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Summary of Floods in the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

Edited by C.A. PERRY and L.J. COMBS

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2499

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286 Federal Center Denver, CO 80225

Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data

Summary of floods in the United States, January 1992 through September 1993 / edited by C.A. Perry and L.J. Combs.

286 p. cm. (U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper ; 2499)Includes bibliographical references and index.Supt.ofDocs.no.: I 19.13:24991. Floods United States. I. Perry, Charles A. II. Combs, L.J.

III. Series.GB1399.3.S862 1998551.48'9'0973 dc21 97-50582

CIP

CONTENTS

Glossary................................................................................................................................................................................. IXAbstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... 1

Previous Reports.......................................................................................................................................................... 3Determination of Rood Stages and Discharges........................................................................................................... 3Explanation of Data..................................................................................................................................................... 4References................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Roods of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Spring and Summer 1993............................................................................. 8Precipitation in the Upper Mississippi River Basin During the Hoods of 1993, by Kenneth L. Wahl, Kevin C.

Vining, and Gregg J. Wiche........................................................................................................................... 9Effects of Reservoirs in the Kansas, Missouri, and Mississippi River Basins on the 1993 Roods,

by Charles A. Perry ...................................................................................................................................... 19Roods in the Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993, by Charles Parrett, Nick B. Melcher, and Robert W.

James, Jr. ...................................................................................................................................................... 29Hood Discharges, Gage Heights, and Recurrence Intervals in the Upper Mississippi River Basin by State, by

Charles A. Perry............................................................................................................................................ 33References................................................................................................................................................................... 88

Summary of Roods of 1992.................................................................................................................................................. 89January 5-6, 1992, in Puerto Rico, by Heriberto Torres-Sierra.................................................................................. 91March 11, 1992, Ice-Jam Hood in Montpelier, Vermont, by JonC. Denner and Robert O. Brown........................... 103April 1992, in Central and Southwestern Virginia, by Byron J. Prugh, Jr.................................................................. IllMay-August 1992, in Alaska, by Bruce B. Bigelow .................................................................................................. 115June 1992, in Western Virginia, by Byron J. Prugh, Jr................................................................................................ 119June 14-15, 1992, Along the North Fork Powder River Below Pass Creek, Near Mayoworth, Wyoming, by Jeff

C. Vigil................................................... June 18, 1992, in Central Kentucky, by Kevin J. Ruhl................................................................................................ 127July 1992, in Eastern Kansas, by Seth E. Studley....................................................................................................... 131July 1992, in Central and Western Ohio, by Harold Shindel....................................................................................... 135July 12-16, 1992, in Central Indiana, by Donald V. Arvin......................................................................................... 139July 25-August 2, 1992, in Southeastern Nebraska, by J.A. Boohar.......................................................................... 143August 8, 1992, in Southeastern and South-Central Indiana, by Donald V. Arvin..................................................... 147September 1992, in South-Central Iowa, by Rodney Southard................................................................................... 151September 5-6, 1992, on Cat Point Creek, Eastern Virginia, by Byron J. Prugh, Jr................................................... 155September 10, 1992, Swain County, North Carolina, by W. Harold Eddins and Thomas J. Zembrzuski, Jr.............. 157October 9-10, 1992, in South Carolina, by Curtis L. Sanders, Jr. ............................................................................. 161December 11-12, 1992, in New Jersey, by Thomas P. Suro....................................................................................... 165December 30, 1992-January 15, 1993, in Northern Indiana, by Donald V. Arvin..................................................... 173

Summary of Roods of 1993.................................................................................................................................................. 177January and February 1993, in Southern California, by James C. Bowers................................................................. 179January and February 1993, in Arizona, by C.F. Smith, K.M. Sherman, G.L. Pope, and P.O. Rigas......................... 185January-March, July, and August 1993, in New Mexico, by Scott D. Waltemeyer................................................... 195January 8-21, 1993, in Southeastern Georgia, by Timothy C. Stamey....................................................................... 199January 20-23, 1993, in Southern Mississippi, by W. Trent Baldwin......................................................................... 203January 21-23, 1993, in Southeastern Louisiana, by Brian E. McCallum.................................................................. 207March 1993, in Virginia, by Byron J. Prugh, Jr........................................................................................................... 211March 8-12, 1993, in East-Central Nebraska, by J.A. Boohar................................................................................... 217April 1993, in New York, by Carolyn O. Szabo.......................................................................................................... 221May-September 1993, in Southeastern Kansas, by Seth E. Studley........................................................................... 227

Contents III

Summary of Floods of 1993 ContinuedMay 8-14 and September 25-27, 1993, in Oklahoma, by Darrell M. Walters and Robert L. Tortorelli.................... 231June 7-9, 1993, in Northeastern Illinois, by G.O. Balding......................................................................................... 239June 8-9, 1993, in Northern Indiana, and August 17,1993, in West-Central Indiana, by Donald V. Arvin.............. 243July and August 1993, in Eastern and South-Central North Dakota, by Gregg J. Wiche, R.E. Harkness, and

TaraWilliams-Sether..................................................................................................................................... 247July 13-17, 1993, in Central Mississippi, by W. Trent Baldwin ................................................................................ 251August 12, 1993, in Eastern Illinois, by G.O. Balding............................................................................................... 255August 31, 1993, Storm Surge and Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, by J. Curtis

Weaver and Thomas J. Zembrzuski, Jr.......................................................................................................... 259September 22-26, 1993, in Northwestern and Central Missouri, by Rodney Southard............................................. 269

Index..................................................................................................................... 275

FIGURES

1. Maps showing States and years in which floods reported in this volume occurred in the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico during 1992 and 1993............................................................................ 2

2. Graph showing example of a stage-discharge relation and upward extension....................................................... 33. Graph showing maximum discharge versus drainage area and envelope curve for a region................................. 64. Map showing dominant weather patterns over the United States for June through July 1993 .............................. 105. Maps showing areal distribution of total precipitation in the area of flooding in the upper Mississippi River

Basin, January through July 1993........................................................................................................................... 116-9. Graphs showing:

6. Monthly precipitation for January through September 1993 and 30-year monthly normals at 10 weather station locations in the upper Mississippi River Basin..................................................................................... 13

7. Seasonal precipitation for 1993 at 10 weather-station locations in the upper Mississippi River Basin........... 168. Precipitation for January through September 1993, normal precipitation for January through September

1961-90, and normal annual precipitation for 1961-90 at 10 weather-station locations in upper Mississippi River Basin..................................................................................................................................... 16

9. Accumulated daily precipitation for January through September 1993 and accumulated normal daily precipitation for January through September 1961-90 for Bismarck, North Dakota, Manhattan, Kansas, and Cedar Rapids, Iowa.................................................................................................................................... 17

10. Map showing location of flood-control reservoirs and selected streamflow-gaging stations in the Kansas,Missouri, and Mississippi River Basins ................................................................................................................. 20

11. Hypothetical hydrographs for an uncontrolled stream and reservoir-regulated outflow........................................ 2112. Schematic diagram of a typical reservoir showing location of surcharge, flood-control, and multipurpose-

pool levels............................................................................................................................................................... 2113. Graph showing observed controlled and simulated uncontrolled discharges in the Kansas River at DeSoto,

Kansas, July 1993................................................................................................................................................... 2814. Graph showing water-level elevations of selected reservoirs in the Kansas River Basin, 1993 water year.......... 2815. Map showing maximum discharges and dates of occurrence for the 1993 flood at selected streamflow-

gaging stations in the upper Mississippi River Basin............................................................................................. 3016-24. Map showing location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in:

16. Illinois............................................................................................................................................................... 3417. Iowa...........................................................................................................................» 3718. Kansas............................................................................................................................................................... 4419. Minnesota.......................................................................................................................................................... 4920. Missouri............................................................................................................................................................. 5321. Nebraska......................................................^ 5922. North Dakota..................................................................................................................................................... 6623. South Dakota..................................................................................................................................................... 6924. Wisconsin.......................................................................................................................................................... 82

25-28. Map showing:25. Location of municipalities in Puerto Rico where flooding was most severe during January 5-6, 1992, and

other locations mentioned in this article........................................................................................................... 92

IV Summary of Floods In the United States, Jenuary 1992 Through September 1993

FIGURES Continued26. Location of weather systems that produced intense rain over Puerto Rico during evening of

Januarys, 1992................................................................................................................................................. 9327. Cumulative rainfall over Puerto Rico during January 5-6, 1992...................................................................... 9428. Location of selected streamflow-gaging stations that recorded flood data in most affected areas during

January 5-6, 1992, flood................................................................................................................................... 9929. Discharge hydrographs for selected streamflow-gaging stations during January 5-7, 1992 ................................. 10030. Map showing location of the Winooski River, North Branch Winooski River, and Stevens Branch in

Montpelier, Vermont............................................................................................................................................... 10431. Graph showing gage height, Winooski River at Montpelier, Vermont, March 10-12, 1992................................. 10532. Map showing location of U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in vicinity of Montpelier,

Vennont........................................................................._ 10633. Graph showing discharge, North Branch Winooski River at Wrightsville, Vermont, March 10-12, 1992........... 10734. Graph showing gage height, Wrightsville Detention Reservoir at Wrightsville, Vermont, March 10-12,

1992 ..................................................................................................................................................... 10835-50. Maps showing:

35. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding during April 1992, location ofselected streamflow-gaging stations, and physiographic provinces in central and southwestern Virginia....... 112

36. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Alaska used to determinemaximum stages and discharges for May-August 1992................................................................................... 116

37. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding and location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in western Virginia, June 1992........................................................................................ 120

38. Lines of equal rainfall and location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in Johnson and SheridanCounties, Wyoming, June 14-15, 1992 ............................................................................................................ 124

39. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of June 18, 1992, in central Kentucky................................... 12840. Lines of equal rainfall for June 18 and 19, 1992, in central Kentucky............................................................. 12941. Location of flood-determination sites and precipitation amounts for floods of July 1992, in eastern Kansas .13342. Ohio counties affected by flooding during July 1992 and location of flood-determination site for flood of

July 26, 1992..................................................................................................................................................... 13643. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of July 12-16,1992, in central Indiana................................. 14044. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of July 25-August 2,1992, in southeastern Nebraska........... 14545. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of August 8,1992, in southeastern and south-central Indiana 14846. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of September 1992, in south-central Iowa............................. 15247. Location of precipitation gages and streamflow-gaging station and total rainfall for September 5-6, 1992,

in eastern Virginia............................................................................................................................................. 15648. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of September 10, 1992, in Swain County, North Carolina.... 15849. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of October 9-10, 1992, in South Carolina............................. 16250. Location of U.S. Geological Survey and National Ocean Service tide gages and maximum tide elevations

recorded for storm of December 11-12, 1992, in New Jersey......................................................................... 16651. Graphs showing observed tide levels, normal tide cycle, and storm surge at National Ocean Service tide

gage at Cape May, New Jersey, December 9-13, 1992.......................................................................................... 16752. Graphs showing observed tide levels, normal tide cycle, and storm surge at National Ocean Service tide

gage at Sandy Hook, New Jersey, December 9-13, 1992...................................................................................... 16853-55. Maps showing:

53. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of December 30,1992-January 15, 1993, in northernIndiana............................................................................................................................................................... 174

54. January-February 1993 rainfall at selected precipitation gages in southern California................................... 18055. Location of streamflow-gaging stations and precipitation gages in the San Luis Rey and Santa Margarita

River Basins in southern California.................................................................................................................. 18256. Graphs showing stages at selected streamflow-gaging stations in southern California, December 31, 1992-

February28, 1993................................................................................................................................................... 18357-69. Maps showing:

57. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Arizona used to determinemaximum stages and discharges for January and February 1993..................................................................... 186

Contents V

FIGURES Continued58. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in New Mexico used to

determine maximum stages and discharges for January-March, July, and August 1993................................. 19659. Extent of flooding and location of selected streamflow-gaging stations for flood of January 8-21,1993,

in southeastern Georgia..................................................................................................................................... 20060. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of January 20-23,1993, and lines of equal precipitation for

storm of January 19-21,1993, in southern Mississippi.................................................................................... 20461. Location of streamflow-gaging stations in Amite River Basin, southeastern Louisiana.................................. 20862. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding during March 4-8, 1993, location of

selected streamflow-gaging stations, and physiographic provinces in eastern Virginia.................................. 21263. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding during March 23-24, 1993, and

location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in western Virginia................................................................ 21464. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of March 8-12,1993, in east-central Nebraska..................... 21865. Lines of equal depth of snowpack, March 1993, in New York......................................................................... 22266. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in New York used to determine

maximum stages and discharges for April 1993............................................................................................... 22367. Counties for which Small Business Administration disaster declarations were sought following flood of

April 1993, in New York................................................................................................................................... 22568. Lines of equal total precipitation and location of flood-determination sites for floods of May-September

1993, in southeastern Kansas............................................................................................................................ 22869. Location of flood-determination and reservoir-measurement sites in Oklahoma for floods of May and

September 1993................................................................................................................................................. 23270. Graph showing 1-hour rainfall depths at National Weather Service gage at Will Rogers Airport,

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, May 8, 1993............................................................................................................... 23371. Graph showing 3-hour storm-rainfall frequency at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.................................................... 233

72-74. Maps showing:72. Location of flood-determination and precipitation gage sites for flood of June 7-9, 1993, in northeastern

Illinois............................................................................................................................................................... 24173. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of June 8-9, 1993, in northern Indiana, and August 17,

1993, in west-central Indiana............................................................................................................................ 24474. Extent of flooding and location of flood-determination sites for July-August 1993, in eastern and south-

central North Dakota......................................................................................................................................... 24875. Graphs showing accumulated daily precipitation for January-August 1993 and accumulated normal daily

precipitation for January-August 1961-90 at Devils Lake, Cooperstown, Jamestown, and Bismarck, North Dakota..................................................................................................................................................... 249

76-79. Maps showing:76. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of July 13-17,1993, in central Mississippi........................... 25277. Location of flood-determination and precipitation gage sites for flood of August 12, 1993, in eastern

Illinois............................................................................................................................................................... 25678. Path of Hurricane Emily, August 23-September 1, 1993, south-central coastal States.................................... 25979. Selected features of Hatteras Island, North Carolina ....................................................................................... 261

80. Reproduction of original strip chart from discontinued U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tide gage at Buxton,North Carolina, August 31-September 1, 1993 ..................................................................................................... 262

81-83. Maps showing:81. Location of and water-level elevations at selected high-water marks surveyed on Hatteras Island,

North Carolina, for August 31, 1993, storm surge from Hurricane Emily....................................................... 26582. Location of precipitation gages for flood of September 22-26, 1993, in northwestern and central Missouri.. 27083. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of September 22-26, 1993, in Missouri................................. 272

TABLES

1. Example of summary table presented in flood articles........................................................................................... 52. Summary of 1993 precipitation and 30-year averages for January-September for 10 weather-station

locations in the upper Mississippi River Basin....................................................................................................... 14

VI Summary of Floods In the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

TABLES Continued

3. Five greatest May-August precipitation totals for Bismarck, North Dakota, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, andManhattan, Kansas.................................................................................................................................................. 17

4. Maximum 1-, 3-, and 5-day rainfall totals for July 1993 at Bismarck, North Dakota, Manhattan, Kansas, andCedar Rapids, Iowa................................................................................................................................................. 17

5. Upper Mississippi River Basin flood-control reservoir information, 1993............................................................ 226. Flood discharge in selected streams in the Kansas and the Missouri River Basins, July 1993.............................. 277. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30,1993, in Illinois........................... 358. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30,1993, in Iowa............................... 389. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in Kansas........................... 45

10. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in Minnesota...................... 5011. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in Missouri........................ 5412. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in Nebraska....................... 6013. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in North Dakota................. 6714. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in South Dakota................. 7115. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 1-September 30, 1993, in Wisconsin...................... 8316. Daily rainfall reported for January 5-6, 1992, at selected National Weather Service-National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration stations throughout Puerto Rico............................................................................... 9517. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January 5-6,1992, at selected U.S. Geological Survey

streamflow-gaging stations in Puerto Rico............................................................................................................. 9718. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during April 21-22, 1992, in central and southwestern Virginia... 11319. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during May-August 1992, in Alaska............................................. 11720. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during June 4-5, 1992, in western Virginia................................... 12121. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during June 14-15, 1992, North Fork Powder River below Pass

Creek, near Mayoworth, Wyoming ........................................................................................................................ 12522. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during June 18, 1992, in central Kentucky.................................... 13023. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during July 1992, in eastern Kansas............................................... 13224. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during July 26,1992, in Massieville, Ohio.................................... 13725. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during July 12-16,1992, in central Indiana................................... 14126. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during July 25-August 2,1992, in southeastern Nebraska............ 14427. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during August 8, 1992, in southeastern and south-central Indiana 14928. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during September 1992, in south-central Iowa.............................. 15329. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during September 10, 1992, Swain County, North Carolina......... 15930. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during October 9-10,1992, in South Carolina.............................. 16331. Maximum tide elevations prior to and during December 11-12,1992, in New Jersey......................................... 16932. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during December 30, 1992-January 15,1993, in northern Indiana 17533. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January-February 1993, in southern California................. 18134. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January and February 1993, in Arizona.............................. 18735. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January-March, July, and August 1993, in New Mexico... 19736. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January 8-21, 1993, in southeastern Georgia..................... 20137. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January 20-23,1993, in southern Mississippi.................... 20538. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during January 21-23,1993, in Amite River Basin, in south

eastern Louisiana.................................................................................................................................................... 20939. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 4-8,1993, in eastern Virginia................................. 21340. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 23-24,1993, in western Virginia............................ 21541. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during March 8-12,1993, in east-central Nebraska...................... 21942. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during April 1993, in New York.................................................... 22443. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during May-September 1993, in southeastern Kansas.................. 22944. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during May and September 1993, in Oklahoma............................ 23445. Maximum elevations and contents of selected reservoirs prior to and during May and September 1993, in

Oklahoma............................................................................................................................................................^ 23746. Precipitation totals for June 7-9, 1993, at selected precipitation gages in northeastern Illinois............................ 23947. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during June 7-9, 1993, in northeastern Illinois.............................. 240

Contents VII

TABLES Continued

48. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during June 8-9 and August 17, 1993, in northern and west- central Indiana....................................................................................................................................................

49. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during July and August 1993, in eastern and south-central North Dakota......................................................................................................................................................

50. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during July 13-17, 1993, in central Mississippi........................51. Precipitation totals for August 9-12,1993, at selected precipitation gages in eastern Illinois ..........................52. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during August 12, 1993, in eastern Illinois................................53. Location and descriptions of high-water marks and water- and ground-surface elevations for the Hurricane

Emily flood, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, August 31,1993.........................................................................54. Precipitation totals for September 22-26, 1993, at selected precipitation gages in Missouri ............................55. Maximum stages and discharges prior to and during September 1993, in northwestern and central Missouri.

245

250253257258

263271273

CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUMMultiply

acreacre-foot

cubic foot per secondcubic foot per second per square mile

footfoot per hour

inchmile

mile per hoursquare footsquare mile

By4,0471,233

0.028320.010930.30480.3048

25.41.6091.6090.092902.590

To obtainsquare metercubic metercubic meter per secondcubic meter per second per kilometermetermeter per hourmillimeterkilometerkilometer per hoursquare metersquare kilometer

Temperature can be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F) by the equations:°C = 5/9(°F-32)°F - 9/5 (°C) + 32.

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, for merly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.

VIII Summary of Floods in the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

GLOSSARY

Although much of the terminology used in this report is widely understood, some terms have specialized meanings in hydrology or are unfamiliar outside of hydrologic usage. The definitions given here are from Langbein and Iseri (1960), with slight modifications, and explain the terms as they are generally used by hydrologists in the U.S. Geologi cal Survey.Absorption The entrance of water into the soil or rocks by

all natural processes. It includes the infiltration of pre cipitation or snowmelt.

Bank The margins of a channel. Banks are called right orleft as viewed facing the direction of the flow.

Cubic feet per second A unit expressing rates of discharge. One cubic foot per second is equal to the discharge of a stream of rectangular cross section, 1 foot wide and 1 foot deep, flowing water an average velocity of 1 foot per second.

Current meter An instrument for measuring the velocity of flowing water. The U.S. Geological Survey uses a rotating cup meter.

Discharge In its simplest concept, discharge means out flow; therefore, the use of this term is not restricted as to course or location, and it can be applied to describe the flow of water from a pipe or from a drainage basin. If the discharge occurs in some course or channel, it is cor rect to speak of the discharge of a canal or of a river.

Drainage area The drainage area of a stream at a speci fied location is that area, measured in a horizontal plane, that is enclosed by a drainage divide.

Drainage basin A part of the surface of the Earth that is occupied by a drainage system, which consists of a sur face stream or a body of impounded surface water together with all tributary surface streams and bodies of impounded surface water.

Flood An overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of water (Barrows, 1948, p. 4) and causes or threatens damage. Any relatively high streamflow over topping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a stream (Leopold and Maddock, 1954, p. 249-251).

Flood plain The lowland that borders a river, usually drybut subject to flooding (Hoyt and Langbein, 1955, p. 12).

Flood stage The stage at which overflow of the natural banks of a stream begins to cause damage in the reach in which the elevation is measured.

Isohyetal map A map or chart showing lines that join points that received the same amount of precipitation.

Overland flow The flow of rainwater or snowmelt over the land surface toward stream channels.

Regulation The artificial manipulation of the flow of a stream.

Reservoir A pond, lake, or basin, either natural or artificial, for the storage, regulation, and control of water.

Runoff That part of the precipitation that appears in surface streams.

Stage The height of a water surface above an established datum plane (also gage height).

Stage-discharge curve A graph showing the relation between the gage height, usually plotted as ordinate, and the amount of water flowing (discharge) in a channel, expressed as volume per unit of time, usually plotted as abscissa.

Stage-discharge relation The relation expressed by the stage-discharge curve.

Streamflow The discharge that occurs in a natural chan nel. Although the term discharge can be applied to the flow of a canal, the word "streamflow" uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. The term "streamflow" is more general than runoff, as streamflow may be applied to discharge whether or not it is affected by diversion or regulation.

Streamflow-gaging station A gaging station where a record of discharge of a stream is obtained.

Surface runoff That part of the runoff that travels over the soil surface to the nearest stream channel. It also is defined as that part of the runoff of a drainage basin that has not passed beneath the surface following precip itation.

Surface water Water on the surface of the Earth.Water equivalent of snow The amount of water that would

be obtained if the snow should be completely melted. Water content may be merely the amount of liquid water in the snow at the time of observation (Wilson, 1942, p. 153-154).

Water year In U.S. Geological Survey reports, water year is the 12-month period, October 1 through September 30. The water year is designated by the year in which it ends. Thus, the year ending September 30, 1993, is called the "1993 water year."

Glossary IX

Summary of Floods in the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993Edited by C .A. Perry anofLJ. Combs

Abstract

This volume contains a summary of the flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin dur ing the spring and summer of 1993 and 36 articles describing severe, widespread, or unusual flooding in the United States from January 1, 1992, to the end of the 1993 water year, September 30, 1993. Each flood is described to an extent commensurate with its significance and the availability of data on the hydrology and the damages. Each article includes one or more maps showing the general area of flooding and the sites for which data are presented. Most articles include tables of data that allow the reader to compare the described flood with past floods at selected flood-determination sites. The articles generally do not attempt to ana lyze the floods or draw definitive conclusions, except for a few cases in which the author had suf ficient information for an analysis to be made.

INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes information on floods in the United States from January 1, 1992, through Sep tember 30, 1993. The floods reported were unusual hydrologic events during which large areas were affected, great damage resulted, or record-high stages or discharges occurred and for which sufficient data were available for the preparation of an informative article. The States in which the floods described in this volume occurred are shown in figure 1. Also shown is the year(s) of occurrence.

A flood may be defined as any abnormally high streamflow that overtops natural or artificial banks of a

stream. Every year, a large number of floods occur that are not reported in national or regional media.

Innumerable combinations of variable meteorologic and physiographic factors produce floods of all degrees and severity. Some meteorologic factors that affect floods are the form, amount, duration, and inten sity of precipitation; the amount of previous precipita tion, which would affect the moisture absorption of the soil; the air temperature, which may result in frozen soil or may determine the rate of snowmelt; and the direction of storm movement. The principal physio graphic features of a drainage basin that determine floodflows are drainage area, elevation, character of soil, shape, slope, direction of slope, and vegetative or other land cover. With the exception of vegetative cover and soil preconditions, the physiographic fea tures are fixed for any given drainage basin. The com bination of the magnitude and intensity of meteorologic phenomena, the antecedent moisture conditions, and the effect of inherent physiographic features on runoff determines what the magnitude of a flood will be.

Flood damages frequently are difficult to assess. Dollar amounts given in this report should be used as a general indication of flood losses rather than as definite values. Even if detailed surveys and estimates have been made, there is little consistency among methods used and types of losses included. Some estimates may exclude certain locations (such as mountainous areas) or types of loss (either insured or uninsured) or type of property (either private or public). Some estimates include traffic interruptions and flood-mitigation costs; others include strictly physical damage. Estimates may be based on replacement costs or on depreciated val ues. For floods not described in detailed published reports, the only damage estimates available usually are the preliminary figures contained in newspapers, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Introduction

500 KILOMETERS

Figure 1. States and years in which floods reported in this volume occurred in the conterminous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico during 1992 and 1993.

(NOAA) climatological data, or other sources pub lished shortly after the flood. A statement that a disaster declaration was issued indicates that the dam age was severe and that financial aid to victims was authorized by the governmental entity making the declaration.

Many of the articles in this volume give the amount of rainfall and duration of the storm associated with the flooding. Recurrence intervals for these storms may be determined from a rainfall-frequency atlas of the

United States (U.S. Weather Bureau, 1961) or from a simplified set of equal-rainfall maps and charts con tained in a report by Rostvedt (1965).

Continuing investigation of surface-water resources in the flooded areas reported by this volume is performed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooper ation with State agencies, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation, and other Fed eral or local agencies. NOAA, in addition to collecting and compiling data on meteorological phenomena, also

2 Summary of Floods in the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

collects data on stream stages in some areas. The data presented herein were collected, computations were made, and most of the text was written by U.S. Geolog ical Survey personnel located in offices in or near the flooded areas.

Previous Reports

During the 1950's and 1960's, the U.S. Geological Survey summarized floods of each year in an annual series of Water-Supply Papers entitled, "Summary of Floods in the United States." A summary was pub lished for each calendar year from 1950 through 1969. Water-Supply Paper 1137-1, the first in the series (U.S. Geological Survey, 1954), states the purpose of the series as being:

"To assemble in a single volume information relating to all known severe floods in the United States whether local or of wide areal extent. For floods that are described in ... other publications of the Geological Survey or in reports by other Federal and State agencies, only very brief men tion including references to the reports containing detailed descriptions, will be given here. Local floods for which no individual reports have been prepared are described briefly."

In the first volume of that Water-Supply Paper series, each flood was described in a maximum of three or four paragraphs. Later volumes contained longer articles including maps.

The series was discontinued after the 1969 volume; however, in 1987 a program was begun to prepare and publish summaries for 1970 and succeeding years. Much of the following explanation is paraphrased from Byron N. Aldridge (U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 1993) and from the published report for 1968 (Rostvedt, 1972).

Determination of Flood Stages and Discharges

The usual method of determining stream dis charges at a streamflow-gaging station is the applica tion of a stage-discharge relation to a known stage. This relation usually is defined by current-meter mea surements made through as wide a range of stage as possible (fig. 2). If the maximum discharge exceeds the range of the current-meter measurements, short extensions may be made to a graph of the stage-dis charge relation by logarithmic extrapolation, by

30

10

62

6 8 10 20 40 60 80 100

DISCHARGE, IN THOUSANDS OF CUBIC FEET PER SECOND

EXPLANATION

Current-meter measurement and number

Relation established by measurements

Extension of relation to observed maximum stage

Figure 2. Example of stage-discharge relation and upward extension (from Jordan and Combs, 1997).

velocity-area studies, or by the use of other measurable hydraulic factors (Kennedy, 1983).

Maximum discharges that are greatly above the range of the defined stage-discharge relation at streamflow-gaging stations and maximum discharges at mis cellaneous sites that have no developed stage- discharge relation generally are determined by various types of indirect measurements. In addition, adverse conditions often make it impossible to obtain cur rent-meter measurements at some sites during major floods. Maximum discharges at these sites are deter mined, after the floods have subsided, by indirect meth ods, which involve determination of water-surface elevations from high-water marks, surveying cross sec tions, and computing discharge from hydraulic equa tions rather than from direct measurement of stream velocity by use of a current meter. Indirect methods are described by Dalrymple and Benson (1967), Hulsing (1967), Matthai (1967), Bodhaine (1968), and Benson and Dalrymple (1987).

The accuracy of indirect measurements depends on onsite conditions and the experience of data-collection personnel who select sites and make the surveys, and generally is poorer than for current-meter measure ments. The indirect measurements used in determining maximum discharges for floods are not identified as

Introduction

such in this volume. Information as to the source and quality of discharge data in this volume can be obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey office in the State in which the reported flood-determination site is located.

Explanation of Data

Floods are described in this volume in chronologi cal order. Because the type and the amount of informa tion differ for the floods, no consistent form can be used to report the events.

The data for each flood include: (1) a description of the storm, the flood, and the flood damage; (2) a map of the flood area showing flood-determination sites and, for some storms, precipitation data sites or lines of equal precipitation; (3) rainfall amounts and intensi ties; (4) and maximum stages and discharges for the streams affected.

When considerable rainfall data are available, they are presented in tabular form and show daily or storm totals. When sufficient data are available to determine the pattern and distribution of rainfall, an isohyetal map may be shown.

A summary table of maximum stages and dis charge is given for each flood, except where the num ber of flood-determination sites in the article is small and for which the information is included in the text description. In the summary table (table 1), the first three columns identify the site, which may be a continuous-record streamflow-gaging station, a partial-record station, or another site at which data have been obtained. The number in the first column identifies the site on a map that accompanies each article. The second column gives the U.S. Geological Survey station number (downstream-order number) if such a number has been assigned. The third column gives the name of the streamflow-gaging station or flood-determination site.

Drainage area in the summary table is the total area, as measured on a flat projection map, that would contribute surface runoff to the indicated site. The con tributing drainage area may be smaller than the total drainage area if the total area includes areas of extremely rapid infiltration rates that do not produce surface runoff, or closed subbasins that retain all their inflow.

The column headed "Period" shows the calendar years prior to the described flood for which the stage or

discharge shown in the seventh and eighth columns are known to be a maximum. For most sites, this period corresponds to the period of systematic collection of streamflow data. For other sites, written or oral history may indicate that a flood stage was the highest since people have observed the stream or was the highest since some known date.

The sixth column shows the calendar year in which the maximum stage and discharge for the indicated period occurred. The seventh and eighth columns show the stage and discharge of that maximum. Sepa rate listings are made when maximum stage and maxi mum discharge did not occur concurrently. An effort was made to use stages that were measured relative to the datum in use at the time of the flood being described or to indicate by a footnote that a different datum was used.

The last four columns present data for the maximums during the described flood or floods. The data include the date on which the maximum occurred, maximum stage, and maximum discharge and, where available, the recurrence interval of the discharge.

The probability of a given discharge being equaled or exceeded in any given year frequently is used as an indication of a flood's relative magnitude and for com parison with floods at other sites. The relative magni tude also can be expressed in terms of recurrence interval, which is the reciprocal of the flood probabil ity. A third way of expressing the relative flood mag nitude is the percent chance of occurrence, which is 100 times the flood probability. A discharge that will be equaled or exceeded on an average (over a long period of time) of once in 10 years has a recurrence interval of 10 years, is termed a "10-year flood," has a probability of 0.10, and has a 10-percent chance of occurring in any given year. A 100-year flood has a recurrence interval of 100 years, a probability of 0.01, and a 1-percent chance of occurring in any given year. Because recurrence interval is used most commonly by Federal agencies (for example, in the context of flood insurance), it is used in this volume even though per cent chance avoids the unintended connotations of reg ularity of occurrence that accompany the term "recurrence interval."


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Recurrence Probability Percent chance interval

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25

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100

In addition to probability or percent chance of a given magnitude of discharge occurring in any one year, the probability or percent chance of occurrence during a given period of consecutive years also can be calcu lated. Results of such calculations for selected combi nations of recurrence interval and length of period are as follows (* means greater than 99.9 but less than a 100-percent chance):

Recur rence

interval

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100

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Recurrence intervals during any given flood may differ from site to site because of nonuniform distribu tion of runoff and uncertainty in the computed recur rence values. Operational patterns for reservoirs generally are not defined adequately to permit recur rence intervals to be computed for maximum dis charges on regulated streams.

