall equinox

b. the eclipse is taking place during thesummer solstice

c. Earth is a sphere

d. there will be a neap tide

2. The Earth’s magnetosphere .

f. protects Earth from solar winds

g. guides harmful radiation from the Sunto the polar regions

h. does not affect the aurora borealis

j. orbits high above the equator

3. Which of the following is NOT a theory ofhow the Moon was formed?

a. the capture theory

b. the binary accretion theory

c. the fission theory

d. the big bang theory

4. All time zones .

f. follow straight lines from the northpole to the south pole

g. cross the international date line

h. are latitudinal lines

j. are areas on Earth about 15º wide inwhich the time is the same

32 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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5. A planet’s rotation on its axis determinesthe length of its .

a. days

b. months

c. years

d. seasons

6. The seasons on Earth are caused by Earth’srotation, revolution, and .

f. total number of days in a year

g. total number of days in a month

h. tilt on its axis

j. hours of daylight

7. A waxing phase of the Moon is one inwhich the Moon appears to be .

a. growing larger

b. growing smaller

c. eclipsing

d. rotating

8. In the diagram above, in which phase ofthe Moon could a total lunar eclipse occur?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

9. In the diagram above, in which phase ofthe Moon could a total solar eclipse occur?

f. A

g. B

h. C

j. D

Earth

Physical Science with Earth Science 33

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

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Page 38: Mastering Standardized Tests - Glencoeww.glencoe.com/sites/oklahoma/student/science/assets/pdfs/gpemst2.pdfdiscussion about the answer choices for each question. Share your ideas and

The gravitational attraction between twoobjects depends on .

A the masses of the objects and thedistance between them

B the distance between the objects only

C the densities of the objects only

D the weight of the objects only

The Van Allen radiation belts are.

F rings of particles around the Sun

G formed by the rotation of the Moonaround Earth

H doughnut-shaped clouds aroundEarth that contain high-energycharged particles

J particles carried to Earth by solarwinds

Using the formula TN � T0 � (N � 52.7),estimate when it will be the best time tomove your boat out of the harbor onSaturday if high tide on Thursday is at10 A.M.

F 11:45 P.M.

G 11:45 A.M.

H 5:45 P.M.

J 8:15 A.M.

What type of tide will be created by thealignment of the three bodies shown inthe figure above?

A spring tide

B ebb tide

C neap tide

D low tide

Because Earth’s orbit around the Sun isan ellipse, .

F nights are longer than days in thesummer in the northern hemisphere

G Earth is closest to the Sun around July4 and farthest from the Sun onJanuary 3 of each year

H the Sun is always at the center of theorbit

J the distance between Earth and theSun varies throughout the year

5

4

3

2

1

34 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

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The most effective place and day to usesolar panels to produce electricity wouldbe .

A in Houston, Texas, on December 21

B in Montreal, Canada, on June 21

C in Lima, Peru, on December 21

D in Lima, Peru, on June 21

Both the aurora borealis and auroraaustralis are .

F colorful curtains of light that form inthe skies over the polar regions

G magnetic asteroids

H colorful ribbons of light that appearover Alaska during the winter equinox

J space probes that have explored theMoon

Which might occur if the amount ofcarbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmospherewere to dramatically increase?

A More of the Sun’s heat energy thatreached Earth would be allowed toescape.

B The temperature of the surface ofEarth might increase.

C The size of the polar ice caps mightincrease.

D The ocean levels would drop as morewater evaporated.

8

7

6

Physical Science with Earth Science 35

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 7 The Earth-Moon-Sun System

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Directions: Read number 9 below. Then, write your answer in complete sentences on the lines that follow.

Explain the difference between a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse. Include information abouttotal eclipses.

9

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1. Which of the following is NOT true aboutthe diagram shown above?

a. It can help explain retrograde motionof other planets.

b. It is a geocentric model of theuniverse.

c. It is a heliocentric model of theuniverse.

d. It is a model described by Copernicus.

2. Which of the following statements is true?

f. Earth’s revolution around the Sun is acircle.

g. Earth’s revolution is elliptical.

h. Earth’s distance from the Sun isconstant.

j. Earth’s average distance from the Sunis 2 astronomical units.

3. Which of the following is an indicationthat Mercury has no atmosphere?

a. It has a large iron core and magneticfield.

b. It is the planet closest to the Sun.

c. It has a low gravitational pull.

d. It has thin outer surface layers.

4. Which of the following planets are jovianplanets?

f. Mars and Venus

g. Earth and Mars

h. Neptune and Pluto

j. Jupiter and Neptune

5. Photographs of Io, a moon of Jupiter,have shown that this body has highvolcanic activity. The cause of this activity is .

a. a large iron core

b. vast oceans underneath an ice-rockcrust

c. frequent meteor activity

d. the gravitational pulls from bothJupiter and another Jupiter moon

36 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 8 The Solar System

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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6. The features listed in the chart above werediscovered by various Mars probes. Thesefeatures indicate that .

f. Mars has experienced manyearthquakes

g. life forms were once present on thisplanet

h. water might have been present on theplanet

j. many meteorites may have hit theplanet

7. The surface of Titan, a moon of Saturn,provides indications of the geologicactivity that has taken place on this body.Which of the following has NOT beenobserved on Titan?

a. Hydrocarbons are present.

b. Internal geological activity haschanged the surface features.

c. Energy is present that could assistchemical reactions.

d. An atmosphere of mostly oxygen ispresent.

8. Exotic life forms are found on Earth.Which of the following discoveries mighttell scientists about life on other planets?

f. life forms that live near volcanic ventsdeep in the ocean

g. animals that live in the dark andproduce their own light

h. plants that colonize newly formedislands

j. birds that migrate over long distances

9. A comet’s tail always points away from theSun because .

a. the tail is formed by solar winds

b. of condensing particles of dust, rock,ice, methane, and ammonia

c. of the gravitational pull from the largeouter planets

d. of the elliptical orbit it makes aroundthe Sun

Global Surveyor

Surface Feature

Spirit and Opportunity

Probe(s)

Mariner 9 long channels

layering and gullies

presence of small round concretions called “blueberries” made of hematite

Physical Science with Earth Science 37

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 8 The Solar System

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Which statement describes the evidenceof how the Sun was formed?

A It formed from a gigantic cloud of gas,ice, and dust.

B It formed about 8 billion years ago.

C It formed as the first star in the solarsystem.

D It formed as nebula fragmentsexpanded and decreased intemperature.

An astronomer discovers a new planetthat is located beyond Pluto and Sedna.This new planet can be classified as a(n) .

F terrestrial planet

G superior planet

H jovian planet

J inferior planet

Mars is tilted 25 degrees on its axis,indicating that .

A the surface contains various ironoxides

B Mars has polar ice caps

C the planet undergoes seasons

D the Martian surface is windy

What makes Jupiter appear to bedifferent shades of white, red, tan, andbrown?

F a highly pressurized rocky core

G a liquid metallic hydrogen ocean

H dust blown around by storms

J lichens growing on the surface

The diagram above depicts what effect?

A the radiation effect

B the ozone effect

C the greenhouse effect

D the Van Allen effect

Meteroids that enter and completelyburn up in Earth’s atmosphere

.

F become stars

G are called meteors

H are called meteorites

J become asteroids

6

5

4

3

2

1

38 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 8 The Solar System

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The diagram to the left shows theheliocentric longitude of four planets onJanuary 1, 2007. What is the location ofplanet B on this day?

A 245º

B 100º

C 269º

D 318º

7

Physical Science with Earth Science 39

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 8 The Solar System

Directions: Read numbers 8 and 9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Describe some of the findings made by the Cassini-Huygens probe of Saturn.

Explain how various explorations on Earth can help astronomers learn about other planets.9

8

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1. The specific heat of a substance is theamount of energy required to raise thetemperature of 1 kilogram of thatsubstance 1 kelvin. A reasonablehypothesis based on the data in the graphis that .

a. water requires the least amount ofenergy to raise its temperature 1K

b. lead requires more energy than ice toraise its temperature 1K

c. metals require more energy thannonmetals to raise their temperatures1K

d. metals require less energy thannonmetals to raise their temperatures1K

2. Which process is taking place in all threepictures?

f. conduction

g. boiling

h. radiation

j. insulation

3. The Kelvin temperature scale is often usedin calculations involving gases. Accordingto the diagram, what is the temperature onthe Kelvin scale at which water freezes?

a. 0 K

b. 273 K

c. 100 K

d. 373 K

0°C 100°C

32°F 212°F

273K 373K

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Liqu

id W

ater Ice

Woo

dAlu

min

umCop

per

Iron

Lead

4180

2100 90

0

Substances

Sp

ecif

ic H

eat

(J/k

g•K

)

Specific Heatof Common Substances

1700 39

0

450

130

40 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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4. The graph above shows the yearly cost ofheating a home in the northeastern part ofthe United States. A reasonable hypothesisbased on these data is that if the insulationin the walls is thicker, then .

f. the yearly cost of heating a home goesdown

g. the thickness of the ceiling insulationhas no effect

h. the yearly cost of heating a home doesnot change

j. more thermal energy will escape tothe outside of the home

5. Which of the following is not a property of liquids?

a. They have a definite shape.

b. They have a definite volume.

c. They take the shape of their container.

d. They have the ability to flow.

6. The graph represents the temperaturechanges of four different liquids as theywere heated. Which line represents thetemperature of a liquid that changed to agas?

f. Line 1

g. Line 2

h. Line 3

j. Line 4

7. According to the second law ofthermodynamics, .

a. hot air always rises

b. cold air always rises

c. thermal energy from warmer airtransfers to cooler air

d. thermal energy always decreases

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

100

50

0Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Time (Seconds)

Line 2Line 3

Line 1

Line 4

Temperature Changes of Four Liquids

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

02 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Yea

rly

Co

sts

($)

Ceiling Insulation (in.)

6" Wall insulation

3" Wall insulation

0" Wall insulation

Yearly Cost of Heatinga Home in Northeastern U.S.

Physical Science with Earth Science 41

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 9 Heat and States of Matter

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Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Name: Date: Class:Name: Date: Class:

42 Physical Science with Earth Science

Chapter 9 Heat and States of Matter

Adam placed a heated aluminum cube ina beaker of water and then measured thechange in the temperature of the water.The change in temperature he recordedwas most likely measured in .

