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Contributors:
John Chrysler, P.E. Craig V. Baltimore, S.E., Ph.D. Thomas Escobar Executive Director Cal Poly State University Design Director Masonry Institute of America San Luis Obispo, California Masonry Institute of America
Published by
MASONRY INSTITUTE OF AMERICA (800) 221-4000 www.masonryinstitute.org
INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600 Falls Church, Virgnia 22041-3401 www.iccsafe.org
4th Edition First Printing, January, 2007
Copyright © 1969, 1972, 1979, 2007
by
International Code Council
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a computer or retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, fax, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the Masonry Institute of America or the International Code Council.
ISBN-10: 0-940116-44-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-940116-44-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Printed in the United States of America
Portions of this publication are reproduced, with permission, from the 2006 International Building Code, 2006 edition copyright © International Code Council.
In this publication the Masonry Standards Joint Committee’s (MSJC) Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402) is hereafter referred to as the MSJC Code, and the MSJC’s Specification for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602) is hereafter referred to as the MSJC Specification.
This book was prepared in keeping with current information and practice for the present state of the art of masonry design and construction.
The authors, publisher and all organizations and individuals who have contributed to this book cannot assume or accept any responsibility or liability, including liability for negligence, for errors or oversights in this data and information and in the use of such information.
MIA 601-07 01-07 2M
CHAPTER 9 BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION-------------------------------------------83
11.11.3 Tie Spacing for Elements that are Part of the Lateral System------------------------------------------232 11.11.3.1 Tie Spacing for Lower Sesimic Risk--------------------------------------------------------------------232 11.11.3.2 Tie Spacing for Higher Seismic Risk-------------------------------------------------------------------233
11.11.4 Non-Projecting Wall Columns------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------233 11.11.5 Projecting Wall Columns or Pilasters------------------------------------------------------------------------234
CHAPTER 12 NATURAL STONE-----------------------------------------------------------------------235
xiv MASONRY DESIGN MANUAL
PREFACE Masonry is perhaps the oldest building material, yet it is the least understood. This book is intended to
assist the designer in understanding the materials and the construction process. It is our desire to fulfill a need of the designer, that is, to understand masonry materials in simple terms.
This book incorporates the latest information available and is consistent with the design provisions of the 2006 International Building Code, the 2005 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ ASCE 5/TMS 402) and the 2005 Specification for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602). The authors are presenting the material intended for the benefit of non-engineering disciplines, such as architects and contractors. There are a number of engineering concepts contained in the publication, but they are important to understanding the value of the basic concepts of masonry.
There are several sources that this publication incorporates, including the previous editions of the Masonry Design Manual, Technical Notes from the Brick Industry Association and National Concrete Masonry Association and a number of other technical publications developed by the Masonry Institute of America and other sources were used in the develpment of this publication. The compilation of this information is focused to the benefit of the designer and should be a valuable tool in improving the masonry industry.
This publication is not intended to replace the designer and anyone developing a masonry project should seek the assistance of a design professional. The Masonry Institute of America welcomes recommendations for the extension and improvement of the material and any new design techniques that may be incorporated into future editions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the recommendations and suggestions of the professionals who helped improve
and prepare this publication.
We are particularly appreciative to James E. Amrhein, James J. Kesler, Leonard L. Thompson and John J. Van Houten who were the contributing authors to the previous edition.
Technical support and comments came from many sources and we are grateful to all. Gregg Borchelt of the Brick Industry Association provided many useful comments relative to brick masonry. James Feagin and Roger Utesch continually offer suggestions on practical construction methods.
Countless hours of staff support were provided by Luis Dominguez and Debby Chrysler in the development and production of this publication. Others that made significant contributions included Larry Carnes, Dan Autovino and Jim Buckley. We sincerely appreciate their input.
We appreciate the continued support of the Board of Trustees of the Masonry Institute of America, Ron Bennett, Chairman, Doug Williams, Jim Hensley, Sr., Frank Smith, Ken Tejeda, Rennie Tejeda, Bobby Williams, Jim Smith, Steve Winegardner and Julie Salazar who have given their full cooperation to see that this publication has been successful and a benefit for the masonry industry.