Another method of indicating a flood's relative magnitude is by comparison of its maximum discharge and the stream's drainage area with values on a regional "envelope curve." A flood-envelope curve is one drawn on a graph in which maximum known dis charges are plotted against the drainage area of each stream site (fig. 3). The envelope curve is a smooth curve drawn to equal or exceed all the plotted dis charges in relation to the drainage areas. Envelope curves are given for 17 regions of the conterminous United States in Crippen and Bue (1977). This method is better than the formerly used calculation of "unit dis-

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Figure 3. Maximum discharge versus drainage area and envelope curve for a region (modified from Crippen and Bue, 1977, p. 15).

charge" (division of the discharge by the drainage area) because unit discharges for greatly different sizes of drainage area are not comparable. If the unit discharges for a very small and a very large drainage area are the same, the unit discharge is much more unusual for the large drainage area.

REFERENCES

Barrows, H.K., 1948, Roods, their hydrology and control: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 432 p.

Benson, M.A., and Dalrymple, Tate, 1987, General field and office procedures for indirect measurements: U.S. Geo logical Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investi gations, book 3, chap. Al, 29 p.

Bodhaine, G.L., 1968, Measurement of peak discharge at culverts by indirect methods: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A3,60 p.

Crippen, J.R., and Bue, C.D., 1977, Maximum floodflows in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Sur vey Water-Supply Paper 1887, 52 p.

Dalrymple, Tate, and Benson, M.A., 1967, Measurement of peak discharge by slope-area method: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A2, 12 p.

Hoyt, W.G., and Langbein, W.B., 1955, Floods: Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 469 p.

Hulsing, Harry, 1967, Measurement of peak discharge at dams by indirect methods: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A5, 29 p.


Jordan, P.R., and Combs, L.J., eds., 1997, Summary of floods in the United States during 1990 and 1991: U.S. Geo logical Survey Water-Supply Paper 2474, 257 p.

Kennedy, E.J., 1983, Computation of continuous records of streamflow: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chap. A13, 53 p.

Langbein, W.B., and Iseri, K.T., 1960, General introduction and hydrologic definitions, in Manual of hydrology, part 1, General surface-water techniques: U.S. Geolog ical Survey Water-Supply Paper 1541-A, 29 p.

Leopold, L.B., and Maddock, Thomas, Jr., 1954, The flood control controversy: New York, Ronald Press Co., 278 p.

Matthai, H.F., 1967, Measurement of peak discharge at width contractions by indirect methods: U.S. Geologi cal Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investiga tions, book 3, chap. A4, 44 p.

National Weather Service, 1992a, Climatological data (by States): Asheville, N.C., National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, Weather Service (various months).

1992b, Hourly precipitation data (by States):Asheville, N.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Weather Service (various months).

1992c, Storm data and unusual weather phenomena: Asheville, N.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center, v. 34, nos. 1-12 (various pages).

1993a, Climatological data (by States): Asheville, N.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra tion, Weather Service (various months).

1993b, Hourly precipitation data (by States): Asheville, N.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Weather Service (various months).

-1993c, Storm data and unusual weather phenomena:Asheville, N.C., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center, v. 35, nos. 1-12 (various pages).

Rostvedt, J.O., 1965, Summary of floods in the United States during 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1790-8,147 p.

1972, Summary of floods in the United States during 1968: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1970-8,73 p.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994, Annual flood damage report to Congress for fiscal year 1993: Washington, D.C., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Division, 17 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1954, Summary of floods in the United States during 1950: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1137-1, p. 957-991.

U.S. Weather Bureau, 1961, Rainfall frequency atlas of the United States: U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper 40, 115 p.

Wilson, W.T., 1942, Melting characteristics of snow and its contribution to runoff, in June 30-July 2,1941, Hydrol ogy Conference Proceedings: University Park, Penn sylvania State College, School of Engineering Technical Bulletin 27, p. 153-165.

References

Floods of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Spring and Summer 1993

During spring and summer 1993, the hydrologic effects of extended rainfall throughout the upper midwestern United States were severe and widespread. Record flooding inun dated much of the upper Mississippi Basin. The magnitude of the damages in terms of property, disrupted business, and personal trauma was unmatched by any other flood disaster in United States history. Property damage alone was estimated to exceed $10 bil lion (Parrett and others, 1993). Damaged highways and submerged roads disrupted over land transportation throughout the flooded region. The Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers were closed to navigation before, during, and after the flooding. Millions of acres of pro ductive farmland remained under water for weeks during the growing season. Rills and gullies in many tilled fields resulted from the severe erosion that occurred throughout the midwestern United States farm belt. The banks and channels of many rivers were severely eroded, and sediment was deposited over large areas of the basin's flood plain. Record flows submerged many areas that had not been affected by previous floods. Industrial and agricultural areas were inundated, which caused concern about the transport and fate of industrial chemicals, sewage effluent, and agricultural chemicals in the floodwaters. The extent and duration of the flooding caused numerous levees to fail.


Precipitation in the Upper Mississippi River Basin During the Floods of 1993By Kenneth L Wahl, Kevin C. Vining, anc/Gregg J. Wiche 1

INTRODUCTION

Excessive precipitation produced severe flooding in a nine-State area in the upper Mississippi River Basin during spring and summer 1993. Following a spring that was wetter than average, weather patterns that persisted from early June through July caused the upper Midwest to be deluged with an unusually large amount of rainfall. Monthly precipitation data were examined at 10 weather-station locations in the flood-affected region to illustrate precipitation patterns and amounts in the flood-affected area. During 1993, all 10 of the selected locations received greater-than- normal rainfall for January through June, 8 of the 10 stations received more than 200 percent of the nor mal rainfall for July, and 3 received more than 400 per cent of the normal rainfall for July. (The average rainfall for the 30-year period 1961-90 is termed "nor mal" rainfall.) May through August 1993 was the wet test or nearly the wettest such period on record at many locations in the flooded area. All 10 selected locations received more rainfall during the first 9 months of 1993 than generally is received during a year.

MONTHLY PRECIPITATION

In early June, a weather pattern (fig. 4) developed that was characterized by a strong low-pressure trough over the western United States and a corresponding large high-pressure system positioned over the south eastern United States. The jetstream dipped south over the western United States and flowed northeasterly across the upper Midwest. Southeastern high pressure blocked the eastward movement of storms, thus creat ing a convergence zone between the warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and the much cooler and drier air from Canada, which resulted in thunderstorms. This pattern persisted through most of June and July (National Weather Service, 1993b). As a result, the

This article is based on previously published reports (Wahl and others, 1993,1994).

upper Midwest within this convergence zone was del uged with rain, while the southeastern and the eastern United States from Florida and Alabama to Delaware, under the influence of the high-pressure system, was hot, humid and had little rainfall. Slight movements in the atmospheric pattern determined the timing and location of the excessive rainfall throughout the upper Midwest.

The persistence of this weather pattern caused unusually large amounts of rain to fall over the upper Midwest. These large amounts and the wetter-than- normal spring produced flooding throughout the upper Mississippi River Basin. The rains were extraordinary in the areal extent and in the amounts accumulated. Precipitation for January 1 through July 31 totaled more than 20 inches over most of the flood-affected area and was more than 40 inches in areas of northeast Kansas and east-central Iowa (fig. 5A; Parrett and oth ers, 1993). Most of the area received from 150 to 200 percent of the 1961-90 normal total amounts for January through July (fig. 5B; Wahl and others, 1993).

Annual precipitation over the nine-State area affected by flooding (fig. 5A, 5B) generally averages slightly more than 30 inches but ranges from about 16 inches in south-central North Dakota to about 40 inches in southern Missouri. Although precipitation is about evenly divided between the first and last halves of the year, the accumulation rates are not uniform throughout the year. Normally, 45 percent of the annual precipitation falls between April 1 and July 31; June precipitation represents about 15 percent (2 to 5 inches) of the average annual precipitation total.

Precipitation amounts recorded throughout the upper Mississippi River Basin during the first 9 months of 1993 generally were substantially greater than nor mal (January-September 1961-90). Although May-through-August precipitation was much greater than normal, little evidence early in the year indicated that precipitation amounts in 1993 would be above nor mal. January-through-March precipitation in the States of the upper Mississippi River Basin was near normal to slightly above normal. Because precipitation for those 3 months is often in the form of snow and gener-

Precipitation in the Upper Mississippi River Basin During the Floods of 1993 9

Unseasonably cool, dry air

110'

H

500 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Convergence zone; recurrent thunderstorm systems

Little rainfall; oppressive heat and humidity

H High atmospheric pressure area

L Low atmospheric pressure area

Figure 4. Dominant weather patterns over the United States for June through July 1993 (from National Weather Service, 1993b).

ally totals less than 6 inches of moisture, it caused little concern for potential flooding. However, that situation began to change in April.

Precipitation in April and May over the area ranged from near normal to much greater than normal, but the areas of greatest precipitation differed for the 2 months. April rainfall was nearly twice the normal amounts in parts of Wisconsin and in Missouri but was only mod erately above normal in much of the remainder of the flood-affected area. By contrast, May rainfall was more than twice the normal amounts for the month over an area that extended from southeastern South Dakota across Iowa to eastern Kansas. The largest storms, though, were still to come.

Monthly precipitation data for January through September 1993 and the normal (average) amounts for the period 1961-90 (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1992) are compared in figure 6

for 10 weather-station locations in the upper Missis sippi River Basin (table 2). These locations Bis marck, North Dakota; Sioux Falls, South Dakota; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Des Moines and Cedar Rap ids, Iowa; Madison, Wisconsin; Peoria, Illinois; Man hattan, Kansas; and Kansas City and St. Louis, Missouri are illustrative of precipitation patterns in the flood-affected area.

Precipitation during 1993 generally was much greater than normal for May through August over the entire area. The July rainfall totals, however, were par ticularly impressive. The significance of the July 1993 rainfall amounts can best be understood by comparing the 1993 values for January through June, July, and January through September with the 30-year normal amounts for those periods (fig. 7). All 10 of the selected locations received more than 100 percent of the normal precipitation for January through June 1961-90, and 8 locations received more than 130 per-


44°

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102° 100° 96" 94° 92° 90°

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29 C 30' and 45^30', central meridian -96W

200 MILES

100 200 KILOMETERS

A.

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EXPLANATION

Area of flooding streams

Line of equal total precipitation for January through July 1993 Hachures indicate closed areas of lesser precipitation. Interval 10 inches

Figure 5. Area! distribution of total precipitation in the area of flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin, January through July 1993. A, In inches (from Parrett and others, 1993); B, In percentage of 30-year precipitation normal for January through July 1961-90 (from Wahl and others, 1993). Data from National Weather Service (David Miscus, National Weather Service, written commun., 1993).

Precipitation in tha Upper Mississippi River Basin During the Floods of 1993 11

102° 100'

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36°-

iase ftom U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000, 1994 Albers Equal-Area Conic projection Standard parallels 29"30 and 45 G 30', central meridian -96°00'

B.

EXPLANATION


ZOO MILES

100 200 KILOMETERS

-200- Line of equal total precipitation for January through July 1993 as percentage of the 30-year precipitation normal for January through July 1961-90 Hachures indicate closed areas of lesser precipitation. Interval 10 inches

Figure 5. Areal distribution of total precipitation in the area of flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin, January through July 1993. A, In inches (from Parrett and others, 1993); B, In percentage of 30-year precipitation normal for January through July 1961-90 (from Wahl and others, 1993). Data from National Weather Service (David Miscus, National Weather Service, written commun., 1993) Continued.

12 Summary of Floods in the United Stetes, Januery 1992 Through September 1993

A BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA B SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA

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Weather-station location

D. DES MOINES, IOWA

F. MADISON, WISCONSIN

H. MANHATTAN, KANSAS

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cent of the normal precipitation for that period. By the end of June, the soil was saturated; then came the July 1993 deluge. Of the 10 locations, 8 received more than 200 percent of the normal rainfall for July (1961-90). Only Minneapolis (158 percent) and St. Louis (131 percent) did not receive 200 percent of the normal rain fall in July. Three locations, Bismarck, Cedar Rapids,

and Manhattan, received from about 400 to about 650 percent of the normal rainfall amounts for July.

Total January-through-September rainfall for 1993 for each of the 10 locations was compared to the 1961-90 normals for the 9-month period and the annual total (fig. 8). All 10 locations received more rain in the first 9 months of 1993 than generally is


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Figure 7. Seasonal precipitation for 1993 at 10 weather station locations in the upper Mississippi River Basin. Data from National Weather Service.

received during a year. Except for Minneapolis, the 9-month totals exceeded 150 percent of normal for the period and ranged from 122 to 172 percent of the nor mal annual totals; Minneapolis received 124 percent of normal for January through September.

The National Weather Service computed state wide-average precipitation by month for 1895 to the present. They reported that the statewide averages for July 1993 were among the three wettest years since 1895 for eight of the nine States in the flood-affected area (National Weather Service, 1993b). Statewide average precipitation totals for the combined months of April through August 1993 were the greatest since 1895 in four States (North Dakota, Minnesota, Wiscon sin, and Iowa) and were among the greatest five years in the other five States of the flood-affected area. Rain fall totals for the 4-month period May through August computed for this report for Bismarck, Cedar Rapids, and Manhattan were compared to period-of-record maximums for that 4-month period (table 3). At Bis marck and Cedar Rapids, May through August 1993 was the wettest such period in more than 100 years of recordkeeping. In fact, the precipitation for May through August 1993 at Cedar Rapids was 59 percent greater than for the second wettest year, 1969. At Man hattan, May through August 1993 was the second wet test such period in 104 years of record; in 1951, the 4-month rainfall total was only 2 percent greater than that of 1993.

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Figure 8. Precipitation for January through September 1993, normal precipitation for January through September 1961-90, and normal annual precipitation for 1961-90 at 10 weather-station locations in the upper Mississippi River Basin. Data from National Weather Service.

DAILY ACCUMULATIONS

The rates of accumulation for 1993 daily precipita tion are compared with normal values in figure 9. The normal values are the accumulated daily averages for 1961-90 smoothed to pass through the month-end accumulated totals. The precipitation totals for Janu ary through September 1993 at Bismarck, Manhattan, and Cedar Rapids were about 200 percent of normal for January through September 1961-90, but the rates at which the precipitation accumulated were different (fig. 9). Although the rate of accumulation at Bis marck was about normal through June, a dryer-than- normal January through March caused the amount of precipitation received to be slightly less than normal until the end of June. Three large storms, June 29 through July 1, July 15 and 16, and July 21 and 22, combined to produce the large seasonal totals. There was little precipitation after the middle of August. Pre cipitation at Manhattan followed a pattern similar to that of Bismarck, except that several large storms came earlier in the year. Manhattan's large seasonal total resulted primarily from precipitation during four dis tinct periods March 29 through 31, May 7 through 11, July 1 and 2, and July 18 through 22. However, pre cipitation continued to accumulate at greater-than-normal rates through August and September.


Table 3. Five greatest May-August precipitation totals for Bismarck, North Dakota, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Manhattan, Kansas[Totals, in inches; length of records, in parentheses. Data from National Weather Service]

Bismarck (11 9 years)

Year

19931915191418791927

Total

22.5717.5917.5715.6015.14

Cedar Rapids (11 2 years)

Year

19931969190219901924

Total

44.3427.8827.6327.5525.27

Manhattan (104 years)

Year

19511993190219081915

Total

43.0542.2134.7134.6931.22

The rate of accumulation of precipitation at Cedar Rapids was different from that at either Bismarck or Manhattan. Although large storms, such as that for July 4 and 5, contributed to the excessive moisture, the rate of accumulation was greater than normal after mid-March. Unlike Bismarck and Manhattan, the rate reflected the accumulation of many small-to-moderate precipitation amounts and shows the effects of wide spread storms over the entire area. The above-normal accumulation rates continued into late August, but Sep tember precipitation was near normal.

DISTRIBUTION OF JULY PRECIPITATION

Much of the severe flooding in the upper Missis sippi River Basin during 1993 was the culmination of the wet spring and a series of storms during July. Daily rainfall totaled more than 4.00 inches at many locations during July. Thus, flooding was affected not only by wet antecedent conditions and large rainfall totals, but also by the way July daily rainfall was distributed. Maximum 1- and 3-day rainfall totals for July at Bis marck, Manhattan, and Cedar Rapids are similar (table 4). Maximum 5-day rainfall totals are similar at Bismarck and Cedar Rapids, but the maximum 5-day rainfall total at Manhattan was about 1.6 inches greater than at Bismarck and Cedar Rapids (table 4).

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A. BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA

1993 DAILY PRECIPITATION

1961-90 NORMALMONTHLYPRECIPITATION

B. MANHATTAN, KANSAS


C. CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA


Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.

Figure 9. Accumulated daily precipitation for January through September 1993 and accumulated normal daily precipitation for January through September 1961-90 for (A) Bismarck, North Dakota, (B) Manhattan, Kansas, and (C) Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Table 4. Maximum 1-, 3-, and 5-day rainfall totals for July 1993 at Bismarck, North Dakota, Manhattan, Kansas, and Cedar Rapids, Iowa[Data from National Weather Service]

Rainfall totals (inches)

Location 1-day 3-day 5-day

Bismarck......Manhattan.....CedarRapids..... ......

4.324.81

4.18

5.745.56

5.55

6.187.70

6.01


Effects of Reservoirs in the Kansas, Missouri, and Mississippi River Basins on the 1993 FloodsBy Charles A. Perry 1

INTRODUCTION

The floods of 1993 were of historic magnitude as water in the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers reached levels that exceeded many of the previous observed maximums. Although large parts of the flood plains of both rivers upstream from St. Louis, Missouri, were inundated, water levels would have been even higher had it not been for the large volume of runoff retained in flood-control reservoirs. Most of the total flood-con trol storage available upstream from St. Louis is located along the main stem and tributaries of the Mis souri River; the largest concentration of reservoirs is located within the Kansas River Basin (fig. 10). The Kansas River Basin accounts for about 10 percent (60,000 square miles) of the drainage area of the Mis souri River Basin, and reservoirs control streamflow from 85 percent (50,840 square miles) of the drainage area of the Kansas River Basin. Analyses of flood dis charges in the Kansas River indicate that reservoirs reduced flooding along the Kansas and the lower Mis souri Rivers.

Flood discharges from the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers combined for a historic peak of 1,080,000 cubic feet per second on the Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri, on August 1, 1993. His toric streamflow records show that this discharge was the largest since 1861 and has been exceeded only by an estimated discharge of 1,300,000 cubic feet per sec ond for the flood of 1844. Discharge for the flood of 1903, which had been estimated to be 1,019,000 cubic feet per second was slightly less than that of 1993. However, changes in the upper Mississippi River Basin that have been made in the last 50 years, such as the construction of many flood-control reservoirs, reduced the magnitude of the maximum discharge of the 1993 flood at St. Louis.

This article is based on a previously published report (Perry,1994).

FLOOD-CONTROL RESERVOIRS

The function of flood-control reservoirs is to tem porarily store a part of the flood discharge for later release so that the flood peak downstream will be reduced. In an uncontrolled stream, the flood dis charges of the tributary streams are added to the dis charge in the main stem. As a result, the total flood volume increases in the downstream direction, as does the maximum discharge (fig. 11A). In the case of the controlled stream, all or part of the flood discharge is stored in a reservoir for later release at a reduced flow rate (fig. 1 IB). Downstream from the reservoir, addi tional flood discharges in the tributaries enter the main stem, which add uncontrolled flood discharges to the controlled discharge. In the actual operation of a flood-control reservoir, the uncontrolled flood dis charges from the drainage area downstream from a res ervoir need to be considered before reservoir releases are made. If uncontrolled flood discharge from areas downstream from the reservoir produces a flood on the main stem, then reservoir releases can be reduced to near zero to minimize additional flooding downstream, provided storage capacity is available in the reservoir.

Most flood-control reservoirs in the upper Missis sippi River Basin are of the multipurpose type, which are used to store water for irrigation, power generation, navigation, public-water supply, and recreation. The flood-control, or flood-storage capacity, pool of a reser voir always is above the multipurpose pool level (fig. 12). All reservoirs with provision for flood control are operated so that a minimum amount of water in the flood-control pool is maintained prior to flooding to maximize flood protection. The flood-reduction poten tial of a reservoir is compromised if additional floodwater must be stored before the previously stored water can be released.

Flood-control reservoirs are constructed with an emergency spillway to protect the dam from being overtopped, which can cause severe damage to or fail ure of the dam. Flow through the spillway can be uncontrolled or can be controlled by gates that regulate the releases up to a certain elevation in the reservoir.

Effects of Reservoirs in the Kansas, Missouri, and Mississippi River Basins on the 1993 Floods 19

106° 104° 102° 100° 96° 94° 92° 90° 86°

46°

44°

40°

45 MINNESOTA ̂ MISSISSIPPI <|

Minneapolisl St. Paul

\Lincoln {^Nishnqbotna R 1,- _ -XT

Base from US Geological Surrey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00'

100 200 MILES

EXPLANATION D 1DD

Boundary of Mississippi River 32 Reservoir reference number Basin upstream from Thebes, used in table 5 Illinois

AA Selected streamflow-gaging station and reference letter

200 KILOMETERS

Boundary of drainage basin

Boundary of drainage subbasinused in table 6

Figure 10. Location of flood-control reservoirs and selected streamflow-gaging stations in the Kansas, Missouri, and Mississippi River Basins.

Once the water level in the reservoir rises to the top of the closed spillway gates or the sill of an uncontrolled spillway, water stored above this elevation in the reser voir is in the surcharge pool. Outflow of surcharge in the reservoir is determined by the depth of water and the geometry of the spillway or the spillway gate opening.

FLOOD STORAGE IN AND EFFECTS OF RESERVOIRS ON FLOOD DISCHARGES, MISSOURI RIVER BASIN

There are 34 major flood-control reservoirs within the Missouri River Basin that drain areas greater than 100 square miles (table 5). Table 5 also includes 11 res-

20 Summary of Floods In the United States, Januery 1992 Through September 1993

A. UPSTREAM DISCHARGE HYDROGRAPH

DOWNSTREAM DISCHARGE HYDROGRAPH

Spillway elevation

RIVER

B. UPSTREAM DISCHARGE HYDROGRAPH

DOWNSTREAM OUTFLOW HYDROGRAPH

C3

If

«l JLDISCHARGE

_J l__

TIME ̂- TIME h-

RESERVOIR STORAGE

Figure 11. Hypothetical hydrographs for (A) an uncontrolled stream and (B) reservoir-regulated outflow.

ervoirs in the Mississippi River Basin upstream from its confluence with the Missouri River. Of the reservoirs in the Missouri River Basin, water levels in 13 reached historic elevations, 3 came within 1 foot of their records, and 6 exceeded their spillway elevations. Water levels in reservoirs on tributaries of the Missis sippi River upstream from its confluence with the Mis souri River, including Saylorville Lake, Coralville Reservoir, and Lake Red Rock, all in Iowa, also reached record elevations. Several reservoirs in the Arkansas River Basin, just south of the Kansas River Basin, had record and near-record water-level eleva tions. The number of reservoirs with record water-level elevations is an indication of the magnitude and wide extent of the floods of 1993.

Missouri River Main Stem

The six-reservoir system on the main stem of the Missouri River from Montana through North Dakota and South Dakota is used for power generation, storage for navigation and public-water supply, and flood con trol. When the 1993 water year began (October 1, 1992), the total storage content in the reservoir system

Multipurpose

pool

NOT TO SCALE

Figure 12. Typical reservoir showing location of surcharge, flood-control, and multipurpose-pool levels.

was about 43,900,000 acre-feet. By April 1,1993, the total system content had increased to 45,468,000 acre- feet (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, written commun., 1993). The additional 1,568,000 acre-feet resulted from runoff produced by melting snowpack in the mountains during winter and early spring. The total increase in storage contents of the six-reservoir system from April 1 to midnight August 1, 1993, was 10,293,000 acre-feet and the result of excessive snowmelt and rainfall during this period. During July 1993 alone, reservoirs on the main stem Missouri River stored nearly 5,369,000 acre-feet of floodwater. If this water had been released at a constant rate, the daily average discharge of the Missouri River downstream during July would have been about 87,000 cubic feet per second larger than the observed average discharge of 291,000 cubic feet per second on the Missouri River at Kansas City, Missouri (map reference P, fig. 10).

Kansas River Basin

The Kansas River Basin is about 60,000 square miles in area, of which streamflow from 85 percent, or 50,840 square miles, of the basin is controlled by reser voirs. Except for the main-stem Missouri River reser voir system, the Kansas River Basin is the largest basin under flood control in the Mississippi River Basin. Eighteen reservoirs, which have a total flood-control capacity of 7,390,000 acre-feet, provide flood protec tion within the basin and along the Missouri River downstream. From April 1 to August 1, 1993, the res ervoir system in the Kansas River Basin stored 4,500,000 acre-feet of water. Of this amount, 4,027,000 acre-feet were stored during July alone. If this water had been released at a constant rate, the aver age discharge of the Kansas River downstream during July would have been about 65,500 cubic feet per sec-


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00

14,0

00

1964

1955

1956

1969

1962

1969

1977

1972

1963

1981

1969

1981

1978

1969

1960

1977

1931

242,

500

1,24

5,00

0 17

9,50

099

,700

21

4,90

0 19

8,40

076

,470

18

4,30

0 14

0,90

024

1,40

0 72

2,30

0 16

5,00

038

8,60

0 1,

937,

000

860,

100

225,

000

517,

500

36,1

6012

9,10

0 26

8,40

0 28

5,80

015

4,40

0 25

8,60

0 50

7,60

066

,640

17

6,50

0 25

5,40

076

,270

83

,570

15

5,80

0

199,

800

345,

700

144,

600

101,

800

182,

200

34,6

40

30,6

00

98,5

9091

2,10

0 77

9,60

024

1,50

0 40

7,20

0

1,30

3,00

0 4,

006,

000

2,91

1,00

0

1,92

7,00

0 40

0,00

0

Upp

er M

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

Bas

in

1,58

2.0

1,75

7.3

1,92

3.7

1,48

8.3

1,13

6.0

920.

690

3.4

1,05

7.0

1,00

3.0

931.

0

926.

0

876.

280

1.0

892.

087

4.0

739.

6

660.

0

1,52

8.06

1,73

2.15

1,89

9.66

1,47

1.32

1,12

7.90

917.

0788

6.72

1,04

9.07

990.

2492

8.49

924.

46

873.

1779

9.56

885.

9486

2.35

738.

69

665.

45

4/26

/87

6/10

/6)

6/10

/61

4/27

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10/1

8/73

10/1

9/73

6/4/

826/

2/82

6/2/

8210

/20/

86

7/22

/82

11/1

6/85

7/28

/81

4/28

/73

4/30

/73

10/1

1/86

5/22

/43

'1,5

48.2

7'1

,733

.47

'1,9

03.9

0'1

,487

.02

'1,1

37.7

6

'920

.94

'887

.57

1,04

8.31

'992

.67

926.

70

'927

.20

'874

.379

9.0

884.

5'8

64.6

735.

2

659.

92

8/6

9/29

9/29

7/29 7/22

7/25

7/31

7/29

7/31

7/28

7/28

7/28

7/26

9/29

9/27

8/3

6/17

388,

000

54,0

0063

,700

566,

000

1,61

5,00

0

443,

000

84,4

0010

7,00

091

,000

55,0

00

295,

000

72,6

009,

000

74,0

0021

,000

3,07

8,00

0

122,

000

IOW

A35

05

4535

10

Cor

alvi

lle

3,11

5 19

5836

05

4816

30

Sayl

orvi

lle

5,82

3 19

7740

,300

42

8,70

074

,000

49

6,00

096

0,00

071

2.0

884.

071

1.85

889.

257/

21/6

9 6/

22/8

4'7

16.7

'8

92.0

7/19

7/

1311

9,00

074

,400

Tabl

e 5.

U

pper

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er B

asin

floo

d-co

ntro

l res

ervo

ir in

form

atio

n, 1

993

Con

tinue

d

CO i 2 a a. w 5" 1 c a. CO

Map

refe

renc

enu

mbe

r(f

ig.

10)

Sta

tion

Res

ervo

irnu

mbe

r na

me

Dra

inag

ear

ea (

ml2

)

Yea

rst

orag

ebe

gan

Mul

tipur

po

se p

ool

(acr

e-ft)

Floo

dst

orag

e(a

cre-

ft)

Sur

ch

arge

stor

age

(acr

e-ft)

Spi

llway

elev

atio

n(ft

abo

veS

L)

Pre

viou

sre

cord

elev

atio

n(ft

abo

veS

L)

Pre

viou

sre

cord

date

(mon

th/

day/

year

)

1993

M

axi

mum

elev

atio

n(ft

abo

veS

L)

1993

M

axi

mum

elev

atio

nda

te(m

onth

/da

y)

Cha

nge

Apr

il 1

toA

ugus

t 1

(acr

e-ft)

Upper

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er

Bas

in C

ontin

ued

37 38

IOW

A C

ontin

ued

0548

3470

P

anor

ama

0548

8100

R

ed R

ock

433

12,3

23

1979

1969

19,7

00

89,0

00

~

1,70

1,00

0

- 1,

048.

0

780.

0

1050

.10

779.

61

10/1

5/89

6/25

/84

--

!782

.7

- 7/13

-

221,

600

MIS

SOU

RI

39

0550

7700

M

ark

Twai

n M

INN

ESO

TA2,

318

1984

630.

56

11/2

2/85

'6

36.7

79/

27

2Gag

e he

ight

abo

ve a

rbitr

ary

datu

m.

584,

000

b 01 2 I 3 (Q 3- 8? tptember

40 41 42

43

44 45

0520

1000

0520

6000

0521

0500

05

2185

00

0523

0500

0529

1500

Win

nibi

g-

oshi

shLe

ech

Poke

gam

a Sa

ndy

Pine

Riv

er

Big

Sto

ne

1,44

2

1,16

33,

265

421

562

1884

1902

1889

19

11

1886

1937

229,

100

336,

400

27,6

30

35,5

00

65,4

30

439,

600

352,

600

52,4

80

37,5

40

53,2

70

1,30

0.9

1,29

5.7

-

1,27

4.4

1,22

1.3

1,23

4.8

^.O

O

1,30

3.39

1,29

7.88

1,27

5.28

1,

224.

82

1,23

4.56

212.

73

7/30

/03

6/30

/16

5/23

/86

5/19

/50

7/10

/16

4/17

/52

1,29

8.83

1,29

5.52

1,27

5.08

1,

218.

08

1,22

9.85

29.8

8

7/28

7/26

7/17

7/

14

7/11

7/28

103,

100

179,

600

23,3

20

14,6

00

14,8

00

'New

reco

rd e

leva

tion.

ond larger than the observed average discharge of 76,800 cubic feet per second on the Kansas River at DeSoto, Kansas (map reference N, fig. 10). About one-half of the 4,027,000 acre-feet were stored in Mil- ford and Tuttle Creek Lakes (reservoir reference num bers 15 and 22 in figure 10). Both lakes filled their flood-control pools and were required to store floodwater in their surcharge pools. Tuttle Creek Lake stored 97,000 acre-feet in its surcharge pool, and Milford Lake stored 207,000 acre-feet in its surcharge pool.

Chariton River Basin

The Chariton River is a tributary of the Missouri River and flows from Iowa through northern Missouri. Lake Rathbun in Iowa and Lake Longbranch in Mis souri (reservoir reference numbers 28 and 30 in figure 10) are flood-control reservoirs in the Chariton River Basin and stored 269,000 and 9,000 acre-feet, respec tively, during July 1993. The water level in Lake Rath- bun reached a record elevation of 927.20 feet above sea level on July 28, thus requiring the storage of 27,000 acre-feet of water in its surcharge pool.

Osage River Basin

Streamflow from the nearly 15,000-square-mile Osage River Basin is almost completely controlled by Melvern, Pomona, and Hillsdale Lakes in Kansas (res ervoir reference numbers 25, 26, and 27 in figure 10) and Stockton, Pomme de Terre, and Harry S Truman Lakes and Lake of the Ozarks in Missouri (reservoir reference numbers 31,32,33, and 34 in figure 10). The reservoir system in this basin stored 3,547,000 acre- feet of water from April 1 to August 1, 1993; of this total, 3,289,000 acre-feet were stored during July. The effect of Harry S Truman Lake on discharge in the Osage River was significant because the lake stored more than 3,000,000 acre-feet of water during July. The storage in Harry S Truman Lake and that of the other reservoirs in the Osage River Basin system reduced the average discharge of the Osage River at its confluence with the Missouri River for July by 53,500 cubic feet per second.