A calories

B degrees Celsius

C grams per cubic centimeter

D joules

Ms. Markas takes a thermos bottlefilled with hot coffee to work each day.The thermos bottle keeps the coffeehot by .

F using a battery-powered heatingelement

G collecting solar heat energy

H recirculating hot air inside

J slowing thermal energy transfer

Which of the following is not a methodby which thermal energy is transferredfrom a warmer object to a cooler one?

A conduction

B convection

C insulation

D radiation

Which statement about the above figureis correct?

F Pot A has a higher temperature thanPot B.

G Pot B has a higher temperature thanPot A.

H Pot A has more thermal energy thanPot B.

J Pot B has more thermal energy thanPot A.

According to the graph above, all ofthese substances are liquids at roomtemperature (20°C) EXCEPT .

A acetone

B alcohol

C ammonia

D benzene

5

Melting and Boiling Points

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Substances

150100500

–50–100–150

acet

one

alcoh

ol

amm

onia

benz

ene

water

Melting Point Boiling Point

4

A B

Boiling Water

3

2

1

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The diagrams below show sealedcontainers, each of which contains adifferent substance. Which of thesediagrams represents the molecules of a gas?

You are riding your bicycle and get a flattire. Your tire proceeds to get flatter andflatter. What is happening?

A Entropy is increasing.

B Entropy is decreasing.

C Energy from the tire is becomingmore concentrated.

D Thermal energy is flowingspontaneously from the cooler systemto the warmer system.

76

Directions: Read numbers 8 and 9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Kichu has noticed that he feels hotter on humid days than on dry days even when thetemperatures are the same. Explain why this happens.

Although it was cold outside, Sally was playing basketball in the park with her friends.When her mother came to pick her up, she tossed the basketball inside the trunk of the car.Later that night, she retrieved the ball from the trunk. To her surprise, the ball had shrunk to almost one-half its original size. Explain why this happened.

9

8

Physical Science with Earth Science 43

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 9 Heat and States of Matter

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44 Physical Science with Earth Science

1. Which of the following explains thedifference between refraction anddiffraction?

a. Diffraction causes waves to straightenout and refraction causes waves tobend.

b. Diffraction occurs when waves passaround an object and refraction occurswhen waves pass through an object.

c. Diffraction absorbs the energy of awave and refraction reflects it.

d. Opaque objects cause diffraction andtransparent objects cause refraction.

2. Which of the following measurementswould be helpful in determining thewavelength in the diagram above?

f. W

g. X

h. Y

j. Z

3. The table above shows a setup forrecording the results of an experiment.Which of the following is probably thehypothesis for this experiment?

a. Tuning forks can create waves withtroughs and crests.

b. Tuning forks’ sound waves candiffract around an object.

c. Tuning forks can generate standingwaves.

d. Tuning forks have resonancefrequencies.

4. According to the above diagrams, longwavelengths .

f. travel more slowly than shortwavelengths

g. have a greater frequency than shortwavelengths

h. diffract around objects more easilythan do short wavelengths

j. are able to generate far more powerthan short wavelengths

Short Wavelengths Long Wavelengths

Does it resonate

in response to a 440 Hz tuning fork?

Does it resonate

in response to a 450 Hz tuning fork?

Does it resonate

in response to a 460 Hz tuning fork?

A

B

C

D

Tuning Fork

Type

WX

Y

Z

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 10 Waves

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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Physical Science with Earth Science 45

5. The diagram above shows two waves thatwill collide. Which of the following showsthe resulting interference pattern?

a.

b.

c.

d.

6. The glass prism is able to bend lightbecause .

f. light is refracted as it enters adifferent medium

g. the prism offers destructiveinterference

h. energy is diffracted when itencounters an obstacle

j. the glass and the light’s wavelengthcreate resonance

7. Which of the following would have theLEAST effect on an experiment exploringan object’s resonance frequency?

a. the lighting conditions

b. the air density

c. the sound wave’s amplitude

d. the sound wave’s frequency

8. Which of the following is present in bothof the drawings above?

f. compression waves

g. diffraction

h. destructive interference

j. refraction

9. Which of the following is a transversewave?

a. waves generated by a violin

b. vibrations that are felt through a rock

c. sounds made underwater

d. an ocean wave approaching the shore

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 10 Waves

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46 Physical Science with Earth Science

Sound is a compression wave withregions of greater and lesser density.The less-dense region of a sound wave is a .

A crest

B rarefaction

C diffraction

D compression

In one second, four crests of a wave passa certain point. What is the wave’sfrequency?

F 2 Hz

G 3 Hz

H 4 Hz

J 5 Hz

A collision between which of thefollowing does not result in constructiveinterference?

A two rarefactions

B a crest and a wave peak

C two compressions

D a crest and a trough

Which statement best explainsfrequency?

F Frequency is the number ofwavelengths that pass a point persecond.

G Frequency is the total number ofcrests that pass a point.

H Frequency is the total number ofwavelengths that pass a point.

J Frequency is the amplitude persecond.

For what purpose do you think thisanimal uses its specialized ears?

A capturing transverse waves from theair

B creating resonance with nearbyanimals

C creating standing waves with distantobjects

D capturing compression waves from theair

5

4

3

2

1 second

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 10 Waves

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Physical Science with Earth Science 47

The main reason a standing wave occurs is because .

F waves of equal wavelength and amplitude that travel in the same direction combine andform a new wave

G waves of equal wavelength and amplitude that travel in different directions combine andform a new wave

H waves of equal wavelength and amplitude that travel in the same direction continuouslyinterfere with each other

J waves of equal wavelength and amplitude that travel in different directions continuouslyinterfere with each other

6

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 10 Waves

Directions: Read numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

A certain sound wave has a wavelength of 2 m and a frequency of 170 hertz. Use the wavespeed equation to calculate the speed of this wave.

In a forest, many animals communicate with high-frequency, short-wavelength sounds.What is the difference in the diffraction characteristics of short-wavelength sounds versuslong-wavelength sounds?

8

7

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48 Physical Science with Earth Science

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1. Which statement describes what happenswhen more waves pass a certain point persecond?

a. They accelerate negatively.

b. They transport less energy.

c. They make a lower pitch.

d. They increase in frequency.

2. Which of the following is probably theloudest?

f. a running hair dryer

g. a sound of 3 decibels

h. an ultrasonic whistle

j. the infrasonic rumble of an earthquake

3. To avoid detection by an enemy ship, thesubmarine was placed next to an underseamountain. This hides the submarinebecause .

a. the ship’s hydrophones are confusedby the undersea mountain

b. there is no difference between amountain and a submarine to the sonar

c. the submarine is the same color as themountain

d. the ship’s sonar cannot send soundthrough the undersea mountain

4. A student uses an electronic tuner tomeasure the frequency of a stationary car’shorn. Then the student measures the car’shorn frequency while the car drives away.The student is most likely trying toinvestigate .

f. the Doppler effect

g. vibrations in the inner ear

h. noise pollution

j. the location of the nearest resonator

5. Which of the following is an illustration ofa glass block’s index of refraction?

a.

b.

c.

d.

Chapter 11 Sound and LightName: Date: Class:

Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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Physical Science with Earth Science 49

6. An experiment showed that all of the lightthat entered an optic fiber was emitted atthe end of the fiber. The results supportedwhich of the following hypotheses for thisexperiment?

f. Optic fibers filter differentwavelengths of light.

g. Optic fibers have total internalreflection.

h. An optic fiber’s weight affects its lighttransmission.

j. An optic fiber’s color affects itstranslucence.

7. Three similar mirrors are studied and theirproperties are recorded in the table above.According to this information, all threemirrors are .

a. plane mirrors

b. concave mirrors

c. convex mirrors

d. refracting mirrors

8. Stacey sits on the passenger side when hermother drives her to school. She noticed inthe side view mirror the words “Caution:Objects may be closer than they appear.”The side view mirror is most likelya .

f. concave mirror

g. convex mirror

h. plane mirror

j. plastic mirror

9. After studying lenses, a student wanted todetermine her neighbor’s vision. Which ofthe following might be true if the neighboris nearsighted?

a. The lenses of the neighbor’s eyes arenot flexible enough.

b. The neighbor has trouble focusing onsomething less than 10 centimetersaway.

c. The neighbor wears convexeyeglasses.

d. The neighbor wears concaveeyeglasses.

10. A group of students is trying to makedifferent colors with different pigments.Which of the following would have thegreatest impact on the color of the finalproduct?

f. the volume of the pigments mixedtogether

g. the size of the container used to mixthe pigments

h. the proportion of the differentpigments used

j. the total amount of pigmentsused

Object’s distanceto focal point(focal lengths)

Image ofobject

Size of imagecomparedto object

Invertedand realInvertedand realInvertedand real

Enlarged

Enlarged

Enlarged

4.0

1.5

2.0

Mirrors

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 11 Sound and Light

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50 Physical Science with Earth Science

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Police officers use a special device todetermine the speed of cars travelingon the highway. This device works bysending a wave toward the car, detectingits reflection, and measuring subtlecompressions and rarefactions inthe reflected wave. This device relieson .

A acoustics

B the Doppler effect

C beats

D a fundamental frequency

Which of the following is least likely touse echolocation?

F

G

H

J

Which of the following processes is occurring in the picture above?

A scattering of light

B regular reflection of light

C refraction of light

D diffuse reflection of light

Which of the following materials wouldyou expect to be translucent?

F curtains

G wall

H window

J waxed paper

Which of the following can be used as acorrective aid by people who arefarsighted?

A convex lenses

B plane mirrors

C concave lenses

D wide-angle lenses

5

4

3

2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 11 Sound and Light

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Physical Science with Earth Science 51

Directions: Read numbers 9–10 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Explain how a vibration in the air on the other side of a room results in your perception ofsound and loudness.

The human eye detects light using specialized cells that look like rods and cones. What is thedifference between the function of a rod and the function of a cone?

10

9

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 11 Sound and Light

Which of the following best explainswhat a virtual image is?