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MASONRY INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
The Masonry Institute of America, founded in 1957 under the name of Masonry Research, is a promotional, technical research organization established to improve and extend the use of masonry. The Masonry Institute of America is supported by the California mason contractors through labor management contracts between the unions and contractors.
The Masonry Institute of America is active in California promoting new ideas and masonry work, improving national and local building codes, conducting research projects, presenting design, construction and inspection seminars and publishing technical and non-technical papers, all for the purpose of improving the masonry industry.
The Masonry Institute of America does not engage in the practice of architectural or engineering design or construction nor does it sell masonry materials.
INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL
Since the early 1900s, the United States had been served by three sets of building codes developed by three separate model code groups: Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO), and Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc. (SBCCI). These codes were extremely effective and responsive to regional needs. But, in 1994, recognizing the urgent need for a single set of codes that would serve national needs, the three groups united to form the International Code Council (ICC) with the express purpose of creating and developing one master set of comprehensive, coordi- nated, design and construction codes.
Substantial advantages are inherent to this single set of codes. Code enforcement officials, architects, engineers, designers, and contractors throughout the United States can now work with a consistent set of requirements. States and localities that currently write their own codes or amend the early model codes may choose to adopt the International Codes without technical amendments, which encourages consistent code enforcement and higher quality construction. Enhanced membership services are an additional benefit. All issues and concerns of a regulatory nature now have a single forum for discussion, consideration, and resolution. Whether the concern is disaster mitigation, energy conservation, accessibility, innovative technology, or fire protection, the ICC offers a means of focusing national and international attention on these concerns.
The ICC makes available an impressive inventory of International CodesTM, including:
• International Building Code
xvi MASONRY DESIGN MANUAL
• International Property Maintenance Code
• ICC Performance Code for Buildings and FacilitiesTM
• International Existing Building CodeTM
• International Wildland-Urban Interface CodeTM
These codes provide a comprehensive package for adoption and use in the 21st Century.
The ICC also offers unmatched technical, educational, and informational products and services in support of the International Codes, with more than 300 highly qualified staff members at 16 offices throughout the United States and Latin America. Products and services readily available to code users include:
• Code application assistance • Educational programs • Certification programs • Technical handbooks and workbooks • Plan reviews • Automated products • Monthly magazines and newsletters • Publication of proposed code changes • Training and informational videos
MASONRY STANDARDS JOINT COMMITTEE
The Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) is an organization comprised of volunteers who through background, use, and education have established experience in the manufacturing of masonry units and materials and the design and construction of masonry structures.
Working under its three sponsoring organizations, the American Concrete Institute (ACI), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and The Masonry Society (TMS), the Committee has been charged with developing and maintaining consensus standards suitable for adoption into model building codes. Since The Masonry Society has received ANSI accreditation, TMS has become the lead sponsor in the production of the MSJC.
In the pursuit of its goals, Committee activities include:
1. Evaluate and ballot proposed changes to existing standards of the Committee.
2. Develop and ballot new standards for masonry.
3. Resolve negative votes from ballot items.
4. Identify areas of needed research.
5. Sponsor educational seminars and symposia.
6. Monitor international standards.
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THE MASONRY SOCIETY The Masonry Society, founded in 1977, is an international gathering of people interested in masonry. It is a
professional, technical, and educational association dedicated to the advancement of knowledge on masonry. TMS members are design engineers, architects, builders, researchers, educators, building officials, material suppliers, manufacturers, and others who want to contribute to and benefit from the global pool of knowledge on masonry.
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE ACI is a technical and educational society founded in 1904 with 30,000 members and 93 chapters in 30
countries.
As ACI moves into its second century of progress through knowledge, it has retained the same basic mission: develop, share, and disseminate the knowledge and information needed to utilize concrete to its fullest potential.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) was founded in 1852 and currently represents 125,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide. ASCE’s vision is to position engineers as industry leaders building a better quality of life.
To provide essential value to members, their careers, partners and the public, ASCE develops leadership, advances technology, advocates lifelong learning, and promotes the profession.