COMBINED EFFECT OF FLOOD-CON TROL RESERVOIRS ON MISSOURI RIVER DISCHARGE

As severe as the flooding was during 1993, stream and river levels could have been even higher had a sys tem of flood-control reservoirs not been in place throughout the Missouri River Basin. About 10,300,000 acre-feet of potential floodwater were stored in the upper Missouri River main-stem reser voirs in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota from April 1 to August 1,1993. In the downstream sections of the Missouri River Basin, the quantity of water stored from April 1 to August 1 in reservoirs on the Kansas River was 4,500,000 acre-feet, while reser voirs in the Platte, the Chariton, and the Osage River Basins stored 3,900,000 acre-feet. If the total 18,700,000 acre-feet stored in the system had been allowed to flow to St. Louis, the average discharge of the Missouri River would have been 77,300 cubic feet per second greater for this 4-month period. During July alone, the combined storage of about 13,000,000 acre- feet in the Missouri River Basin 5,400,000 acre-feet in the Missouri River main-stem reservoirs, about 4,000,000 acre-feet in the Kansas River Basin reser voirs, and about 3,600,000 acre-feet in the reservoirs of the Platte, the Chariton, and the Osage River Basins reduced the average discharge of the Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri (map reference Q, fig. 10), from about 587,000 to 376,000 cubic feet per second, which is a difference of 211,000 cubic feet per second. An analysis of the storage of flood volumes in the Missouri River Basin from April 1 to September 1, and specifi cally during July, enables a comparison of discharges at various points along the river and tributaries with and without the protection of the reservoirs.

The discharges of streams and the changes of stor age in reservoirs in the Kansas River Basin during July 1993 were analyzed to estimate the discharges that would have occurred in the absence of the reservoir system. Floodwater that was stored in a particular res ervoir was routed down the river valley under high-dis charge conditions and added to the observed discharge downstream. This simulation process was iterative because several streams had more than one reservoir. Routing times were determined from observed high discharges before reservoir construction. The Muskin- gum routing method (Viessman and others, 1972) was used to allow for flood-discharge storage along the river valley as the flood discharges moved down stream. Using this method, daily mean discharges were

Effects of Reservoirs In the Kensas, Missouri, end Mississippi River Beslns on the 1993 Floods 25

g>

Tabl

e 6.

Fl

ood

disc

harg

e in

sel

ecte

d st

ream

s in

the

Kan

sas

and

the

Mis

sour

i Riv

er B

asin

s, J

uly

1993

[mi

, squ

are

mile

s; f

t /s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

data

una

vaila

ble

or n

ot a

pplic

able

; <, l

ess

than

]

Summary of

Floods 3

1 C i S i Sr 3

C 0) 3 i i c (Q 1 I i

Site

lette

r (fl

g. 10)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q

Stat

ion

no.

0685

6000

0685

7100

0686

6500

0326

9500

0687

6900

0687

7600

0687

9100

0688

7000

0688

7500

0688

9000

0689

0900

0689

1000

0689

1500

0689

2350

0681

8000

0689

3000

0693

4500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

n

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

at C

onco

rdia

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

bel

ow M

ilfor

d D

amSm

oky

Hill

Riv

er a

t Men

tor

Salin

e R

iver

at T

esco

ttSo

lom

on R

iver

at N

iles

Smok

y H

ill R

iver

at E

nter

pris

eK

ansa

s R

iver

at F

t. R

iley

Big

Blu

e R

iver

nea

r Man

hatta

nK

ansa

s R

iver

at W

ameg

oK

ansa

s R

iver

at T

opek

a

Del

awar

e R

iver

bel

ow P

erry

Dam

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t Lec

ompt

onW

akar

usa

Riv

er n

ear L

awre

nce

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t Des

oto

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t St.

Jose

phM

isso

uri R

iver

at K

ansa

s C

ityM

isso

uri R

iver

at H

erm

ann

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

23,5

6024

,890

8,35

82,

820

6,77

0

19,2

6044

,870

9,64

055

,280

56,7

20

1,11

758

,460 42

559

,756

420,

300

485,

200

524,

200

Perc

ent-

Are

a ag

e of

w

here

to

tal

disc

herg

e K

ansa

s Is

unc

on-

Riv

er

trolle

d B

esin

(m

i2)

39 42 14 5 11 32 75 16 92 95 2 98 <1 100 -- - --

Kan

sas 2,

517 10 501

903

1,69

4

4,41

05,

130 12

5,91

27,

352 0

7,97

5 588,

904

Mis

sour

i

140,

500

154,

900

179,

400

Perc

ent

age

of

basi

n w

here

di

scha

rgi

is u

ncon

tro

lled

11 0 6 32 25 23 11 0 11 13 0 14 14 15 34 32 34

Obs

erve

d in

stan

tane

ous

max

imum

di

scha

rge,

e

July

199

3i-

ft3/s

38,5

0033

,700

10,7

0010

,700

17,9

00

45,6

0087

,600

60,0

0017

1,00

016

6,00

0

5,00

017

5,00

026

017

2,00

0

335,

000

541,

000

750,

000

Dat

e

7/23

7/26

7/22

7/25

7/22

7/22

7/25

7/26

7/26

7/26

7/26

7/27

7/27

7/27

7/26

7/28

7/31

Unc

ontro

lled

inst

anta

neou

s m

axim

um

disc

harg

e1

f^/s

-

42,4

00--

30,3

0052

,900

74,0

00

155,

000

200,

000

25

8,00

026

1,00

0

--

265,

000

-26

6,00

0

461,

000

713,

000

852,

000

Dat

e

7/23 -- 7/25

7/25

7/24

7/24

7/24 7/25

7/26 - 7/26 - 7/27

7/26

7/27

7/31

Sim

ulat

ed

unco

ntro

lled

max

imum

dai

ly

aver

age

disc

harg

e2

ft3/s

33,8

0067

,300

29,5

0045

,600

62,7

00

122,

000

189,

000

107,

000

240,

000

245,

000

28,5

0024

0,00

08,

100

252,

000

- -- --

Dat

e

7/23 7/9

7/24

7/22

7/23

7/23

7/24 7/5

7/25

7/25 7/6

7/25

7/23

7/10 - -- --

'Dat

a su

pplie

d by

the

U.S

. Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

, Kan

sas

City

Dis

trict

. Val

ues

com

pute

d by

use

of t

he B

ENEF

ITS

com

pute

r pro

gram

(U

.S. A

rmy

Cor

ps o

f Eng

inee

rs, w

ritte

n co

mm

un.,

1993

). 2V

alue

s co

mpu

ted

by th

e M

uski

ngum

rout

ing

met

hod

desc

ribed

in V

iess

man

and

oth

ers

(197

2).

estimated for selected gaging stations in the Kansas River Basin by using daily reservoir storage and daily observed stream discharges. The computer program BENEFITS (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, written commun., 1993) was used to estimate the uncontrolled instantaneous maximum discharge at selected gaging stations on the Kansas and the Missouri Rivers. The uncontrolled instantaneous maximum discharges are compared with the observed instantaneous maximum discharges and the simulated uncontrolled maximum daily mean discharges (table 6).

The total effect of the Kansas River Basin reser voirs can be seen in the analysis of the flood discharges on the Kansas River at DeSoto, Kansas (fig. 13). The simulation of uncontrolled discharges resulted in the highest daily mean discharge of 252,000 cubic feet per second on July 10. A secondary simulated uncon trolled discharge of 233,000 cubic feet per second would have occurred on July 26. An observed instanta neous maximum discharge of 172,000 cubic feet per second occurred on July 27, while the instantaneous uncontrolled discharge was 266,000 cubic feet per sec ond on July 27. Many other cities and hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland along the tributaries and main stem of the Kansas River benefited from the flood-control reservoirs as flood discharges were reduced by 30 to 70 percent.

All simulated uncontrolled discharges on the Kan sas River would have been contained by the Federal levee system, except in Kansas City where backwater from the flooding Missouri River on July 27 might have caused the river stage to overtop the levee system there. However, without the control of reservoirs on the main-stem Missouri River, the combined uncon trolled discharges of the Kansas and the Missouri Riv ers would have overtopped the Kansas City levees (Flood Insurance Administration, 1981).

RESERVOIR-LEVEL MAINTENANCE

To maintain storage capacity in flood-control reser voirs, stored floodwater is released as soon as the river downstream can accept it without additional flooding, as indicated by figure 14, which shows water-level fluctuations during the 1993 water year at selected res ervoirs in the Kansas River Basin. Water levels in many of the reservoirs in the Kansas River Basin at the begin ning of the 1993 water year were above multipur pose-pool elevation, but all were lowered during the 1992-93 winter. However, the snowmelt and precipi tation of February through May 1993 resulted in fluc tuations and steadily increasing discharge in streams in the Kansas River Basin as summer approached. An example is Tuttle Creek Lake, where, beginning in February, monthly increases in storage were followed by controlled releases to lower the lake level back to multipurpose-pool elevation. At the same time, other reservoirs in the Kansas River Basin were releasing stored water, and many uncontrolled streams were flooding. This combination resulted in many streams being at bankfull capacities for extended periods of time.

This cycle of precipitation, flooding, and resulting releases of water from reservoirs was interrupted dur ing July when intense rains fell somewhere in the basin nearly every day of the month. With most uncontrolled streams at or above flood stage and the lower Missouri and Mississippi Rivers flooding, the flood-storage capacity of the Kansas River Basin reservoir system was nearly completely filled. Some floodwater was released as water levels in Tuttle Creek and Milford Lakes reached surcharge storage elevations, but the reservoir system performed effectively to reduce the flooding.


300,000

0 250,0005 ooo 200,000

LU

uj|£ 150,000

^ h- 100,000

Q 50,000

Uncontrolled instantaneous peak discharge computed by the BENEFITS- computer program

Kansas River at DeSoto, Kansas

11 16

JULY 1993

21 26 31

Figure 13. Observed controlled and simulated uncontrolled discharges in the Kansas River at DeSoto, Kansas, July 1993.

1,560

1,550

1,540

1,530

1,520

1,510

1,500

1,490

1,480

1,470

1,460

1,450

1,440

1,430

1,420

1,410

Wilson Lake elevation plus

Waconda Lake elevation plus 50 feet

Kanopolis Lake elevation plus /" v '

Milford Lake elevation plus 327 feet

/** \_, -J \

Tuttle Creek Lake elevation plus 360 feet,-, ' \ ,' '- .' '

-- '---... ... ../ \; ._ ^-'f\ '-' /^.. '-- '' ' -' 7 \; \ JPerry Lake elevation plus 535 feet

i

Oct. Nov. Dec.

1992

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept.

1993

Figure 14. Water-level elevations of selected reservoirs in the Kansas River Basin, 1993 water year.

28 Summary of Floods In the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

Floods in the Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993By Charles Parrett, Nick B. Melcher, and Robert W. James, Jr. 1

INTRODUCTION

From spring through summer of 1993, severe flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin resulted from intense, persistent, widespread rainfall from Jan uary through September. The flooding was unusual because it came so late in the spring-summer runoff season and because of the large number of streamflow-gaging stations that had record or near-record maximum discharges. Record maximum discharges were recorded from mid-June through early August at many U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow- gaging stations in the Minnesota River Basin in Minne sota; in the Skunk, the Des Moines, the Little Sioux, and the Nishnabotna River Basins in Iowa; on the Mis sissippi River at Keokuk, Iowa; in the James River Basin in North and South Dakota; in the Platte River Basin in Nebraska; in the Kansas River Basin in Kan sas; in the Grand River Basin in Missouri; and along the Missouri River from St. Joseph to Booneville, Mis souri. Unusually high flood discharges were recorded at other locations throughout the area of flooding. The flooding also was unusual for its long duration and widespread and severe damage. At St. Louis, Missouri, the Mississippi River reached flood stage on June 26 and remained above flood stage until late August. Mil lions of acres of agricultural and urban lands in the upper Mississippi Basin were inundated for weeks, and unofficial damage estimates exceeded $10 billion (Par rett and others, 1993).

FLOOD RECURRENCE INTERVAL

For comparative purposes, flood-maximum dis charges are referenced to a specific recurrence interval or probability of occurrence. The recurrence interval is the average number of years between occurrences of annual maximum discharges that equal or exceed a specified discharge. For example, a discharge that has a 100-year recurrence interval is so large that an equal

lrrhis article is based on a previously published report (Parrett and others, 1993).

or greater annual maximum discharge is expected, on average, only once in any 100-year period. Because of the random nature of flood events, the times between annual maximum discharges of a certain magnitude are far from uniform; a large flood in 1 year does not pre clude the occurrence of an even larger flood the next year. In any given year, the annual maximum discharge has 1 chance in 100 of equaling or exceeding the 100-year flood (U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982).

Recurrence intervals for the 1993 flood peaks pre sented in this report are generally determined by using the most current published USGS flood-frequency reports for States in the area of flooding. Recurrence intervals for the 1993 maximum discharges on the Kan sas River, the Missouri River, and the Mississippi River are based on unpublished flood-frequency analyses completed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Gary Dyhouse, St. Louis District, U.S. Army Corps of Engi neers, written commun., 1993; Jerry Buehre, Kansas City District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, written commun., 1993).

CHRONOLOGY OF THE SPRING AND SUMMER FLOODING

The magnitude and timing of several rainstorms during late June and July, combined with wet anteced ent climatic conditions, were the principal causes of the severe flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin. To illustrate the effect of the timing of runoff from these storms on the maximum discharge in the Missis sippi River, the maximum discharges and their dates of occurrence for selected streamflow-gaging stations in the general area of flooding are shown in figure 15.

During June 17-18, 2 to 7 inches of rain fell throughout southern Minnesota, northern Iowa, and southwestern Wisconsin. Runoff from this storm caused flooding on the Minnesota and the Mississippi Rivers in Minnesota and the Chippewa and the Black Rivers in Wisconsin. As a result of these floodwaters, the discharge of the Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa, peaked on July 8, 1993.

Floods In the Upper Mississippi River Besln, 1993 29

Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa Q = 68,900 cubic feet per second July 10, 1993 x

X

South Skunk River below Squaw Creek near Ames, Iowa Q = 25,300 cubic feet per second July 9, 1993

Minnesota River near Jordan, Minnesota. Q = 91,500 cubic feet per second June 25, 1993

Mississippi River at St. Paul, Minnesota. Q = 105,000 cubic feet per second June 28, 1993

\Mississippi River at Clinton, Iowa Q = 234,000 cubic feet per second JulyS, 1993

Kansas River at Topeka, Kansas Q = 196,000 cubic feet per second July 24, 1993

Mississippi River at Keokuk, Iowa Q = 435,000 cubic feet per second July 10, 1993

Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri. Q = 732,000 cubic feet per second July 31, 1993

Mississippi River at St. Louis, Missouri. Q = 1,030,000 cubic feet per second August 1, 1993

EXPLANATION


Boundary of Mississippi River Basin

Streamflow-gaging station

Discharge

Figure 15. Maximum discharges (Q) and dates of occurrence for the 1993 flood at selected streamflow-gaging stations in the upper Mississippi River Basin (Parrett and others, 1993).

Two separate storms during early July caused large-scale flooding in Iowa. During the first storm on July 5, 2 to 5 inches of rain fell in central Iowa and caused lowland flooding on the Iowa, the Skunk, and the Des Moines Rivers. During the second storm on July 8-9, 2 to 8 inches of rain fell in central Iowa. Riv ers throughout central Iowa had not receded from the July 5 storm, and the three major reservoirs in this part of the State were at capacity. The runoff from this storm, combined with the runoff from the July 5 storm, caused record or near-record maximum discharges at streamflow-gaging stations throughout the Iowa, the Skunk, the Raccoon, and the Des Moines River Basins. The floodwaters from these rivers entered the Missis

sippi River at about the same time as the flood peak from the late June storm in northern basins reached Keokuk, Iowa. The coincident timing of the flood peaks from these tributary rivers increased the maxi mum discharge on the Mississippi River and aggra vated flooding on the Mississippi River from Davenport, Iowa, to St. Louis, Missouri. The discharge on the Mississippi River at St. Louis that resulted from these combined floodwaters peaked on July 20.

On July 15-16, 2 to 7 inches of rain fell in eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota and caused flooding in the upstream reaches of the Minnesota River Basin in Minnesota and the James River Basin in North Dakota. Although maximum discharges from


this storm were not as large in the downstream reaches of these basins as the maximum discharges of late June, the floodwaters from the James River added to the flooding of late July on the Missouri River.

From July 22 to 24, 2 to 13 inches of rain fell in parts of Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Illi nois. The runoff from this storm caused record maxi mum discharges on the Platte River in Nebraska and contributed large flows to previously filled reservoirs in the Kansas River Basin in Kansas. Maximum dis charges on the Kansas River were the largest since 1951, which is before significant river regulation began. Discharges also were near-record on the Nishnabotna River in Iowa and the Illinois River in Illinois.

Before the July 22 to 24 storm, the Missouri River was at or near flood stage as a result of large tributary inflows earlier in the month from the James River in North and South Dakota, the Big Sioux River in South Dakota, and the Little Sioux River in Iowa. As a result, floodwaters from the Platte and the Kansas Rivers

caused record or near-record maximum discharges on the Missouri River at streamflow-gaging stations downstream from the confluence of the Platte River. The flood peak on the Missouri River reached Her mann, Missouri, on July 31. The maximum discharge from the Missouri River caused a second and greater maximum discharge at the streamflow-gaging station on the Mississippi River at St. Louis on August 1.

Flood conditions on the Mississippi River differed upstream and downstream from the confluence of the Ohio River. At Thebes, Illinois, just upstream from the confluence, severe flooding on the Mississippi River peaked on August 7. Downstream from the confluence, flooding on the Mississippi River was not severe because of less-than-average discharge contributed by the Ohio River and a substantially larger channel capacity in this reach of the Mississippi River. The dis charge of the Ohio River was less than average during July and August as a result of generally dry conditions and low reservoir outflows throughout the Ohio River Basin.

Floods in the Upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993 31

Flood Discharges, Gage Heights, and Recurrence Intervals in the Upper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins by StateBy Charles A. Perry

Flooding during the spring and summer of 1993 in the upper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins was widespread, encompassing nine States. Many streams in this nine-State area had historic floods, while some streams had only moderate flooding. Tables 7 through 15 include a compilation of flood information for selected streams within each of the states of Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin (U.S. Geological Survey, 1994). Figures 16-24 provide the location of the streamflow-gaging sta tions within each State. Only streams within the upper Mississippi and Missouri Basins are listed. Flooding outside of these basins or other than the spring and sum mer of 1993 are listed in the sections "Summary of Floods of 1992" and "Summary of Floods of 1993."

Flood Discharges, Gage Heights, and Recurrence Intervals in the Upper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins by State 33

WISCONSIN

IOWA

MISSOURI

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00'

EXPLANATION±21 Streamflow-gaging station and site number

Number corresponds to that in table 7

Figure 16. Location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in Illinois.

50 75 MILES

1 I F 0 25 50 75 KILOMETERS

34 Summary of Floods in tha United States, January 1992 Through Septembar 1993

n I o I 0)

(0 8 o iQ) i (Q 0) 3

Q.

20 i § I i 01 W 5' 5 (D c "8 s 8 5T

!2. 1 tt 5T 3 m w 3"

w O1

Tab

le?.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

Mar

ch 1

-Sep

tem

ber

30, 1

993,

in Il

linoi

s[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er se

cond

; >, g

reat

er th

an; <

, les

s tha

n; , n

ot d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als c

alcu

late

d fro

m U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no.

(fig

.16)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Sta

tion

no.

0541

4820

0541

9000

0544

6500

0544

7500

0544

8000

0546

6500

0546

7000

0546

9000

0549

5500

0551

2500

0556

9500

0557

0000

0558

6100

0558

7000

0558

7900

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Sins

inaw

a R

iver

nea

rM

enom

inee

, IL

App

le R

iver

nea

r H

anov

er, I

LR

ock

Riv

er n

ear

Josl

in, I

L

Gre

en R

iver

nea

r Gen

eseo

, IL

Mill

Cre

ek a

t Mila

n, I

L

Edw

ards

Riv

er n

ear

New

Bos

ton,

IL

Pope

Cre

ek n

ear

Kei

thsb

urg,

ILH

ende

rson

Cre

ek n

ear

Oqu

awka

, IL

Bea

r C

reek

nea

r Mar

celli

ne,

ILB

ay C

reek

at P

ittsf

ield

, IL

Spoo

n R

iver

at L

ondo

n M

ills,

ILSp

oon

Riv

er a

t Sev

ille,

IL

Illin

ois

Riv

er a

t Val

ley

City

,IL

Mac

oupi

n C

reek

nea

r K

ane,

ILC

ahok

ia C

reek

at

Edw

ards

ville

, IL

Dra

inag

ear

ea(m

i2)

39.6

247

9,54

9

1,00

3 62.4

445

174

432

349 39

.4

1,07

2

1,63

626

,743 86

8

212

Peri

od

1967

-93

1934

-93

1939

-93

1936

-93

1939

-93

1934

-93

1934

-93

1934

-93

1944

-93

1939

-93

1942

-93

1914

-93

1938

-93

1921

-33,

1940

-93

1969

-93

Yea

r

1969

1946

1993

1974

1973

1973

1973

1982

1985

1965

1974

1924

1943

1943

1979

Sta

ge(ft

)

13.3

4

'26.

1218

.35

'18.

5912

.65

23.3

3

329.

08

31.0

5

28.3

8

14.7

7

28.0

3

30.7

728

.61

28.5

0

24.7

4

Dis

char

ge(f

t3/*

)

11,6

00

12,0

00

246,

500

12,1

00

9,30

0

18,0

00

8,90

0

34,6

00

29,5

00

12,6

00

41,0

00

37,3

0012

3,00

0

40,0

00

8,20

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dis

char

ge,

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y)

07/0

5

07/0

606

/11

06/0

9

06/2

5

08/1

6

07/2

4

07/2

5

07/0

1

09/1

4

07/2

5

07/2

608

/01

04/1

6

04/2

5

Stag

e(ft

)

13.2

0

20.7

518

.35

15.1

5

10.2

9

22.3

7

29.0

8

32.6

5

19.0

8

14.9

2

25.9

2

33.1

0

325.

95

322.

91

19.2

3

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

10,9

00

7,13

046

,500

9,60

0

7,68

0

8,59

0

7,27

0

30,8

00

12,7

00

13,7

00

22,6

00

34,7

00

^2,4

00

11,1

00

5,67

0

recu

rren

cein

terv

al(y

ears

)

>10

< 5

<25 10

<20

< 15

>50

>10

0

< 5

>25 <2

5 50 --

> 2

< 5

g>

Tabl

e 7.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

Mar

ch 1

-Sep

tem

ber 3

0,19

93,

in I

llino

is C

ontin

ued

i n | 5" 1 c 3

I 1 C_

0> 3 i <0 IS I £

.

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no.

(Tig

.16)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Stat

ion

no.

0558

8000

0559

4100

0559

4450

0559

4800

0559

5200

0559

9500

0702

0500

0702

2000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Indi

an C

reek

at W

anda

, IL

Kas

kask

ia R

iver

nea

r Ven

edy

Stat

ion,

IL

Silv

er C

reek

nea

r T

roy,

IL

Silv

er C

reek

nea

r Fre

ebur

g,

ILR

ichl

and

Cre

ek n

ear H

ecke

r,IL

Big

Mud

dy R

iver

at

Mur

phys

boro

, IL

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

tC

hest

er, I

LM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

at T

hebe

s,IL

Dra

inag

e ar

ea(m

i2)

36.7

4,39

3

154

464

129

2,16

9

708,

600

713,

200

Peri

od

1940

-93

1969

-93

1966

-93

1970

-93

1969

-93

1916

-93

1927

-93

1932

-93

Yea

r

1946

1990

1979

1990

1972

1983

1961

6184

4

6184

4

Sta

ge(ft

)

18.4

125

.11

317.

9422

.10

42.8

8

36.8

8

337.

97

639.

8

645.

14

Dis

char

ge(f

t^s)

9,34

048

,600

10,6

00

11,0

00

14,9

00

*32

100

533,

300

61, 3

50,0

00

61, 3

75,0

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ S

tage

day)

04/2

504

/17

04/1

5

09/2

4

09/2

3

09/2

9

08/0

6

08/0

7

(ft)

15.3

221

.51

15.2

1

17.0

7

41.7

6

^s.i

g

49.5

9

45.5

0

Dis

char

ge(f

t^s)

2,81

015

,200

3,33

0

4,80

0

9,02

0

11,5

00

950,

000

996,

000

Dis

char

ge,

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

< 5

< 2

< 2

<10 <

2

10-5

0

10-5

0

y

Ice

jam

..§

2A

ffec

ted

by b

reak

s in

leve

e.&

3O

ccur

red

on d

iffer

ent d

ate.

t4B

ackw

ater

from

the

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er.

Prio

r to

regu

latio

n of

flow

. to

TD

ata

from

U.S

. Arm

y C

orps

of E

ngin

eers

.

MIN

NE

SOT

A94

°

o I O O <D

10 a. 3)

<D I

0) o o (D ^ I

SOU

TH

DA

KO

TA

43'

WIS

CO

NSI

N

g 3.

3) 3

0)

NE

BR

ASK

A

ILL

INO

IS

Nis

hnab

otna

Riv

e;

Base

mod

ified

from

U S

. Geo

logica

l Sur

vey

digi

tal d

ata,

1 2,

000,

000,

1972

Un

ivers

al Tr

ansv

erse

Mer

cato

r pro

jectio

n Zo

ne 1

5M

ISSO

UR

I

80 M

ILES

0 20

40

60

80

KIL

OM

ETER

S

EX

PLA

NA

TIO

N

Stre

amfl

ow-g

agin

g st

atio

n an

d si

te n

um

ber

N

umbe

r co

rres

pond

s to

tha

t in

tab

le 8

COFi

gure

17.

Lo

catio

n of

sel

ecte

d st

ream

flow

-gag

ing

stat

ions

in Io

wa.

u 00 CO i

Tabl

e 8.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Iow

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; <

, les

s th

an; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

o c i i 8

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no

.(«

9-

17) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0538

8250

0538

9400

05

3895

0005

4114

0005

4120

60

0541

2100

0541

2500

0541

8500

05

4205

00

0542

1000

0542

2000

0542

2470

0544

9000

0544

9500

0545

1500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nU

pper

Iow

a R

iver

nea

r Dor

ches

ter,

IAB

lood

y R

un C

reek

nea

r Mar

quet

te, I

A

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t McG

rego

r, IA

Sny

Mag

ill C

reek

nea

r Cla

yton

, IA

Silv

er C

reek

nea

r Lua

na, I

A

Rob

erts

Cre

ek a

bove

Sai

nt O

laf,

IAT

urke

y R

iver

nea

r Gar

ber,

IA

Maq

uoke

ta R

iver

nea

r Maq

uoke

ta, I

A

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t Clin

ton,

IA

Wap

sipi

nico

n R

iver

at I

ndep

ende

nce,

IA

Wap

sipi

nico

n R

iver

nea

r DeW

itt, L

AC

row

Cre

ek a

t Bet

tend

orf,

LA

Eas

t Bra

nch

Iow

a R

iver

nea

rK

lem

me,

LA

Iow

a R

iver

nea

r Row

an, L

AIo

wa

Riv

er a

t Mar

shal

ltow

n, L

A

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)77

0 34.1

67

,500 27

.6 4.39

70.7

1,54

5

1,55

3 85

,600

1,04

8

2,33

0 17.8

133

429

1,56

4

Perio

d19

75-9

319

91-9

3 19

36-9

319

91-9

319

86-9

3

1986

-93

1913

-16,

1919

-27,

1929

-30,

1932

-93

1913

-93

1873

-19

9319

33-9

3

1934

-93

1977

-93

1948

-93

1940

-93

1902

-03,

1914

-27,

1932

-93

1Yea

r19

4119

92

1965

1992

1991

1991

1991

1944

19

65

1968

1990

1990

1954

1954

1918

Stag

e (ft

)21

.8 6.75

25

.38

5.92

14.9

7

27.8

8

30.1

0

324.

70

24.6

5

21.1

1

14.1

911

.03

3-410

.67

14.8

8"2

0.47

Dis

ch

arge

(f

t^/s

)

30,4

00 339

2276

,000 227

3,30

0

19,6

0049

,900

48,0

00

2307

,000

26,8

00

31,1

007,

700

5,96

0

8,46

042

,000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

1Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)8/

17

3/31

67

298/

236/

29

3/31

3/31 7/6

7/7

4/3

7/8

3/22

3/31 4/1

8/17

Stag

e (ft

)20

.00

7.57

21

.97

8.60

11.5

8

16.7

222

.94

32.8

6 "2

2.98

14.9

0

12.8

87.

74

10.8

2

14.6

920

.77

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

22,0

001,

540

189,

000

1,30

096

0

2,12

0

19,4

00

35,3

00

239,

000

13,4

00

22,3

001,

140

4,38

0

6,14

020

,400

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)70

10-5

0 -- -- 4 19 7 15 2 35 17 15

Tabl

e 8.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

, 19

93,

in I

owa

Con

tinue

d

Flood

Discharges,

Gag

A I A <o I 0) a 3D i A O A I i 5' 3 A C TJ ^ 8 « f a> 3 a S o c 3 i D » (0 § (0

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fg

.17

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Stat

ion

no.

0545

1700

0545

1900

0545

2000

0545

2200

0545

3000

0545

3100

0545

3520

0545

4000

0545

4300

0545

4500

0545

5010

0545

5100

0545

5500

0545

5700

0545

7700

0545

8000

0545

8500

0545

8900

0545

9500

0546

2000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nT

imbe

r Cre

ek n

ear M

arsh

allto

wn,

IA

Ric

hlan

d C

reek

nea

r Hav

en, I

ASa

lt C

reek

nea

r Elb

eron

, IA

Wal

nut C

reek

nea

r Har

twic

k, IA

Big

Bea

r Cre

ek a

t Lad

ora,

IA

Iow

a R

iver

at M

aren

go, I

AIo

wa

Riv

er b

elow

Cor

alvi

lle D

amne

ar C

oral

ville

, IA

Rap

id C

reek

nea

r Iow

a C

ity, I

AC

lear

Cre

ek n

ear C

oral

ville

, IA

Iow

a R

iver

at I

owa

City

, IA

Sout

h B

ranc

h R

alst

on C

reek

at I

owa

City

, IA

Old

Man

s C

reek

nea

r Iow

a C

ity, I

AE

nglis

h R

iver

at K

alon

a, I

AIo

wa

Riv

er n

ear L

one

Tree

, IA

Ced

ar R

iver

at C

harl

es C

ity, I

A

Litt

le C

edar

Riv

er n

ear I

onia

, IA

Ced

ar R

iver

at J

anes

ville

, IA

Wes

t For

k C

edar

Riv

er a

t Fin

chfo

rd,

IAW

inne

bago

Riv

er a

t Mas

on C

ity, L

ASh

ell R

ock

Riv

er a

t She

ll R

ock,

IA

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)11

8 56.1

201 70

.918

9

2,79

43,

115 25

.398

.13,

271 2.

94

201

573

4,29

31,

054

306

1,66

1

846

526

1,74

6

Perio

d19

49-9

319

49-9

319

45-9

319

49-9

319

45-9

3

1956

-93

1992

-93

1937

-93

1952

-93

1903

-93

1963

-93

1950

-93

1939

-93

1956

-93

1964

-93

1954

-93

1904

-06,

1914

-27,

1932

-42,

1945

-93

1945

-93

1932

-93

1953

-93

1Yea

r

1977

1991

1947

1991

1960

1960

__

1965

1990

1969

1972

1962

1965

1974

1965

1961

1961

1951

1933

1961

Stag

e (ft

)17

.69

26.7

1"2

0.00

16.9

33'4

15.3

2

419.

79_

_

414.

9316

.36

3 13.

93

9.47

417.

2021

.45

"20.

27"2

1.64

15.5

816

.33

"18.

45

15.7

016

.26

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

12,0

0012

,200

35,0

007,

900

10,5

00

30,8

00 __

6,10

010

,200

15,0

00

1,07

0

12,0

0020

,000

35,7

0021

,000

10,8

0037

,000

31,9

00

10,8

0033

,500

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

1Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

97/

17 7/9

8/29

8/30

7/19

7/19

8/10 7/6

8/10

8/10 7/6

7/6

7/7

8/16

8/16

8/18 4/1

4/1

4/1

Stag

e (ft

)17

.03

22.8

420

.85

16.7

624

.69

20.3

163

.95

15.6

114

.74

28.5

2

9.43

17.6

122

.55

22.9

421

.44

18.9

915

.74

16.7

3

12.5

915

.21

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

8,87

04,

900

36,6

005,

770

6,61

0

38,0

0025

,800

6,70

06,

760

28,2

00 994

13,0

0036

,100

57,1

0026

,400

14,0

0035

,000

17,6

00

7,19

020

,800

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)25 16 90 9 6 90 _ 35 20

>100 .. 45 51

.2

>100 25 45 40 10 10 9

Tabl

e 8.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Iow

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 3 « c I i Sr 3

C 01 3 ID s -1 I <§ 31 1 ! 1 §

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.17

)36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

Stat

ion

no.