F an image that you perceive to bebehind a mirror

H an image that you perceive to be infront of a mirror

G any image that you can perceive

J an image that is real and reflected

The length of the optical axis from the focal point to the lens is called the .

A real image

B focal length

C optical length

D telephoto

Which of the following would absorb themost sunlight?

F a white T-shirt

G a yellow T-shirt

H a black T-shirt

J an orange T-shirt

8

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1. Archeologists found fossils ofCynognathus, a land reptile, in both South Africa and South America. Whatmight be the reason for these findings?

a. The animal migrated across theBering Straight.

b. These land areas might once havebeen part of the same land mass.

c. Scientists believe this animal could fly.

d. The same animal evolvedindependently in both areas.

2. What theory explains why the continents in the diagram above appear to fit togetherlike a jigsaw puzzle?

f. San Andreas theory

g. subduction theory

h. plate tectonic theory

j. convergent boundary theory

3. Bruce experienced an earthquake thatmeasured VII on the Mercalli Scale ofEarthquake Intensity. What might he havefelt and observed?

a. He saw many fallen structures,destroyed bridges, and wide fissuresin the ground.

b. He saw the pictures on the wallswinging back and forth.

c. He felt the building sway and sawmany broken trees and chimneys andcracks in the ground.

d. He felt like a heavy truck drove byand he heard the dishes rattle.

4. Aftershocks occur after a main earthquakebecause .

f. the epicenter is shifting

g. of seismic wave reversal

h. additional energy at the plateboundaries is released

j. Earth’s asthenosphere is becomingmore dense

52 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 12 Earth’s Internal Processes

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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5. What might be the arrival time differenceof the seismic waves for a point locatedbetween Y and Z on the chart above?

a. 93 seconds

b. 50 seconds

c. 65 seconds

d. 87 seconds

6. The feature that separates Earth’s crust from the uppermost mantle is the .

f. Mohorovicic discontinuity

g. Marianas Trench

h. mid-ocean ridge

j. transform boundary

7. Which volcanic product has the highestviscosity?

a. balsaltic lava

b. low-silica magma

c. lava with large quantities ofdissolved gas

d. high-silica magma

8. Why are most volcanoes located along theRing of Fire around the Pacific Ocean?

f. It is an area noted by one main type of magma.

g. There are few subduction zones in this area.

h. It is an area with many zones ofconvergence.

j. It is an area with many zones ofdivergence.

WXYZ

30 s45 s65 s90 s

20 km50 km80 km90 km

Seismic Wave Arrival Times

Point on Map

Time difference between P-waves and

S-waves

Distance traveled by

waves

Physical Science with Earth Science 53

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 12 Earth’s Internal Processes

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Which diagram depicts what happens atdivergent boundaries?

A

B

C

D

What evidence supports the seafloorspreading hypothesis?

F similar patterns of rock on either sideof the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

G varying patterns of rock on either sideof the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

H attraction between the Mid-AtlanticRidge and the continental divide

J older, thicker sediments present at theMid-Atlantic Ridge

The epicenter of an earthquake is.

A the earthquake’s point of origin

B the point where the strain in theground is released

C the place in the ground where a riftvalley occurs

D the point on Earth’s surface above thepoint where the strain in released

Which earthquake waves are depicted inthe diagram?

F primary waves

G secondary waves

H surface waves

J shear waves

What are pyroclasts?

A liquid magma

B superheated water vapor gases

C all types of solid materials expelled byvolcanoes

D low-silica, high-temperature lavas

5

4

3

2

1

54 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 12 Earth’s Internal Processes

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Physical Science with Earth Science 55

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 12 Earth’s Internal Processes

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Directions: Read numbers 8 and 9 below. Then, write your answers in complete sentences on thelines that follow.

Explain how volcanoes can influence island formation.

Explain the difference between the Richter scale and Mercalli scale.9

8

A volcano in Hawaii erupted with a high-temperature abundant flow made ofbasaltic lava that traveled about 10 kmbefore stopping. The structure of thevolcano was broad and flat. What typeof volcano was this?

F cinder cone

G shield

H composite

J dome

Volcanic ash particles .

A quickly fall to the ground

B dissolve in water

C commonly have smooth edges

D are rich in minerals

76

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2. Electrical wires sometimes have a plasticcoating wrapped around them. How doesthis make the wires safer to handle?

f. Plastic will melt if the wires overheat.

g. Plastic is a good insulator.

h. Plastic is smooth and not easilyfrayed.

j. Plastic does not react chemically withair.

3. Why is this lithium atom electricallyneutral?

a. The number of protons equals thenumber of electrons.

b. The number of neutrons equals thenumber of electrons.

c. The number of protons equals thenumber of neutrons.

d. The sum of the protons and electronsis greater than the number ofneutrons.

3p4n

Nucleus

Electron

Lithium atom

56 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 13 Electricity

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

1. According to the chart above, what is the estimated cost of running this air conditioner for3,000 hours if electricity costs ten cents per kilowatt-hour?

a. $40

b. $198

c. $238

d. $300

Air Conditioner Energy Guide

Cost perKilowatt hour

Hours of Use/Year

250 1000 2000 3000$10$13$16$20

$40$53$66$79

$79$106$132$158

$119$158$198$238

$0.06

$0.08

$0.10

$0.12

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4. Which of the following statements is true?

f. Two adjacent positive charges willattract each other.

g. Two adjacent positive charges willrepel each other.

h. Positive charges attract other chargesand negative charges repel othercharges.

j. Negative charges attract other chargesand positive charges repel othercharges.

5. Which of these devices provides safety inan electric circuit?

a. battery

b. switch

c. circuit breaker

d. lightbulb

6. What is the best way to produce staticelectricity on the surface of the balloon?

f.

g.

h.

j.

Physical Science with Earth Science 57

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 13 Electricity

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Most of the electrical energy used by atoaster is converted to .

A thermal energy

B light energy

C mechanical energy

D chemical energy

Mr. Robinson and his seventh-gradescience class are conducting anexperiment. The class needs to choose agood insulator. Which of the followingcould be used as an insulator?

F plastic plate

G silver spoon

H copper wire

J gold necklace

Which of the following might make thespoons repel each other?

A Neither A nor B is electrically charged.

B Both A and B are negatively charged.

C A is positively charged, and B isnegatively charged.

D A is negatively charged, and B is notelectrically charged.

Which of the following is a wet cellbattery?

F

G

H

J

+ -

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4

3

A B

2

1

58 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 13 Electricity

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After Peter removes his sweater bypulling it over his head, he notices thathis hair is standing straight up. Whatcauses this to occur?

A accumulation of protons

B accumulation of neutrons

C accumulation of molecules

D accumulation of electrons

The amount of power a microwave ovenuses is measured in .

F degrees

G calories

H kilograms

J watts

65

Physical Science with Earth Science 59

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 13 Electricity

Directions: Read number 7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

Zahara and Pedro were outside when it started to rain. Soon it began to thunder andlightning, and they saw several flashes of light. What is lightning? What causes the flashesthat Zahara and Pedro saw?

7

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1. The diagram above shows the magneticfield surrounding a bar magnet. The closertogether the lines of force, the stronger themagnetic field. According to the diagram,where is the magnetic field strongest?

a. around the north pole

b. around the south pole

c. around both poles

d. in the center of the magnet

2. Alexandra was preparing to go on a hike inthe woods. She gathered the equipment shewould need and placed it on the kitchencounter. By chance, she placed hercompass near an electrical outlet. Althoughthe compass was not moving, the compassneedle turned because .

f. the electric current in the outletproduced a magnetic field

g. the compass could only be usedoutdoors

h. the kitchen counter was made of amagnetic substance

j. the kitchen had a microwave oven

3. Which pair of magnets would result fromcutting the above magnet in half?

a.

b.

c.

d. N NS S

N S S N

N S N S

N N S S

N SN S

60 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 14 Magnetism

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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4. According to the diagram, which paircould both be north poles?

f. A and B

g. B and C

h. A and C

j. C and D

5. This structure produces power for use inthe home by converting .

a. chemical energy into mechanicalenergy

b. electrical energy into mechanicalenergy

c. chemical energy into electrical energy

d. mechanical energy into electricalenergy

6. The picture shows an experiment used to determine the effect of using more nails in the core of an electromagnet.Which of the following would make this abetter-designed experiment?

f. using a different number of batteriesfor each electromagnet

g. using the same number of turns ofwire for each electromagnet

h. inserting an ammeter in each circuitbetween the battery and the nails

j. using a different size battery for eachelectromagnet

+ – + – + –

+ – + –

Spillway

Turbine Generator

Dam

A B C D

Physical Science with Earth Science 61

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 14 Magnetism

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The diagram above shows an electricmotor and a generator. Which two areasof physical science are closely related tothe development of these devices?

A sound and light

B light and magnetism

C electricity and sound

D electricity and magnetism

Based on the information in the graphabove, which of these would mostimprove the quality of the air we breathe?

F burn coal in place of petroleum toproduce electricity

G develop an electric-poweredautomobile

H make more landfills so that garbagewon’t be burned

J require industries to work only atnight

Sandra is trying to identify an unknownsubstance. She determines by testing thatit has a density of 7.5 g/cm3 and can bepicked up by a magnet. She concludesthat the matter is .

A wood

B iron

C calcium

D plastic

Hamed wanted to find out how to makean electromagnet stronger. The results ofhis experiment are listed in the tableabove. According to these data, which ofthe following does not make anelectromagnet stronger?

F increasing the number of batteriesthat are connected

G increasing the number of wire turnsaround the core

H increasing the number of nails insidethe core

J increasing the number of tacks used

4

Number ofBatteries

Number ofWire Turns

Number ofNails

Number ofTacks Lifted

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

3

7

6

13

6

14

15

29

20

40

20

40

20

40

20

40

Homemade Electromagnets

3

2

Causes of Air Pollution

Transportation43%

PowerPlants23%

Industry14%

BurningGarbage

5%

Other(e.g., forest fires)

18%

1

N

S

GeneratorMotor

N

S

62 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 14 Magnetism

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A galvanometer is an instrument used todetect small amounts of electric current.The current detected is most likelymeasured in .

