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MAS10 - REVIEWER
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VENUS OF WILLENDORF
Artist: Unknown
Date: 25,000 B.C to 21,000 B.c
Period: Prehistoric
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The most famous Paleolithic sculpture.
Carved out of limestone
Bulbous oval shape emphasizes
the head, breasts, torso and thighs.
Considered “Portable art.”
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Fertility: Emphasis of the body parts related to reproduction and nursing. This leads some to speculate she was a fertility goddess
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Scrawny Arms: While the reproductive anatomy was exaggerated other parts such as facial features or her arms are either absent or hardly noticeable.
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History of Mesopotamia (currently IRAQ)
• Over the centuries, many different people lived in this area creating a collection of independent states
• Sumer- southern part (3500-2000 BCE)
• Akkad- northern part (2340 – 2180 BCE)
• Babylonia- these two regions were unified (1830-1500 BCE and 650-500 BCE)
• Assyria- Assyrian Empire (1100 -612 BCE)
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Religion
• Position of King was enhanced and supported by religion
• Kingship believed to be created by gods and the king’s power was divinely ordained
• Belief that gods lived on the distant mountaintops
• Each god had control of certain
things and each city was ruled by a different god
• Kings and priests acted as interpreters as they told the people what the god wanted them to do (ie. by examining the liver or lungs of a slain sheep)
gods were worshipped at huge temples called ziggurats
Polytheistic religion consisting of over 3600 gods and demigods
Prominent Mesopotamian gods
Enlil (supreme god & god of air)
Ishtar (goddess of fertility & life)
An (god of heaven)
Enki (god of water & underworld)
Shamash (god of sun and giver of law)
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Ziggurats
• Large temples dedicated to the god of the city
• Made of layer upon layer of mud bricks in the shape of a pyramid in many tiers (due to constant flooding and from belief that gods resided on mountaintops)
• Temple on top served as the god’s home and was beautifully decorated
• Inside was a room for offerings of food and goods
• Temples evolved to ziggurats- a stack of 1-7 platforms decreasing in size from bottom to top
• Famous ziggurat was Tower of Babel (over 100m above ground and 91m base)
Ziggurat of Ur -2000BCE
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• Etruscan Sarcophagi are made of terracota
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GREEK ART
• Divided into four periods:
– Geometric period
– Archaic period
– Classical Period
– Hellenistic period
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GEOMETRIC PERIOD
• Spanned approximately two centuries, 900 to 700 BCE.
• Dark age of Greece – collapse of civilization. Greece was gripped by chaos and poverty.
• So called due to its predominant style of geometric shapes and patterns in works of art.
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• Dipylon Vase – a large krater used as grave marker and found in the dipylon cemetery of Athens.
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ARCHAIC PERIOD
• Spanned roughly from 660 – 480 BCE.
• The expansion of trade with eastern countries influenced their art form.
• Flowing forms and fantastic animals – MESOPOTAMIAN ART
• Growing emphasis on the HUMAN FIGURE.
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE
• Greek life was dominated by religion and so it is not surprising that the temples of ancient Greece were the biggest and most beautiful.
• Political purpose – celebrate and glorify their success in war.
• Developed Three architectural system or Orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
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DORIC ORDER
• Originated on the Greek
mainland, was the earliest,
simplest and most commonly used.
• The Doric style is rather sturdy
and its top (the capital), is plain.
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IONIC ORDER
• The Ionic style is thinner and
more elegant. Its capital is
decorated with a scroll-like
design (a volute).
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CORINTHIAN ORDER
• The Corinthian style is seldom
used in the Greek world, but
often seen on Roman temples.
Its capital is very elaborate and
decorated with acanthus leaves.
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COMPOSITE
TUSCAN
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PARTHENON
• Parthenon - temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on the Acropolis in Athens.
• The Parthenon was built in 5th century BC,
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GREEK SCULPTURE
• Emerged as a principal art form.
• Began in 600 BCE, the Archaic age was best known for the emergence of stone statues of humans, such as limestone called kouros sculptures
• Kouroi figures – male sculptural figures depicted nude.
• Kore figures – female counterpart of the kouros figure. Clothed and embellished with intricate carved detail.
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GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE
• the time Athens rose to prominence and Greek expansion
• the Classical age could be seen as a turning point in art.
• creating statues and mastered marble
• celebrating mankind as an independent entity
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GOLDEN AGE GREEK SCULPTURE
• Diskobolos, 450 BCE
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Contrapposto
• Figure rests weight on one leg, which is planted firmly on the ground, while the torso is slanted or forms a diagonal, creating an S-like arrangement for the body
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• Polykleitos – Doryphorus
(Spear Bearer), 450-440
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• Diaduomenos" is believed to be a Roman marble copy of an original Greek bronze statue, c.440 bce, 73" high.
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• "Old Market Woman," 2nd Century bce, 49 1/2" high.