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INTRODUCTION
Masonry structures have been constructed since the earliest days of mankind, not only for homes but also for works of beauty and grandeur. Stone was the first masonry unit and was used for primitive but breathtaking structures such as the 4000 year old Stonehenge ring on England’s Salisbury Plains.
Stone was also used around 2500 B.C. to build the Egyptian pyramids in Giza. Limestone veneer which once clad the pyramids can now be seen only at the top of the great pyamid Cheops, since much of the limestone facing was later removed and reused.
As with the Egyptian Pyramids, numerous other structures such as the 1500 mile long Great Wall of China testify to the durability of masonry.
Stonehenge ring on England’s Salisbury Plains.
Egyptian Pyramids located in Giza were constructed around 2500 B.C. Note limestone veneer at the top of the great pyramid, Cheops.
The 1500 mile Great Wall of China was constructed of brick and stone between 200 B.C. and 1640 A.D.
INTRODUCTION
MASONRY DESIGN MANUAL
The Pyramid of the Sun, built in the 2nd century A.D. dominates the landscape of the ancient city of Teotihuacan in Mexico.
In fact, the stone walls at the Machu Picchu in Peru have masonry unit joints so tight that it is difficult to insert a knife blade between units.
Additionally, structures such as the stone pyramids of Yucatan and Teotihuacan, Mexico, demonstrate the skill of ancient masons.
The Pyramid of El Castillo de Chichén Itzá in Yucatán in Mexico was built between 700 and 900 A.D.
The stone walls at Machu Picchu in Peru were built between 1200 and 1400 A.D.
Masonry has been used worldwide to construct impressive structures such as St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow.
The outer walls of St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow, were built in 1492, while the remainder of this impressive cathedral was constructed in the 17th century.
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, demonstrates unique monumental characteristics of stone.
Built between 1631 and 1653, the Taj Mahal depicts grandeur in symmetry.
INTRODUCTION
In the United States, masonry is used from Maine to Hawaii and has been the primary material for building construction from the 18th to the 21st centuries.
Built in 1891, the 16 story brick Monadnock Building in Chicago is still in use today.
In the early 1900’s concrete block masonry units (CMU) were introduced to the construction industry. Later, between 1930 and 1940, reinforcing steel was introduced into masonry construction to provide increased resistance to lateral dynamic forces from earthquakes.
Prior to the development of reinforced masonry, most masonry structures were designed to support only gravity loads, while the forces from wind and earthquakes were ignored. Massive dead loads from the thick and heavy walls stabilized the unreinforced structures against lateral forces.
The introduction of reinforced masonry allowed wall thickness to be decreased dramatically and provided a rational method to design walls to resist dynamic lateral loads from winds and earthquakes.
An excellent example of the benefits of reinforced masonry is the 13 story Pasadena Hilton Hotel in California, completed in 1971. The load bearing, high
13 Story Pasadena Hilton Hotel, Completed in 1971.
The Pasadena Hilton, like the newer 16 story Queens Surf in Long Beach, California and the 19 story Holiday Inn in Burbank, California is located in one of the most severe seismic areas in the world.
strength concrete block walls are 12 in. (305 mm) thick CMU for the bottom three floors and 8 in. (203 mm) thick CMU for the upper 10 floors.
Constructed primarily of concrete masonry units, the Queen’s Surf in Long Beach, California rises 16 stories.ses 16 stories.
Another oustanding example of reinforced load bearing masonry is the 28 story Excalibur Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. This large high-rise complex consists of four buildings each containing 1008 hotel rooms. The load bearing walls for the complex required masonry with a specified compressive strength of 4,000 psi at the base of the wall.
MASONRY DESIGN MANUAL
28 Story Excalibur Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Although taller masonry buildings may someday be constructed, it is of more importance that the benefits of reinforced masonry are appropriate not only for multi-story buildings, but for buildings of every size and type, even single story dwellings.
The Getty Center, Los Angeles, California.
Anahola Station, Hawaii.
Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California.
Coe College McCabe Hall, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
CHAPTER
1.1 GENERAL
For more than 10,000 years brick has played an important role in the history and development of architecture. While different methods of brick production have been introduced during that time, the basic materials and techniques used to make brick have remained essentially the same. That is, earthen material (clay) is mixed with water to form a thick paste. The thick paste is molded into brick shapes and then cured with heat to give the brick strength.