A milliliters

B milligrams

C milliamperes

D milliseconds

Scientists believe that magnetism iscaused by the spin of certain atomicparticles called .

F electrons

G protons

H neutrons

J nuclei

65

Physical Science with Earth Science 63

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 14 Magnetism

Directions: Read numbers 7 and 8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Design an experiment to gather data about what factors might cause a bar magnet to lose itsmagnetism.

Amelia walked across her bedroom, touched her bedroom doorknob, and felt a small shock.Explain what happened to allow Amelia to experience static electricity. Use the word“electrons” in your answer.

8

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64 Physical Science with Earth Science

1. An electromagnetic wave is able toproduce both an electric field and amagnetic field because .

a. photons absorb magnetic energy

b. they are always made at the same time

c. the fields continually recreate eachother

d. they behave like matter instead ofwaves

2. Scientific evidence suggests that airpollution is damaging our atmosphere.Which line on the graph supports the ideathat pollution is damaging the ozonelayer?

f. Line 1

g. Line 2

h. Line 3

j. Line 4

3. How do electromagnetic wavescommunicate information?

a. use of a transceiver

b. by refraction

c. gamma rays

d. amplitude modulations

4. The diagram above shows what happens tofood when being heated in a microwave.Which statement best describes howmicrowave radiation heats food?

f. The water molecules create frictionwhen they line up.

g. The water molecules create frictionwhen they rotate back and forth.

h. The water molecules absorb energyfrom the microwaves.

j. The water molecules release energywhen the microwaves break themapart.

1

2

3

4Atmospheric CFC

concentration

Ult

ravi

ole

tra

dia

tio

n t

hat

pen

etra

tes

the

atm

osp

her

e (%

)

Atmospheric Damage

Magnetic fieldstrength

Electric fieldstrength

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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Water molecules

Normally, water moleculesare randomly arranged

ecules Electromagneticwave

The microwaves causethe water molecules to flip back and forth.

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Physical Science with Earth Science 65

5. Joseph studied whether different materialscan block certain electromagnetic wavesby testing television reception in differentparts of a house. At each part of the house,Joseph used a different antenna. Theexperiment could have been improved by

.

a. testing reception of a different channelduring each trial

b. using the same antenna during eachtrial

c. measuring the antenna length incentimeters

d. measuring the distance to thetelevision station

6. Which of the following could be used tosend and receive electromagnetic waves atthe same time?

f. transceiver

g. cathode-ray tube

h. pager

j. Global Positioning System

7. Under which of the following headings ina table of contents would informationabout cathode-ray tubes most likely befound?

a. How do sounds travel to mytelephone?

b. How do television shows travel to mytelevision?

c. How do images appear on mytelevision screen?

d. How do sounds travel to my radio?

8. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of a carrier wave?

f. frequency of a wave used tocommunicate to cell phones

g. frequency of a wave used tocommunicate to televisions

h. frequency of a wave used tocommunicate to satellites

j. frequency of a wave assigned to aradio station

9. Rahim heated some leftovers in amicrowave oven. He noticed that althoughthe food got hot, the inside of themicrowave oven did not. This happensbecause .

a. the walls of the microwave oven aregood heat insulators

b. there is no air in a microwave oven

c. the fan in the microwave oven keeps itcool

d. microwaves heat by interacting withwater molecules

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation

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66 Physical Science with Earth Science

Which of the following pieces ofequipment would be best for scanning aperson’s internal organs?

A large dish antenna

B magnetic resonance imager

C magnet

D Global Positioning System

Photons act like both waves andparticles. Albert Einstein observed thatlight, an electromagnetic wave made of photons, can be affected by gravity.Photons also are like waves in that they .

F transport energy

G move through space

H have a measurable amount of mass

J are able to travel at incredibly highspeeds

You can vibrate the electric fields ofwater molecules using .

A radio waves

B infrared waves

C ultraviolet waves

D microwaves

In the above diagram, what is thepurpose of the large parabolic surface?

F transmitting a carrier wave

G focusing the signal

H blocking ultraviolet waves

J sending a telephone call

The warmth you feel from a fire isradiant energy. Which statement definesradiant energy?

A Radiant energy is the energy that musttravel through certain types of media.

B Radiant energy is the energy carriedby an electromagnetic wave.

C Radiant energy is the energy carriedonly by magnetic waves.

D Radiant energy travels at shortwavelengths.

5

4

3

2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation

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Physical Science with Earth Science 67

Which of the following uses radio waves?

F radar

G radiation therapy

H X-ray machine

J CD-ROM

Which of the choices below relies onvarying the frequency of the carrier waveto transmit information?

A AM radio

B X-ray machine

C cathode-ray tube

D FM radio

76

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 15 Electromagnetic Radiation

Directions: Read numbers 8–9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Satellite telephones permit communication with remote locations. These devices rely onground stations and satellites. Explain how a satellite telephone can reach a telephone in yourhome.

The ozone layer makes up a small percentage of Earth’s atmosphere. Discuss why manyscientists and health care professionals are concerned about the ozone layer.

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68 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 16 Energy Sources

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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1. The diagram shows a typical nuclearpower plant. When a neutron strikes a U-235 nucleus, the nucleus splits into twosmaller nuclei and a few neutrons. Whatstructure absorbs most of the neutronsproduced so that a controlled chainreaction occurs?

a. containment structure

b. control rods

c. reactor vessel

d. turbine and generator

How Energy is Used in the U.S.

2. Alan researched how energy is used in theUnited States. He found that 20 percent isused in homes, 27 percent is used fortransportation, 16 percent percent is usedfor business, and 37 percent is used byindustry. Which area of the graph aboverepresents energy used for transportation?

f. Q

g. R

h. S

j. T

3. What characteristic do these structureshave in common?

a. use of renewable resources to produceelectricity

b. use of nonrenewable resources toproduce electricity

c. major sources of energy used toproduce electricity

d. significant contribution toair pollution

QR

S

T

Condenser

Containment Structure

ReactorVessel

ControlRods

Turbine andGenerator

Steam

Reactor core

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4. The two graphs show the increase in carbondioxide in the atmosphere and the growth infossil fuel consumption over a number ofyears. A reasonable hypothesis based onthese data is that if the consumption offossil fuels increases, then .

f. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere willincrease

g. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere willdecrease

h. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere willremain constant

j. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere willbe converted to the more hazardouscarbon monoxide

5. About how much does a consumer saveover three years by using a fluorescentbulb in place of an incandescent bulb?

a. $10.50

b. $19.00

c. $20.50

d. $30.50

6. This structure is able to use renewableenergy to produce electricity by makingsteam that spins turbines attached toelectrical generators. The renewable energy this structure uses is most likelyfrom .

f. the Sun

g. burning biomass

h. burning fossil fuels

j. hot molten rock beneath Earth’s crust

Bulb Type

Life of Bulb

Number of Bulbs Needed

Total Cost of Electricity (8 cents/kilowatt-hour)

Your Total Cost Over 3 Years

100WIncandescent

23W CompactFluorescent

750 hours 10,000 hours

$39.54 $19.06

Information About Some Bulbs

1 over6.8 years

$8.06

About 6 over3 years

$35.04

Increase of CO2in the Atmosphere

330

320

310

300

290

Year

Growth in Fossil FuelConsumption

5

4

3

2

1

01860 1885 1910 1935 1960 1985

1860 1885 1910 1935 1960 1985

Year

Coal

Oil

Naturalgas

CO

2 in

Atm

osp

her

e (p

pm

)F

uel

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n(g

igat

on

s ca

rbo

n/y

ear)

Physical Science with Earth Science 69

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 16 Energy Sources

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70 Physical Science with Earth Science

Which of these energy sources producesthe least air pollution?

A coal

B natural gas

C nuclear

D petroleum

Burning renewable organic matter, suchas sugarcane fibers, can produceelectricity. Such renewable organicmatter is called .

F geothermal energy

G biomass fuel

H hydroelectric energy

J fossil fuel

Which of the following is not a problemusually associated with nuclear energy?

A disposal of radioactive waste

B thermal pollution of rivers andstreams

C environmental damage from miningand extraction of uranium

D emission of carbon dioxide into theatmosphere

The diagram shows a photovoltaic cell, adevice used to convert solar energy intoelectricity. Some photovoltaic cells areused to .

F power electronic calculators

G provide hospitals with energy

H power nuclear reactors

J alarm indoor safes

4

Electricaltransmission

system

EnergyfromSun

Solararrays

Inside a Photovoltaic Cell

Transparentnegativeterminal

Positiveterminal

Glass

Junction

n-type layer(semiconductor)

p-type layer(semiconductor)

Freed electrons Holes filled by freed electrons

Electronflow

(current)+

3

2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 16 Energy Sources

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Physical Science with Earth Science 71

One disadvantage of using solar energy to generate electricity is that the number of hours ofavailable sunlight isn’t the same all over Earth. Which region of the United States has thegreatest potential for producing electricity from solar energy?

A northwest

B midwest

C northeast

D southwest

5

2,500 to 3,0003,000 to 3,5003,500 to 4,0004,000 to 4,5004,500 to 5,0005,000 to 5,5005,500 to 6,0006,000 to 6,5006,500 to 7,0007,000 to 7,500

Potential Power Generated by Solar Energy

Whr/sq. in. /day (Continental U.S.)

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 16 Energy Sources

Directions: Read number 6 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

Some estimates suggest that petroleum resources might be nearly depleted by the middle ofthis century. Describe three alternate energy sources that could be developed to generateelectricity in the next 50 years.

6

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Name: Date: Class:

1. Which weather or climatic pattern isresponsible for moving polar fronts intoNorth America?

a. Coriolis effect

b. El Niño

c. La Niña

d. jet stream

2. Which characteristic affects climate?

f. annual rainfall

g. weekly snowfall

h. daily high temperature

j. maximum low temperature

3. When compared to an area in the center of a continent, coastal areas usually have .

a. more extreme temperatures and moresnow or rain

b. less temperature variation and moresnow or rain

c. more extreme temperatures and lesssnow or rain

d. less temperature variation and lesssnow or rain

4. Ozone is constantly being produced anddestroyed by sunlight in the stratosphere.When chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reachthe stratosphere, sunlight breaks themdown and causes the release of chlorine,as shown in the diagram above. Which ofthe following describes how CFCs depletethe ozone layer?

f. Chlorine blocks the production of new ozone.

g. Chlorine slows down the conversionof oxygen into ozone.

h. Chlorine reflects ultraviolet radiationfrom the Sun.

j. Chlorine breaks down the ozone fasterthan it can be replaced.