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LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD
• Brought a more humanistic and naturalistic style, which emphasizes on the expression of the emotion.
• Praxiteles – proponent of the late classical period style
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• Laocoon and his sons
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HELLENISTIC PERIOD
• began around the death of Alexander the Great
• Characterized by excessive, almost theatrical emotion and the use of illusionistic effects to heighten realism.
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• Venus de Milo
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ROMAN ART
• Roman art combined native talent, needs and styles with other artistic sources, particularly that of Greece.
• Mt. Vesuvius is important in history for Burying the city called Pompeii during the eruption on 79 CE.
• Imitators of Greek Art.
• Master builder – builds from concrete
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ROMAN SCULPTURE
• Introduced Realism in sculpture – Rome’s unique contribution to the arts.
• portrait sculpture of Roman emperors were often used for propaganda purposes
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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• The most significant contribution of the Romans to architecture were the Archs and the use of concrete to replace cut stone.
• legendary for the durability of its construction
• Aqueducts - based on the arch, were commonplace in the empire and essential transporters of water to large urban areas.
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A series of repeating arches is called an Arcade
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COLLOSSEUM
• Colosseum – a structure consists of two back-to-back amphitheaters forming an oval arena, around which rows of marble bleachers.
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TRIUMPHAL ARCHS
• A triumphal arch is a structure in the shape of a monumental archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war, but often used to celebrate a ruler.
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• Pantheon – temple dedicated “to all the planetary gods”
• used concrete in the construction of the building
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Artistic Achievements of the Renaissance
•Renaissance art has the following characteristics:
•It imitates the classical work of Greece/Rome and rejects the medieval forms of art. •It is very realistic. •It portrays secular themes and glorifies the achievements of the individual.
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RENAISSANCE ARTISTS • Donatello (1386–1466). • Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) • Michelangelo (1475–1564) • Raphael (1438–1520)
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RENAISSANCE ARTISTS • Donatello di Betto Bardi (1386–1466).
•was the most influential Florentine artist before Michelangelo. He revived the classical figure of the nude body with its balance and self-awareness
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RENAISSANCE ARTISTS •Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475–1564)
•Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived
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David Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.
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Sistine Chapel About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
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Creation of Eve Creation of Adam
Separation of Light and Darkness The Last Judgment
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La Pieta 1499 Marble Sculpture
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Moses
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RENAISSANCE ARTISTS •Leonardo di ser peiro da Vinci (1452–1519) •is known as a “Renaissance man,” a person expert in many fields who has a wide range of interests.
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1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor, Architect, Engineer
Genius!
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Mona Lisa
Monalisa, sfumato technique, a painting of an unknown lady
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The Last Supper
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Notebooks
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RENAISSANCE ARTISTS •Raphael Sanzio da Urbino (1438–1520) •He is considered to be the greatest painter of the Renaissance. •Famous for his work, the SCHOOL OF ATHENS
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Raphael Painter
1483-1520
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The School of Athens
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Pythagoras
Socrates
Plato and Aristotle
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Euclid
Zoroaster & Ptolemy
Raphael (back)
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Sandro Botticelli, Renaissance Painting
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Neoclassical Art
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Art Characteristics
Rejected the excess & ornamentation of the Baroque period
Formal
Used for Propaganda
Greek and Roman themes
Restraint in color, space and emotion
Interested in: Discipline
Order
A moral view of the universe
The idea of “art as enlightenment”
Style features: Clean, linear style
“Simple but elegant”
Neutral colors
Shallow depth of background (not much 3-D)
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Jacques-Louis David (1744-1825)
• Studied in Rome=knowledge of Classics
• Influenced the “official” art of Europe and America
• Clear sense of “right” and “wrong”
• Political Propaganda supported Democracy/Republic
• Addressed art to the middle-class/ (“bourgeoisie”)
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Art: Jacques-Louis David
• Oath of the Horatii, 1784, oil on canvas
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David portrayed the French Revolution.
• Death of Marat
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David was used by Napoleon to spread propaganda.
• Napoleon Crossing the Alps
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• Students in 19C art academies were taught to draw using plaster casts from museums and draw from nude models
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Byzantine Characterized by a rich use of color and figures
that are applied flat and stiff. The figures also tend to appear to be floating and have large eyes.
• Academic Art a highly established, often realistic, tradition,
showing expert command of artistry and other techniques in painting.
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• Romanesque
A type of architecture exterior shows a heavy, fortress-like structure is enlivened by round arches, colonettes, and other Roman motifs.
- Chiarascuro
a technique first seen during the gothic era in the frescoes in the (Arena Chapel) Scrovegni Chapel in Padua by Giotto
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• Genre painting
Are paintings of scenes of everyday life
• Fresco
a painting done on wet plaster
• Classic
highest standard/excellence in art, refers to classical greek and roman culture