Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard Medical ... · Haschek E, Lindenthal OT: Ein Beitrag...

ACADEMIC-INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN

THE MODERN ERA:

Who’s driving whom

Elazer R. Edelman

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyHarvard Medical School

Brigham and Women’s Hospital

(BIO)ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

the application of

science

and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature

are made useful to people

Webster’s 3rd ed.

ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving ForceElectrocardiogram

1895

Univ

of Leiden

X-radiography

1895

Univ

of Wurzburg

Insulin

1921

Univ

of Toronto

Vaccines

18th

–

present

Oxford Univ

–

U PittAntibiotics

1940

Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy

Contraceptives

Pacemakers, Defibrillators

1930-1960Implantable Defibrillators

1969

Johns Hopkins

Coronary Angiography

1929Coronary Angioplasty

1974

Emery University

Thrombolytics

Human Genome

ACADEMIC RESEARCH:

Driving Force•

FREEDOM–

Study what is important and interesting

•

Personally

Society–

Collaboration & (Friendly) Competition

ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving Force•

FREEDOM–


•

Personally

Society–


•

INTEGRITY–

Peer review

–

Absence of Financial Pressure–

Extramural Support

ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving Force•

FREEDOM–


•

Personally

Society–


•

INTEGRITY–

Peer review

–


Extramural Support

•

PERSONAL GROWTH–

Education

–

Mentorship

Über eine neue Art von StrahlenOn a new kind of rays, Sitzungsberichte der Wurzburger Physik-medic. Gesellschaft 132-141, 1895

F.H. Williams: A method for fully determining the outline of the heart by means of fluorescope

together with other uses of this instrument in medicine. Boston Med Surg J, 135: 335, 1896

Haschek

E, Lindenthal OT: Ein

Beitrag

zur

praktischen

verwerthung der

Photographie

nach

Rontgen. Wiener Klin Wochenschr, 9: 63, 1896

PACE OF TRANSLATION

WILHEM KONRAD von RONTGEN

“

Up to the present time, the human electrocardiogram discovered by Waller could be

recorded only by means of the capillary- electrometer ...I have sought a method ...

which would satisfy the requirements of inscribing the electrocardiogram of humans in approx, at least, its correct proportions.

CLINICAL NEED ENGINEERING

WILLIAM EINTHOVEN (1860 -

1927)

TRANSLATION ACCEPTANCE, long - why?Engineering Science

SCIENCE TRANSLATION

BANTING BEST

MACLEOD COLLIP

Von MINKOWSKI PAULESCO

ZUELER

RECOGNITIONDISSENSION

RECOGNITION

INDUSTRY

BATCH REACTOR

Connaught

Eli Lilly & Co.

FOSTERING TRANSLATION,

and SCALE-UP




Haschek


Beitrag

zur

praktischen

verwerthung der

Photographie

nach


INDUSTRIAL IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSLATION

Pr. Rontgen probably does not draw one dollar profit from his discovery. He belongs to those pure scientists who study for pleasure and live to delve into the secrets of nature. After they have discovered something wonderful, someone else must come to look at it from the commercial point of view. This will also be the case with Roentgen’s discovery. One must see how to use it and how to profit by it financially. Thomas Alva Edison

ACADEMIA

INDUSTRY

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

USA ACADEMIC PATENTSThomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®

(DWPI) 1997-2006 Stephen Trotter, Sr. Patent Analyst

30%

15%

0%

WHAT!!?? –

WHY!!??

The Biomedical Research Workforce: Demographics, Trends, and Questions for the Future

AAMC Advisory Panel on Research 23 May 2007 Norka

Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D. Deputy Director for Extramural Research

Loscalzo

J.

The NIH budget and the future of biomedical researc

N Engl

J Med 2006;354:1665-7.National Institutes of Health R01

The Biomedical Research

Workforce: Demographics, Trends, and Questions for the Future

AAMC Advisory Panel on Research 23 May 2007 Norka

Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D. Deputy Director Extramural Research

NIH R01 http://www.aamc.org/research/apr/r_bravo.pdf

The Biomedical Research Workforce:

Demographics, Trends, and Questions for the Future

AAMC Advisory Panel on Research 23 May 2007

Norka

Ruiz Bravo, Ph.D. Deputy Director for Extramural Research

National Institutes of Health R01

WHERE ARE PEOPLE GOING?