0546

3000

0546

3500

0546

4000

0546

4500

0546

5000

0546

5500

0547

0000

0547

0500

0547

1000

0547

1050

0547

1200

0547

1500

0547

2500

0547

3400

0547

4000

0547

4500

0547

6500

0547

6750

0547

9000

0548

0500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nB

eave

r Cre

ek a

t New

Har

tfor

d, I

AB

lack

Haw

k C

reek

at H

udso

n, I

AC

edar

Riv

er a

t Wat

erlo

o, I

AC

edar

Riv

er a

t Ced

ar R

apid

s, I

AC

edar

Riv

er n

ear

Con

esvi

lle, I

A

Iow

a R

iver

at W

apel

lo, I

ASo

uth

Skun

k R

iver

nea

r Am

es, I

A

Squa

w C

reek

at A

mes

, IA

Sout

h Sk

unk

Riv

er b

elow

Squ

awC

reek

nea

r Am

es, I

ASo

uth

Skun

k R

iver

at C

olfa

x, IA

Indi

an C

reek

nea

r M

ingo

, IA

Sout

h Sk

unk

Riv

er n

ear O

skal

oosa

,IA

Nor

th S

kunk

Riv

er n

ear

Sigo

umey

, IA

Ced

ar C

reek

nea

r O

akla

nd M

ills,

IA

Skun

k R

iver

at A

ugus

ta, I

A

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t Keo

kuk,

IA

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er a

t Est

herv

ille,

IA

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er a

t Hum

bold

t, IA

Eas

t For

k D

es M

oine

s R

iver

at D

akot

aC

ity, I

AD

es M

oine

s R

iver

at F

ort D

odge

, IA

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)34

730

35,

146

6,51

07,

785

12,4

99 315

204

556

803

276

1,63

5

730

530

4,30

3

119,

000

1,37

22,

256

1,30

8

4,19

0

Perio

d19

45-9

319

52-9

319

40-9

319

02-9

319

39-9

3

1914

-93

1920

-27,

1932

-93

1919

-27,

1965

-93

1952

-79,

1991

-93

1985

-93

1958

-75,

1985

-93

1945

-93

1945

-93

1977

-93

1913

-93

1878

-19

9319

51-9

319

64-9

319

40-9

3

1905

-06,

1913

-27,

1946

-93

1Yea

r19

4719

6919

6119

6119

61

1973

1954

1990

1975

1990

1991

1947

1960

1983

1973

1851

1969

1969

1954

1965

Stag

e (ft

)13

.50

18.2

321

.86

420.

0041

6.85

428.

9141

3.90

15.9

7

25.5

7

19.0

7

19.1

6

^3.0

5

25.3

319

.68

27.0

5

21.0

17.6

815

.40

24.0

2

419.

62

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

18,0

0019

,300

76,7

0073

,000

70,8

00

92,0

008,

630

12,5

00

14,7

00

8,77

0

23,5

00

20,0

00

27,5

008,

560

66,8

00

360,

000

16,0

0018

,000

17,4

00

35,6

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

1Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)3/

31 7/9

4/2

4/4

4/6

7/8

8/16 7/9

7/9

7/12 7/9

7/15 7/6

7/9

7/10

7/10

6/30

7/13 4/1

4/1

Stag

e (ft

)13

.45

16.9

420

.60

19.2

717

.11

^9.5

314

.23

18.5

4

25.5

3

21.5

3

18.6

4

24.7

8

24.6

821

.27

23.7

0

27.5

8

15.3

815

.22

23.3

5

15.8

1

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

14,7

009,

670

68,1

0071

,000

74,0

00

111,

000

11,2

00

24,3

00

26,5

00

14,2

00

18,6

00

20,7

00

17,5

008,

920

46,6

00

446,

000

9,33

019

,000

16,2

00

31,2

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)15 11 19 35 35 100 51

.2

51.8

51.5

51.1

30 1810

-15 35

>100 20 80 25 30

Tabl

e 8.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Iow

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, G CO i (Q 3" y EU 3

Q. i i 3 I M 5" 1 o 1 8 M <£. o o.

0) I 8 g

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-17

)56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Stat

ion

no.

0548

1000

0548

1300

0548

1650

0548

1950

0548

2135

0548

2300

0548

2500

0548

3343

0548

3450

0548

3600

0548

4000

0548

4500

0548

4800

0548

5500

0548

5640

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Boo

ne R

iver

nea

r Web

ster

City

, IA

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er n

ear S

trat

ford

, IA

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er n

ear S

aylo

rvill

e, I

AB

eave

r C

reek

nea

r Gri

mes

, IA

Nor

th R

acco

on R

iver

nea

r N

ewel

l, IA

Nor

th R

acco

on R

iver

nea

r Sa

c C

ity,

IAN

orth

Rac

coon

Riv

er n

ear J

effe

rson

,IA

Haz

elbr

ush

Cre

ek n

ear M

aple

Riv

er,

IAM

iddl

e R

acco

on R

iver

nea

r Bay

ard,

IAM

iddl

e R

acco

on R

iver

nea

r Pan

ora,

IA

Sout

h R

acco

on R

iver

at R

edfi

eld,

IA

Rac

coon

Riv

er a

t Van

Met

er, I

AW

alnu

t Cre

ek a

t Des

Moi

nes,

IA

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er b

elow

Rac

coon

Riv

er a

t Des

Moi

nes,

IA

Four

mile

Cre

ek a

t Des

Moi

nes,

IA

844

5,45

25,

841

358

233

700

1,61

9 9.22

375

440

994

3,44

1 78.4

9,87

9 92.7

Perio

d19

40-9

319

20-9

319

61-9

319

60-9

319

82-9

3

1958

-93

1940

-93

1990

-93

1979

-93

1958

-93

1940

-93

1915

-93

1971

-93

1940

-93

1971

-93

1Yea

r19

5419

5419

8419

8619

84

1979

1947

1991

1986

1986

1958

1947

1986

1984

1977

Stag

e (ft

)18

.55

29.7

020

.72

14.7

316

.73

"20.

14

22.3

0

13.5

9

24.7

0

15.5

0

29.0

4"2

2.69

18.3

228

.46

"14.

84

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/s

)20

,300

57,4

0030

,100

7,98

02,

850

13,1

00

29,1

00 957

12,3

00

15,3

00

35,0

0041

,200

12,5

0058

,400

5,38

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

1Dat

e (m

onth

/ St

age

day)

(ft

)4/

14/

27/

217/

107/

11

7/11

7/10 7/9

7/9

7/9

7/10

7/10

8/29

7/11 7/9

15.3

225

.68

"24.

2216

.58

16.2

0

17.5

5

19.2

0

14.7

7

29.0

2

20.0

4

26.9

826

.34

17.5

634

.29

14.0

2

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

13,1

0042

,300

45,7

0014

,300

2,42

0

6,55

0

16,9

00

1,12

0

27,5

00

22,4

00

44,0

0070

,100

6,46

011

6,00

0

4,21

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)13 25

>100 51

.2 5 4 10 51.2

100 51

.251

.3 8 6

I

71

0548

6000

N

orth

Riv

er n

ear N

orw

alk,

IA

72

0548

6490

M

iddl

e R

iver

nea

r Ind

iano

la, I

A73

05

4874

70

Sout

h R

iver

nea

r Ack

wor

th, I

A74

05

4875

00

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er n

ear R

unne

lls, I

A75

05

4879

80

Whi

te B

reas

t Cre

ek n

ear

Dal

las,

IA

349

1940

-93

503

1940

-93

460

1940

-93

11,6

55

1985

-93

342

1962

-93

1947

1947

1990

1990

1982

25.3

028

.27

"32.

85"7

9.20

33.4

5

32,0

0034

,000

38,1

0088

,300

37,3

00

8/31 7/5

7/6

7/11 7/6

23.4

021

.62

30.0

282

.88

30.2

0

8,69

010

,000

32,2

0013

4,00

025

,500

8 4 35 - 50

Tabl

e 8.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Iow

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods

in

the

United

St.

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.17

)

76

77

78

79

80

Stat

ion

no.

0548

8110

05

4882

00

0548

8500

05

4890

00

0548

9500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nD

es M

oine

s R

iver

nea

r Pel

la, I

A

Eng

lish

Cre

ek n

ear K

noxv

ille,

IA

D

es M

oine

s R

iver

nea

r Tra

cy, I

A

Ced

ar C

reek

nea

r Bus

sey,

LA

Des

Moi

nes

Riv

er a

t Ottu

mw

a, I

A

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)12

,330

90

.1

12,4

79

374

13,3

74

Perio

d19

92-9

3 19

85-9

3 19

20-9

3 19

47-9

3 19

17-9

3

1Yea

r

1982

1984

19

82

1984

Stag

e (ft

)

30.2

8

18.1

1 34

.61

14.6

4

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

28,0

00

42,6

00

96,0

00

47,8

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

1Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

12

7/5

7/12

7/

5 7/

12

Stag

e (ft

)10

9.71

27

.88

24.1

6 28

.53

22.1

5

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

105,

000

18,9

00

109,

000

36,1

00

112,

000

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

35

>100

n> 3 i M H I C

(Q

82 83 84 85

06483500

06485500

06486000

06600000

81

0549

0500

D

es M

oine

s R

iver

at K

eosa

uqua

, IA

Roc

k R

iver

nea

r Roc

k V

alle

y, L

A B

ig S

ioux

Riv

er a

t Akr

on, I

A

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Sio

ux C

ity, I

A

Perr

y C

reek

at 3

8th

Stre

et, S

ioux

City

, LA

86

0660

0100

Fl

oyd

Riv

er a

t Alto

n, I

A87

06

6003

00

Wes

t Bra

nch

Floy

d R

iver

nea

r St

rubl

e, L

A.88

06

6005

00

Floy

d R

iver

at J

ames

, LA.

89

0660

1200

M

isso

uri R

iver

at D

ecat

ur, N

E90

06

6020

20

Wes

t For

k D

itch

at H

omic

k, L

A.

14,0

38

1,59

28,

424

314,

600 65.1

268

180

886

316,

200

403

1903

-06,

1910

-93

1948

-93

1928

-93

1897

-19

9319

45-6

919

81-9

3

1955

-93

1955

-93

1934

-93

1987

-93

1939

-69,

1974

-93

1973

1969

1969

1960

1990

1983

1962

1953

1990

1962

28.0

2

317.

3222

.99

430.

65

28.5

4

418.

5441

5.86

25.3

042

5.59

425.

20

72,2

00

40,4

00

80,8

0010

1,00

0

8,67

0

16,3

008,

060

71,5

0040

,900

12,4

00

7/13 5/9

5/10

7/15 3/8

3/28

3/26

3/29

7/16

3/28

32.6

6

19.9

723

.05

27.3

3

12.1

4

17.4

614

.23

22.3

432

.19

19.4

7

111,

000

29,3

0066

,700

72,2

00

1,12

0

6,58

03,

470

9,68

076

,400

4,74

0

25 50 <2 7 3 6 4

91

0660

2400

M

onon

a-H

arri

son

Ditc

h ne

ar T

urin

, LA

.92

06

6050

00

Och

eyed

an R

iver

nea

r Spe

ncer

, LA

93

0660

5850

L

ittle

Sio

ux R

iver

at L

inn

Gro

ve, L

A94

06

6066

00

Litt

le S

ioux

Riv

er a

t Cor

rect

ionv

ille,

IA

95

0660

7200

M

aple

Riv

er a

t Map

leto

n, L

A

900

1958

-93

1971

28.0

3 19

,900

3/27

20.4

86,

980

426

1,54

82,

500

669

1977

-93

1972

-93

1918

-25,

1928

-32,

1936

-93

1941

-93

1983

1984

1965

1978

10.4

919

.58

25.8

6

422.

10

6,45

013

,100

29,8

00

20,8

00

7/1

7/2

7/18 7/9

11.2

820

.63

23.8

2

9.67

6,17

016

,100

22,6

00

7,13

0

8 14 25 2

Tabl

e 8.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Iow

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, Ga( » T <o 3 D) 3 Q.

I 8 O i 9!. en 3 f C 1 i en

en en

¥L 5 D) 3 Q.

8 C 2 1tn_ 3 cn o- 1

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.17

)

96 97 98 99 100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

Stat

ion

no.

0660

7500

0660

8500

0660

9500

0661

0000

0680

7000

0680

7410

0680

8500

0680

9210

0680

9500

0681

0000

0681

7000

0681

9185

0689

7950

0689

8000

0690

3400

0690

3700

0690

3900

0690

4010

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nL

ittle

Sio

ux R

iver

nea

r Tur

in, I

ASo

ldie

r Riv

er a

t Pis

gah,

IA

Boy

er R

iver

at L

ogan

, IA

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Om

aha,

ME

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Neb

rask

a C

ity, N

E

Wes

t Nis

hnab

otna

Riv

er a

t Han

cock

,LA

Wes

t Nis

hnab

otna

Riv

er a

t Ran

dolp

h,IA

Eas

t Nis

hnab

otna

Riv

er n

ear A

tlant

ic,

IAE

ast N

ishn

abot

na R

iver

at R

ed O

ak,

IA

Nis

hnab

otna

Riv

er a

bove

Ham

burg

,IA

Nod

away

Riv

er a

t Cla

rind

a, L

A

Eas

t For

k 10

2 R

iver

at B

edfo

rd, I

AE

lk C

reek

nea

r Dec

atur

City

, LA

Tho

mps

on R

iver

at D

avis

City

, IA

Cha

rito

n R

iver

nea

r C

hari

ton,

IA

Sout

h Fo

rk C

hari

ton

Riv

er n

ear

Prom

ise

City

, LA

Cha

rito

n R

iver

nea

r R

athb

un, I

AC

hari

ton

Riv

er n

ear M

oulto

n, L

A

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)3,

526

407

871

322,

800

410,

000

609

1,32

6

436

894

2,80

6

762 85

.452

.570

1

182

168

549

740

Peri

od19

58-9

319

40-9

319

18-2

5,19

37-9

319

28-9

319

29-9

3

1959

-93

1948

-93

1960

-93

1918

-25,

1936

-93

1922

-23,

1928

-93

1918

-25,

1936

-93

1983

-93

1967

-93

1918

-25,

1941

-93

1965

-93

1967

-93

1956

-93

1979

-93

1Yea

r19

8319

5019

90

1952

1952

1972

1987

1972

1972

1947

1947

1986

1990

1992

1992

1992

1973

1982

Stag

e (ft

)"2

7.44

28.1

7

"25.

22

440.

20

27.6

6

22.1

2

"24.

80

22.8

1

"28.

23

"28.

27

25.3

0

23.4

7

"28.

22

24.2

9

29.3

2

34.8

4

14.9

2

36.8

3

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

31,2

0022

,500

30,8

00

396,

000

414,

000

26,4

00

40,8

00

26,7

00

38,0

00

55,5

00

31,1

00

9,57

018

,000

57,0

00

37,7

00

70,6

00

1,88

011

,200

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

1Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

19 7/9

7/9

7/10

7/23

7/10

7/23

8/30

8/31

7/25

7/22 7/5

7/5

7/5

7/5

7/5

3/24 7/8

Stag

e (ft

)23

.96

27.5

622

.19

30.2

627

.19

23.5

2

23.6

0

17.3

4

21.9

8

30.5

6

22.9

5

23.8

529

.93

20.5

3

22.6

0

25.0

9

413.

1234

.18

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

26,3

0023

,400

26,2

00

115,

000

196,

000

30,1

00

22,1

00

13,1

00

21,6

00

37,7

00

28,0

00

9,17

032

,800

30,3

00

14,9

00

16,9

00

2,04

06,

500

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)- 20 20 _

50-1

00 35 4 4 10 45 13

10-2

0 35 80 25 13 -- -

'Unl

ess

note

d ot

herw

ise

with

the

stag

e, th

e m

axim

um s

tage

and

max

imum

dis

char

ge o

ccur

red

on th

e sa

me

date

. 2D

aily

mea

n di

scha

rge.

u

3Gag

e at

diff

eren

t dat

um.

4Max

imum

sta

ge o

ccur

red

on d

ate

diff

eren

t fro

m d

ate

of m

axim

um d

isch

arge

. 5R

atio

of

1993

pea

k di

scha

rge

to 1

00-y

ear r

ecur

renc

e-in

terv

al d

isch

arge

.

(0 I c (0 <Q <o 8

10,

40'1-U

95°

39'

lase

from

U S

G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vev

digi

tal d

ata,

1 2

,000

,000

.199

4 Al

bers

Equ

sl-At

ea C

onic

ptoj

ectio

n St

anda

td p

aral

lels

29°

30' a

nd 4

5°30

', ce

ntra

l mer

idia

n -9

6°00

'O

KL

AH

OM

A75

MIL

ES

25

50

75 K

ILO

MET

ERS

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

Stre

amfl

ow-g

agin

g st

atio

n an

d si

te n

um

ber

N

umbe

r co

rres

pond

s to

tha

t in

tabl

e 9

Figu

re 1

8.

Loca

tion

of s

elec

ted

stre

amflo

w-g

agin

g st

atio

ns in

Kan

sas.

Tl

O O

a

o1

I O B)

(Q

<B <B

(5'

0) Q.

3)

<B S i

Tabl

e 9.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

Mar

ch 1

-Sep

tem

ber 3

0,19

93,

in K

ansa

s1[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; <

, les

s th

an;

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s][m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; <

, les

s th

an; ,

not

det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

; >, g

reat

er th

an.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

Ul w 0) Q.

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no

.(fi

g-18

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Stat

ion

no.

0681

4000

0684

4900

0684

6500

0684

7900

0684

8000

0684

8500

0685

3500

0685

3800

0685

4000

0685

6000

0685

6600

0685

7100

0686

0000

0686

1000

0686

2700

0686

2850

0686

3500

0686

4050

0686

7000

0686

8200

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nTu

rkey

Cre

ek n

ear S

enec

a, K

SSo

uth

Fork

Sap

pa C

reek

nea

rA

chill

es, K

SB

eave

r C

reek

at C

edar

Blu

ffs,

KS

Prai

rie D

og C

reek

at K

eith

Seb

eliu

sLa

ke, K

SPr

airie

Dog

Cre

ek a

t Nor

ton,

KS

Prai

rie D

og C

reek

nea

r Woo

druf

f, K

S

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

nea

r Har

dy, M

EW

hite

Roc

k C

reek

nea

r Bur

r Oak

, KS

Whi

te R

ock

Cre

ek a

t Lov

ewel

l, K

SR

epub

lican

Riv

er a

t Con

cord

ia, K

S

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

at C

lay

Cen

ter,

KS

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

bel

ow M

ilfor

dD

arn.

KS

Smok

y H

ill R

iver

at E

lkad

er, K

SSm

oky

Hill

Riv

er n

ear A

rnol

d, K

SSm

oky

Hill

Riv

er n

ear S

choe

nche

n,K

S

Smok

y H

ill R

iver

bel

ow S

choe

nche

n,K

SB

ig C

reek

nea

r Hay

s, K

SSm

oky

Hill

Riv

er n

ear B

unke

r Hill

,K

SSa

line

Riv

er n

ear R

usse

ll, K

S

Salin

e R

iver

at W

ilson

Dam

, KS

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)27

644

6

1,61

859

0

684

1,00

7

22,4

01 227

345

23,5

60

24,5

4224

,890

3,55

55,

220

5,75

0

5,81

0

594

7,07

5

1,50

2

1,91

7

Perio

d19

49-9

319

59-9

3

1945

-93

1962

-93

1943

-93

1928

-32,

1944

-93

1931

-93

1957

-93

1945

-93

1945

-93

1917

-93

1963

-93

1939

-93

1950

-93

1964

-93

1981

-93

1946

-93

1939

-93

1945

-53,

1959

-93

1963

-93

Yea

r19

7319

75

1960

1972

1953

1947

1935

1973

1950

1947

1935

1964

1969

1951

1970

1987

1957

1951

1964

1973

Stag

e (ft

)24

.77

10.4

7

18.7

112

.81

25.6

0

19.4

025

.06

21.6

214

.90

25.7

422

.10

8.85

12.5

716

.17

13.5

7

22.0

723

.86

19.7

0

18.8

4

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

21,4

005,

310

7,94

08,

880

37,5

00

15,0

00

225,

000

15,8

0023

,300

75,0

00

195,

000

17,2

00

22,3

0023

,800

20,4

00

3,74

0

22,4

0039

,500

19,4

00

3,32

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

73/

7

6/27 3/8

7/8

3/8

7/27

7/17

7/22

7/22

7/24

7/26

7/20

7/20

7/21

7/21

7/21

7/22

7/21

7/22

Stag

e (ft

)24

.06

8.86

9.59

12.3

4

5.59

15.3

4

12.4

819

.53

19.1

619

.77

23.3

621

.52

7.21

7.95

16.5

5

17.6

0

29.0

027

.14

25.7

3

14.1

7

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

15,8

00 314

588

1,13

0 62

1,06

0

10,5

004,

990

4,78

037

,700

48,1

0033

,700

4,08

04,

890

20,2

00

20,5

00

5,52

032

,400

41,5

00

1,87

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)5-

10 <2 2-5

2-5 <2 <2 <2

10-2

55-

105-

10

10-2

5

2-5

2-5 _

10-2

5

>100

Tabl

e 9.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Kan

sas1

Con

tinue

d

Summary of

Floods 3 I C

3 I a. W I y 1 c ! i H I 3- w § fa __ I

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.18

)21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Stat

ion

no.

0686

9500

0687

0200

0687

1000

0687

1500

0687

1800

0687

2500

0687

3000

0687

3200

0687

3460

0687

4000

0687

5900

0687

6070

0687

6700

0687

6900

0687

7600

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nSa

line

Riv

er a

t Tes

cott,

KS

Smok

y H

ill R

iver

at N

ew C

ambr

ia,

KS

Nor

th F

ork

Solo

mon

Riv

er a

t Gla

de,

KS

Bow

Cre

ek n

ear

Stoc

kton

, KS

Nor

th F

ork

Solo

mon

Riv

er a

t Kir

win

,K

S

Nor

th F

ork

Solo

mon

Riv

er a

t Por

tis,

KS

Sout

h Fo

rk S

olom

on R

iver

abo

veW

ebst

er R

eser

voir

, KS

Sout

h Fo

rk S

olom

on R

iver

bel

owW

ebst

er R

eser

voir

, KS

Sout

h Fo

rk S

olom

on R

iver

at

Woo

dsto

n, K

SSo

uth

Fork

Sol

omon

Riv

er a

tO

sbor

ne, K

S

Solo

mon

Riv

er n

ear

Gle

n El

der,

KS

Solo

mon

Riv

er n

ear

Sim

pson

, KS

Salt

Cre

ek n

ear

Ada

, KS

Solo

mon

Riv

er n

ear N

iles,

KS

Smok

y H

ill R

iver

at E

nter

pris

e, K

S

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)2,

820

11,7

30 849

341

1,36

7

2,31

5

1,04

0

1,15

0

1,50

2

2,01

2

5,34

05,

538

384

6,77

0

19,2

60

Perio

d19

19-9

319

62-9

3

1952

-93

1950

-93

1919

-25,

1928

-32,

1941

-93

1945

-93

1945

-93

1956

-93

1978

-93

1946

-93

1964

-93

1990

-93

1959

-93

1897

-03,

1917

-93

1934

-93

Yea

r19

5119

73

1957

1951

1919

1951

1951

1962

1987

1951

1987 - 1961

1951

1951

Stag

e (ft

)30

.06

30.9

1

18.5

5

13.6

022

.50

30.4

1

14.9

0

- 19.8

2

27.6

5

28.3

1- 23

.25

31.7

6

33.9

6

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

61,4

0026

,400

23,3

00

12,9

0024

,000

35,7

00

55,2

00

2,07

0

4,38

0

81,2

00

7,47

0 --

16,0

0017

8,00

0

233,

000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

236/

25

8/15 7/9

8/31

7/21

8/31 9/1

7/21

7/21

7/22 7/8

7/19

7/22

7/22

Stag

e (ft

)30

.14

31.7

2

11.8

8

11.8

03.

02

23.4

3

11.4

1

4.41

22.8

9

28.3

3

29.5

732

.69

22.4

330

.24

33.9

5

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

8,43

018

,600

2,52

0

3,12

0 11

9,18

0

5,94

0 53

8,71

0

59,1

00

9,41

010

,700

9,17

017

,900

47,6

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)5-

10 -

2-5 <2 -- _

2-5 --

>200 -

10-2

5 10 50

36

0687

9100

37

0687

9650

38

0688

2510

39

0688

4200

40

0688

4400

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t For

t Rile

y, K

S K

ings

Cre

ek n

ear M

anha

ttan,

KS

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at M

arys

ville

, KS

Mill

Cre

ek a

t Was

hing

ton,

KS

Litt

le B

lue

Riv

er n

ear

Bar

nes,

KS

44,8

70

1963

-93

4.09

19

79-9

34,

777

1984

-93

344

1959

-93

3,32

4 19

58-9

3

1951

1992

1986

1983

1973

34.5

12.0

538

.90

29.1

327

.70

-

5,80

039

,700

12,3

0053

,700

7/26

7/17

7/28 7/7

7/15

27.9

313

.12

36.1

029

.35

19.9

9

87,6

008,

220

31,6

0014

,600

23,8

00

--

>500 25

5-10

Tabl

e 9.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Kan

sas1

Con

tinue

d

Flood

Discharges, O £ (D ff 10 I 0) ZL i 3 o (D 5 1 5" (D o 1 2 at (A I 1.

0) 3 a 2 if o c 2.

31 $

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no

.(fig

-18

)41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

Stat

ion

no.

0688

5500

0688

7000

0688

7500

0688

8350

0688

8500

0688

9000

0688

9140

0688

9160

0688

9200

0688

9500

0689

0100

0689

0900

0689

1000

0689

1500

0689

2000

0689

2350

0689

3080

0689

3300

0691

0800

0691

1500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nB

lack

Ver

mill

ion

Riv

er n

ear

Fran

kfor

t, K

SB

ig B

lue

Riv

er n

ear

Man

hatta

n, K

S

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t Wam

ego,

KS

Kan

sas

Riv

er n

ear

Bel

vue,

KS

Mill

Cre

ek n

ear P

axic

o, K

S

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t Top

eka,

KS

Sold

ier C

reek

nea

r So

ldie

r, K

SSo

ldie

r Cre

ek n

ear

Circ

levi

lle, K

SSo

ldie

r Cre

ek n

ear

Del

ia, K

SSo

ldie

r Cre

ek n

ear T

opek

a, K

S

Del

awar

e R

iver

nea

r M

usco

tah,

KS

Del

awar

e R

iver

bel

ow P

erry

Dam

, KS

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t Lec

ompt

on, K

SW

akar

usa

Riv

er n

ear

Law

renc

e, K

SSt

rang

er C

reek

nea

r To

ngan

oxie

, KS

Kan

sas

Riv

er a

t DeS

oto,

KS

Blu

e R

iver

nea

r Sta

nley

, KS

Indi

an C

reek

at O

verla

nd P

ark,

KS

Mar

ais

des

Cyg

nes

Riv

er n

ear

Rea

ding

, KS

Salt

Cre

ek n

ear L

yndo

n, K

S

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)41

0

9,64

0

55,2

8055

,870 316

56,7

20 16.9

49.3

157

290

431

1,11

758

,460 425

406

59,7

56 46 26.6

111

111

Perio

d19

53

1951

,19

54-9

319

19-9

319

82-9

319

53-9

3

1917

-93

1964

-93

1964

-93

1958

-93

1929

-32,

1935

-93

1969

-93

1969

-93

1936

-93

1929

-93

1929

-93

1917

-93

1970

-93

1963

-93

1969

-93

1939

-93

Yea

r19

59

1951

1951

1984

1973

1951

1970

1984

1982

1882

1977

1984

1951

1951

1951

1951

1990

1984

1982

1951

Dis-

St

age

char

ge

(ft)

(ft3/

s)32

.28

38,3

00

36.0

4 93

,400

30.5

6 40

0,00

020

.34

65,0

0032

.21

42,2

00

40.8

0 46

9,00

016

.46

11,7

0021

.52

25,3

0023

.95

29,4

0027

.44

30,4

00

30.8

3 28

,000

12,1

0030

.23

483,

000

31.5

9 24

,200

28.9

4 33

,100

37.3

0 51

0,00

020

.51

20,2

0017

.78

12,8

0027

.47

67,4

00

17.0

0 36

,400

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

5

7/23

7/26

7/26

7/25

7/25

7/22 7/5

7/10

7/10

7/22

8/13

7/27

7/10

7/10

7/27

7/10

7/10

7/22

7/22

Stag

e (ft

) 32

.71

27.3

326

.00

29.0

8

34.9

011

.24

17.9

121

.10

23.4

2

28.9

0- 24

.65

26.0

025

.83

26.9

120

.10

15.8

224

.65

14.8

7

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

18,7

00

58,8

00

199,

000

170,

000

26,0

00

170,

000

4,81

04,

750

8,52

018

,900

19,4

0010

,100

175,

000

5,32

011

400

172,

000

18,6

009,

070

25,2

00

9,32

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)5-

10 --

25-5

0 -- 10

25-5

010

-25

2-5

5-10

10-2

5

5-10 -- 25 <2 5 25

50-1

00 2510

-25

10-2

509 (A O

"

CD

Tabl

e 9.

M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Kan

sas1

Con

tinue

d

tt i i a TJ

W = (D C 1 SD) <? w Sr § ** 5 3 c (Q 3-

"S 3 i u

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no.

(fig.

18)

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70i

Dra

inag

eSt

atio

nno

.06

9119

0006

9125

00

0691

3000

0691

3500

0691

4000

0691

5000

0691

5800

0691

6600

0691

7000

0691

7380

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nD

rago

on C

reek

nea

r Bur

linga

me,

KS

Hun

dred

and

Ten

Mile

Cre

ek n

ear

Que

nem

o, K

SM

arai

s de

s C

ygne

s Riv

er n

ear

Pom

ona,

KS

Mar

ais d

es C

ygne

s Riv

er n

ear O

ttaw

a,K

SPo

ttaw

atom

ie C

reek

nea

r Gam

ett,

KS

Big

Bul

l Cre

ek n

ear H

illsd

ale,

KS

Mar

ais

des

Cygn

es R

iver

at

La C

ygne

, KS

Mar

ais d

es C

ygne

s R

iver

nea

rK

ansa

s-M

isso

uri S

tate

line

Littl

e O

sage

Riv

er a

t Ful

ton,

KS

Mar

mat

on R

iver

nea

r Mar

mat

on, K

S

area

(mi2

)11

432

2

1,04

0

1,25

0

334

147

2,66

9

3,23

0

295

292

Perio

d19

60-9

319

39-7

3

1922

-38,

1968

-93

1902

-05,

1918

-93

1939

-93

1958

-93

1984

-93

1958

1949

-93

1971

-93

Yea

r19

8219

51

1928

1951

1961

1961

1985

1986

1986

1986

Stag

e(ft

)22

.64

28.4

7

38.3

8

42.5

0

35.3

8

20.8

532

.20

34.3

1

35.2

142

.87

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

34,4

0038

,600

69,4

00

142,

000

57,0

00

39,6

0050

,100

64,1

00

62,8

0010

6,00

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y)7/

228/

23

7/23

7/22

7/22 7/7

7/24

7/25

9/25

9/25

Stag

e(ft

)21

.60

13.5

4

29.2

8

33.8

7

29.9

3

11.1

832

.05

31.5

0

27.6

235

.58

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

17,6

002,

780

19,3

00

17,1

00

17,2

00

1,19

047

,200

40,2

00

12,8

0028

,700

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

10-2

5 2

5-10 2-5

2-5

5-10 5

2-5

5-10

Ark

ansa

s R

iver

Bas

in fl

oods

list

ed in

tabl

e 43

.

NORTH DAKOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data. 1 2,000,000, 1994Albert Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29=30' and 45 : 30', central meridian -96"00'

IO\VA 25 50 75 MILES

25 50 75 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION.21 Streamflow-gaging station and site number


Figure 19. Location of selected streamf low-gaging stations in Minnesota.

Flood Discharges, Gage Halghts, and Recurrence Intervals In the Upper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins by State 49

Ul o

Tabl

e 10

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Min

neso

ta[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; <

, les

s th

an; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

immary of

Floods

in

the

U 3_ Q. at I w c 0) 3 i M H

I C <0 f 1 I

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.19

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Stat

ion

no.

0520

0510

0520

1500

0520

6500

0521

1000

0521

9000

0522

7500

0523

1000

0524

2300

0524

3725

0524

4000

0524

5100

0524

7000

0524

7500

0526

1000

0526

7000

0527

0500

0527

0700

0527

5000

0528

0000

0528

6000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

nea

r Bem

idji,

MN

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t Win

nibi

gosh

ish

Dam

nea

r D

eer R

iver

, MN

Lee

ch L

ake

Riv

er a

t Fed

eral

Dam

,M

NM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

at G

rand

Rap

ids,

MN

Sand

y R

iver

at S

andy

Lak

e D

am n

ear

Dee

r Riv

er, M

N

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t Aitk

in, M

NPi

ne R

iver

at C

ross

Lak

e D

am n

ear

Dee

r Riv

er, M

NM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

at B

rain

erd,

MN

Stra

ight

Riv

er n

ear P

ark

Rap

ids,

MN

Cro

w W

ing

Riv

er a

t Nirn

rod,

MN

Lon

g Pr

airi

e R

iver

at L

ong

Prai

rie,

MN

Gul

l Riv

er a

t Gul

l Lak

e D

am n

ear

Bra

iner

d, M

NC

row

Win

g R

iver

nea

r Pill

ager

, MN

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er n

ear F

ort R

iple

y,M

NM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

nea

r Roy

alto

n, M

N

Sauk

Riv

er n

ear S

t. C

loud

, MN

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t St.