SUN

11

2

33

O2O

O

O3

Chapter 17 Weather and Climate

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72 Physical Science with Earth Science

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5. What is global warming?

a. An increase in the amount of energyused by people living on Earth

b. An increase in the strength of the Sun

c. A decrease in the average globaltemperature of Earth

d. An increase in the average globaltemperature of Earth

6. In the diagram above, which type of airmass is cold and dry?

f. polar maritime

g. polar continental

h. tropical maritime

j. tropical continental

7. Which describes the effect of the Sunheating the atmosphere at the equator?

a. Heating causes warm air to rise.

b. The warm, humid air pushes towardthe north and south.

c. Cold air from above sinks down andpushes the warm air to the north andsouth.

d. The air warms rapidly during the dayand cools rapidly at night, creatingwinds.

8. Which global wind pattern affects theweather in the United States?

f. westerlies

g. polar easterlies

h. northeast trade winds

j. southeast trade winds

9. Which location on the diagram abovewould have the mildest climate?

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

Ocean Land

A

BC

D

mP

cT mT

cP

mP = polar maritime

cP = polar continental

mT = tropical maritime

cT = tropical continental

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 17 Weather and Climate

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Physical Science with Earth Science 73

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Which of the following climate effectsdoes El Niño produce?

A flooding and mudslides in California

B heavy rains in the Sahara Desert

C cold, wet weather in the upperMidwest

D droughts in Florida

In the diagram above, which location on Earth would likely have the greatestrainfall?

F A

G B

H C

J D

Which of these wind belts is directlycreated by Earth’s rotation?

A jet stream

B polar easterlies

C westerlies

D tradewinds

Which location on the map above wouldlikely have the coldest winter?

F San Francisco, California

G Peoria, Illinois

H International Falls, Minnesota

J Spitsbergen, Norway

Which land surface reflects the mostlight?

A snow

B forest

C bare soil

D sand

5

4

InternationalInternationalFalls,Falls,MinnesotaMinnesota

SanSanFrancisco,Francisco,CaliforniaCalifornia

Peoria,Peoria,IllinoisIllinois

Spitzbergen,Spitzbergen,NorwayNorway

InternationalFalls,Minnesota

SanFrancisco,California

Peoria,Illinois

Spitzbergen,Norway

3

2

SouthPole

AAA

BBB

CCCDDD

EquatorEquatorEquator

NorthPole

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 17 Weather and Climate

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74 Physical Science with Earth Science

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Directions: Read numbers 6–7 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

Some coastal areas have a sea breeze, as shown in the diagram above. During the day, windsblow from the ocean toward land. At night, the winds reverse and blow from land toward theocean. Describe what causes this change in the sea breeze.

Describe how water moves through the water cycle, from the oceans and other surface watersto the atmosphere and back to Earth’s surface and oceans.

7

6

OceanLand

Day

Wind Direction

OceanLand

Night

Wind Direction

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 17 Weather and Climate

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Physical Science with Earth Science 75

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76 Physical Science with Earth Science

2. José’s science teacher told him that everypart of a salt and water solution isidentical. José wanted to collect samples toverify this statement. Which picture showsthe sample that verifies this statement?

f.

g.

h.

j.

3. Mixtures can be either heterogeneous orhomogeneous. Which of the following ischaracteristic of a homogeneous mixture?

a. a mixture in which two or moresubstances are still distinguished

b. a mixture in which large particles aresuspended

c. a mixture in which large particles arenot suspended and eventually settle

d. a mixture in which two or moresubstances are evenly distributed

1. According to the chart, a substance that burns with a blue-green flame probablycontains .

a. barium

b. lithium

c. potassium

d. copper

Substance

Barium

Lithium

Potassium

Strontium

Copper

Flame Color

Yellow-green

Crimson

Violet

Red

Blue-green

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 18 Classification of Matter

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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Physical Science with Earth Science 77

5. Which of these questions would mostlikely be answered by this experimentalsetup?

a. How do the particles in a suspensionand a solution compare in their abilityto scatter light?

b. How does light energy affect the rateat which particles dissolve in asuspension and in a solution?

c. Does light change the evaporation rateof a suspension or a solution?

d. How does light energy affect thetemperature of a suspension and asolution?

6. What do these processes have in common?

f. They are all examples of chemicalchanges.

g. They are all examples of physicalchanges.

h. They are all examples of reactionsthat require the addition of heatenergy.

j. They are all examples of unsafelaboratory techniques.

25g

Waterboiling

Crushing topowder

Sugardissolving

Icemelting

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 18 Classification of Matter

4. These pictures show the different steps in an experiment designed to separate a mixture of saltand sand. Which of these shows the steps in order, from first to last?

f. Q, S, R, T

g. R, T, Q, S

h. S, Q, T, R

j. T, R, S, Q

water and saltsand particles

filter paperfunnel

saltwater

salt onbottom

water

sand andsalt

salt-water

Q R S T

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78 Physical Science with Earth Science

A beam of light from a flashlight ispassed through four beakers containingfour different substances. Which of thesesubstances would scatter light the least?

A salt water

B milk

C muddy water

D paint

Processes such as dissolving, melting,freezing, and evaporating can affect the appearance of a substance, but the identity of the substance remains the same. These processes are called .

F chemical changes

G chemical properties

H physical changes

J physical properties

21

According to the diagram, which of these statements is true?

A Compounds cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

B Elements can be broken down into simpler substances.

C Heterogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout.

D Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout.

3

MATTER

Can it be physically separated into its component parts?

NO

Pure substance

Can it be chemically broken downinto simpler substances?

YES

Compound Element

Mixture

Is its compositionuniform throughout?

Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture

NOYES NOYES

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 18 Classification of Matter

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Physical Science with Earth Science 79

Most metallic elements, such as copperand iron, have high melting points. Thisis a useful property because .

F it keeps cars made of metal frombecoming hot on summer days

G it enables people to use pots and pansmade of metal to cook food

H it prevents machine parts made ofmetal from rusting

J it makes metals easier to melt so theycan be poured into molds to makeprecision tools

Which of the following does not make asolid dissolve faster in a liquid?

A stirring the mixture

B heating the mixture

C using a smaller volume of liquid

D breaking the solid into smaller pieces

Felipe took a sample of water from acreek in a glass beaker and placed theglass beaker on his desk. An hour later,he noticed that dirt had settled on thebottom of the beaker, leaving the rest ofthe water clear. What was the most likelycause of this?

F Dirt does not dissolve easily in watertaken from a creek.

G Felipe should have taken a largersample of creek water.

H Felipe did not leave the creek water onhis desk long enough to allow the dirtto dissolve.

J Felipe’s sample of creek water was asuspension that settled when allowedto stand.

6

5

4

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 18 Classification of Matter

Directions: Read number 7 below. Then, on the lines below, write your answer in completesentences.

The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of all the substances present before achemical change equals the mass of all the substances remaining after the change. Design anexperiment to verify this law.

7

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80 Physical Science with Earth Science

1. Most metallic elements have all of theseproperties EXCEPT .

a. a high melting point

b. being a good conductor of electricity

c. being easily crumbled into pieces

d. a shiny luster

2. Which particle is located in the cloudregion of the atom?

f. electron

g. neutron

h. nucleus

j. proton

Proton

Electron

Neutron

Cloudregion

Nucleus

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

3. The atoms in Group A are different from the atoms in Group B because only the atoms inGroup A have .

a. their outer energy levels filled with electrons

b. three energy levels of electrons

c. electron arrangements typical of metals

d. electron arrangements typical of nonmetals

Group BGroup A

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Physical Science with Earth Science 81

4. Alkali metals belong to a group ofelements whose atoms have only oneelectron in their outer energy level.According to this definition, which ofthese is an atom of an alkali metal?

f.

g.

h.

j.

5. According to the chart above, which solidhas an atomic mass greater than 200?

a. rubidium

b. cesium

c. tantalum

d. thorium

6. Which of the following is a majorcharacteristic of a quark?

f. one of the most basic types of particles

g. a variety of an element that hasdifferent numbers of neutrons

h. a particle in the nucleus that has one ofthe most significant amounts of mass

j. the smallest atom identified byscientists

Solid

Rubidium

Cesium

Tantalum

Thorium

AtomicNumber

37

55

73

90

AtomicMass 85.5

132.9

180.9

232.0

Color

White

Silvery-white

Gray

Silvery-white

Characteristics of Some Solids

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table

7. These pictures show different models of the atom proposed by scientists. Which of these is thecorrect order, from oldest to most recent?

a. T, R, Q, S

b. T, S, R, Q

c. S, R, T, Q

d. R, S, T, Q

Electron

Nucleus

Orbit

Nucleus

Electron

Nucleus

Electroncloud Positively charged

material

Electrons

Q R S T

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82 Physical Science with Earth Science

The periodic table of elements is themost useful tool in chemistry. Which ofthe following scientists is credited withthe development of the periodic table?

A Niels Bohr

B Albert Einstein

C Dimitri Mendeleev

D Ernest Rutherford

Carbon-14 has 6 protons. How manyneutrons does it have?

F 6

G 8

H 14

J 20

Which of these diagrams represents themodern model of the atom?

A

B

C

D

Which of these elements would be thebest conductor of electricity?

F iodine

G silicon

H silver

J sulfur

4

Positively chargedmaterial

Electrons

Nucleus

Electron

Nucleus

Electroncloud

Electron

Nucleus

Orbit

3

2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table

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Physical Science with Earth Science 83

Based on the information providedabove, which of these statements is nottrue?

A Molecules are made up of atoms.

B Protons are smaller than quarks.

C Atoms are larger than protons.

D Protons are made up of quarks.

Which of the following is not asubatomic particle?

F electron

G neutron

H molecule

J proton

Scientists currently use radioactiveisotopes in various fields. Someradioactive isotopes are used to .