CONSEQUENCES

The Anatomy of Medical School PatentingP Azoulay

et al N EJM 2007;357:2049-56

ACADEMIC -

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

The 2006 Atlanta Conference on Science and Technology Policy

Simcha

Jong

European University InstituteSan Domenico

di

Fiesole, Florence, Italy

after Jong UNIVERSITY SCIENCE-BASED FIRMProductProduct Scientific

publicationA useful innovation

Research Research ProblemProblem

Single ‘interesting” problem

w/in a

disciplinary agenda

Practically relevant problem; Complex product driven

research ε

set of interrelated research problems

Research Research BasisBasis

Mono-disciplinary; disciplinaryaffiliation determines problem investigated and solution

Multidisciplinary; complex nature of therapeutic research project requires inter-

disciplinary project teams w/ different approaches / skills

CoordCoord-- inationination amongst amongst

scientistsscientists

Scientists can work largely independent

Problems on innovation path interdependent

and

unpredictable; high level of coordination

required among

scientists/across departments

IMPACT ON INNNOVATION? Thomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®


total

unique

TECHNOLOGIC INNOVATION

•

SUSTAINING TECHNOLOGY–

Improved product performance

–

Incremental (continuous) vs. radical (discontinuous)

•

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY–

new market

applications

–

Change treatment

paradigms–

Cheaper, simpler, smaller, easier to use

–

Greater riskChristensen CM The innovators dilemmaChristensen CM The innovators dilemma

TECHNOLOGIC INNOVATIONSUSTAINING

INNOVATIVE

RISKMarket ↓ ↑Technological

=

=

Execution

↑↑↑

↑

VALUETime to

short

long

Potential ↓ ↑↑Christensen CM The innovators dilemma

ACADEMIC PATENTSThomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®


ACADEMIC PATENTSThomson Scientific Derwent World Patent Index®


36%

24%

12%

0%

USA CHINA

GLOBALIZATION

ChinaIndia

Taiwan

IsraelU.K.

Global Trends in Venture Capital 2006 Survey

U.S. Report -

Deloitte & Touche

USA LLP

Deloitte & Touche

USA LLP

20%

15%

10%

5%

0

-5%

-10%




Haschek


Beitrag

zur

praktischen

verwerthung der

Photographie

nach


INDUSTRIAL IMPERATIVE FOR TRANSLATION

Pr. Rontgen probably does not draw one dollar profit from his discovery. He belongs to those pure scientists who study for pleasure and live to delve into the secrets of nature. After they have discovered something wonderful, someone else must come to look at it from the commercial point of view. This will also be the case with Roentgen’s discovery. One must see how to use it and how to profit by it financially. Thomas Alva Edison

GENENTECH (1976)

•

Biological sciences played a marginal role in the pharmaceutical industrial drug discovery as they were considered too underdeveloped to shed practical value on molecular level and for human effect

•

Proven wrong by Herbert Boyer who founded Genentech w/ VC Robert Swanson who used insights from different biological disciplines to discover new drugs

Simcha

Jong

European University InstituteSan Domenico

di

Fiesole, Florence, ItalyThe 2006 Atlanta Conference on Science and Technology Policy

ACADEMIA

INDUSTRY

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRY

BATCH REACTOR

Connaught

Eli Lilly & Co.

FOSTERING TRANSLATION,

SCALE-UP and

RESEARCH

ACADEMIA

INDUSTRY

•

RESEARCH FREEDOM•

PROCESS & DATA INTEGRITY

•

PERSONAL GROWTH

•

INNOVATION & DEVELOPMENT•

INTEGRITY & SAFTEY

•

SELF-SUFFICIENCY & GROWTH

ACADEMIC –

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH•

FREEDOM–

Study what is important and interesting•

Personally

Society–


•

INTEGRITY–

Peer review–


Extramural Supoprt

•

PERSONAL GROWTH–

Education–

Mentorship

•

MULTIPLE CONSTITUENCIESStudents

Alumni

Parents

FacultyIndustry

Regulatory/Standards

GovernmentGlobal and Local Community

QUESTIONS•

WHAT IS IMPORTANT

Who dictates what

technology and science will be developed?•

HOW TO DEVELOP

Who decides how

to develop technology and science?•

HOW TO FUND?