The term “brick” means manufactured units of either clay or shale, dried and fired. Any of the other materials that are made into brick units, such as concrete, sand lime, and so forth, must use a descriptive adjective relating to the brick material, for example, concrete brick.
Brick’s main ingredient is clay. While clay is one of the most abundant materials on the earth, the clays used in brick production must possess certain properties and characteristics. There must be plasticity, which permits units to be shaped or molded when mixed with water. Furthermore, units must have sufficient strength to maintain shape after forming. Also, when subjected to elevated temperatures during the firing process, the clay particles must fuse together to create a durable unit.
Mechanization and automation have been growing in the brick plant during the past fifty years. Heavy machinery is used to mine and transform the clay into dense, precise units. The bricks are fired in continuous tunnel kilns at carefully controlled temperatures to produce the best unit that can be made from the clay used. The brick is inspected, sorted and packaged
for easy and safe shipment to the retail distribution facility or job site. Bricks made in the United States are of high quality conforming to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standards. By conforming to the ASTM Standards, a mason can be assured that the properties and characteristics of a brick manufactured in North Carolina are similar to a brick manufactured in Oregon. The brick will be precise in dimension (within tolerances), durable, strong, and color-fast. “Moldability” of brick allows it to be shaped into literally thousands of combinations of sizes, shapes, colors and textures.
In addition to machine manufactured brick, brick can be hand formed. Hand formed bricks are unique and the compressive strength characteristics are less than for the machine extruded brick, but stil l conforming to the requirements of the ASTM Standard (ASTM C 62, Standard Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made From Clay or Shale)). Hand formation of brick, however, allows for additional array of shapes and characteristics not created through machine manufactured brick.
1.1.1 REINFORCED BRICK – AN OVERVIEW
Brick is intrinsically strong in compression but weak in tension. Through the centuries, brick has been the building material of choice since it “stacked” well and has high compressive strength properties. While brick masonry is one of the oldest forms of building construction, it wasn’t until recent history that the weakness of brick in tension was overcome by combining the brick (strong in compression) with a material that is strong in tension – steel. In other words, the brick was reinforced with the steel. Again, in the modern sense, reinforced brick masonry in the United States is a relatively new type of construction, requiring
SECTION 1 M A T E R I A L S
new design procedures and construction methods. These methods have been developed during the past 70 years from experimental investigations, through the construction of thousands of buildings which have demonstrated the practicability and economy of construction and whose performances have confirmed the soundness of the principles of design and through ongoing research focused at practical ways to reinforce old brick masonry and limits on the performance ability of new masonry construction.
Reinforced brick masonry consists of brick masonry in which steel reinforcement is embedded in the brick masonry system. The reinforcement is placed so that the masonry, as a whole, will have greatly increased resistance to forces which produced tensile, shearing and compressive stresses. The principles of reinforced brick masonry design are the same as those commonly accepted for reinforced concrete and similar design formulae are used.
In addition to direct tension (pulling something apart), bending (causing a member to curve) can create tension forces. Thus, a reinforced masonry system (strong in tension and compression) is designed to resist bending as well as compression. In order to have the reinforcement and the brick work as a system, cells or cavities containing reinforcement must be filled with a bonding material. The method recommended for accomplishing this is to fill all the interior voids with grout. Grout is made by adding sufficient water to a cementitious material and aggregate to provide a fluid consistency.
Marc Isambard Brunel, once Chief Engineer of the City of New York and later Knighted by Queen Victoria, is credited with the discovery of reinforced masonry nearly 200 years ago.
He first proposed the use of reinforced brick masonry in 1813 as a means of strengthening a chimney under construction; however, it was in connection with the building of the Thames Tunnel in 1825 that he made his first major application of its principles.
Brunel’s discovery of reinforced brick masonry increased, particularly in seismically active areas of India, Japan and the United States. These countries are subjected to severe earthquakes and buildings which can be expected to withstand such shocks must be designed with relatively high resistance to lateral forces. Lateral forces can come in any direction and therefore impose tension and compression forces, on a structure in just about any direction. Since structural steel and suitable form lumber were relatively expensive in…