Clo

ud, M

NE

lk R

iver

nea

r Big

Lak

e, M

NC

row

Riv

er a

t Roc

kfor

d, M

NR

um R

iver

nea

r St

. Fra

ncis

, MN

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)61

01,

442

1,16

3

3,37

0

421

6,14

056

2

7,32

0 53.2

1,01

0

432

287

3,52

011

,010

11,6

00 925

13,3

20 615

2,52

01,

360

Perio

d19

88-9

318

85-9

3

1885

-93

1884

-93

1896

-93

1945

-93

1887

-93

1988

-93

1987

-93

1910

-93

1972

-93

1912

-93

1924

-93

1971

-93

1924

-93

1909

-93

1989

-93

1911

-93

1909

-93

1916

-93

Yea

r19

8919

05

1957

1948

1897

1950

1896

1989

1989

1991

1950

1973

1972

1938

1965

1979

1965

1965

1991

1965

1965

1965

Stag

e (ft

)4.

87 -- 15

.20

22.4

9 12

.40

2.24

32.7

137

.64

7.35

9.37

~ -- 13.5

8

-- 10.6

87.

7110

.86

19.2

711

.57

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

887

'4,3

70

' 22,

520

212,

500

'3,7

40

'19,

900

'2,2

50

10,8

00 89 -- 3,

700

3,27

0

1,12

0

'18,

300

28,0

00

'37,

700

9,10

019

,700

7,36

022

,400

10,1

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)05

/07

08/0

6

09/1

4

07/2

0

06/2

5

07/1

007

/16

07/1

004

/25

04/0

103

/31

05/3

107

/10

06/0

1

06/0

207

/14

07/1

1

07/0

807

/11

06/3

007

/08

07/0

2

Stag

e (ft

)4.

93 -- 10

.26

14.2

0_

_ 13.6

52.

00

35.6

035

.55

5.02

5.24

7.07

9.70

-- 5.28

8.08

2.97

13.2

35.

64

Dis

char

ge

DIs

- re

curr

ence

ch

arge

in

terv

al

(ft3/

s)

(yea

rs)

938

'1,1

00

'840

3,03

0

'1,6

10

'9,7

80'1

,250

12,2

00 93 '1

,300 55

0

584

7,36

016

,700

19,0

00

1,97

021

,700 71

610

,000

2,41

0

-- <2 <2 4 3 4 3 10 10 2 <2 4 3 2 3 3 2 <2 12 <2irr

s

Tabl

e 10

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Min

neso

ta C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, O IQ ID ID IQ I § 3) i « I § 0) M 5" f c o

1 M*

M o 0) Q.

M i 5 * 09 s 3 (A CT w i

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-19

)21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Stat

ion

no.

0528

7890

0528

8500

0529

0000

0529

1000

0529

2000

0529

2704

0529

3000

0529

4000

0530

0000

0530

1000

0530

4500

0531

1000

0531

3500

0531

5000

0531

6500

0531

7000

0531

7200

0531

9500

0532

0000

0532

0500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nE

lm C

reek

nea

r C

ham

plin

, MN

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er n

ear

Ano

ka, M

NL

ittle

Min

neso

ta R

iver

nea

r Pee

ver,

SDW

hets

tone

Riv

er n

ear

Big

Sto

ne C

ity,

SDM

inne

sota

Riv

er a

t Ort

onvi

lle, M

N

Nor

th F

ork

Yel

low

Ban

k R

iver

nea

rO

dess

a, M

NY

ello

w B

ank

Riv

er n

ear

Ode

ssa,

MN

Pom

rne

de T

erre

Riv

er a

t App

leto

n,M

NL

ac q

ui P

arle

Riv

er n

ear L

ac q

uiPa

rle,

MN

Min

neso

ta R

iver

nea

r Lac

qui

Par

le,

MN

Chi

ppew

a R

iver

nea

r M

ilan,

MN

Min

neso

ta R

iver

at M

onte

vide

o, M

NY

ello

w M

edic

ine

Riv

er n

ear

Gra

nite

Falls

, MN

Red

woo

d R

iver

nea

r M

arsh

all,

MN

Red

woo

d R

iver

nea

r R

edw

ood

Falls

,M

N

Cot

tonw

ood

Riv

er n

ear

New

Ulm

,M

NL

ittle

Cot

tonw

ood

Riv

er n

ear

Cou

rtla

nd, M

NW

aton

wan

Riv

er n

ear

Gar

den

City

,M

NB

lue

Ear

th R

iver

nea

r Rap

idan

, MN

Le

Sueu

r R

iver

nea

r Rap

idan

, MN

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)84

.919

,100 447

389

1,16

0

398

905

983

4,05

0

1,87

06,

180

653

259

629

1,28

0

230

851

2,43

01,

100

Perio

d19

79-9

319

16-9

319

20-9

3

1910

-93

1920

-93

1991

-93

1920

-93

1920

-93

1910

-18,

1920

-93

1920

-23

1920

-93

1909

-93

1882

-93

1920

-93

1920

-93

1920

-93

1973

-93

1920

-93

1882

-93

1920

-93

Yea

r19

8619

6519

4319

5219

1919

6919

52

1992

1969

1969

1969

1969

1969

1969

1919

1969

1957

1965

1969

1985

1965

1965

1965

Stag

e (ft

)9.

9319

.53

313.

3512

.16

26.0

14.3

212

.92

13.3

2

19.0

714

.58

3 19.

37

39.7

5

15.4

521

.68

17.5 15.9

2

320.

8619

.15

8.96

18.7

2

21.3

622

.72

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

597

91,0

00 --4,

370

229,

000

6,87

03,

060

2,02

0

6,97

05,

520

17,1

00

29,4

00

11,4

0035

,100

25,2

00

5,59

019

,700 _

28,7

001,

340

19,0

00

43,1

0024

,700

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)06

/22

07/1

107

/25

07/1

8

07/2

8

07/2

6

07/2

607

/10

06/2

3

08/0

3

08/0

108

/04

06/2

1

05/0

906

/18

06/1

9

06/2

0

06/2

0

06/2

006

/21

Stag

e (ft

)8.

4110

.26

13.5

8

11.2

5

9.99

12.0

2

10.3

69.

56

12.2

0

35.9

5

9.56

16.4

611

.46

17.0

015

.73

18.9

0

10.4

5

15.9

1

13.3

213

.32

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s) 31

534

,600

8,90

0

3,89

0

2,95

0

1,48

0

1,91

02,

370

4,52

0

10,2

00

4,79

011

,500

8,38

0

6,38

012

,600

24,3

00

3,52

0

13,9

00

20,3

0011

,500

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)2 3

>100 6 33 3 13 7 10 8 11 22

>100 53 83 50 55 18 13

Tabl

e 10

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Min

neso

ta C

ontin

ued

CO i f c i CO c_

o> S

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(«g

.19

)41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

Stat

ion

no.

0532

5000

0532

7000

0533

0000

0533

1000

0533

6700

0533

7400

0533

8500

0534

4500

0534

5000

0535

3800

0535

5200

0537

2995

0537

6000

0537

8500

0538

5000

0545

7000

0547

6000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nM

inne

sota

Riv

er a

t Man

kato

, MN

Hig

h Is

land

Cre

ek n

ear

Hen

ders

on,

MN

Min

neso

ta R

iver

nea

r Jor

dan,

MN

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t St.

Paul

, MN

Ket

tle R

iver

bel

ow S

ands

tone

, MN

Kni

fe R

iver

nea

r M

ora,

MN

Snak

e R

iver

nea

r Pin

e C

ity, M

NM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

at P

resc

ott,

WI

Ver

mill

ion

Riv

er n

ear E

mpi

re, M

NSt

raig

ht R

iver

nea

r Fa

riba

ult,

MN

Can

non

Riv

er a

t Wel

ch, M

NSo

uth

Fork

Zum

bro

Riv

er a

tR

oche

ster

, MN

Nor

th F

ork

Whi

tew

ater

Riv

er n

ear

Elb

a, M

NM

issi

ssip

pi R

iver

at W

inon

a, M

NR

oot R

iver

nea

r H

oust

on, M

N

Ced

ar R

iver

nea

r Aus

tin, M

ND

es M

oine

s R

iver

at J

acks

on, M

N

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) Pe

riod

14,9

00 237

16,2

0036

,800 863

102

958

44,8

00 110

442

1,32

030

3

101

59,2

001,

270

425

1,22

0

1881

-93

1973

-93

1882

-93

1852

-93

1951

-93

1972

-93

1914

-93

1852

-93

1942

-93

1966

-93

1888

-93

1855

-93

1966

-93

1879

-93

1909

-93

1909

-93

1909

-93

Yea

r18

8119

8119

9219

6519

6519

72

1972

1979

1972

1965

1992

1974

1990

1965

1978

1974

1965

1952

1965

1978

1969

Stag

e (ft

)29

.9 9.09

8.32

35.0

726

.01

15.3

8

2-314

.0

6.31

10.3

843

.11

10.0

031

2.74

11.3

1

14.0

128

.0

16.3

2

20.7

713

.90

318.

32

20.3

519

.45

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

110,

000 -

1,77

011

7,00

017

1,00

017

,200 _

1,84

014

,300

228,

000

6,57

0 --6,

030

36,1

0030

,500

16,1

00

268,

000

37,0

00 -

12,4

0015

,700

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)06

/21

06/1

7

06/2

406

/26

06/2

5

06/2

5

06/2

906

/27

06/1

806

/17

06/1

704

/01

07/0

2

06/2

604

/02

08/1

507

/07

Stag

e (ft

)30

.11

9.72

33.5

219

.15

10.5

9

4.21

5.39

37.7

08.

3711

.16

13.1

913

.06

9.75

16.6

316

.14

19.4

316

.67

Dis

char

ge

Dis-

re

curr

ence

ch

arge

in

terv

al

(ft3/

s)

(yea

rs)

75,6

002,

750

92,2

0010

4,00

08,

510

489

2,32

0'1

30,0

001,

780

5,73

0

17,2

006,

260

5,77

0

'168

,000

15,8

00

10,8

008,

250

59 22 71 30 3 <2 <2 27 7 12 15 4 7 16 4 25 29

'Dai

ly m

ean

disc

harg

e.2S

tage

and

dis

char

ge r

esul

ted

from

dam

failu

re.

3Bac

kwat

er.

95° IOWA

ILLINOIS

37'

OKLAHOMA

!ase from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000.000,1972

Altaers Equal-Area Conic Projection Standard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -98 n OO'

EXPLANATION

Streamflow-gaging station and site number Number corresponds to that in table 1 1

Figure 20. Location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in Missouri.

Flood Discharges, Gage Heights, and Recurrence Intervals in the Upper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins by State 53

Tabl

e 11

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Mis

sour

i[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s,

cubi

c fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le;

>, g

reat

er th

an.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal

CO i a 2. 2! 5" 3 (D C 1 & CO i 1 c 0) 3 i ro -1 | 3-

o I 5 <o s

Surv

ey d

ata.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-20

) l 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Stat

ion

no.

0549

5000

0549

6000

0549

7000

0549

8000

0550

0000

0550

1000

0550

2000

0550

2300

0550

2500

0550

3800

0550

4800

0550

6500

0550

6800

0550

7600

0550

7800

0550

8000

0550

8805

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Fox

Riv

er a

t Way

land

, MO

Wya

cond

a R

iver

abo

ve C

anto

n, M

O

Nor

th F

abiu

s R

iver

at M

ontic

ello

, MO

Mid

dle

Fabi

us R

iver

nea

r Mon

ticel

lo,

MO

Sout

h Fa

bius

Riv

er n

ear T

aylo

r, M

O

Nor

th R

iver

at P

alm

yra,

MO

Bea

r Cre

ek a

t Han

niba

l, M

O

Nor

th F

ork

Salt

Riv

er a

t Hag

ers

Gro

ve, M

ON

orth

For

k Sa

lt R

iver

nea

r She

lbin

a,M

OC

rook

ed C

reek

nea

r Par

is, M

O

Sout

h Fo

rk S

alt R

iver

abo

veSa

nta

Fe, M

OM

iddl

e Fo

rk S

alt R

iver

at P

aris

, MO

Elk

For

k Sa

lt R

iver

nea

r Mad

ison

,M

OL

ick

Cre

ek n

ear P

erry

, MO

Salt

Riv

er n

ear C

ente

r, M

O

Salt

Riv

er n

ear N

ew L

ondo

n, M

OSp

ence

r Cre

ek b

elow

Plu

m C

reek

400

393

452

393

620

373 31

.0

365

481 80

.0

233

356

200

104

2,35

0

2,48

020

6

Perio

d19

22-9

319

32-7

2,19

79-9

319

22-9

319

45-9

3

1934

-93

1934

-93

1938

-42,

1947

-93

1974

-93

1930

-72,

1988

-93

'197

9-93

1940

-93

1939

-93

1968

-93

1979

-93

1979

-93

1922

-93

1979

-93

Yea

r19

7319

3319

8619

7319

73

1947

1973

1957

1947

1947

1973

1969

1973

1973

1983

1973

1981

1973

1981

Stag

e D

isch

arge

(ft

) (t

f/s)

21.7

1- 31

.33

33.0

327

.14

19.5

29.7

14.0

5

19.7

27.4

15.5

3

28.2

4

33.5

33.4

21.3

033

.00

- 31.8

16.8

6

26,4

0017

,700 -

20,7

0017

,700

19,7

00

57,5

006,

500

26,9

00

23,0

00

12,1

00

28,8

00

45,0

0042

,300

9,36

0 -72

,800

107,

000

16,2

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

128/

14

8/13

7/26 7/1

7/1

9/22 7/2

7/3

7/1

9/23

9/24

9/23

9/23

9/28

8/12

9/22

Stag

e (ft

)18

.22

24.8

3

27.7

621

.64

14.4

1

29.3

610

.05

19.1

4

23.7

8

12.6

8

28.6

6

19.0

326

.81

21.9

617

.58

17.2

218

.54

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

11,9

008,

860

13,6

009,

370

12,7

00

28,6

002,

080

20,3

00

16,0

00

8,10

0

31,8

00

11,5

0017

,500

10,9

0016

,100

17,9

0020

,300

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)6 4 8 6 6 15 _ 12 23 27

>100 6 9 19 _

>100

near

Fra

nkfo

rd, M

O

Tabl

e 11

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Mis

sour

i Con

tinue

d

Flood

Discharges,

Gag CO X a f of I& i 3 3 s 2 3 0)

01 5" ? f̂ oT 0) « I" a. 8~ §. 5 a 8 « 5" » «

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.20

)

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Stat

ion

no.

0551

4500

0558

7450

0681

3500

0681

7700

0681

8000

0682

0500

0682

1150

0682

1190

0689

3000

0689

3500

0689

3793

0689

3890

0689

4000

0689

5500

0689

7500

0689

9500

0690

2000

0690

4050

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nC

uivr

e R

iver

nea

r Tr

oy, M

O

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t Gra

fton

, IL

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Rul

o, N

EN

odaw

ay R

iver

nea

r G

raha

m, M

OM

isso

uri R

iver

at S

t. Jo

seph

, MO

Plat

te R

iver

nea

r Age

ncy,

MO

Litt

le P

latte

Riv

er a

t Sm

ithvi

lle, M

OPl

atte

Riv

er a

t Sha

rps

Stat

ion,

MO

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Kan

sas

City

, MO

Blu

e R

iver

nea

r K

ansa

s C

ity, M

O

Litt

le B

lue

Riv

er b

elow

Lon

gvie

wD

am a

t Kan

sas

City

, MO

Eas

t For

k L

ittle

Blu

e R

iver

nea

r B

lue

Spri

ngs,

MO

Litt

le B

lue

Riv

er n

ear

Lak

e C

ity, M

O

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Wav

erly

, MO

Gra

nd R

iver

nea

r G

alla

tin, M

O

Tho

mps

on R

iver

nea

r T

rent

on, M

O

Gra

nd R

iver

nea

r Su

mne

r, M

O

Cha

rito

n R

iver

at L

ivon

ia, M

O

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)90

3

171,

300

414,

900

1,38

042

0,30

0

1,76

0

234

2,38

048

5,20

0

188 50

.3

34.4

184

487,

200

2,25

0

1,67

0

6,88

0

864

Perio

d19

22-7

2,19

79-9

318

79-9

2,19

29-9

319

49-9

319

82-9

319

28-9

3

1924

-30,

1932

-93

1965

-93

1978

-93

1897

-19

9319

39-9

3

1966

-93

1974

-93

1948

-93

1928

-93

1921

-93

1921

-23,

1928

-93

1923

-93

1974

-93

Yea

r19

41

1973

1952

1989

1952

1965

1965

1984

1951

1961

1982

1982

1961

1982

1984

1951

1947

1947

1947

1982

Stag

e (ft

)33

.4

436.

99

25.6

023

.34

26.8

2

35.0

5

44.8

34.5

536

.2

44.4

6

21.2

4

22.1

4

27.9

4- 29

.22

39.5

5

25.7

39.5

28.3

3

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)12

0,00

0

535,

000

358,

000

26,6

0039

7,00

0

53,0

00

76,6

0029

,000

573,

000

41,0

00

18,7

00

11,0

00 -42

,300

549,

000

69,1

00

95,0

00

180,

000

9,20

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)9/

23 8/1

7/24

9/22

7/26

7/25 5/7

7/26

7/27

7/10 7/6

9/25

9/25

7/27 7/7

7/6

7/10

7/26

7/11

Stag

e (ft

)32

.17

441.

96

25.3

726

.89

32.0

7

36.0

7

30.4

336

.43

48.8

7

33.9

1

12.9

6

11.7

1

17.9

3

31.1

5

41.5

22.8

42.5

2

25.9

7

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

101,

000

598,

000

307,

000

90,7

0033

5,00

0

60,8

00

6,37

037

,800

541,

000

17,9

00

1,08

0

506

6,60

0

633,

000

89,8

00

54,0

00

166,

000

8,28

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)>1

00

>100

>100

>100

>100

>100

>100 8 4

>100

>100 17

>100

en

o>Ta

ble

11.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

Mar

ch 1

-Sep

tem

ber 3

0,19

93,

in M

isso

uri C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 5' 1 c 2 Q. to a ^ S g .3 (D 8 H 1 7 s? I i I £ 8

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.20

)36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

Stat

ion

no.

0690

4500

0690

5500

0690

6200

0690

6300

0690

6800

0690

8000

0690

9000

0691

8070

0691

8440

0691

8460

0691

8740

0691

9020

0691

9500

0691

9900

0692

1070

0692

1200

0692

1350

0692

3250

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nC

hari

ton

Riv

er a

t Nov

inge

r, M

O

Cha

rito

n R

iver

nea

r Pra

irie

Hill

, MO

Eas

t For

k L

ittle

Cha

rito

n R

iver

nea

rM

acon

, MO

Eas

t For

k L

ittle

Cha

rito

n R

iver

nea

rH

unst

ville

, MO

Lam

ine

Riv

er n

ear

Otte

rvill

e, M

O

Bla

ckw

ater

Riv

er a

t Blu

e L

ick,

MO

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Boo

nvill

e, M

OO

sage

Riv

er a

bove

Sch

ell

City

, MO

Sac

Riv

er n

ear

Dad

evill

e, M

OT

urnb

ack

Cre

ek a

bove

Gre

enfi

eld,

MO

Litt

le S

ac R

iver

nea

r M

orri

svill

e, M

OSa

c R

iver

at H

ighw

ay J

bel

owSt

ockt

on, M

OC

edar

Cre

ek n

ear P

leas

ant V

iew

, MO

Sac

Riv

er n

ear C

aplin

ger

Mill

s, M

OPo

mm

e de

Ter

re R

iver

nea

r Pol

k, M

O

Lin

dley

Cre

ek n

ear P

olk,

MO

Pom

me

de T

erre

Riv

er n

ear

Her

mita

ge, M

ON

iang

ua R

iver

at W

indy

ville

, MO

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)1,

370

1,87

011

2

220

543

1,12

0

501,

700

5,41

025

725

2

237

1,29

2

420

1,81

027

6

112

615

377

Perio

d19

30-5

2,19

54-9

319

28-9

319

71-9

3

1962

-93

1987

-93

1922

-33,

1938

-93

1925

-93

1979

-93

1966

-93

1965

-93

1968

-93

1973

-93

1923

-26,

1948

-93

1974

-93

1968

-93

1957

-93

1960

-93

1991

-93

Yea

r19

47

1973

1973

1973

1990

1986

1928

1951

1986

1986

1986

1972

1985

1986

1958

1986

1986

1961

1986

1961

1992

Stag

e (ft

)28

.5

21.9

620

.60

20.7

8

26.5

5

41.5

3 32

.82

- 20.8

323

.74

21.9

524

.91

-- 27.3

5

30.0

023

.08

23.6

0-- 15

.02

10.4

4

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)22

,900

31,9

008,

700

30,0

00

50,6

00 -54

,000

550,

000

133,

000

13,6

0044

,000

22,3

00 -14

,800

37,0

00

60,0

0023

,100 _

_

31,9

009,

000

4,70

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

24 7/1

7/7

7/7

7/7

7/9

7/29

11/2

69/

259/

25

9/25

9/25

9/25

9/25

9/24

9/24

9/27

9/24

Stag

e (ft

)25

.71

21.9

314

.12

18.7

1

27.8

1

33.0

7

37.1

0-- 27

.56

26.3

4

23.3

323

.71

25.4

4

29.9

327

.10

20.4

9

9.51

24.3

6

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

21,5

00

31,5

001,

360

8,65

0

63,7

00

19,1

00

755,

000

49,0

0036

,100

42,7

00

29,1

0013

,300

22,7

00

51,2

0034

,300

19,4

00

3,63

0

44,7

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)-

>100 -- 5

>100 --

>100 35

>100 12 -

>100 17

>100

Tabl

e 11

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Mis

sour

i Con

tinue

d

Flood

Dischsrges, G 1<D X (D 1 0) a 3) n § i CD ID) 0) 5" (D c TJ 1 s 8 1 ? 0) s at 3.

3) 1 0) 3

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-20

)54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

Stat

ion

no.

0692

3500

0692

6000

0692

6500

0693

000

0693

2000

0693

3500

0693

4000

0693

4500

0701

0000

0701

3000

0701

4500

0701

5720

0701

6500

0701

7200

0701

8100

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nB

enne

tt Sp

ring

at B

enne

tt Sp

ring

s,M

O

Osa

ge R

iver

nea

r Bag

nell,

MO

Osa

ge R

iver

nea

r St

. Tho

mas

, MO

Big

Pin

ey n

ear B

ig P

iney

, MO

Litt

le P

iney

Cre

ek a

t New

burg

, MO

Gas

cona

de R

iver

at J

erom

e, M

O

Gas

cona

de R

iver

nea

r Ric

h Fo

unta

in,

MO

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Her

man

n, M

O

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t St.

Lou

is, M

O

Mer

amec

Riv

er n

ear S

teel

ville

, MO

Mer

amec

Riv

er n

ear

Sulli

van,

MO

Bou

rbeu

se R

iver

nea

r Hig

h G

ate,

MO

Bou

rbeu

se R

iver

at U

nion

, MO

Big

Riv

er a

t Iro

ndal

e, M

OB

ig R

iver

nea

r Ric

hwoo

ds, M

O

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) --

14,0

00

14,5

00 560

200

2,84

0

3,18

0

524,

200

697,

000

781

1,47

5

135

808

175

735

Perio

d19

16-2

0,19

28-4

1,19

65-9

318

80-

1993

1931

-93

1921

-82,

1988

-93

1928

-93

1903

-06,

1923

-93

1921

-59,

1986

-93

1897

-19

9318

61-

1993

1922

-93

1921

-33,

1943

-93

1965

-93

1921

-93

1965

-93

1942

-93

Yea

r19

86

1943

1943

1942

1985

1946

1982

1982

1986

1903

1973

1903

1985

1945

1982

1982

1972

1957

Stag

e (ft

)ll

.l

48.8

43.8

20.7

16.6

-- 31.3

4

33.2

7

35.7

9- 43

.23

- 26.1

5

32.0

23.6

533

.827

.92

27.1

5

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)14

,400

220,

000

216,

000

32,7

00 --32

,500

136,

000

134,

000 --

676,

000 -

1,01

9,00

051

,200

77,3

00

49,3

0073

,300

43,2

0055

,800

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)9/

25

9/26

9/26

9/26

9/24

9/27

9/28

7/31 8/1

9/26

9/26 7/7

7/9

6/25

9/23

Stag

e (ft

)7.

00

26.6

6

25.5

519

.66

11.7

8

29.6

0

31.2

8

36.9

7

49.5

8

17.5

1

22.1

4

20.9

126

.32

18.0

830

.33

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

5,00

0

69,6

00

82,1

0030

,000

9,70

0

110,

000

106,

000

750,

000

1,08

0,00

0

22,3

00

34,2

00

21,6

0036

,700

20,9

0059

,800

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)-- ~ -- 11 3 70 50

>100

>100 3 4 2 13 4 40

to

Tabl

e 11

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1 -S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Mis

sour

i Con

tinue

d

Summary of

Floods

in

the

United

States, J

Max

imum

prio

r to

199

3

Site

no

.(fi

g.20

)

69

70 71 72

Sta

tion

no.

0701

8500

0701

9000

0702

0500

0702

2000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Big

Riv

er a

t Bym

esvi

lle,

MO

Mer

amec

Riv

er n

ear E

urek

a, M

O

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t Che

ster

, IL

Mis

siss

ippi

Riv

er a

t The

bes,

IL

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

917

3,78

8

708,

600

713,

200

Per

iod

1921

-93

1903

-06,

19

21-9

3 19

27-9

3

1932

-93

Yea

r

1985

19

82

1973

18

44

1973

18

44

Sta

ge

(ft)

26.4

7 42

.89

43.3

2

43.4

3

Dis

char

ge

(ft3

/s)

43,0

00

145,

000

21, 3

50,0

00

893,

000

21, 3

75,0

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)

9/25

9/

26 8/7

8/7

Sta

ge

(ft)

29.3

7

36.7

2

49.7

4

45.5

1

Dis

ch

arge

(f

t3/s

)

63,6

00

95,2

00

1,00

0,00

0

996,

000

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

95

19

10-5

0

10-5

0

1196

6 to

197

9 pu

blis

hed

by U

.S. A

rmy

Cor

ps o

f Eng

inee

rs.

2Est

imat

ed.

! o 2. §

w I r- Dl S I s c

SOU

TH

DA

KO

TA

° Key

a P

aha

Riv

er

99°

Baz

ile

Cre

ek

Om

aha

Cre

ek

Bas

e fr

om

U S

G

eolo

gic

al

Sur

vey

digi

tal

data

, 1

2,0

00

,00

0.

1972

Alb

ers

Equ

al-A

rea

Co

nic

pro

ject

ion

Sta

ndar

d pa

ralle

ls 2

9°3

0'

and

45°3

0',

centr

al

meridia

n -

96

°00

'

,__J

L IO

WA

*

55

^Wee

pin

g W

ater

Cre

ek

I -A57

'V;

MIS

SOU

RI

Big

Nem

aha

75 M

ILES

R

iuer

25

50

75 K

ILO

MET

ERS

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

Str

eam

flow

-gag

ing

stat

ion

an

d s

ite

nu

mb

er

Num

ber

corr

espo

nds

to t

hat

in t

able

12

Figu

re 2

1.

Loca

tion

of s

elec

ted

stre

amflo

w-g

agin

g st

atio

ns in

Neb

rask

a.

I I 8

60

Summary of

Floods

In

the

Un I CL af 1 i i 1 (Q w D 8 5 i

Tabl

e 12

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1 -S

epte

mbe

r 30,

199

3, in

Neb

rask

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, fe

et a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s,

cubi

c fe

et p

er se

cond

; , n

ot d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; <

, les

s th

an; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e m

terv

als c

alcu

late

d fro

m

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

. (fi

g.

21) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0646

1500

0646

2500

0646

3500

06

4649

00

0646

6500

0660

1000

06

7680

00

0677

0200

06

7705

00

0677

1500

0677

2000

0677

4000

0677

5500

0677

5900

0677

6500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nN

iobr

ara

Riv

er n

ear S

park

s, N

E

Plum

Cre

ek a

t Mea

dvill

e, N

E

Long

Pin

e C

reek

nea

r Riv

ervi

ew, N

E K

eya

Paha

Riv

er n

ear N

aper

, NE

Baz

ile C

reek

nea

r Nio

brar

a, N

E

Om

aha

Cre

ek a

t Hom

er, N

E Pl

atte

Riv

er n

ear O

verto

n, N

E

Plat

te R

iver

nea

r Kea

mey

, NE

Plat

te R

iver

nea

r Gra

nd Is

land

, NE

Woo

d R

iver

nea

r Gib

bon,

NE

Woo

d R

iver

nea

r Ald

a, N

EPl

atte

Riv

er n

ear D

unca

n, N

EM

iddl

e Lo

up R

iver

at D

unni

ng, N

E

Dis

mal

Riv

er n

ear T

hedf

ord,

NE

Dis

mal

Riv

er a

t Dun

ning

, NE

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)8,

090

600

460

1,63

0

440

168

57,7

00

58,2

00

58,8

00 572

628

60,9

001,

850

960

2,04

0

Perio

d19

45-9

3

1947

-93

1948

-93

1957

-93

1952

-93

1945

-93

'194

1-93

1982

-93

'194

1-93

1949

-76,

1991

-93

1953

-93

'194

2-93

1945

-93

1966

-93

1945

-93

Yea

r19

4919

7319

6719

6419

62

1962

19

6019

57

1971

19

8319

8319

83

1983

1960

1967

1967

1905

1989

1993

1983

1983

1983

1947

Stag

e (ft

)6.

73

10.0

66.

988.

5415

.68

10.9

1 13

.34

19.9

6

28.4

7 6.

387.

447.

42

5.97

6.16

16.7

9

12.2

236

.50

3.55

7.09

3.83

5.10

2.40

5.21

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

10,2

00

2,07

0 -

9,65

0 9,

280

68,6

00

18,1

00

22,9

00 --

23,7

00

23,9

00 --

4,05

0

1,63

044

,100

2,16

0

1,16

0 -

1,29

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)8/

162/

187/

13

7/13

3/

10

3/8

3/9

7/9

3/9

2/17 3/9

3/12

3/10

6/29

3/12

3/11

7/20 7/8

7/20

Stag

e (ft

)3.

608.

103.

08

5.94

8.

0611

.22

18.8

2

11.3

6 4.

465.

285.

43

4.75

5.54

15.2

6

11.8

17.

863.

96

1.80

1.50

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

1,71

0

527

1,24

0 2,

260

4,82

0

6,82

0 4,

930 --

6,99

0 13

,200 --

822

1,30

018

,000 707

329

701

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)<2 3 2 3 3 5 <2 <2

28 3 20 10 2 3 7

Tabl

e 12

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Neb

rask

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, G 1 <| .» D) io c i 8 i i w 5" * c 1 £ «. 2. 1 a 5 1 c 2) I

0) 3" 5

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-21

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Stat

ion

no.

0677

9000

0678

3500

0678

4000

0678

4800

0678

5000

0678

6000

0678

7000

0678

7500

0678

8500

0678

8988

0679

0500

0679

1500

0679

2000

0679

3000

0679

4000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Mid

dle

Loup

Riv

er a

t Arc

adia

, NE

Mud

Cre

ek n

ear S

wee

twat

er, N

ESo

uth

Loup

Riv

er a

t St.

Mic

hael

, NE

Turk

ey C

reek

nea

r Dan

nebr

og, N

E

Mid

dle

Loup

Riv

er a

t St.

Paul

, NE

(sin

ce F

arw

ell d

iver

sion

)

Nor

th L

oup

Riv

er a

t Tay

lor,

NE

Cal

umus

Riv

er n

ear H

arro

p, N

E

Cal

amus

Riv

er n

ear B

urw

ell,

NE

(sin

ce C

alam

us D

am)

Nor

th L

oup

Riv

er a

t Ord

, NE

Mira

Cre

ek n

ear N

orth

Lou

p, N

E

Nor

th L

oup

Riv

er n

ear S

t. Pa

ul, N

E

Ced

ar R

iver

nea

r Spa

ldin

g, N

E

Ced

ar R

iver

nea

r Ful

lerto

n, N

E

Loup

Riv

er n

ear G

enoa

, NE

Bea

ver C

reek

at G

enoa

, NE

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

5,04

0

707

2,35

0 66.2

8,09

0

2,28

0

692

1,06

0

3,75

0 65.8

4,29

0

762

1,22

0

14,4

00 647

Perio

d

1937

-93

1946

-93

1943

-93

1966

-70,

1978

-93

1963

-93

1936

-93

1978

-93

1985

-93

1952

-93

1979

-93

1928

-93

1944

-53,

1957

-93

1931

-32,

1940

-93

1943

-93

1940

-93

Yea

r

1945

1960

1947

1947

1967

1983

1947

1983

1957

1964

1987

1964

1967

1962

1993

1981

1896

1947

1966

1966

1950

Stag

e (ft

)

5.12

6.41

23.3

02.