A power lasers

B develop new antibiotics

C clone organisms

D date ancient bones

7

6

5

H H

Quark

Proton

HydrogenAtom

WaterMolecule

Dew Drop

u

O

less than0.000000000000001 mm

or10–15 mm

0.000000000001 mmor

10–12 mm

0.0000001 mmor

10–7 mm

0.0000003 mmor

3 x 10–7 mm

1 mm( of an inch)

P e

125

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 19 Properties of Atoms and the Periodic Table

Directions: Read number 8 below. Then, on your answer sheet, write your answer in completesentences.

Patients with heart disease and high blood pressure often are placed on a low-salt diet. Theyare instructed that they may use a salt substitute to season their food. A common saltsubstitute is potassium chloride (KCl). Its chemical formula is very similar to that ofeveryday table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl). Based on your knowledge of the periodic table,explain why potassium chloride probably has properties similar to those of sodium chloride.

8

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Name: Date: Class:

1. Which of the following processes doesNOT form metamorphic rocks?

a. heat

b. cementation

c. pressure

d. chemical activity

2. Geologists often use physical properties toidentify unknown minerals. Which of thefollowing scales is used to help geologistsdetermine what type of mineral they have?

f. Richter Scale

g. Luster Scale

h. Mohs Scale

j. Rock Scale

3. Gypsum is formed by .

a. evaporation

b. precipitation

c. cooling

d. deposition

4. Extrusive igneous rocks are often high in.

f. potassium

g. iron

h. aluminum

j. silicon

5. Which of the following is a biochemicalsedimentary rock?

a. sandstone

b. coal

c. rock salt

d. gypsum

6. The drawing above shows .

f. an extrusive igneous rock

g. a detrital sedimentary rock

h. a foliated metamorphic rock

j. a biochemical sedimentary rock

Chapter 20 Earth Materials

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84 Physical Science with Earth Science

photo credit: Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes

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7. Which detrital sedimentary rock has thesmallest clast size?

a. shale

b. sandstone

c. conglomerate

d. siltstone

8. Which of the following is an intrusiveigneous rock?

f.

g.

h.

j.

9. According to the rock cycle above, meltingand cooling would transform .

a. igneous rock into metamorphic rock

b. sedimentary rock into metamorphicrock

c. metamorphic rock into igneous rock

d. sedimentary rock into igneous rock

10. Which of the following properties is NOTusually used to describe minerals?

f. luster

g. magnetism

h. streak

j. hardness

11. Which of the following is a silicatemineral?

a. halite

b. hematite

c. calcite

d. quartz

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 20 Earth Materials

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Physical Science with Earth Science 85

photo credit: Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes

photo credit: Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes

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Which of the following is true ofminerals with distinct crystal shapes?

A They are made up of only one type ofatom.

B All the atoms are arranged in order.

C The mineral contains only silicates.

D The mineral contains onlynonsilicates.

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classifiedby .

F mineral composition

G composition and texture

H streak and luster

J hardness

Magma that cools very slowly forms.

A rocks with large sized clasts

B rocks with microscopic grains

C rocks with large crystals

D rocks with foliated texture

Foliated metamorphic rocks originallywere .

F sedimentary rocks

G extrusive igneous rocks

H intrusive igneous rocks

J other metamorphic rocks

According to the Mohs scale of hardness,which of the following mineral is thehardest?

A feldspar

B apatite

C diamond

D gypsum

Which sequence would be possible for arock going through the rock cycle?

F igneous→melting→sedimentary→erosion→metamorphic

G metamorphic→erosion→igneous→compaction→sedimentary

H sedimentary→melting→metamorphic→pressure→igneous

J metamorphic→melting→igneous→erosion

6

5

1. Talc 6. Felspar

2. Gypsum 7. Quartz (fingernail 2.2) (streak plate 7.0)

3. Calcite 8. Topaz (copper penny 3.2)

4. Fluorite 9. Corundum

5. Apatite 10. Diamond (glass plate 5.5)

Mohs Scale of Hardness

4

3

2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 20 Earth Materials

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86 Physical Science with Earth Science

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Directions: Read numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write you answers incomplete sentences.

Describe how igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.

Identify each of the following as an igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock. Describe thecharacteristics that helped you decide.

8

7

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 20 Earth Materials

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Physical Science with Earth Science 87

photo credit: Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes

photo credit: Breck P. Kent/Earth Scenes

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Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

Name: Date: Class:

1. Which of the following diagramsrepresents a feature created by deposition?

2. Which of the following is NOT a part of soil?

f. weathered rock

g. pebbles

h. organic matter

j. air

3. Which type of erosion is most common inthe Sahara Desert of Africa?

a. wave erosion

b. glacier erosion

c. water erosion

d. wind erosion

4. A water well must extend far into theto ensure that plenty of water

can be pumped to the surface.

f. saturated zone

g. unsaturated zone

h. porosity zone

j. water table

5. Which of the following would be anindication of wind erosion?

a. sand bars

b. moraines

c. deflation hollows

d. deltas

6. Which radioisotope in the table abovewould be most useful for determining theage of Earth?

f. thorium-234

g. carbon-14

h. uranium-235

j. potassium-40

Thorium-234

Carbon-14

Uranium-235

Potassium-40

24 days

5730 years

713 million years

1.3 billion years

Isotope Half-life

Chapter 21 Earth’s Changing Surface

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88 Physical Science with Earth Science

a. b.

c.

d.

mass wasting striated rock

rounded rocks

delta

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7. The rock layers in a certain area shownabove are well known for fossils. Whichfossil could be used to positively identify a specific rock layer?

a.

b.

c.

d.

8. Which layer of soil above has the greatestamount of organic matter?

f. A horizon

g. B horizon

h. C horizon

j. bedrock

9. Rock rust is a type of .

a. mechanical weathering

b. biological force

c. chemical weathering

d. frost wedging

10. An aquifer is .

f. porous but not permeable

g. porous and permeable

h. permeable but not porous

j. neither permeable nor porous

A Horizon

B Horizon

C Horizon

Bedrock

Rock Layer 1

Rock Layer 2

Rock Layer 3

Rock Layer 4

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 21 Earth’s Changing Surface

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Physical Science with Earth Science 89

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Which water well in the above diagram isan artesian well?

A Well 1

B Well 2

C Well 3

D Well 4

A valley with the shape shown above wasmost likely formed by .

F wind erosion

G running water

H a glacier

J wave action

James Hutton, an early geologist,proposed that the laws of nature operatetoday as they have in the past. This ideais called .

A principle of original horizontality

B relative dating

C principle of superposition

D uniformitarianism

Which of the following processes is mostlikely to break apart a rock?

F oxidation

G frost wedging

H dissolving products

J feldspar weathering

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.How much of the original carbon-14 willremain in a sample of bone after 11,460years?

A 100 percent

B 50 percent

C 25 percent

D zero percent

The soil horizon made up mostly ofbroken bedrock is the .

F A horizon

G B horizon

H C horizon

J parent rock

6

5

4

3

2

1

Well2 Well

3 Well4

Nonpermeable

Aquifer

Nonpermeable

Well1

WaterTable

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 21 Earth’s Changing Surface

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90 Physical Science with Earth Science

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Directions: Read numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

As a river flows into the ocean, it forms a delta. Describe how the size of the sedimentspresent in the water change from the mouth of the river to the edge of the delta.

The geologic cross section above shows three folded layers. Describe the order in which eachof these features formed from oldest to youngest.

8

Folding

Layer 3

Layer 2

Layer 1

7

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 21 Earth’s Changing Surface

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Physical Science with Earth Science 91

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92 Physical Science with Earth Science

1. According to the information above, apolyatomic ion is a(n) .

a. atom with a net charge

b. charged, covalently bonded group ofatoms

c. group of covalently bonded atomswith a net charge of zero

d. ionically bonded group of atoms

2. The picture above shows models of polarmolecules. Which of these is the majorcharacteristic of polar molecules?

f. They contain at least two hydrogenatoms.

g. They contain a metal and a nonmetal.

h. They have a triangular shape createdby the large size of negative oxygenmolecules.

j. They have a slightly positive end anda slightly negative end.

3. All of these atoms lend electrons and formpositive ions EXCEPT .

a.

b.

c.

d.

4. Which process is taking place in thechemical combinations above?

f. electron transfer

g. electron sharing

h. electron gain

j. electron loss

Cl + Cl

H + O + H

H O H

Cl Cl

HH

HH

H Cl

O

S

+

Hydrochloric acid

+

–+ –

Hydrogen sulfide

Water

NH+

4

CO

OH–

PO

Polyatomic Ions

CI– Na+

Ca2+

O2–

NotPolyatomic Ions

2–3

3–4

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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Physical Science with Earth Science 93

5. The diagram above shows the oxidation numbers of certain groups in the periodic table. Accordingto the diagram, which group is LEAST likely to combine with other elements to form compounds?

a. Group 1

b. Group 14

c. Group 17

d. Group 18

109108107106HaRfAcRaFr

RnAtPoBiPbTlHgAuPtIrOsReWTaHfLaBaCs

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Al Si P S Cl Ar

B C N O F Ne

Na Mg

Li Be

H He

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1

2

181+ 0

2– 1–3+ 4+ 3–2+

Oxidation Numbers

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 22 Chemical Bonds

6. Which statement best describes whathappens to sodium and chlorine atomswhen they combine to form sodiumchloride?

f. The sodium atom becomes a positivesodium ion, and the chlorine atombecomes a negative chloride ion.

g. The sodium atom becomes a negativesodium ion, and the chlorine atombecomes a positive chloride ion.

h. The sodium atom becomes a positivechloride ion, and the chlorine atombecomes a negative sodium ion.

j. The sodium atom becomes a negativechloride ion, and the chlorine atombecomes a positive sodium ion.

7. A student heated a blue copper sulfatecrystal in a test tube. After a few minutes,she observed that the crystal turned whiteand the inside of the test tube was coveredwith a thin film of water. The water insidethe test tube most likely .

a. was left from cleaning the test tubethe night before

b. condensed from the air around the testtube

c. came from the blue copper sulfatecrystal, which is a hydrate

d. seeped through the sides of the testtube

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94 Physical Science with Earth Science

Chapter 22 Chemical BondsName: Date: Class:

Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Which of the following is the reason whyatoms of sodium and chlorine attracteach other in a salt crystal?