ACADEMIA-

NIH

-

Academic Centers / Universities

INDUSTRY-

Public companies

-

Start up

PRIVATE-

Private funds

-

Constituency /Advocacy groups

REASON FOR CAUTION?

Industry help Education, Grants, Resources & FinancesEDUCATIONAL

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Positive None Negative

DEPARTMENT - Indust ry

CHAIR-Indust ry

GRANTS

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



CHAIR-Indust ry

FINANCIAL STATUS

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


DEPARTM ENT - IndustryCHAIR-Industry

RESOURCES

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%


DEPARTM ENT - IndustryCHAIR-IndustryCampbell, E. G. et al.

JAMA 2007;298:1779

Perceived Effect of Industry Relationships FACULTY RECRUITMENT & RETENTION

RETENTION

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



CHAIR-Indust ry

RECRUITMENT

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%



CHAIR-Indust ry

Campbell, E. G. et al.JAMA 2007;298:1779

Minimal

Perceived Impact Department-Industry on Independent, Unbiased Education and Training

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0 $20,000 $40000 $60000 $80000 $100000

+U+R

-U

-R

+U

+R

-U

-R

Campbell, E. G. et al. JAMA 2007;298:1779-1786.

RestrictedUnrestricted

Copyright restrictions may apply.Campbell, E. G. et al. JAMA 2007;298:1779-1786.

Respondents' Views of Chairs' Personal Relationship With Industry on Providing Independent Unbiased Research

HOW THEN CAN INDUSTRIAL- ACADEMIC RELATIONSHIPS WORK?

ACADEMIC RESEARCH: Driving ForceElectrocardiogram

1895

Univ

of Leiden

X-radiography

1895

Univ

of Wurzburg

Insulin

1921

Univ

of Toronto

Vaccines

18th

–

present

Oxford Univ

–

U PittAntibiotics

1940


Contraceptives


1930-1960Implantable Defibrillators

1969

Johns Hopkins

Coronary Angiography

1929Coronary Angioplasty

1974

Emery University

Thrombolytics

Human Genome

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: InterdisciplinaryElectrocardiogram Echocardiogram

X-radiography CT, MRI, OCT

Insulin Inhaled insulin RISK REALIZEDVaccines AIDS RESEARCH RISKAntibiotics Antivirals


Contraceptives


RISK REALIZEDImplantable Defibrillators

Coronary AngiographyCoronary Angioplasty Stents, DES RISK REALIZEDThrombolytics

Human Genome Personalized Medicine RISK

Electrocardiogram Echocardiogram


Insulin Inhaled insulin

Vaccines AIDS RESEARCHAntibiotics Antivirals


Contraceptives

Pacemakers, DefibrillatorsImplantable Defibrillators

Coronary AngiographyCoronary Angioplasty Stents, DESThrombolytics

Human Genome Personalized Medicine

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: InterdisciplinaryElectrocardiogram Echocardiogram


Insulin Inhaled insulin RISK REALIZEDVaccines AIDS RESEARCH RISKAntibiotics Antivirals


Contraceptives


RISK REALIZEDImplantable Defibrillators

Coronary AngiographyCoronary Angioplasty Stents, DES RISK REALIZEDThrombolytics

Human Genome Personalized Medicine RISK

ACADEMIA

INDUSTRY

•

RESEARCH FREEDOM•

PROCESS & DATA INTEGRITY

•

PERSONAL GROWTH

•

INNOVATION & DEVELOPMENT•

INTEGRITY & SAFETY

•

SELF-SUFFICIENCY & GROWTH•

ABSORB RISK

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard Medical ... · Haschek E, Lindenthal OT: Ein Beitrag...

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