0019

.21

19.2

612

.69

5.94

9.50

4.80

5.34

7.35

8.90

5.52

6.74

10.5

6

14.9

0

7.50

16.9

0

13.9

318

.70

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

29,7

00 -

27,0

0050

,000

2,68

0 -

72,0

00

3,21

0 -

1,17

0 -

1,79

0 -

10,1

00

3,46

0

90,0

00

4,00

0

64,7

00

129,

000

21,2

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)

3/10

3/11 3/9

3/9

7/23

7/27 3/4

2/6

7/9

2/12

7/13 7/9

6/26

7/23 3/7

5/12

7/23

7/24

8/31

Stag

e (ft

)

5.64

6.41

18.9

510

.32

17.9

56.

00

5.39

6.48

3.20

4.24

5.13

4.27

8.41

5.92

8.85

4.96

9.43

11.0

116

.13

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

7,20

0 --

2,07

09,

970

1,44

024

,100

2,15

0 -

735 -

933

3,29

0

1,93

0

11,1

00 -

942

8,16

0

37,4

006,

620

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

216 5 7 5

220 28 14 2- 23 8 25 4 9

210 9

(0

Tabl

e 12

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Neb

rask

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 3 J C I 2 I e_ c 3 i I c IQ IP 1 ^ <§

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.21

)31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Stat

ion

no.

0679

5500

0679

6000

0679

7500

0679

8500

0679

9000

0679

9080

0679

9100

0679

9230

0679

9350

0679

9385

0679

9450

0679

9500

0680

0000

0680

0500

0680

1000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nSh

ell C

reek

nea

r Col

umbu

s, N

E

Plat

te R

iver

at N

orth

Ben

d, N

E

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Ew

ing,

NE

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Nel

igh,

NE

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Nor

folk

, NE

Will

ow C

reek

nea

r Fos

ter,

NE

Nor

th F

ork

Elkh

orn

Riv

er n

ear P

ierc

e,N

EU

nion

Cre

ek a

t Mad

ison

, NE

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Wes

t Poi

nt, N

E

Pebb

le C

reek

at S

crib

ner,

NE

Loga

n C

reek

at P

ende

r, N

ELo

gan

Cre

ek n

ear U

ehlin

g, N

EM

aple

Cre

ek n

ear N

icke

rson

, NE

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Wat

erlo

o, N

EPl

atte

Riv

er n

ear A

shla

nd, N

E

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)27

0

77,1

00

1,40

0

2,20

0

2,79

0

137

700

174

5,10

0

204

731

1,03

045

0

6,90

084

,200

Perio

d19

47-7

5,19

77-9

319

49-9

3

1947

-93

1930

-93

1945

-93

1975

-93

1960

-93

1978

-93

1972

-93

1978

-93

1965

-93

1941

-93

1951

-93

1928

-93

1928

-53,

1988

-93

Yea

r19

90

1960

1962

1987

1947

1967

1949

1987

1983

1971

1990

1969

1978

1991

1971

1971

1990

1984

1944

1944

Stag

e (ft

)22

.76

10.0

4

10.6

0

11.9

912

.53

8.52

15.6

3

7.94

8.28

15.1

0

25.7

213

.21

16.0

924

.15

23.1

120

.15

316.

3031

7.65

316.

6038

.10

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

8,00

0

112,

000

7,50

0

14,1

00

16,9

00 -

574

15,2

00

15,1

0033

,000 -

27,9

00

36,9

0025

,200

11,6

00 -.

100,

000

107,

000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)3/

97/

103/

10 3/8

5/11

7/19

5/11 7/8

3/11

3/10 7/9

7/9

7/9

3/9

7/9

3/9

3/11

3/10

7/25

Stag

e (ft

)21

.53

21.7

39.

7110

.97

8.73

8.75

9.32

7.70

7.65

13.6

4

25.2

714

.02

23.0

9

16.6

818

.57

14.2

6

15.7

619

.23

21.4

5

Dis

ch

arge

3,60

0 --

97,8

00 -

4,31

0

6,44

0

8,25

0

442

5,76

0

13,7

0028

,800

21,0

00

9,39

011

,300

6,27

0

33,5

0013

0,00

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)8 50 8 10 5 9 9 45 10 35 2 5 6 12

>100

Tabl

e 12

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Neb

rask

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, G £ (D I 2. (O f 0) S 33 i 1 S o (D 3" (D I (0 3 C o o Z 8 » 1 Q. z 5' 8 c 33

| 09 8 5 (0 £ 1 (D

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.21

)46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

Stat

ion

no.

0680

3000

0680

3500

0680

3510

0680

3520

0680

3530

0680

3555

0680

4000

0680

4700

0680

4900

0680

5500

0680

6500

0680

7000

0681

1500

0681

3500

0681

4500

0681

5000

0682

9500

0683

4000

0683

5000

0683

5500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nSa

lt C

reek

at R

oca,

NE

Salt

Cre

ek a

t Lin

coln

, NE

Litt

le S

alt C

reek

nea

r L

inco

ln, N

E

Stev

ens

Cre

ek n

ear

Lin

coln

, NE

Roc

k C

reek

nea

r C

eres

co, N

E

Salt

Cre

ek a

t Gre

enw

ood,

NE

Wah

oo C

reek

at I

thac

a, N

EW

ahoo

Cre

ek a

t Ash

land

, NE

John

son

Cre

ek n

ear M

emph

is, N

EPl

atte

Riv

er a

t Lou

isvi

lle, N

E

Wee

ping

Wat

er C

reek

at U

nion

, NE

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Neb

rask

a C

ity, N

EL

ittle

Nem

aha

Riv

er a

t Aub

urn,

NE

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Rul

o, N

EN

orth

For

k B

ig N

emah

a R

iver

at

Hum

bold

t, N

E

Big

Nem

aha

Riv

er a

t Fal

ls C

ity, N

ER

epub

lican

Riv

er a

t Tre

nton

, NE

(sin

ce s

tora

ge in

Sw

anso

n L

ake)

Fren

chm

an C

reek

at P

alis

ade,

NE

Stin

king

Wat

er C

reek

nea

r Pa

lisad

e,N

EFr

ench

man

Cre

ek a

t Cul

bert

son,

NE

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)16

768

4 43.6

47.8

119

1,05

127

1

416 21.5

85,8

00 241

410,

000

793

414,

900

548

1,34

0

8,62

0

1,11

01,

500

2,77

0

Perio

d19

51-9

319

49-9

319

69-9

3

1968

-93

1970

-93

1951

-93

1949

-93

1990

-93

1990

-93

1953

-93

1950

-93

1929

-93

1949

-93

1949

-93

1952

-93

1944

-93

1953

-93

1950

-93

1949

-93

1930

-93

Yea

r19

5019

5119

8518

8719

8919

8419

87

1984

1963 -- - 1984

1960

1950

1952

1950

1952

1982

1958

1973

1948

1956

1956

1935

Stag

e (ft

)26

.00

26.1

518

.24

20.0

219

.42

19.5

719

.60

26.5

022

.93

-- -- 11.3

412

.45

29.8

027

.66

27.6

525

.60

31.2

531

.70

31.4

05.

64

8.79

11.3

0

14.8

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

67,0

0028

,200

8,00

0

12,9

00

23,3

00

46,8

0077

,400 -

41 4

4,00

0 -

60,3

0041

4,00

016

4,00

035

8,00

059

,500 --

71,6

0016

,800

5,56

03,

030

15,0

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

257/

247/

24

7/24

7/23

7/24

7/14

7/24

7/23

7/25

7/23

7/23

7/24

7/24 7/6

7/6

7/3

7/24

7/27

9/19

Stag

e (ft

)20

.10

26.5

220

.58

18.5

9

18.3

6

26.5

721

.32

- -- 11.9

0

30.9

727

.19

26.4

925

.37

21.9

3

29.7

74.

42

8.12

8.47

7.57

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

5,14

028

,400

8,48

0

9,76

0

15,6

00

42,0

007,

380

5,44

024

016

0,00

0

65,1

0019

6,00

010

5,00

030

7,00

044

,600

59,0

00 187

722

458

717

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)9 30 50 45 45 10 4

5N

A5

NA

100

>100

50-1

00 >50

>100 10 20 21

.1

23 3 21.4

O) u

Tabl

e 12

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Neb

rask

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 3 3

CD c 3_ » Q.

0) S "s 1 .A !§ 1 (0 o CD CT .A 1

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

.21

)66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Stat

ion

no.

0683

6500

0683

7000

0683

7300

0683

7500

0683

8000

0684

1000

0684

2500

0684

3500

0684

4000

0684

4210

0684

4500

0684

7500

0684

9500

0685

1000

0685

1500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nD

rift

woo

d C

reek

nea

r M

cCoo

k, N

ER

epub

lican

Riv

er a

t McC

ook,

NE

Red

Will

ow C

reek

abo

ve H

ugh

But

ler

Lak

e,N

ER

ed W

illow

Cre

ek n

ear M

cCoo

k, N

E(s

ince

sto

rage

in H

ugh

But

ler L

ake)

Red

Will

ow C

reek

nea

r Red

Will

ow,

NE

(sin

ce s

tora

ge in

Hug

h B

utle

r Lak

e)

Med

icin

e C

reek

abo

ve H

arry

Str

unk

Lak

e,N

EM

edic

ine

Cre

ek b

elow

Har

ry S

trun

kL

ake.

NE

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

at C

ambr

idge

, NE

Mud

dy C

reek

at A

rapa

hoe,

NE

Tur

key

Cre

ek a

t Edi

son,

NE

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

nea

r Orl

eans

, NE

Sapp

a C

reek

nea

r Sta

mfo

rd, N

ER

epub

lican

Riv

er b

elow

Har

lan

Cou

nty

Dam

, NE

Cen

ter C

reek

at F

rank

lin, N

E

Tho

mps

on C

reek

at R

iver

ton,

NE

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)36

012

,310 600

740

830

770

880

14,5

20 246 74

.9

15,6

40

3,74

120

,760 17

7

279

Perio

d19

46-9

319

55-9

319

60-9

3

1960

-93

1961

-93

1950

-93

1949

-93

1945

-93

1950

-93

1977

-93

1947

-93

1945

-93

1952

-93

1948

-56,

1967

-75,

1977

-93

1948

-56,

1968

-75,

1977

-93

Yea

r19

5019

6019

72

1947

1947

1967

1960

1947

1986

1989

1948

1960

1966

1957

1950

1950

Stag

e (ft

)25

.43

9.14

13.2

7

31.9

5

18.3

6

20.0

5

5.97

16.7

028

.90

12.9

1

11.2

512

.60

22.1

38.

65

6.80

13.2

2

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

4,74

05,

890

4,02

0

30,0

00

30,0

00

11,6

00

1,30

0

160,

000

10,8

00 795

40,6

00 -

43,4

004,

320

3,15

0

12,2

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

247/

267/

23

7/26

7/27

7/12

7/27

7/24

7/24

7/27

7/28

6/22 3/9

7/17

7/24

7/17

Stag

e (ft

)6.

775.

2012

.34

10.0

1

10.6

1

16.3

5

3.27

7.43

20.1

014

.28

10.6

612

.95

8.50

4.56

7.36

14.7

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

112

516

687

127

303

1,82

0

570

1,95

02,

440

1,04

0

5,22

0 -44

01,

490

1,86

0

7,00

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)<2 <2 4 <2 22 2 25 <2 4 13 24 2 ^ 10 15

Tabl

e 12

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Neb

rask

a C

ontin

ued

I I

? § a. 3 8 i 5T 3 3 01 <2.

«

? 0) a. 3. 5

| 2. 01

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.21

)81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Stat

ion

no.

0685

2000

0685

3020

0687

9900

0688

0000

0688

0500

0688

0800

0688

1000

0688

1200

0688

1500

0688

2000

0688

3000

0688

3940

0688

4000

0688

4025

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nEl

m C

reek

at A

mbo

y, N

E

Rep

ublic

an R

iver

at G

uide

Roc

k, N

EB

ig B

lue

Riv

er a

t Sur

pris

e, N

ELi

ncol

n C

reek

nea

r Sew

ard,

NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at S

ewar

d, N

E

Wes

t For

k B

ig B

lue

Riv

er n

ear

Dor

ches

ter,

NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

nea

r Cre

te, N

E

Turk

ey C

reek

nea

r Wilb

er, N

EB

ig B

lue

Riv

er a

t Bea

trice

, NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at B

ames

ton,

NE

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er n

ear D

ewee

se, N

E

Big

San

dy C

reek

at A

lexa

ndria

, NE

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er n

ear F

airb

ury,

NE

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er a

t Hol

lenb

erg,

KS

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)39

.2

22,0

90 345

446

1,09

9

1,20

6

2,71

6

460

3,90

04,

447

979

607

2,35

0

2,75

2

Perio

d19

48-9

3

1950

-93

1964

-93

1953

-93

1953

-93

1958

-93

1945

-93

1959

-93

1974

-93

1932

-93

1953

-72,

1974

_93

1979

-93

1908

-15,

1928

-93

1974

-93

Yea

r19

8319

5919

5719

6519

5719

5719

67

1986

1950

1986

1984

1984

1941

1969

1984

1992

1992

Stag

e (ft

)16

.96

17.0

532

0.73

11.5

220

.53

22.3

422

.83

22.6

2

28.7

429

.86

21.4

331

.27

34.3

0

18.5

7

16.7

124

.53

21.2

1

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

7,80

0

29,2

0010

,700

10,1

0015

,300

11,8

00

27,6

00 --

33,0

0055

,100

57,7

00

25,1

00

21,9

0054

,000

47,8

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

26

7/19

3/10

3/10

3/11

3/11

3/12

7/25

7/26

7/27

7/24

7/26

7/27

7/27

Stag

e (ft

)16

.41

15.4

79.

5718

.35

20.8

6

21.7

1

28.8

0

17.4

428

.77

27.8

7

14.6

7

12.8

021

.17

18.1

2

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

6,80

0

9,86

02,

360

3,28

07,

640

12,4

00

10,0

00

5,81

028

,800

32,1

00

13,8

00

5,70

024

,100

26,5

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)40 10 3 6 7 20 4 6 10 12 12 3 10 13

'Sin

ce K

ings

ley

Dam

.2R

egul

ated

.3D

iffer

ent s

ite a

nd d

atum

.4D

ate

of m

axim

um d

isch

arge

. Max

imum

sta

ge d

id n

ot o

ccur

on

the

sam

e da

y.5M

axim

um a

vera

ge d

aily

flo

w n

ot a

vaila

ble.

ff 0

0> .3 2. 3 (0 Si c (D 3 g (Q

46

° '

Base

from

US

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y di

gita

l dat

a, 1

2,00

0,00

0,19

94Al

bers

Equ

al-A

rea

Coni

c pr

ojec

tion

Stan

dard

par

alle

ls 2

9°30

' and

45°

30',

cent

ral m

erid

ian

-96°

00'

75 M

ILES

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

Stre

amfl

ow-g

agin

g st

atio

n a

nd s

ite

num

ber-

N

umbe

r co

rres

pond

s to

tha

t in

tab

le 1

3

'5 K

ILO

MET

ERS

Figu

re 2

2.

Loca

tion

of s

elec

ted

stre

amflo

w-g

agin

g st

atio

ns in

Nor

th D

akot

a.

3 o o a

Tabl

e 13

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Nor

th D

akot

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; <

, les

s th

an; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S.

'Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

<B

IQ § a <o g 3

(0 (0 82.

a 5. § a 3. y, o

c ff 3

Ul

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.22

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0634

1410

0634

1800

0634

2260

0634

2450

0634

2500

0634

7500

0634

8000

0634

8300

0634

9000

0634

9215

0634

9275

0634

9500

0635

4000

0635

4580

0635

4815

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nT

urtle

Cre

ek a

bove

Was

hbum

, ND

Pain

ted

Woo

ds C

reek

, nea

r Wilt

on,

ND

Squa

re B

utte

Cre

ek b

elow

Cen

ter,

ND

Bur

nt C

reek

nea

r Bis

mar

ck, N

DM

isso

uri R

iver

at B

ism

arck

, ND

Big

Mud

dy C

reek

nea

r A

lmon

t, N

D

Hea

rt R

iver

nea

r Lar

k, N

DH

eart

Riv

er a

t Sta

rk B

ridg

e ne

ar

Juds

on, N

DH

eart

Riv

er n

ear M

anda

n, N

D

Lon

g L

ake

Cre

ek a

bove

Lon

g L

ake

near

Mof

fit,

ND

Lon

g L

ake

Cre

ek b

elow

Lon

g L

ake

near

Mof

fit,

ND

App

le C

reek

nea

r Men

oken

, ND

Can

nonb

all R

iver

at B

reie

n, N

DB

eave

r C

reek

bel

ow L

into

n, N

DPo

rcup

ine

Cre

ek n

ear F

ort Y

ates

, ND

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)35

042

7

146

108

186,

400

456

2,75

02,

930

3,31

0

280

700

1,68

0

4,10

076

522

0

Perio

d19

87-9

319

58-8

1,19

82-9

319

65-9

319

68-9

319

28-9

3

3 194

6-73

, 19

91-9

319

46-9

319

86-9

3

1924

,19

28-3

3,19

37-9

319

89-9

3

1989

-93

1945

-93

1934

-93

1990

-93

1991

-93

Yea

r19

8719

79

1966

1979

1952

1950

1950

1987

1950

1989

1989

1950

1979

1950

1991

1991

Stag

e (ft

)6.

949.

64

14.3

516

.93

27.9

0

30.7

0

20.7

016

.70

25.7

5

5.60

1.81

-- 17.4

622

.30

7.21

10.3

5

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

845

4,05

0

9,70

010

,000

500,

000

20,2

00

29,2

009,

500

30,5

00 402 12

6,75

0

94,8

00 525

505

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)3/

77/

23

7/26

7/23 3/9

7/24

7/23

7/23

7/23

7/23

3/25

7/

16

7/18

7/16

7/16

7/18

7/16

Stag

e (ft

)4.

698.

13

8.86

12.1

7!9

.01

-- 30.9

9

16.8

515

.47

15.4

5

10.0

5

3.54

16.0

5

10.9

211

.79

13.6

2

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

170

1,58

0

1,52

091

3 -

26,0

00

8,39

0

12,1

009,

390

11,8

00

1,76

0

271

1,29

0

6,04

02,

270

1,20

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)-- 10

<10

<10

2<10 25 10

<10 --

<10

<10 -

<n

O)

O)

Tabl

e 13

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Nor

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

g 3̂ n I at 5 1 c I (0 i e_ | 1 < <o 8 H | (O 3- S 1

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no.

(fig.

22)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Dra

inag

eSt

atio

nno

.06

4676

0006

4681

70

0646

8250

0646

9400

0647

0000

0647

0500

0647

0800

0647

0875

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nJa

mes

Riv

er n

ear M

anfr

ed, N

DJa

mes

Riv

er n

ear G

race

City

, ND

Jam

es R

iver

abo

ve A

rrow

woo

d L

ake

near

Ken

sal,

ND

Pipe

stem

Cre

ek n

ear P

ingr

ee, N

DJa

mes

Riv

er a

t Jam

esto

wn,

ND

Jam

es R

iver

at L

aMou

re, N

D

Bea

r C

reek

nea

r O

akes

, ND

Jam

es R

iver

at D

akot

a L

ake

Dam

nea

rL

udde

n, N

D

area

(mi2

)25

31,

060

1,20

0

700

2,82

0

4,39

0

357

5,48

0

Perio

d19

55-9

319

68-9

3

1986

-93

1974

-93

1928

-33,

1935

,19

37-3

9,19

43-9

3

1950

-93

1977

-93

1982

-93

Yea

r19

7919

6919

8719

87

1979

1950

1969

1983

1969

1979

1979

1987

Stag

e(ft

)9.

2012

.00

12.2

011

.48

11.6

0

416.

9458

.76

416.

1751

4.09

11.4

713

.76

Dis

char

ge(tt

3/s)

2,00

03,

100 --

1,50

0

2,52

046

,390 -

5996

46,8

0053

,830

1,17

02,

300

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y)7/

237/

28

7/29

7/26

7/16

7/21

7/29 8/3

Stag

e(ft

)9.

4013

.49

10.6

4

10.6

413

.58

14.6

4

11.0

213

.53

Dis

char

ge(tt

3/s)

2,70

03,

520

3,40

0

1,15

01,

300

2,83

0

591

1,66

0

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

>100 10

<10

>100 21

0

<10

2<10

'ice

affe

cted

.2D

isch

arge

rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

for

regu

late

d pe

riod

. 3A

nnua

l max

imum

dis

char

ge o

nly

for

1971

-73.

4M

axim

um b

efor

e 19

74 re

gula

tion.

5M

axim

um a

fter

197

4 re

gula

tion.

B.

CO i 2 a 2! CD c 0) 2 i 8

I

J5

:__

__

_1

04

° 4

5'_

__

__

3L

T15'_

____103°

103°

14'

44°

02' Ba

se fr

om U

S G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

digi

tal d

ata,

1 10

0,00

0,19

95

Unive

rsal

Tra

nsve

rse

Mer

cato

r pro

ject

ion

Zone

13

2 KI

LOM

ETER

S

Base

from

U S

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y di

gita

l dat

a,

12,0

00,0

00,1

994

Albe

rs L

qual

-Are

a Co

nic p

roje

ctio

n St

anda

rd p

aral

lels

29°

30' a

nd 4

5°30

' ce

ntra

l mer

idia

n-96

°00'

EX

PLA

NA

TIO

N

Stre

amfl

ow-g

agin

g st

atio

n an

d si

te n

umbe

r-

Num

ber

corr

espo

nds

to t

hat

in t

able

14

0 5

10

15

20 K

ILOM

ETER

S

Figu

re 2

3.

Loca

tion

of s

elec

ted

stre

amflo

w-g

agin

g st

atio

ns in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

fee

t per

seco

nd; -

-, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

; <, l

ess

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed f

rom

U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

o a g in 0) 8 £> & I ta :r 0) a 3) i 3 8 i i 3 V* i? o o s w 8 o o 3 S c -i 2 o 5'

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no.

(fig.

23) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Stat

ion

no.

0528

9985

0529

0000

0529

1000

0529

9700

0633

4500

0635

4860

0635

4882

0635

5500

0635

6000

0635

6500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nB

ig C

oule

e C

reek

nea

r Pee

ver,

SDLi

ttle

Min

neso

ta R

iver

nea

r Pee

ver,

SDW

hets

tone

Riv

er n

ear B

ig S

tone

City

,SD

Cob

b C

reek

nea

r Gar

y, S

D

Littl

e M

isso

uri R

iver

at C

amp

Cro

ok,

SD

Sprin

g C

reek

nea

r Her

reid

, SD

Oak

Cre

ek n

ear W

akpa

la, S

D

Nor

th F

ork

Gra

nd R

iver

nea

r Whi

teB

utte

, SD

Sout

h Fo

rk G

rand

Riv

er a

t Buf

falo

,SD

Sout

h Fo

rk G

rand

Riv

er n

ear C

ash,

SD

Dra

inag

ear

ea(m

i2)

12.1

447

389 70.3

1,97

0

440

(220

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)35

6

1,19

0

148

1,35

0

Peri

od19

87-9

319

39-8

1,19

89-9

319

10-1

2,19

19,

1931

-93

1992

-93

1903

-06,

1956

-93

1962

-86,

1989

-93

1984

-93

1945

-93,

1967

-93

1955

-93

1945

-93

Yea

r19

9119

5219

4319

69

1978

1978

1986

1987

1978

1978

1963

1950

Stag

e(ft

)8.

2112

.16

1 13.

3514

.32

16.9

0

11.4

9

17.7

31 1

8.35

11.6

3'1

2.08

9.01

15.4

0

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

456

4,73

0

6,87

0

9,42

0

1,34

0

3,78

0

6,71

0 _

2,78

0

27,0

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y)7/

25

7/25

7/18

6/20

3/27

6/10

7/27

7/28 3/6

7/28

7/27

Stag

e(ft

)8.

1313

.58

11.2

5

11.8

1'1

1.86

13.3

1

12.5

6

11.0

2

8.64

8.68

7.97

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

446

8,90

0

3,89

0

829

3,97

0

1,57

0

719

2,75

0

2,16

0

3,03

0

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

-50

-100

5-10

2-5

5-10

5-10

10-2

5

2-5

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 3 1 C s CO 1w "l" c 3 i ro H | 3-

0 1? 1 ID s

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Stat

ion

no.

0635

7800

0635

9500

0636

0500

0639

5000

0640

0000

0640

0497

0640

0875

0640

1500

0640

2000

0640

2430

0640

2470

0640

2500

0640

2995

0640

3300

0640

4000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nG

rand

Riv

er a

t Litt

le E

agle

, SD

Mor

eau

Riv

er n

ear F

aith

, SD

Mor

eau

Riv

er n

ear W

hite

hors

e, S

D

Che

yenn

e R

iver

nea

r Edg

emon

t, SD

Hat

Cre

ek n

ear E

dgem

ont,

SD

Cas

cade

Spr

ings

nea

r Hot

Spr

ings

, SD

Hor

sehe

ad C

reek

at O

elric

hs, S

DC

heye

nne

Riv

er b

elow

Ang

ostu

raD

am, S

D

Fall

Riv

er a

t Hot

Spr

ings

, SD

Bea

ver C

reek

nea

r Prin

gle,

SD

Bea

ver C

reek

abo

ve B

uffa

lo G

ap, S

DB

eave

r Cre

ek n

ear B

uffa

lo G

ap, S

DFr

ench

Cre

ek a

bove

Sto

ckad

e La

ke,

near

Cus

ter,

SDFr

ench

Cre

ek a

bove

Fai

rbum

, SD

Bat

tle C

reek

nea

r Key

ston

e, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)5,

370

2,66

04,

880

7,14

3

1,04

4 .47

187

9,10

0

137 45.8

111

130 68.7

105 66

Perio

d19

58-9

3

1943

-93

1954

-93

1903

-06,

1928

-33,

1946

-93

1905

-06,

1950

-93

1976

-93

1983

-93

1945

-93,

1950

-93,

1978

-93

1937

-93,

1953

-93

1990

-93

1990

-93

1937

-93

1990

-93

1982

-93

1945

-47,

1961

-93

Yea

r19

8719

6619

4419

8219

7219

78

1967

1977

1991

1978

1977

1988

1991

1990

1938

1991

1987

1972

Stag

e (ft

)19

.16

'21.

7620

.90

26.0

0'2

6.20

13.6

5

213.

35

6.25

18.5

715

.97

3.32

4.62

8.11

11.6

121

6.46

7.31

2.73

14.5

0

Dis

ch

arge

31,0

00 --

26,0

0027

,700 --

28,0

00

13,3

00 498,

270

30,3

00 486 6.

0

2111

,700 320

329

26,2

00

Max

imum

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)3/

77/

287/

277/

22

8/20

7/16

8/14

7/17 5/9

8/19 6/8

3/6

8/20 6/7

6/8

6/7

durin

g M

arch

-Sep

tem

ber

1993

Stag

e (ft

)10

.72

11.2

012

.96

18.0

2

7.56

14.9

4

5.15

8.48

6.29

4.42

8.46

11.3

55.

016.

50

2.58

6.63

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

8,11

0

6,59

010

,700

4,35

0

3,23

0 28 548

1,54

0

354 28 16 49 173

266

1,25

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)2-

5

2-5

2-5

2-5

5-10 5

2-5

2-5 -- _ <2 --

5-10

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, i f CO

(D <Q 3"

f D> f i 8 3 I in 3 1 C i 8~ ^ i" a Z c 31 1 a S 3

O* CO ff i?

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no

.(fig

-23

)

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Stat

ion

no.

0640

4800

0640

4998

0640

5800

0640

6000

0640

6500

0640

6920

0640

7500

0640

8500

0640

8700

0640

8860

0640

9000

0641

0000

0641

0500

0641

1500

0641

2200

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nG

race

Coo

lidge

Cre

ek n

ear H

ayw

ard,

SDG

race

Coo

lidge

Cre

ek n

ear G

ame

Lod

ge, n

ear C

uste

r, SD

Bea

r G

ulch

nea

r Hay

war

d, S

D

Bat

tle C

reek

at H

erm

osa,

SD

Bat

tle C

reek

bel

ow H

erm

osa,

SD

Spri

ng C

reek

abo

ve S

heri

dan

Lak

e,ne

ar K

eyst

one,

SD

Spri

ng C

reek

nea

r Key

ston

e, S

D

Spri

ng C

reek

nea

r Her

mos

a, S

DR

hoad

s Fo

rk n

ear

Roc

hfor

d, S

D

Rap

id C

reek

nea

r Roc

hfor

d, S

D

Cas

tle C

reek

abo

ve D

eerf

ield

Res

ervo

ir, n

ear

Hill

City

, SD

Cas

tle C

reek

bel

ow D

eerf

ield

Dam

,SD

Rap

id C

reek

abo

ve P

acto

la R

eser

voir

,at

Silv

er C

ity, S

DR

apid

Cre

ek b

elow

Pac

tola

Dam

, SD

Rap

id C

reek

abo

ve V

icto

ria

Cre

ek,

near

Rap

id C

ity, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)7.

48

25.2 4.23

178

285

127

163

199 7.

95

101 79

.2

96.0

292

320

355

Perio

d19

89-9

3

1976

-93

1989

-93

1949

-93

1950

-53,

1988

-93

1990

-93

1945

-47,

1986

-93

1949

-93

1981

-93

1988

-93

1948

-93

1946

-93

1953

-93

1928

-32,

1946

-93

1988

-93

Yea

r19

91

1989

1979

1989

1972

1952

1991

1947

1972

1985

1982

1991

1990

1952

1952

1991

1965

1965

1991

Stag

e (ft

)7.

23

10.8

4'1

2.76

10.6

8

17.7

2

28.1

3

10.7

7

5.22

213.

1222

.00

22.1

95.

58!5

.94

5.81

5.08

10.4

4

9.00

5.96

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

210

1,03

0

1,25

0

21,4

00

2,06

0

455

865

13,4

00 9.7

144 --

1,12

0

3200 _

_

2,06

0

547

147

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

7

6/7

6/7

6/7

6/8

6/8

6/8

8/16

7/20 6/8

6/8

6/10

5/10

6/19

6/20

Stag

e (ft

)6.

43

9.26

7.46

10.6

3

8.57

10.4

5

6.94

5.40

3.83

6.00

3.45

7.91

8.47

6.66

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

141

298

115

1,13

0

714

362

286

366 6.

5

240

113

353

867

286

335

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)--

2-5 --

5-10 _ _

5-10 <2

5-10 2-5

10-2

5

5-10

Tabi

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods

5" 1 c I CO I » Sr fl> 3 s -a i 3 § (Q 3- f? ff 1 -< ^ <§

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

Stat

ion

no.

0641

2500

0641

2810

0641

2900

0641

3650

0641

4000

0641

8900

0642

1500

0642

2500

0642

3010

0642

3500

0642

4000

0642

5100

0642

5500

0642

8500

0643

0500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nR

apid

Cre

ek a

bove

Can

yon

Lak

e,ne

ar R

apid

City

, SD

Cle

ghom

Spr

ings

at R

apid

City

, SD

Rap

id C

reek

bel

ow C

legh

omSp

ring

s, a

t Rap

id C

ity, S

DL

ime

Cre

ek a

t mou

th, a

t Rap

id C

ity,

SD

Rap

id C

reek

at R

apid

City

, SD

Rap

id C

reek

bel

ow S

ewag

e Pl

ant,

near

Rap

id C

ity, S

DR

apid

Cre

ek n

ear F

arm

ingd

ale,

SD

Box

elde

r Cre

ek n

ear N

emo,

SD

Box

elde

r Cre

ek n

ear R

apid

City

, SD

Che

yenn

e R

iver

nea

r Was

ta, S

D

Elk

Cre

ek n

ear R

ouba

ix, S

DE

lk C

reek

nea

r Rap

id C

ity, S

D

Elk

Cre

ek n

ear E

lm S

prin

gs, S

D

Bel

le F

ourc

he R

iver

at W

yom

ing-

Sout

h D

akot

a St

ate

line

Red

wat

er C

reek

at W

yom

ing-

Sout

hD

akot

a St

ate

line

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)37

1 (7)

378 10

.0

410

452

602 96

.0

128

12,8

00 21.5

190

540

3,28

0

471

Perio

d19

46-9

3

1992

-93

1987

-93

1981

-82,

1987

-93

1903

-06,

1942

-93

1981

-93

1946

-93

1945

-47,

1966

-93

1978

-93

1914

-15,

1928

-32,

1934

-93

1991

-93

1978

-93

1949

-93

1946

-93

1929

-31,

1936

-37,

1954

-93

Yea

r19

72

1991

1991

1972

1982

1972

1972

1978

1991

1957

1982

1992

1982

1986

1952

1986

1962

1973

Stag

e (ft

)17

.77

7.76

23.0

4

19.6

6

9.12

11.8

522

0.40

31.1

431

.64

212.