A Sodium has a positive charge andchlorine has a negative charge.

B Sodium has a negative charge andchlorine has a positive charge.

C Both have a positive charge.

D Both have a negative charge.

The ionic compounds above containcharged, covalently bonded groups ofatoms that act like a single atom. Thisgroup is called .

F hydrates

G binary compounds

H polar molecules

J polyatomic ions

Calcium is a metal with an oxidationnumber of 2+. Chlorine is a nonmetalwith an oxidation number of 1–. Whichof the following would be the chemicalformula for the compound formed bythese two elements?

A CaCl

B CaCl2

C Ca2Cl

D CaCl3

Which of the following may be classifiedas a binary compound?

F H2SO4

G NH4Cl

H Mg(OH)2

J NaCl

Ionic compounds are usually formed byionic bonding between metals andnonmetals. Which of the following is notan ionic compound?

A NaBr

B MgCl2

C H2O

D KI

5

4

3

2

Carbonate (CO2–)Hydroxide (OH–)

Ammonium (NH+)

Sulfate (SO2–)

3

4

4

1

Na+ Cl–

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Physical Science with Earth Science 95

Chapter 22 Chemical Bonds

The elements whose atoms are picturedabove all belong to period 2 of theperiodic table. It would require thegreatest energy to remove an electronfrom which element?

F Li

G N

H F

J Ne

Which statement describes a covalentbond?

A A covalent bond is the attractionbetween atoms when they shareelectrons.

B A covalent bond is the attractionbetween opposite charges of ions in acompound.

C A covalent bond usually formsbetween a metal and a nonmetal.

D A covalent bond is usually strongerthan an ionic bond.

The noble gases rarely combine withother elements to form compoundsbecause .

F they are gases

G their outer energy levels are full

H their atoms are much too large

J they are nonmetals

8

7

6

Li Be B C

N O F Ne

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Read number 9 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

Use what you know about chemical bonds to explain why noble gases are more stable thanother elements. Use the term energy level in your explanation.

9

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96 Physical Science with Earth Science

Chapter 23 Chemical ReactionsName: Date: Class:

Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

1. Antoine Lavoisier is credited with thediscovery of the law of conservation ofmass. This law states that in a chemicalreaction, matter is not created or destroyed,but preserved. Which of the followingequations correctly models this law?

a. H2 + Cl2 2HCl

b. H2 + Cl2 HCl

c. H + Cl 2HCl

d. 2 H2 + Cl2 2HCl2

2. The green color of the copper coating thatcovers the Statue of Liberty is differentfrom the color of a typical copper penny.What caused the Statue of Liberty’s coppercoating to turn green?

f. Copper corrodes when exposed to air,creating copper carbonate.

g. Erosion wore away the outer layer ofcopper, exposing its copper carbonateinterior.

h. Copper exposed to air and moistureforms hydrated iron(III) oxide.

j. Copper exposed to air produces aprotective carbonate covering.

3. The equation above is not balanced. Inorder to balance the equation, a coefficientof 2 needs to be placed directly .

a. after the symbol for magnesium onthe left side of the equation

b. before the symbol for oxygen on theleft side of the equation

c. after the symbol for oxygen on the leftside of the equation

d. before the symbol for magnesium onthe left side of the equation

4. The process by which hydrogen andoxygen form water can be classified asa .

f. decomposition reaction

g. synthesis reaction

h. precipitate reaction

j. single-displacement reaction

Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s) Magnesium plus oxygen produces

magnesium oxide

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Physical Science with Earth Science 97

Chapter 23 Chemical Reactions

5. The information on this bread bag meansthat the bread is baked using .

a. all natural ingredients

b. an ingredient that encourages therising of yeast

c. an ingredient that helps prevent thegrowth of fungus

d. several different types of preservatives

6. A coefficient in the above formulais .

f. Cu

g. Na

h. 2

j. 4

7. Which of these is NOT evidence of achemical reaction?

a. An iron nail changes to a brownish-orange color.

b. An ice cube melts into liquid water.

c. An antacid tablet produces bubbles ofgas when placed in water.

d. A piece of zinc raises the temperatureof an acid as it reacts with it.

8. The diagram above shows an equationrepresenting a chemical reaction. In thisequation, which of these are the reactants?

f. HCl and NaOH

g. NaCl and H2O

h. HCl and H2O

j. NaOH and NaCl

9. The law of conservation of mass states thatin a chemical reaction, the mass of thereactants equals the mass of the products.Based on this information, what mass ofhydrogen (H2) was produced in thisreaction?

a. 2 g

b. 4 g

c. 72 g

d. 144 g

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H265 g 72 g 135 g ? g

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

CuSO4 + 2NaCl

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98 Physical Science with Earth Science

Chapter 23 Chemical ReactionsName: Date: Class:

Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Knowing that a more active metal willreplace a less active metal in acompound, which of the followingstatements is true?

A Gold would replace silver.

B Mercury would replace lead.

C Silver would replace copper.

D Lead would replace copper.

A double-displacement reaction occurs ifwater, gas, or a precipitate (insolublecompound) forms when two ioniccompounds in solution are combined.Which of the following is the generalizedformula for this type of reaction?

F AB + CD AD + CB

G A + BC AC + B

H D + BC BD + C

J A + B AB

Which of these is a reason a catalyst isadded to a chemical reaction?

A to stabilize a substance

B to speed up a reaction

C to produce a greater amount of thecatalyst

D to prevent a compound from forming

When a wood fire burns, it releases heatinto the environment. This type ofreaction is .

F endothermic

G exothermic

H catalytic

J endergonic

Jodi wants to test the law of conservationof mass by performing an experimentwith charcoal. Which of the followinginstruments should she use to weigh hermaterials?

A ammeter

B volumetric flask

C triple-beam balance

D Bunsen burner

5

4

3

2

1

Activity Series of MetalsLead Copper Mercury Silver Gold

MostActive

LeastActive

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Physical Science with Earth Science 99

Chapter 23 Chemical ReactionsName: Date: Class:

Standardized Test Practice

Some reactions require an input ofenergy in order to occur. Photosynthesis,the process in which plants use lightenergy to make sugars, requires anenergy input. This reaction would beclassified as .

F endergonic

G exergonic

H synthetic

J exothermic

Which of these is a product in theequation above?

A Pb(NO3)2

B PbI2

C Pb

D KI

7

Pb(NO3)2 + 2K I PbI2 + 2KNO36

Directions: Read number 8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

Describe an experiment in which you demonstrate the validity of the law of conservation ofmass.

8

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100 Physical Science with Earth Science

Chapter 24 Solutions, Acids, and BasesName: Date: Class:

Chapter Test

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

1. The equations above show two basesreacting with water. Which of the followingis the major characteristic of bases?

a. They form OH– ions in solution.

b. They contain many sodium atoms.

c. They form H+ ions in solution.

d. They release protons.

2. Which of the following is NOT a goodexample of a solute and solvent insolution?

f. a solution of a kilogram of water anda gram of salt

g. a solution of a gram of silver and amilligram of copper

h. a solution of a kilogram of cold waterand a kilogram of hot water

j. a solution of a kilogram of water anda milligram of sugar

3. Michelle wants to quickly dissolvepowdered drink mix in a pitcher of water.All of the following are ways in which shecould increase the rate of dissolutionEXCEPT .

a. heating the mixture

b. stirring the mixture

c. breaking up big pieces of thepowdered drink mix

d. adding more powdered drink mix

4. Based on the information in the graph,what is the approximate number of gramsof sodium nitrate that can be dissolved inwater at a temperature of 70°C?

f. 125 g

g. 135 g

h. 140 g

j. 145 g

5. According to the scale, which of thefollowing pH measurements is basic?

a. 7.0

b. 9.5

c. 5.5

d. 1.2

pH ScaleAcidic Neutral Basic

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Mass of Sodium Nitratethat Can Be Dissolved

in 100 mL of Water

Temperature (°C)M

ass

(g)

170160150140130120110100

908070605040302010

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 9080 100

NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)

NaOH(s) H2O(l) Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)

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Physical Science with Earth Science 101

Chapter 24 Solutions, Acids, and Bases

6. All of the following are properties of anacid EXCEPT .

f. producing hydrogen ions in solution

g. burning a hole through metal

h. tasting sour

j. feeling slippery

7. The chemical equation shown above is aneutralization reaction. Which formularepresents a salt?

a. H2SO4

b. KOH

c. K2SO4

d. H2O

8. Fish tank water must be kept at a particularpH level so the fish stay healthy. What isthe best way to protect the water frombecoming too acidic or too basic?

f. Add a buffer to the water.

g. Put pH paper on the tank.

h. Add acid to the water.

j. Fill the tank with colored water.

9. Janelle added salt to a beaker of wateruntil she could still see salt crystals, evenafter stirring. This type of solution iscalled .

a. an unsaturated solution

b. a saturated solution

c. a soluble solution

d. a supersaturated solution

10. Information about the amount of salt thatwill dissolve in a liter of water at 20°Cwould most likely be found in which kindof table?

f. solubility

g. polarity

h. solvent properties

j. temperature

11. An aqueous solution of which of thefollowing compounds will change redlitmus paper to blue?

a. HCl

b. H2O

c. NaCl

d. NaOH

H2SO4 + KOH K2SO4 + H2O

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102 Physical Science with Earth Science

Chapter 24 Solutions, Acids, BasesName: Date: Class:

Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Which of the following is not a solution?

A a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, andargon

B a liter of sugar-water

C a necklace made of copper and gold

D a liter of mercury

Which of the following statements is false?

F Bromcresol purple turns yellow-purple at pH 5.8.

G Thymol blue turns orange at pH 2.

H Phenolphthalein turns light red at pH 8.2.

J Bromphenol blue turns green-blue atpH 4.6.

Lye, a substance used in making soap,has a pH of 13. A substance with a pH of13 is best described as .

A acidic

B basic

C neutral

D strongly acidic

Which of the following would be leastlikely to help sugar dissolve in water?

F warming the solution

G shaking or stirring the solution

H cooling the solution

J crushing large sugar crystals

A student mixes a solution of sodiumchloride and water. She finds that thesolution conducts electricity. This means that sodium chloride must be .

A a gas

B a nonpolar substance

C an electrolyte

D a solvent

5

4

3

2

Some Common Acid-Base Indicators

Indicator Color Change pH Range

Thymol blue orange 1.2–2.8

Phenolphthalein light red 8.3–9.9

Bromphenolblue green-blue 3.1–4.7

Bromcresolpurple yellow-purple 5.3–6.6

1

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Physical Science with Earth Science 103

Chapter 24 Solutions, Acids, and BasesName: Date: Class:

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Read numbers 7–8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answers incomplete sentences.

The most acidic rainfall ever recorded fell in Wheeling, West Virginia. The pH of this rain was 1.5. Normal rain has a pH of approximately 5.6. Explain why acid rain is harmful towaterways, animals, and plants.

An oil tanker has hit an iceberg and is spilling all the oil it was carrying into the ocean. Theoil is forming a layer separate from the water. Why doesn’t the oil dissolve in the water?Explain the differences between polar and nonpolar substances in your answer.

8

7

Antacids contain bases that react with the acid in your stomach to relieve indigestion. In thereaction above, NaHCO3 reacts with the strong hydrochloric acid, HCl, to form a salt, carbondioxide, and water. This type of reaction is called .

F neutralization

G oxidation

H dehydration

J titration

6

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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104 Physical Science with Earth Science

1. According to the above data, after howmany years would the mass of carbon-14remaining be grams?

a. 17,100 years

b. 22,800 years

c. 28,500 years

d. 34,200 years

2. A scientist was studying differentradioactive samples using a cloud chamber.She looked at the path created by a sample.Which observation would mean that hersample probably contained beta-particle radiation?

f. short, thin trails

g. short, thick trails

h. long, thin trails

j. long, thick trails

3. An alpha particle ( He) is the same as a

helium nucleus. It has a charge of +2 and

an atomic mass of 4. According to this

definition, which of these is an alpha

particle?

a.

b.

c.

d.

P

P

N N

N NP

NP

P

= Proton

= Neutron

P

N

42

132

Half-life Mass of C-14Remaining (g)

Numberof Years

0

1

2

3

4

5

1 0

5,700

11,400

17,100

1214181

161

32

22,800

?

Half-life of Carbon-14

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes

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Physical Science with Earth Science 105

4. According to the chart above, the age ofthe skull of a saber-tooth tiger that diedabout 30,000 years ago could best bedetermined by using .

f. rubidium-87

g. uranium-238

h. potassium-40

j. carbon-14

5. What holds the protons and neutronstogether in the nucleus of an atom?

a. the strong nuclear force

b. the weak nuclear force

c. the electrical force

d. gravity

6. According to the above information, whichof the following figures best representsnuclear fission?

f.

g.

h.

j.C14

6 + +N147 e eV

t = 57301/2 y

0-1

U263106 Rf +259

104 He42

t = 01/2 .9s

U +23592 n1

0 n10n1

0Xe +13454 Sr100

38 ++

H21 H3

1 n10He4

2

Characteristics of Nuclear Fission

1. Process of splitting a nucleus into two nuclei with smaller masses.

2. Only large nuclei with atomic numbers above 90 can undergo it.

3. Products usually include several individual neutrons in addition to the smaller nuclei.

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Nucleus

Isotope Half-life

Rubidium-87 50 billion years

Uranium-238 4.5 billion years

Potassium-40 1.4 billion years

Carbon-14 5,730 years

Half-lives of Isotopes Used to Find the Ages of Rocks and Fossils

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106 Physical Science with Earth Science

Which of these is not a type of nuclearradiation?

A alpha particles

B beta particles

C gamma rays

D X rays

Carbon-14 and carbon-12 have the samenumber of protons but a different numberof neutrons. These different forms of thesame element are called .

F radioactive

G isotopes

H nuclei

J tracers

Radioactivity is used to treat cancer.Cancer cells cause tumors and they areusually found deep within tissues ororgans. Which type of nuclear radiation doyou think is used to shrink tumors?

A alpha particles

B ultraviolet

C X rays

D gamma rays

Which of these would penetrate a cardoor made of aluminum?

F alpha particles

G beta particles

H gamma rays

J helium nuclei

Nuclear fission of uranium-235 canstart a chain reaction as shown aboveby .

A releasing enough heat energy to startnuclear fission in neighboring atoms

B producing two smaller atoms that canthen strike and split neighboringatoms

C producing neutrons that can thenstrike and split neighboring atoms

D combining two atoms with low massto form one large atom

Which of the following statementsdefines transmutation?

F Transmutation is the change in geneticmaterial due to radiation.

G Transmutation is the change of oneelement to another through nucleardecay.

H Nuclear reactors are the cause of alltransmutations.

J Transmutation can be speeded up orslowed down by chemicalintervention.

6

5

235U

235U235U

235U

235U

235U

4

3

2

1

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 25 Nuclear Changes

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Physical Science with Earth Science 107

Which of these figures represents the type of nuclear reaction that produces energy in the Sun?

A B

C D

Directions: Read number 8 below. Then, on the lines that follow, write your answer in completesentences.

How is critical mass related to a chain reaction?8

++ +

+

+H-1

H-2 He-3

92Kr36

141Ba56

235U92

1n0

1n0

1n0

1n0

uranium-235uranium-236(unstable)

++ +++

+++ +

thorium-234nucleus

++ +++

+++

90

144n

91

143n

+ Proton (p)

Electron

Neutron (n)

- betaparticle

++

protactinium-234nucleus

++ +++

+++ + +

+ Proton (p)

Neutron (n)

uranium-238nucleus

parentnucleus

thorium-238nucleusdaughternucleus

helium-4nucleus

alphaparticle

++ +++

+++

92p

146n

90

144n

2p2n

+ +

7

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 25 Nuclear Changes

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1. A refracting telescope uses two lenses. Theeyepiece lens usually .

a. forms an image inside the telescope

b. enlarges the image formed inside thetelescope

c. reflects the light from a distinct objectto another lens

d. redirects the light from a distinctobject onto a plane mirror

2. Radio telescopes, like the one shownabove, can detect .

f. sound waves

g. electromagnetic radiation

h. only visible light

j. dark energy

3. A red dwarf is .

a. a star with outer layers that haveexpanded and cooled

b. a star that is over eight times moremassive than the Sun

c. a star with a mass much lower thanthe Sun’s mass

d. a star that had outer layers escape intospace

4. An astronomer used a spectroscope andother instruments to observe the followingcharacteristics of various stars. Based onthese data, which star is most likely asupergiant?

f. Rigel

g. Procyon

h. the Sun

j. Betelgeuse

5. In the diagram above, the arrow is pointingto which layer of the Sun?

a. chromosphere

b. radiation zone

c. convection layer

d. photosphere

Surface Temperature (K)

11,000 – 25,000

6,000 – 7,500

5,000 – 6,000

3,500 – 5,000

Color

blue

blue to white

white to yellow

orange to red

Star

Rigel

Procyon

The Sun

Betelgeuse

108 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Chapter Test Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies

DIRECTIONSChoose the best answer choice for each of the following questions.

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6. What does it mean that the SagittariusDwarf is being absorbed?

f. It is spiraling toward the Clouds ofMagellan.

g. It is becoming a black hole.

h. It is colliding with the Virgo Cluster.

j. It is becoming part of the Milky WayGalaxy.

7. The Milky Way Galaxy is NOT .

a. an irregular galaxy

b. a spiral galaxy

c. part of the Local Group

d. a colliding galaxy

8. Why do some scientists believe theuniverse is made up of both regular anddark matter?

f. The motion and actions of thedetectable mass of the Milky Wayindicate that other mass must exist.

g. It is because of the oscillating actionof the universe.

h. The steady state of the universerequires both kinds of matter.

j. The Wilkinson Microwave AnisotropyProbe of cosmic radiation showedtemperature variations for both typesof matter.

9. What evidence is there that the universe isexpanding?

a. New matter has been created as aresult of other universal matterexpanding outward.

b. The results of the big bang explosionhave expanded space and matter.

c. The Hubble red shift shows that lightwaves traveling through spacelengthen as space expands.

d. The gravitational forces of dark matterhave been reduced.

10. The Sun is located in the Milky Waygalaxy. In the diagram above, which letterrepresents where the Sun is located?

f. A

g. B

h. C

j. D

A

D

BC

Physical Science with Earth Science 109

Name: Date: Class:Chapter TestChapter 26 Stars and Galaxies

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The picture above illustrates theinstrument a student used for anastronomy experiment. Which of thefollowing was the student using?

A reflecting telescope

B radio telescope

C refracting telescope

D spectroscope

Constellations are .

F groups of stars that are close to oneanother

G groups of stars that form recognizablepatterns in the sky

H groups of stars that remain unchangedduring the year

J groups of stars that are the brightest inthe sky

What do scientists theorize is at thecenter of a galaxy?

A dark energy

B a supernova

C the Sun

D a black hole

A light-year is .

F the distance light travels in one year

G about 25 billion miles

H about 9.5 billion years

J the time it takes light to travel fromthe Sun to Earth

According to the chart above, in whichyear were there the most prominencesand flares?

A 2001

B 2002

C 2003

D 2004

5

02001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Nu

mb

er o

f S

un

spo

ts

50

100

150

200

250

4

3

2

1

110 Physical Science with Earth Science

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONSRead each question. Then, on your answer sheet, mark the answer choice that you think is best.

Chapter 26 Stars and Galaxies

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Directions: Read numbers 8 and 9 below. Then, write your answers in complete sentences on thelines that follow.

Explain how stars are formed.

Describe some features of the Sun.9

8

Physical Science with Earth Science 111

Name: Date: Class:Standardized Test PracticeChapter 26 Stars and Galaxies

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What are the anticipated phases for theSun as it evolves?

F supergiant, neutron star, black hole

G giant, supergiant, neutron star

H red dwarf, white dwarf, black dwarf

J giant, white dwarf, black dwarf

Where would it be most suitable to buildan observatory?

A New York City

B Sydney, Australia

C London

D Andes Mountains

76