4216

.25

7.12

10.7

9h

l.8

021

0.61

13.2

515

.59

12.1

9

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

31,2

00 694

210

50,0

00

1,68

0

7,32

030

,100 253 -

26,9

00 151,

560

8,54

0

4,40

0

2,44

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

20, 2

1

3/21

6/20 8/6

7/21

7/21 5/8

6/7

6/9

6/17 5/6

6/8

5/8

5/8

6/30 6/9

Stag

e (ft

)3.

62

~ 6.86

3.65

5.64

6.62

8.95

3.70

31.4

931

.65

9.89

7.87

10.0

4

12.8

0

14.0

3

4.87

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

328

315

368 83 500

879

826

293

121 -

15,9

00 154

1,07

0

3,66

0

4,55

0

236

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)2-

5 -

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

2-5

5-10

10-2

5

2-5

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Dischargea, Ga< » * JF 0) a 31 c 1 ? I 0) 5' 3

a c 13 2

I I o o. I! a 2 w | 2 OJ 5' 2 Q) a ..

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-23

)56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

Stat

ion

no.

0643

0540

0643

0770

0643

0800

0643

0850

0643

0898

0643

0900

0643

1500

0643

2020

0643

3000

0643

3500

0643

6000

0643

6156

0643

6170

0643

6180

0643

6190

0643

6198

0643

6760

0643

7000

0643

7020

0643

7500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nCo

x La

ke O

utle

t nea

r Beu

lah,

WY

Spea

rfish

Cre

ek n

ear L

ead,

SD

Ann

ie C

reek

nea

r Lea

d, S

D

Littl

e Sp

earfi

sh C

reek

nea

r Lea

d, S

DSq

uaw

Cre

ek n

ear S

pear

fish,

SD

Spea

rfish

Cre

ek a

bove

Spe

arfis

h, S

DSp

earfi

sh C

reek

at S

pear

fish,

SD

Spea

rfish

Cre

ek b

elow

Spe

arfis

h, S

D

Red

wat

er R

iver

abo

ve B

elle

Fou

rche

,SD

Hay

Cre

ek a

t Bel

le F

ourc

he, S

D

Bel

le F

ourc

he R

iver

nea

r Fru

itdal

e,SD

Whi

teta

il C

reek

at L

ead,

SD

Whi

tew

ood

Cre

ek a

t Dea

dwoo

d, S

DW

hite

woo

d C

reek

abo

ve W

hite

woo

d,SD

Whi

tew

ood

Cre

ek n

ear W

hite

woo

d,SD

Whi

tew

ood

Cree

k ab

ove

Val

e, SD

Hor

se C

reek

abo

ve V

ale,

SD

Bel

le F

ourc

he R

iver

nea

r Stu

rgis,

SD

Bea

r But

te C

reek

nea

r Dea

dwoo

d, S

DB

ear B

utte

Cre

ek n

ear S

turg

is, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)0.

0763

.5 3.55

25.8 6.95

139

168

204

920

121

4,54

0 6.15

40.6

56.3

77.4

102

464

5,87

0 16.6

192

Perio

d19

90-9

319

88-9

3

1988

-93

1988

-93

1988

-93

1988

-93

1946

-93

1988

-93

1945

-93

1953

-93

1945

-93

1988

-93

1981

-93

1982

-93

1981

-93

1982

-93

1980

-93

1945

-93

1988

-93

1945

-72,

1990

-93

Yea

r19

9119

9119

9119

8919

9119

9119

89

1991

1965

1976

1991

1989

1962

1972

1982

1991

1982

1991

1982

1986

1982

1982

1991

1962

Stag

e (ft

)-- 7.

53J7

.79

4.27

4.75

4.81

4.28

10.5

310

.54

5.31

'5.8

611

.69

9.15

14.3

2

3.60

7.54

5.68

4.52

4.32

24.8

019

.10

7.70

12.4

5

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s) "4.7

34 12 31

8 41 129

4,24

0 __

163 --

16,4

00 930

12,7

00 332,

660

2,08

0

3,05

0

3,68

017

,700

36,4

00 938

12,7

00

Max

imum

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

76/

8

6/8

3/17 6/8

6/8

6/8

6/8

6/29 6/9

6/8

6/30

7/20

7/20

7/21 5/5

5/5

111

5/9

6/8

5/6

duri

ng M

arch

-Sep

tem

ber

1993

Stag

e (ft

)- 7.

64

4.96

J5.1

8_

_ 5.37

5.14

6.69

5.35

3.97

6.28

9.72

3.56

6.09

4.41

3.42

5.06

13.7

612

.18

5.20

9.48

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s) J4

.9

51 19 318 96 299

6100 12

7

735 96

3,89

0 392,

120

722

1,05

0

2,52

02,

670

9,98

011

91,

300

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)- - -- - <2 -

2-5

5-10 2-5

10-2

55-

10 2-5

10-2

52-

55-

10 2-

5

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods In

the

Un I

o. <£ 1 f 1 I w 1 1 w

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)

76

77 78 79 80 81 82

83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Stat

ion

no.

0643

8000

0643

9000

0643

9300

0643

9430

0643

9960

0644

0200

0644

0850

06

4410

00

0644

1100

0644

1110

0644

1500

0644

2000

0644

2500

0644

2718

0644

2900

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nB

elle

Fou

rche

Riv

er n

ear E

lm

Sprin

gs, S

D

Che

rry

Cre

ek n

ear P

lain

view

, SD

Che

yenn

e R

iver

at C

herr

y C

reek

, SD

Cot

tonw

ood

Cre

ek n

ear C

herr

y C

reek

, SD

Cha

ntie

r Cre

ek n

ear H

ayes

, SD

Sout

h Fo

rk B

ad R

iver

nea

r C

otto

nwoo

d, S

DM

edic

ine

Cre

ek n

ear P

hilip

, SD

B

ad R

iver

nea

r Mid

land

, SD

Plum

Cre

ek n

ear H

ayes

, SD

Plum

Cre

ek b

elow

Hay

es, S

D

Bad

Riv

er n

ear F

ort P

ierr

e, S

D

Med

icin

e K

noll

Cre

ek n

ear B

lunt

, SD

Med

icin

e C

reek

at K

enne

bec,

SD

Cam

pbel

l Cre

ek n

ear L

ee's

Com

er,

SDE

lm C

reek

nea

r Gan

n V

alle

y, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)7,

210

1,19

023

,900 12

0 21.5

250 56.5

1,

460 24

.525

2

3,10

7

317

464 54.1

381

Peri

od19

28-3

2,

1934

-93

1945

-93

1960

-93

1982

-93

1990

-93

1988

-93

1989

-93

1945

-93

1989

-93

1989

-93

1928

-93

1950

-90,

1991

-93

1954

-90,

1991

-93

1987

-93

1987

-93

Yea

r19

64

1982

19

5219

8219

87

1991

1991

1991

19

67

1991

1991

1967

1991

1991

1988

1991

Stag

e (ft

)15

.90

18.2

2 22

.63

15.7

712

.58

5.21

17.8

9

6.82

22

4.44

2.72

23.7

4

29.5

5

12.9

8

19.1

1

14.1

9

12.3

1

Dis

ch

arge

(fl

3/s)

45,1

00

17,5

0055

,900

3,64

0

<10

15,2

00

29,4

00 4913

^00

43,8

00

6,37

0

16,1

00

2,92

0

1,40

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mer

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)5/

9

7/22 5/9

5/5

7/13 3/7

6/17

3/

8 3/

76/

76/

7

7/12

3/

63/

30

3/24

7/24

7/25

Stag

e (ft

)12

.85

16.5

914

.63

7.56

14.8

1

10.8

7

5.50

13

.41

2.73

15.3

0

17.8

7 '2

1.22

11.0

5

9.78

15.0

1

17.2

4

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

21,0

00

4,05

039

,200 75

6

8,00

0

1,19

0

168

1,90

0 671,

840

6,16

0

661

1,15

0

3,26

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)5-

10

5-10

10-2

52-

5 -- -- <2 -- -

2-5

5-10 2-5 -

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, ( s § (D ID

f M O.

3) *

o c i § 3 I M" 5" c a

9 5 M M o O g. 8~ | 3) 3 CD 3 CO

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

101

102

103

Stat

ion

no.

0644

5685

0644

5700

0644

5980

0644

6000

0644

6100

0644

7000

0644

7230

0644

7500

0644

9000

0644

9100

0644

9300

0644

9400

0644

9500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nW

hite

Riv

er n

ear N

ebra

ska-

Sout

hD

akot

a St

ate

line

Whi

te R

iver

at S

lim B

utte

, SD

Whi

te C

lay

Cre

ek n

ear O

glal

a, S

D

Whi

te R

iver

nea

r Ogl

ala,

SD

Wou

nded

Kne

e C

reek

at W

ound

edK

nee,

SD

Whi

te R

iver

nea

r Kad

oka,

SD

Bla

ckpi

pe C

reek

nea

r Bel

vide

re, S

DLi

ttle

Whi

te R

iver

nea

r Mar

tin, S

D

Lake

Cre

ek b

elow

Ref

uge,

nea

rTu

thill

, SD

Littl

e W

hite

Riv

er n

ear V

etal

, SD

Littl

e W

hite

Riv

er a

bove

Ros

ebud

,SD

Ros

ebud

Cre

ek a

t Ros

ebud

, SD

Littl

e W

hite

Riv

er n

ear R

oseb

ud, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)1,

440

1,50

0

340

2,20

0 82.5

5,00

0

250

310

(80

non-

cont

ribu

ting)

120

(60

non-

cont

ribu

ting)

590

(175

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)

890

(260

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)

50.8

1,02

0(2

60 n

on-

cont

ribu

ting)

Perio

d19

87-9

3

1962

-70,

1990

-93

1965

-81,

1987

-93

1943

-93

1992

-93

1942

-93

1992

-93

1938

-40,

1962

-93

1938

-40,

1962

-93

1959

-93

1981

-93

1974

-93

1943

-93

Yea

r19

91

1991

1967

1966

1947

1967

1951

1982

1965

1966

1987

1988

1991

1983

1988

1976

1967

Stag

e (ft

)19

.07

16.6

1

14.7

41 1

5.02

23.5

023

.61

13.8

316

.18

12.9

0'1

3.21 5.57

26.4

6

12.5

3

3.51

1SJS

J

10.3

4

14.0

9

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

3,82

0

1,75

0

659

5,20

0 -

21,7

00

1,19

0

594 -

3,54

0

900

643

4,64

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

8

6/9

3/12 6/9

6/8

6/9

3/21

6/29

3/14

3/24

3/27

8/16

7/28

8/16

Stag

e (ft

)12

.88

13.8

81 1

4.38

8.06

19.4

8

2.30

__ 6.

34

'5.9

2

4.93

5.20

3.94

6.06

6.69

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

1,11

0

926 - 52

2,19

0 20

10,0

00

1,76

017

0 86 244

772

151

752

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

) <2 <2

5-10

2-5 <2 <2 <2 2-5

2-5

2-5

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 3 <D c 3 M 3 a » Sr i -2 8 -i ta o » 1 §

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)10

4

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

Stat

ion

no.

0645

0500

0645

2000

0645

2320

0645

2330

0645

3255

0646

3900

0646

4100

0646

4500

0646

7500

0647

1000

0647

1200

0647

1500

0647

1550

0647

3000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nL

ittle

Whi

te R

iver

bel

ow W

hite

Riv

er,

SD

Whi

te R

iver

nea

r Oac

oma,

SD

Plat

te C

reek

nea

r Pla

tte, S

DC

ampb

ell C

reek

nea

r Ged

des,

SD

Cho

teau

Cre

ek n

ear A

von,

SD

Ant

elop

e C

reek

nea

r Mis

sion

, SD

Key

a Pa

ha R

iver

nea

r Key

apah

a, S

D

Key

a Pa

ha R

iver

nea

r Wew

ela,

SD

Mis

sour

i Riv

er a

t Yan

kton

, SD

Jam

es R

iver

at C

olum

bia,

SD

Map

le R

iver

at N

orth

Dak

ota-

Sout

hD

akot

a St

ate

line

Elm

Riv

er a

t Wes

tpor

t, SD

Jam

es R

iver

bel

ow C

olum

bia,

SD

Jam

es R

iver

at A

shto

n, S

D

Dre

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)1,

570

(260

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)10

,200 741 8.

3760

2 71.3

466

1,07

0

279,

500

5,85

7(3

,376

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)

716

(332

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)1,

493

(444

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)7,

393

(3,8

20 n

on-

cont

ribu

ting)

9,74

2(4

,069

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)

Perio

d19

49-9

3

1928

-93

1988

-93

1989

-93

1982

-93

1990

-93

1981

-93

1937

-40,

1947

-93

1930

-93

1945

-93

1956

-93

1945

-93

1988

-93

1945

-93

Yea

r19

6719

68

1952

1978

1990

1990

1984

1992

1983

1982

1952

1950

1975

1975

1979

1987

1969

1969

1989

1969

1969

Stag

e (ft

)1 1

0.02

215.

46

215.

4023

.59

5.14

9.83

13.9

3

5.71

7.95

'9.4

513

.08

'13.

5023

.07

23.1

716

.15

'17.

11

'16.

05

22.1

1

'15.

26

20.6

3'2

1.17

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

13,7

00 -

51,9

00 -

447

678

7,28

0 49 820

5,43

0 --

63,7

00

2,34

0

5,93

0

12,6

00

1,70

0

5,68

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)5/

13/

7

3/8 3/20

6/17

7/11 5/8

5/1

3/7

3/9

5/21

8/19

8/12

7/21

7/22

8/20

8/12

9/10 8/1

Stag

e (ft

)5.

24'7

.99

'17.

14'1

8.09

7.24

7.81

13.1

1

6.00

'8.5

8

'7.9

6

15.1

4

'15.

27'1

5.31 9.46

8.91

'13.

67'1

3.76

'12.

92'1

3.49

Dis-

ch

erge

(ft

3/s)

1,65

0

17,0

00 -

1,60

014

05,

120 53 500

2,00

0

27,1

00

1,16

0

708

923

1,39

0

1,39

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)<2 2-5 -

5-10 -

2-5

5-10 <2 2-5

2-5

2-5 _

2-5

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, Gai (D X (D <o I y a> 0. ifo c i l 3 i tn 5' 1 c 1 i u> <£.

to 3 a S o c 3D I a? 5" O1 i

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.

23)

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

Stat

ion

no.

0647

4000

0647

5000

0647

6000

0647

6500

0647

7000

0647

7150

0647

7500

0647

8052

0647

8300

0647

8390

0647

8500

0647

8513

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Turtl

e C

reek

nea

r Tul

are,

SD

Jam

es R

iver

nea

r Red

field

, SD

Jam

es R

iver

at H

uron

, SD

Sand

Cre

ek n

ear A

lpen

a, S

D

Jam

es R

iver

nea

r For

estb

urg,

SD

Roc

k C

reek

nea

r Ful

ton,

SD

Fire

stee

l Cre

ek n

ear M

ount

Vem

on,

SDEn

emy

Cre

ek n

ear M

itche

ll, S

D

Dry

Cre

ek n

ear P

arks

ton,

SD

Wol

f Cre

ek n

ear C

layt

on, S

D

Jam

es R

iver

nea

r Sco

tland

, SD

Jam

es R

iver

nea

r Yan

kton

, SD

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

1,12

4

13,9

11(4

,118

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)15

,869

(4, 1

48 n

on-

cont

ribut

ing)

261

17,5

90(4

,148

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)

240

521

163 97.2

396

20,6

53(4

,148

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)20

,942

(4,1

48 n

on-

Peri

od

1953

-56,

1965

-81,

1984

-93

1950

-93

1928

-32,

1943

-93

1950

-93

1950

-93

1966

-79,

1989

-93

1955

-93

1975

-87,

1989

-93

1955

-80,

1989

-93

1975

-93

1928

-93

1981

-93

Yea

r

1969

1969

1969

1960

1950

1969

1969

1969

1969

1984

1960

1984

1984

1984

Stag

e (ft

)

'18.

51

224.

93

16.7

0

13.3

5'1

4.10

17.1

6

210.

21

15.3

4'1

7.12

15.1

5

212.

70

18.0

1

20.4

5

24.3

4

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

6,00

0

7,31

0

9,00

0

2,24

0 -

12,5

00

2,04

0

6,61

0 -

4,28

0

4,21

0

6,52

0

29,4

00

26,4

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)

8/14 8/1

7/29

7/31

3/25 8/4

7/6

7/5

7/6

5/8

7/5

7/6

7/8

Stag

e (ft

)

8.60

'14.

64

'13.

36'1

3.41

10.4

8

14.1

3

14.3

4

11.4

8

14.9

7

8.92

17.3

9

19.7

6

21.1

5

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

720

2,10

0

3,44

0

270

3,45

0

1,88

0

1,93

0

4,05

0

2,24

0

5,39

0

17,6

00

15,8

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

2-5

2-5

5-10 2-5

2-5

10-2

5

2-5

10-2

5

10-2

5

10-2

5

25-5

0

5-10

cont

ribut

ing)

§Ta

ble

14.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

Mar

ch 1

-Sep

tem

ber 3

0,19

93,

in S

outh

Dak

ota

Con

tinue

d

Summary of

Floods 3 1 C f o. £2 a 9 <- D> 3 C

D> 3 «o (O 10 H 3" 10 3"

o i I «o s

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)13

0

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

Stat

ion

no.

0647

8540

0647

8690

0647

9000

0647

9010

0647

9215

0647

9438

0647

9525

0647

9640

0647

9928

0647

9980

0648

0000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nLi

ttle

Ver

mill

ion

Riv

er n

ear S

alem

,SD

Wes

t For

k V

erm

illio

n R

iver

nea

rPa

rker

, SD

Ver

mill

ion

Riv

er n

ear W

akon

da, S

D

Ver

mill

ion

Riv

er n

ear V

erm

illio

n, S

D

Big

Sio

ux R

iver

nea

r Flo

renc

e, S

D

Big

Sio

ux R

iver

nea

r Wat

erto

wn,

SD

Big

Sio

ux R

iver

nea

r Cas

tlew

ood,

SD

Hid

ewoo

d C

reek

nea

r Est

ellin

e, S

D

Bat

tle C

reek

nea

r Nun

da, S

D

Med

ary

Cre

ek n

ear B

rook

ings

, SD

Big

Sio

ux R

iver

nea

r Bro

okin

gs, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)78

.6

377

2,17

0(4

94 n

on-

cont

ribut

ing)

2,30

2(4

94 n

on-

cont

ribut

ing)

638

(570

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)

1,00

7(7

79 n

on-

cont

ribut

ing)

1,99

7(1

,427

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)16

4

163

(4.8

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)20

0

3,89

8(1

,479

non

-co

ntrib

utin

g)

Perio

d19

66-9

3

1961

-93

1945

-93

1983

-93

1984

-93

1972

-93

1976

-93

1968

-85,

1990

-93

1987

-93

1981

-93

1953

-93

Yea

r19

84

1984

1984

1984

1986

1986

1991

1986

1992

1990

1984

1969

Stag

e (ft

)'9

.88

12.5

7

17.6

2

31.7

7

9.08

11.0

8h

i. 13

11.7

3

13.1

0

9.64

11.2

7

14.7

7

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

900

4,80

0

17,0

00

21,4

00

1,81

0

4,97

0

2,25

0

17,3

00 578

2,59

0

33,9

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

4

5/8

7/7

7/8

7/25

3/28

3/28

3/28 7/4

7/4

7/4

Stag

e (ft

)11

.95

13.1

4

17.3

3

J26.

68

9.18

hl.0

7

hl.3

9

hl.4

4

1 12.

99

11.7

8

13.5

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

3,30

0

6,30

0

13,0

00

10,2

00

1,28

0

4,00

0

1,50

0

3,00

0

3,40

0

3,71

0

13,3

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)25

-50

25-5

0

25-5

0

10-2

5 -

10-2

5

5-10

5-10

10-2

5

10-2

5

Tabl

e 14

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Sou

th D

akot

a C

ontin

ued

n

I Discharg

<D O » <8 X ID

<O f 0) a 31 ® O C 1 8 i i w 5 1 c iCD i 8 sr 2. »" a S

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.23

)14

114

214

3

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

Stat

ion

no.

0648

0400

0648

0650

0648

1000

0648

1500

0648

2020

0648

2610

0648

2745

0648

2848

0648

5500

0648

5696

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nSp

ring

Cre

ek n

ear

Flan

drea

u, S

DFl

andr

eau

Cre

ek a

bove

Fla

ndre

au, S

DB

ig S

ioux

Riv

er n

ear D

ell R

apid

s, S

D

Skun

k C

reek

at S

ioux

Fal

ls, S

D

Big

Sio

ux R

iver

at N

orth

Clif

f Ave

nue

at S

ioux

Fal

ls, S

D

Split

Roc

k C

reek

at C

orso

n, S

DB

eave

r Cre

ek a

t Val

ley

Spri

ngs,

SD

Bea

ver C

reek

at C

anto

n, S

D

Big

Sio

ux R

iver

at A

kron

, SD

Bru

le C

reek

nea

r Elk

Poi

nt, S

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea(m

i2)

63.2

100

4,48

3(1

,479

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)62

2(8

.51

non-

cont

ribu

ting)

5,21

6(1

,487

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)

464

104

124

8,42

4(1

,487

non

-co

ntri

butin

g)20

4

Perio

d19

82-9

319

81-9

319

48-9

3

1948

-93

1971

-93

1951

-93

1986

-93

1982

-93

1928

-93

1982

-93

Yea

r19

8419

8419

69

1957

1984

1969

1992

1984

1983

1969

1983

Dis-

St

age

char

ge(ft

) («

3/s)

15.7

2 2,

030

11.0

2 2,

650

16.4

7 41

,300

217.

78

29,4

00

25.4

0 21

,600

15.0

0 17

,800

24.6

9 2,

200

13.7

2 2,

570

'14.

6122

.99

80,8

00

22.3

9 6,

290

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/da

y)7/

37/

47/

4

7/11

7/07

5/08

5/08

6/07

5/10

3/28

7/15

Stag

e(ft

)16

.84

11.2

815

.56

10.8

1

23.8

4

17.5

824

.21

12.9

3

23.0

5

15.3

215

.34

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/s

)4,

480

2,41

016

,400

8,64

0

18,0

00

18,9

002,

000

3,68

0

66,7

00

2,21

0 --

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

25-5

05-

10

10-2

5

10-2

5

25-5

0

25-5

0 -

10-2

5

25-5

0

2-5

'Bac

kwat

er fr

om ic

e or

oth

er so

urce

s.

2Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

.31 <

3Disc

l larg

e is

max

imui

m da

ily.

CO

90°

MINNESOTA

91 e -' LAKE '

SUPERIOR i*

IOWA

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albeis Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29'30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00' ILLINOIS

Piscasaw Creek

25 75 MILES

25 50 75 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

±66 Streamflow-gaging station and site number Number corresponds to that in table 15

Figure 24. Location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in Wisconsin.

82 Summary of Floods in the United Statea, January 1992 Through September 1993

Tabl

e 15

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Wis

cons

in[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic f

eet p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; <

, les

s th

an; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e m

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om

lood

Discharge:

O 1CD I (O I 3 Q.

31 0 i i 3 I0) to 5" 3 (D 5 1 i i o Q) 3 Q.

3£ 1 "i 3 1 8? 8 w ff

u.a.

ueo

icig

icai

sur

vey

aaia

. ut

ner

oaia

irom

u.a

. ue

oiog

icai

aur

vey

repi

ons

or u

aia

oase

sj

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no.

(fig.

24) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0533

2500

0533

3500

0534

0500

0534

1500

0535

6000

0535

6500

0535

7215

0535

7225

0535

7245

0535

7335

0536

0500

0536

2000

0536

5500

0536

5707

0536

7446

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nN

amek

agon

Riv

er n

ear T

rego

, WI

St. C

roix

Riv

er n

ear D

anbu

ry, W

I

St. C

roix

Riv

er a

t St.

Cro

ix F

alls

, WI

App

le R

iver

nea

r Som

erse

t, W

I

Chi

ppew

a Ri

ver,

at B

isho

ps B

ridge

,ne

ar W

inte

r, W

I

Chi

ppew

a R

iver

nea

r Bru

ce, W

IA

llequ

ash

Cre

ek (h

ead

of T

rout

Riv

er)

at C

TH M

, nea

r Bou

lder

Junc

tion,

WI

Stev

enso

n C

reek

, at C

ount

y H

ighw

ayM

, nea

r Bou

lder

Junc

tion,

WI

Trou

t Riv

er, a

t Tro

ut L

ake,

nea

rB

ould

er Ju

nctio

n, W

IB

ear R

iver

nea

r Man

itow

ish

Wat

ers,

WI

Flam

beau

Riv

er n

ear B

ruce

, WI

Jum

p R

iver

at S

held

on, W

IC

hipp

ewa

Riv

er a

t Chi

ppew

a Fa

lls,

WI

Nor

th F

ork

Eau

Cla

ire R

iver

nea

rTh

orp,

WI

Yel

low

Riv

er a

t Bar

ron,

WI

Dra

inag

ear

ea(m

i2)

488

1,58

0

6,24

057

9

790

1,65

0 8.43

7.96

46.2

81.3

1,86

057

65,

650 51

.0

153

Perio

d19

27-7

0,19

87-9

319

14-8

1,19

84-9

319

02-9

319

14-7

0,19

86-9

319

12-9

3

1913

-93

1991

-93

1991

-93

1991

-93

1991

-93

1951

-93

1915

-93

1888

-19

83,

1986

-93

1986

-93

1991

-93

Yea

r19

41

1950

1950

1965

1941

1941

1991

1991

1991

1992

1986

1941

1941

1986

1992

Stag

e(ft

)- 8.

22

25.1

9- 11

.05

20.4

62.

36

9.62 1.90

2.66

10.4

518

.80

24.8

0

10.1

3

5.89

Dis

char

ge(f

As)

5,20

0

10,2

00

54,9

002,

510

7,52

0

25,8

00 79 39 77 331

17,6

0046

,000

102,

000

9,05

0

1,16

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 199

3

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y)5/

3,6/

1

5/28

6/26

, 27

6/26

6/24

6/21

6/20

6/20

6/21

6/21

6/21

6/21

6/21

6/20

6/21

Stag

e(ft

)- 3.

33

10.0

8- 8.

53

12.3

41.

85

8.58 1.82

2.66

10.1

113

.20

19.8

4

8.10

5.73

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

1,08

0

3,26

0

20,7

001,

290

4,28

0

12,7

00 36 12 69 248

16,5

0016

,400

60,3

00

4,21

0

1,08

0

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

<2 <2 <2 '2 4 24 10 13 8

Tabl

e 15

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30

,199

3, in

Wis

cons

in C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods 3 3 c 1

a. S i S e_ 0) 3 1 - 8 1 3-

o (0 1 i

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fig

.24

)

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Stat

ion

no.

0536

8000

0536

9000

0536

9500

0536

9945

0537

0000

0537

8183

0537

8185

0537

9500

0538

1000

0538

2000

0538

2325

0539

1000

0539

3500

0539

4500

0539

5000

0539

7500

0539

8000

0539

9500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nH

ay R

iver

at W

heel

er, W

IR

ed C

edar

Riv

er a

t Men

omon

ie, W

I

Chi

ppew

a R

iver

at D

uran

d, W

IEa

u G

alle

Riv

er, a

t low

-wat

er b

ridge

,at

Spr

ing

Val

ley,

WI

Eau

Gal

le R

iver

at S

prin

g V

alle

y, W

I

Joos

Val

ley

Cre

ek n

ear F

ount

ain

City

,W

IEa

gle

Cre

ek, a

t Cou

nty

Hig

hway

G,

near

Fou

ntai

n Ci

ty, W

ITr

empe

alea

u R

iver

at D

odge

, WI

Bla

ck R

iver

at N

eills

ville

, WI

Bla

ck R

iver

nea

r Gal

esvi

lle, W

I

La C

ross

e R

iver

at S

parta

, WI

Wis

cons

in R

iver

, at R

ainb

ow L

ake,

near

Lak

e To

mah

awk,

WI

Spiri

t Riv

er a

t Spi

rit F

alls

, WI

Prai

rie R

iver

nea

r Mer

rill,

WI

Wis

cons

in R

iver

at M

erril

l, W

I

Eau

Cla

ire R

iver

at K

elly

, WI

Wis

cons

in R

iver

at R

oths

child

, WI

Big

Eau

Ple

ine

Riv

er n

ear S

tratfo

rd,

WI

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)41

81,

770

9,01

0 47.9

64.1 5.89

14.3

643

749

2,08

0

167

757 81

.618

4

2,76

0

375

4,02

022

4

Perio

d19

50-9

319

07-0

8,19

13-9

319

28-9

319

81-8

3,19

86-9

319

44-9

3

1990

-93

1990

-93

1913

-19,

1934

-93

1905

-09,

1913

-93

1931

-93

1992

-93

1936

-93

1942

-93

1914

-31,

1939

-93

1902

-93

1914

-26,

1939

-93

1944

-93

1914

-25,

1937

-93

Yea

r19

6719

34

1967

1986

1980

1990

1990

1956

1938

1967

1993

1941

1942

1941

1941

1926

1965

1938

Stag

e (ft

)15

.04

16.0

0

16.9

38.

80

19.9

0

9.46

9.02

'10.

35

23.8

0

!14.

63

8.78

7.59

10.0

09.

45

18.2

6

8.40

'18.

4624

.50

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

13,6

0040

,000

123,

000

6,00

0

3,03

0

574

919

17,4

00

48,8

00

65,5

00

1,10

03,

570

4,18

05,

800

49,4

00

8,30

0

49,2

0041

,000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

186/

19

6/23 8/9

8/9

7/3

7/3

6/22

6/20

6/21

6/20

6/21

6/20

6/21

6/21

6/21

6/21

6/20

Stag

e (ft

)11

.01

5.29

15.7

68.

06

18.6

5

8.89

7.59

11.1

5

19.3

0

16.6

4

8.78

4.58

7.43

6.77

12.2

5

7.15

27.4

816

.78

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

3,71

07,

380

90,1

005,

050

2,17

0

302

388

5,88

0

30,4

00

64,0

00

1,10

01,

650

2,73

02,

000

20,6

00

3,90

0

44,4

0011

,100

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)2 <2 21 4 -- 4 24

>100 <2 10 4 «8 3 10 3

Tabl

e 15

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Wis

cons

in C

ontin

ued

Flood

Discharges, G 1(D (Q » 0) 3 Q.

3D 8 c s 1 0) w 5" ID C "8 i w 8 D o Z w c 3. 30 1 01 1 3

W ^ S S

Max

imum

pri

or to

199

3

Site

no

.(fig

.24

)34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Stat

ion

no.

0540

0760

0540

1050

0540

2000

0540

4000

0540

4116

0540

5000

0540

6460

0540

6470

0540

6476

0540

6491

0540

6497

0540

6500

0540

7000

0540

8000

0541

0490

0541

3443

5

0541

3449

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nW

isco

nsin

Riv

er a

t Wis

cons

in R

apid

s,W

ITe

nmile

Cre

ek n

ear N

ekoo

sa, W

I

Yel

low

Riv

er a

t Bab

cock

, WI

Wis

cons

in R

iver

nea

r Wis

cons

inD

ells

, WI

Sout

h B

ranc

h B

arab

oo R

iver

at

Hill

sbor

o, W

I

Bar

aboo

Riv

er n

ear B

arab

oo, W

I

Bla

ck E

arth

Cre

ek a

t Cro

ss P

lain

s, W

I

Bre

wer

y C

reek

at C

ross

Pla

ins,

WI

Bla

ck E

arth

Cre

ek, a

t Mill

s St

reet

, at

Cro

ss P

lain

s, W

IG

arfo

ot C

reek

nea

r C

ross

Pla

ins,

WI

Bla

ck E

arth

Cre

ek, a

t Sou

th V

alle

yR

oad,

nea

r Bla

ck E

arth

, WI

Bla

ck E

arth

Cre

ek a

t Bla

ck E

arth

, WI

Wis

cons

in R

iver

at M

usco

da, W

IK

icka

poo

Riv

er a

t La

Farg

e, W

IK

icka

poo

Riv

er a

t Ste

uben

, WI

Kue

nste

r Cre

ek, a

t Mus

kellu

nge

Roa

d, n

ear N

orth

And

over

, WI

Rat

tlesn

ake

Cre

ek n

ear N

orth

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)5,

420 73.3

215

8,09

0 39.1

609 12

.8

210.

5

225.

5

5.39

240.

6

245.

610

,400 266

687 9.

59

42.4

Perio

d19

14-5

0,19

57-9

319

63-7

9,19

87-9

319

44-9

319

34-9

3

1988

-93

1913

-22,

1942

-93

1984

-86,

1989

-93

1984

-86,

1989

-93

1989

-93

1984

-86,

1989

-93

1989

-93

1954

-93

1913

-93

1938

-93

1933

-93

1991

-93

1987

-93

Yea

r19

38

1979

1952

1938

1990

1917

1993

1993

1993

1985

1993

1954

1938

1978

1978

1993

1991

Stag

e (ft

)-- 6.

62

17.3

823

.83

15.6

0

'17.

50

13.3

2

15.0

5

5.84

8.60

6.58

11.4

814

.92

'14.

81 8.74

11.2

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

70,4

00 456

11,6

0072

,200

4,01

0

7,90

0

230

420

3250 12

8

1,10

0

1,75

080

,800

14,3

0016

,500 834

7,00

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

21

6/21 6/9

6/24

3/29

7/18 7/5

7/6

7/6

7/5

7/6

7/6

6/26 5/3

5/5

7/10

7/10

Stag

e (ft

)- 6.

34

15.6

318

.16

10.3

5

22.7

8

13.3

2

15.0

5

7.57

8.60

6.13

10.3

411

.14

12.9

6

8.74

8.40

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

64,6

00 249

8,18

059

,100 424

6,34

0

230

420

250

111

1,10

0

1,32

059

,600

2,39

02,

960

834

3,64

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)34 3 8 17 19 - - _ .. 31 12 <2 <2 -

And

over

, WI

Tabl

e 15

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

1-S

epte

mbe

r 30,

1993

, in

Wis

cons

in C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Floods

In ? c 1 8"* 1 c 0) 2 8 IS> | (0 s? o S 1 i w

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.24

)51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

Stat

ion

no.

0541

3500

0541

4000

0542

3500

0542

5500

0542

5912

0542

6000

0542

6031

0542

6250

0542

7570

0542

7718

0542

7948

05

4279

65

0542

9500

0543

0150

0543

0175

0543

0500

0543

1014

0543

1015

7

0543

1022

0543

1486

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nG

rant

Riv

er a

t Bur

ton,

WI

Plat

te R

iver

nea

r Roc

kvill

e, W

ISo

uth

Bra

nch

Roc

k R

iver

at W

aupu

n,W

I R

ock

Riv

er a

t Wat

erto

wn,

WI

Bea

verd

am R

iver

at B

eave

r Dam

, WI

Cra

wfis

h R

iver

at M

ilfor

d, W

IR

ock

Riv

er a

t Jef

fers

on, W

IB

ark

Riv

er n

ear R

ome,

WI

Roc

k R

iver

at I

ndia

nfor

d, W

IY

ahar

a R

iver

at W

inds

or, W

I

Phea

sant

Bra

nch

at M

iddl

eton

, WI

Sprin

g H

arbo

r sto

rm s

ewer

at

Mad

ison

, WI

Yah

ara

Riv

er n

ear M

cFar

land

, WI

Bad

fish

Cre

ek n

ear C

ooks

ville

, WI

Yah

ara

Riv

er n

ear F

ulto

n, W

I

Roc

k R

iver

at A

fton,

WI

Jack

son

Cre

ek, a

t Pet

rie R

oad,

nea

rEl

khor

n, W

IJa

ckso

n C

reek

trib

utar

y ne

ar E

lkho

m,

WI

Del

avan

Lak

e ou

tlet,

at B

org

Roa

d,ne

ar D

elav

an, W

ITu

rtle

Cre

ek, a

t Car

vers

Roc

k R

oad,

near

Clin

ton,

WI

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)26

914

2 63.6

969

157

762

1,85

012

22,

630 73

.6

418.

3 3.

29

327 82

.651

7

3,34

0 8.96

4.34

542.

1

6199

Perio

d19

34-9

319

34-9

319

48-6

9,19

87-9

3 19

31-7

0,19

76-9

319

85-9

3

1931

-93

1978

-93

1979

-93

1975

-93

1976

-81,

1989

-93

1974

-93

1976

-93

1930

-93

1977

-93

1977

-93

1914

-93

1983

-93

1983

-93

1983

-93

1939

-93

Yea

r19

5019

5019

59

1979

1993

1959

1979

1993

1979

1993

1993

19

93

1959

1981

1981

1929

1993

1993

1993

1973

Stag

e (ft

)24

.82

17.2

67.

97

6.19

9.32

11.1

510

.84

2.56

!16.

236.

58

8.92

4.

16

!5.8

28.

118.

36

11.8

19.

13

10.0

0

7.99

512.

85

Dis

ch

arge

(t

f/s)

25,0

0043

,500

1,50

0

5,08

0

758

6,14

010

,300 476

11,9

002,

050

746

754

867

870

3,04

0

13,0

00 448

210

372

16,5

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

97/

97/

6

4/20 7/9

4/23

4/22

4/20

4/25 7/6

7/6

7/5

4/21

3/24

4/20

4/23

4/20

4/19

4/21

6/30

Stag

e (ft

)21

.15

11.1

77.

53

6.03

9.32

9.36

10.2

92.

5615

.85

6.58

8.92

4.

16

5.93

7.61

6.62

11.4

19.

13

10.0

0

7.99

10.3

8

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

6,95

03,

980

920

4,62

0

758

4,14

08,

660

476

10,2

002,

050

746

754

681

734

1,82

0

10,7

00 448

210

372

5,58

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

Inte

rval

(y

ears

)2 <2 6 25 ~ 12 - - 18

21 26 4 4 10 14

Tabl

e 15

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

dur

ing

Mar

ch 1

-Sep

tem

ber

30,

1993

, in

Wis

cons

in C

ontin

ued

o 8 3 (D £ I 0) E. 3D i

1 5

I I * a

Max

imum

prio

r to

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.24

)71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

Stat

ion

no.

0543

2500

0543

3000

0543

4500

0543

6500

0543

8283

0554

3800

0554

3830

0554

4200

0554

6500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nPe

cato

nica

Riv

er a

t Dar

lingt

on, W

IE

ast B

ranc

h Pe

cato

nica

Riv

er n

ear

Bla

ncha

rdvi

lle, W

IPe

cato

nica

Riv

er a

t Mar

tinto

wn,

WI

Suga

r Riv

er n

ear

Bro

dhea

d, W

IPi

scas

aw C

reek

nea

r W

alw

orth

, WI

Fox

Riv

er, a

t Wat

erto

wn

Roa

d, n

ear

Wau

kesh

a, W

IFo

x R

iver

at W

auke

sha,

WI

Muk

won

ago

Riv

er a

t Muk

won

ago,

WI

Fox

Riv

er a

t Wilm

ot, W

I

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)27

322

1

1,03

452

3 9.58

77.4

126 74.1

868

Perio

d19

39-9

319

39-8

6,19

87-9

319

39-9

319

14-9

319

92-9

3

1993

1963

-93

1973

-93

1940

-93

Yea

r19

5019

48

1969

1915

1993

__

1973

1976

1960

Stag

e (ft

)20

.71

15.7

4

21.4

611

.40

10.0

5

_ 7.42

52.5

0

9.25

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

22,0

0011

,700

15,1

0014

,800 322 _

2,26

030

0

7,52

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch-S

epte

mbe

r 19

93

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

67/

6

7/8

3/25

6/30

4/21

4/21

4/21

4/22

Stag

e (ft

)18

.22

16.5

4

20.3

68.

0110

.05

11.5

5

6.92

3.44

7.67

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

12,4

005,

650

9,60

04,

310

322

1,17

0

1,52

026

8

5,06

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)24 9 6 3 -- _ 9 9 14

'Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

. 22

.80

squa

re m

iles

nonc

ontr

ibut

ing.

3M

ean

daily

disc

harg

e.

41.2

2 sq

uare

mile

s no

ncon

trib

utin

g.

52.3

0 sq

uare

mile

s no

ncon

trib

utin

g.

62.3

3 sq

uare

mile

s no

ncon

trib

utin

g.

03

| W

REFERENCES

Flood Insurance Administration, 1981, Flood insurance study, City of Kansas City, Kansas: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, February 1981,31 p.

Krug, W.R., and House, L.B., 1980, Streamflow model of Wisconsin River for estimating flood frequency and volume: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1103, 44 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Daily normals of temperature, precipitation, and heat ing and cooling degree days, 1961-90 By State: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cli- matography of the United States [variously paged].

National Weather Service, 1993a, Midwestern floods Heat and drought in the East, special climate summary: Asheville, N.C., v. 93, no. 1, 4 p.

1993b, Update on Midwestern floods Heat and drought in the East, special climate summary: Asheville, N.C., v. 93, no. 2, 8 p.

1993c, Growing season summary, special climate summary: Asheville, N.C., v. 93, no. 3, 9 p.

-1994, Climatological data for Illinois (v. 98), Iowa (v.104), Kansas (v. 107), Minnesota (v. 99), Missouri (v. 97), Nebraska (v. 98), North Dakota (v. 102), South Dakota (v. 98), and Wisconsin (v. 98): Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center [variously paged].

Parrett, Charles, Melcher, N.B., and James, R.W, Jr., 1993, Hood discharges in the upper Mississippi River Basin,

1993, in Floods in the upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120-A, 14 p.

Perry, C.A., 1994, Effects of reservoirs on flood discharges in the Kansas and Missouri River Basins, 1993, in Floods in the upper Mississippi River Basin, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1120-E, 20 p.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Water resources data for Col orado, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Reports CO-93-1, IA-93-1, IL-93-1, KS-93-1, MN-93-1, MO-93-1, MT-93-1, NE-93-1, ND-93-1, SD-93-1, and WI-93-1 [variously paged].

U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982, Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrology Subcommittee Bulletin 17B, 183 p.

Viessman, Warren, Jr., Harbaugh, T.E., and Knapp, J.W., 1972, Introduction to hydrology: New York, Intext Educational Publications, p. 173-221.

Wahl, K.L., Vining, K.C., and Wiche, G.J., 1993, Precipita tion in the upper Mississippi River Basin, January 1 through July 31, 1993, in Floods in the upper Missis sippi River Basin, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Cir cular 1120-B, 13 p.

1994, Precipitation in the upper Mississippi River Basin during the great floods of 1993: Hydrological Science and Technology, v. 10, no. 1-4, p. 140-152.


SUMMARY OF FLOODS OF 1992

Summary of Floods of 1992 89

90 Summary of Floods in the United Statas, January 1992 Through September 1993

January 5-6, 1992, in Puerto RicoBy Heriberto Torres-Sierra

During January 5-6, 1992, most of the mountain ous interior and several areas along the north, east, and south coasts of Puerto Rico experienced moderate to severe floods (fig. 25). More than one-half of the island's towns were affected (40 municipalities). This flood was a result of intense rainfall generated by the unusual combination of a cold front and an upper-level pressure trough. As much as 20 inches of rain fell on the interior of Puerto Rico. Damage to houses, busi nesses, farmlands, livestock, highways, bridges, and other public and private properties was $155 million. This value was estimated from reports submitted by different agencies, which included the Federal Emer gency Management Agency, the Puerto Rico Depart ment of Agriculture, and the Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works.

The U.S. Geological Survey collected and ana lyzed data on the magnitude and frequency of maxi mum discharge recorded at streamflow-gaging stations throughout Puerto Rico. At streamflow-gaging stations where recording instruments failed or were damaged during the flood, high-water marks were surveyed to determine the maximum stage and discharge. Maxi mum discharges at the Rio de La Plata at Proyecto La Plata and at the Rio Grande de Patillas near Patillas gaging stations were estimated using indirect- discharge measurement techniques. This article pro vides a general description of the storm and flood, flood damage, and maximum stages and discharges for the January 5-6, 1992, flood and for previous maximum floods at selected streamflow-gaging stations.

Information related to rainfall quantities and inten sities throughout the island was provided by the National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. The Federal Emergency Management Administration, the Puerto Rico Department of Agri culture, and the Puerto Rico Department of Transporta tion and Public Works provided information on damage caused by the rain, floods, and landslides.

THE STORM

On January 4,1992, an extensive area of low pres sure at the surface and aloft was located off the east coast of the United States. An associated cold front extended from the Atlantic Ocean east of the Bahama Islands southwest to the Caribbean Sea. At 0800 on January 5, the front was positioned northeast to south west across the Dominican Republic. As the day pro gressed, convective activity ahead of the cold front became more intense. By 1400, a surface pressure trough had developed over Puerto Rico ahead of the nearly stationary cold front. A weak surface low pres sure also developed near the Gulf of Venezuela rein forcing the moist airflow into the storm system (fig. 26).

The unusual combination of these weather systems produced nearly stationary thunderstorms and intense rain on the mountainous interior of Puerto Rico. By the evening of January 5, the showers and isolated thunder storms had spread over the island. Strong thunderstorm activity and intense rain continued throughout that night and into the early morning hours of January 6 as the stationary cold front remained over the Dominican Republic. The surface trough ahead of the cold front and the weak low-pressure system to the southwest of Puerto Rico had dissipated. Although scattered show ers and thunderstorms persisted, the intense rains had diminished.

Rainfall totals ranged from about 2 inches in the northern part of Puerto Rico to 20 inches in its interior (fig. 27). The largest 24-hour rainfall total recorded was 20.3 inches at Toro Negro Forest (table 16). As much as 19.6 inches of rain fell in Cayey, exceeding the pre vious 24-hour record of 12.8 inches on August 30, 1979. Rainfall intensities for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-hour durations of 5.9, 8.4,11.2, and 18.4 inches exceeded previous islandwide maximums of 4.3, 6.7, 7.8, and 10.4 inches, respectively.

FLOOD DESCRIPTION AND DAMAGES

During January 5-6, 1992, at least 40 of the 78 municipalities in Puerto Rico were affected by the

January 5- ,1992, in Puerto Rico 91

67°1

5'67

°45

'

a I c CO a>

18°3

0' 18'

17°4

5'

Rio

Ciil

ebri

nas

Rio

Gua

yabo

R

io G

rand

e

Rio

Gua

najib

o

30'

AT

LA

NT

IC

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EA

N

15'

66°

45'

B5°3

0'

Tor

o N

egrb

\ P

UE

RT

O R

ICO

To F

ajar

do

Rio

Dag

uao

\

Rio

San

tiag

o Q

uebr

ada

Pa/

ma

Rio

Bla

nco

R

io A

ntor

i R

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Rio

Hum

acao

R

io G

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au

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ERS

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re 2

5.

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tion

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ipal

ities

in P

uerto

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o w

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90° 80':

lase from the Central Intelligence Agency. 1 3.000,000, 1987 World Data Bank 2

0 100 200 300 400 500 MILES

0 100 200 300 400 500 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Cold front system

Trough system

Low pressure system

Figure 26. Location of weather systems that produced intense rain over Puerto Rico during evening of Januarys, 1992.

worst flooding since the October 7,1985, flood. Rood- waters inundated downtown areas and neighborhoods, washing away homes, businesses, vehicles, bridges, and portions of roads. Twenty persons were drowned as floodwaters swept away their vehicles as they attempted to cross flooded bridges and roads. The most affected municipalities were Patillas, Cayey, Comerio, Toa Baja, Dorado, Salinas, and Ponce. Many landslides occurred on the slopes of the island's mountainous inte rior. About 15 main thoroughfares were obstructed or destroyed by floodwaters and landslides.

At Patillas, the floodwaters of the Rio Grande de Patillas and its tributaries destroyed 15 houses and

severely damaged another 141 houses. Most of these houses were affected by the Quebrada Arriba, a major tributary of the Rio Grande de Patillas upstream from the Lago Patillas. The residents of Barrio Mulas were isolated when the Rio Grande de Patillas destroyed the bridge on Highway 754. The streamflow-gaging station on the Rio Grande de Patillas was extensively dam aged. Several older citizens living along the Quebrada Arriba and the Rio Grande de Patillas indicated that this flood was the largest they had ever experienced.

Roods along the Rio de La Plata and its upper reach tributaries were particularly noteworthy. At Cayey, the Quebrada Santo Domingo and the

January 5-6,1992, in Puarto Rico 93

2 CO 3 a 2 I 01 5"

I CO I i 2 (O 8 (O s

18°3

0' 15'

18C

17°4

5'

67°1

5'

I

67°

45'

/?fo

Cu/

efar

inas

/?

fo G

uaya

fao

Rio

Gra

nde Rio

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uez

Rio

Gua

najib

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30'

AT

LA

NT

IC

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N

15'

66°

45'

65°3

0'

J?io

Faj

ardo

Rio

Dag

uao

Ri'o

San

fiag

o Q

uefa

rada

Pa/

ma

Rio

B/a

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Rio

Anf

on H

ufz

Rfo

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nes

Rio

Mau

nabo

CA

RIB

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AN

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ain

fall

Int

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and

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ches

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re 2

7.

Cum

ulat

ive

rain

fall

over

Pue

rto R

ico

durin

g Ja

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6,19

92 (

sour

ce: r

ainf

all d

ata

com

pile

d by

Nat

iona

l Wea

ther

Ser

vice

).

Table 16. Daily rainfall reported for January 5-6,1992, at selected National Weather Service-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NWS-NOAA) stations throughout Puerto Rico (data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992)[Data recorded at the NWS-NOAA stations are reported for a 24-hour period starting at 0800 of one day and ending at 0800 of the date reported. --, daily rainfall value not available]

Climatic subdivision and name of NWS-NOAA

station

WESTERN INTERIOR

Adjuntas substationArecibo observatoryCerro MaravillaColosoCorozal substationDos BocasJayuyaLas MariasMaricao 2 SSWMorovis 1 NNegro-CorozalSan Sebastian 2 WNWToro Negro ForestUtuado

EASTERN INTERIOR

AibonitoCaguas 1 WCayey 1 ECidra 1 EGurabo substationJuncos 1 NNEParaisoPico del EsteRio Blanco LowerSan Lorenzo 3 S

NORTHERN SLOPES

Can6vanas

FajardoIsabela substationLa Muda-CaguasManati 2 ERinc6n PowerplantTrujillo Alto 2 SSW

Rainfall (inches)1

January 5

0.31

0

2.00

0

0

0

.14

.02

0

0

0

.75

0

0.30

.05

.10

.05

.07

0

.40

1.60

5.14

.54

0.15

0

.02

0

0--

.05

January 6

6.63

1.70

12.00

1.40

6.10

1.22

7.20

1.14

2.96

8.00

1.37

20.30

3.55

5.00

6.95

19.56

10.36

7.11

6.57

8.20

10.10

2.11

5.60

4.95

8.00

1.92

4.93

1.43--

4.01

Total

6.94

1.70

14.00

1.40

6.10

1.22

7.34

1.16

6.40

2.96

8.00

1.37

21.05

3.55

5.30

7.00

19.66

10.41

7.18

6.57

8.60

11.70

7.25

6.14

5.10

8.00

1.94

4.93

1.43

2.25

4.06

Climatic subdivision and name of

NWS-NOAA station

SOUTHERN SLOPES

Benavente-HormiguerosCoamo 2 SWCorral ViejoGuayamaHumacao 2 SSEJuana Diaz CampMaunaboPatillasPuerto RealRoosevelt RoadsSabana Grande 2 ENEYabucoa 1 NNE

NORTH COAST

Borinquen AirportQuebradillasRio Piedras AESRio Piedras HeightsSan Juan WSFOToa Baja 1 SSW

SOUTH COAST

Central AguirreCentral San FranciscoEnsenadaLajas substationPonce 4 EPonce CitySanta Isabel 2 ENE

Rainfall (inches)

January 5

0

0

.32

0

0

0

0

0

0

4.65

0

0

0--

.05

0

0

0

0

.02

.05

.01

.20

1.66

0

January 6

3.05

9.00

12.15

4.82

12.00

10.15

7.60

2.10

4.80

1.64

5.00

10.90

0.40--

2.00

4.60

2.24

3.30

2.05

2.92

4.16

10.00

8.30

5.49

5.00

Total

3.059.00

12.47

4.8212.00

10.15

7.602.104.806.295.00

10.90

0.40

3.662.054.60

2.243.30

2.052.944.21

10.018.507.15

5.00

January 5-6,1992, In Puerto Rico 95

Quebrada Vieques rose quickly, flooding homes and businesses in downtown Cayey. Floodwaters washed away 10 municipal vehicles, including 3 new garbage trucks worth $55,000 each. At the Proyecto La Plata streamflow-gaging station (site 2, table 17), the river crested at a stage of 36.39 feet, exceeding the previous maximum of record by about 4 feet. The bridge on Highway 173, downstream from the streamflow-gag ing station, was washed away by the floodwaters. The Rio de La Plata flooded homes and businesses in the Comerio downtown area and partially destroyed the bridge on Highway 775, a newly built sewage pipeline, and the streamflow-gaging station at Comerio (site 3, table 17).

Farther downstream at Lago La Plata, the water level increased 19 feet in 6 hours. The streamflow-gag ing station at Highway 2 (site 6, table 17) recorded a maximum discharge of 110,000 cubic feet per second, which exceeded the maximum previously recorded dis charge of 95,000 cubic feet per second, produced dur ing the flood of September 6,1960 (Barnes and Bogart, 1961). Downtown Toa Baja and nearby low-lying areas were hard hit by the floodwaters of the Rio de La Plata. In many homes the floodwaters reached a depth of 7 feet. Water hyacinths carried from the Lago La Plata by the Rio de La Plata proved to be a menace to bridges and culverts. At Dorado, water hyacinths and bamboo blocked the opening of the river bridge, forcing floodwaters over and around the bridge, resulting in severe damage to the bridge deck, abutments, and piers.

On the south coast, the towns of Salinas and Ponce were the most affected by the January 5-6,1992, flood. At Salinas, the Rio Lapa flooded the rural area of Vazquez, and the Rio Nigua flooded the communities of El Coco and Margarita, destroying a bridge and 10 houses and damaging 164 other houses. At Ponce, an extensive area near the confluence of the Rio Chiq- uito and the Rio Portugues was inundated when floodwaters from both streams combined.

The northeastern area of Puerto Rico also experi enced notable floods when the Rio Sabana and the Rio Fajardo overflowed their banks. At the streamflow-gaging station on the Rio Sabana at Sabana (site 18, table 17) the maximum stage exceeded the previous maximum of record of 19.35 feet by 0.39 feet, while at the Rio Fajardo near Fajardo streamflow-gag ing station (site 19, table 17) the maximum stage almost equalled the maximum of record of 20.00 feet. The Rio Fajardo gage house was washed away and found destroyed about 2 miles downstream.

The rain, floods, and landslides caused extensive damage to private and public property. Total damages were estimated at $155 million by the Federal Emer gency Management Administration. The flood of Janu ary 5-6,1992, resulted in 23 deaths, 20 of which involved motor vehicles. There also were 167 persons injured; 17 required hospitalization (Torres-Sierra, 1995).

Emergency housing, medical attention, food, and clothing were provided for thousands of people as 78 houses were destroyed and 4,241 others damaged. Damage to homes, including those destroyed, was esti mated at $20.5 million. As a result of the flooding about 550 persons were left homeless. Damage to busi nesses was estimated at $11.5 million. Damages occurred mostly in the towns of Toa Baja, Cayey, and Patillas (Torres-Sierra, 1995).

The Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture reported considerable damage, with losses of approxi mately $5.0 million. The damage to vegetable crops alone was $1.6 million. The plantain and banana crops suffered a loss of $0.5 million. Damage to the agricul tural infrastructure in Puerto Rico was about $1.0 mil lion (Torres-Sierra, 1995).

Public facilities, roads, and bridges sustained more than $24 million of damage. At least 5 bridges were destroyed, and 20 were damaged. Many water-filtra tion plants, sewage-treatment plants, pumping stations, and aqueduct systems were severely damaged (Torres-Sierra, 1995).

SUMMARY OF FLOOD STAGES AND DISCHARGES

The U.S. Geological Survey collected maximum stage and discharge information from its network of streamflow-gaging stations throughout Puerto Rico during the January 5-6,1992, flood. High-water marks were surveyed shortly after the flood to determine the maximum stages and discharges by indirect methods at sites where recording instruments failed or were dam aged during the flood. The streamflow-gaging stations on the Rio Grande de Patillas near Patillas and on the Rio Fajardo (sites 20 and 19, fig. 28) near Fajardo were washed away by the floodwaters. Twelve others were rendered inoperable because of the accumulation of heavy debris and partial washouts. Discharges at the Rio Grande de Patillas near Patillas and at the Rio de La Plata at Proyecto La Plata were calculated using


Tabl

e 17

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y 5-

6,19

92,

at s

elec

ted

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y st

ream

flow

-gag

ing

stat

ions

in P

uerto

Ric

o[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; t

f/s,

cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1992

Sr 3

C 3 £p> i JSJ 5" o 0 2) 8 ID

Site

no

.(fig

-28

)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Stat

ion

no50

0383

2050

0430

0050

0438

0050

0448

3050

0450

10

5004

6000

5005

0900

5005

1150

5005

1800

5005

3025

5005

5000

5005

5100

5005

5225

5005

5390

5005

8350

5005

9050

5006

5500

5006

7000

5007

1000

5009

2000

5010

0200

5010

0450

5011

0900

5011

1500

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

n (m

i2)

Rio

Cib

uco

belo

w C

oroz

al, P

RR

io d

e L

a Pl

ata

at P

roye

cto

La P

lata

, PR

Rio

de

La P

lata

at C

omer

io, P

RR

io G

uadi

ana

at G

uadi

ana,

PR

Rio

de

La P

lata

bel

ow L

a Pl

ata

Dam

, PR

Rio

de

La P

lata

at H

ighw

ay 2

nea

r Toa

Alta

, PR

Rio

Gra

nde

de L

oiza

at Q

uebr

ada

Are

nas,

PR

Que

brad

a B

lanc

a at

El J

agua

l, PR

Rio

Gra

nde

de L

oiza

at H

ighw

ay 1

83 n

ear

San

Lore

nzo,

PR

Rio

Tur

abo

abov

e B

orin

quen

, PR

Rio

Gra

nde

de L

oiza

at C

agua

s, P

RR

io C

agui

tas

near

Agu

as B

uena

s, P

RR

io C

agui

tas

at V

illa

Bla

nca

at C

agua

s, P

RR

io B

airo

a at

Bai

roa,

PR

Rio

Can

as a

t Rio

Can

as, P

R

Rio

Gra

nde

de L

oiza

bel

ow D

amsi

te, P

RR

io M

amey

es n

ear S

aban

a, P

R

Rio

Sab

ana

at S

aban

a, P

RR

io F

ajar

do n

ear F

ajar

do, P

RR

io G

rand

e de

Pat

illas

nea

r Pat

illas

, PR

Rio

Lap

a ne

ar R

abo

del B

uey,

PR

Rio

Maj

ada

at L

a Pl

ena,

PR

Rio

Toa

Vac

a ab

ove

Lago

Toa

Vac

a, P

RR

io J

acag

uas

at J

uana

Dia

z, P

R

15.1

54.8

109 9.

1917

3

208 6.

003.

2525

.0 7.14

89.8 5.30

16.9 5.08

7.53

209 6.

88

3.96

14.9

18.3 9.92

16.7 7.64

49.8

Peri

od19

69-9

219

60-9

219

88-9

219

90-9

219

89-9

2

1960

-92

1977

-92

1984

-92

1990

-92

1990

-92

1960

-92

1990

-92

1990

-92

1991

-92

1990

-92

1987

-92

1969

-73,

1983

-92

1980

-92

1962

-92

1966

-92

1989

-92

1989

-92

1989

-92

1984

-92

Yea

r19

7919

6119

8919

9119

89

1960

1983

1985

1990

1990

1960

1990

1991

1991

1990

1987

1989

1983

1989

1975

1990

1990

1989

1985

Stag

e (ft

)19

.80

32.2

017

.36

11.5

422

.98

'36.

3514

.78

14.5

816

.60

-- 31.1

715

.24

13.1

610

.24

20.5

5

39.5

713

.19

19.3

520

.00

12.4

5

10.2

310

.34

9.62

29.4

2

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

13,6

0059

,600

32,0

004,

600

48,8

00

95,5

0011

,700

7,40

07,

510

2 2,4

00

71,5

001,

460

2,06

074

23,

830

124,

300

20,5

00

9,01

023

,500

14,8

00

1,75

03,

820

3,74

040

,000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

5-6,

199

2

Day 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Stag

e (ft

)19

.32

36.3

929

.22

13.3

634

.76

26.3

917

.52

14.3

031

.37

21.0

7

24.3

215

.93

19.9

112

.32

20.1

5

33.7

910

.27

19.7

419

.88

17.8

217

.19

13.2

422

.81

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

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Hydrologic information indicates that floods of moderate to severe intensity occurred in the basins of the Rio de La Plata, the Rio Grande de Loiza, the Rio Sabana, the Rio Fajardo, the Rio Grande de Patillas, the Rio Lapa, the Rio Majada, the Rio Toa Vaca, and the Rio Cerrillos (fig. 28). Flood stages, discharges, recur rence intervals, and other pertinent information for selected streamflow-gaging stations within these basins are summarized in table 17.

Previous maximum discharges were exceeded at 18 streamflow-gaging stations, and 11 streams had maximum flows in excess of 1,000 cubic feet per sec ond per square mile. The largest flows during the flood were recorded at the streamflow-gaging stations along

the Rio de La Plata. The Rio de La Plata at Comerio had a maximum discharge of 127,000 cubic feet per second (1,170 cubic feet per second per square mile), the Rio de La Plata below La Plata Dam had a maxi mum discharge of 127,000 cubic feet per second (734 cubic feet per second per square mile), and the Rio de La Plata at Highway 2 near Toa Alta had a max imum flow of 118,000 cubic feet per second (590 cubic feet per second per square mile). The streamflow-gag ing station with the largest flow per square mile during the flood was the Rio Grande de Loiza at Quebrada Arenas station with 3,030 cubic feet per second per square mile (18,200 cubic feet per second). Discharge hydrographs for selected streamflow-gaging stations are shown in figure 29.

80,000

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24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24

24-HOUR TIMEJan. 5 Jan. 6 Jan. 7

1992

Figure 29. Discharge hydrographs for selected streamflow-gaging stations during January 5-7,1992.

100 Summary of Floods In tha United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

REFERENCES

Barnes, H.H., Jr., and Bogart, D.B., 1961, Roods of Septem ber 6, 1960, in eastern Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 451, 13 p.

L6pez, M.A., Col6n-Dieppz, Eloy, and Cobb, E.D., 1979, Roods in Puerto Rico, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-141, 68 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, National disaster survey report Puerto Rico flash

floods, January 5-6,1992: National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, National Weather Service, 68 p.

Torres-Sierra, Heriberto, 1995, Rood of January 5-6, 1992, in Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-374, 13 p.

U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, 1982, Guidelines for determining flood flow frequency: U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrology Subcommittee Bulletin 17B, 183 p.

January 5-6,1992, in Puerto Rico 101

March 11, 1992, Ice-Jam Flood in Montpelier, VermontBy Jon C. Denner and Robert O. Brown

The ice-jam flood on March 11, 1992, caused the largest inundation of Vermont's State capital since the flood of 1927. Unlike the 1927 flood, which occurred because of intense rainfall and excessive runoff, the high water levels of March 1992 were generated by ice-induced backwater of the Winooski River. Although the areal extent of an ice-jam flood is small, the consequences to a community may be severe. That was the case in Montpelier when the Winooski River overflowed its banks and inundated the downtown area.

PRE-BREAKUP CONDITIONS IN THE WINOOSKI RIVER BASIN

In mid-February, the Winooski River and North Branch Winooski River in the Montpelier area were covered with solid ice and snow. Streamflow on unreg ulated streams was low because of consistently cold temperatures. On February 18, a discharge of 232 cubic feet per second was measured in the reach upstream from the streamflow-gaging station on the Winooski River at Montpelier (fig. 30). The discharge measurement was made through ice cover using a cur rent meter. Backwater attributed to ice effect, as deter mined by the discharge measurement, was 1.21 feet. The average ice thickness in the cross section was about 1.7 feet. After a brief thaw and light rains on February 19, temperatures remained seasonably cold through the first week of March.

A moderating trend began as a storm system devel oped over the mid-Atlantic Coast and moved in a northeasterly direction along a cold front bringing rain and above-freezing temperatures to Vermont. When ice-covered rivers, such as the Winooski River, are sub ject to mild weather, the following two processes are likely to occur: (1) increased runoff by snowmelt and rains can result in increased uplift and frictional forces applied to the ice cover, and (2) increased heat input to the ice can reduce its strength (Beltaos and others, 1990, p. 39).

Although snow depth had diminished to 2-4 inches in the Montpelier area, a considerable snowpack remained in the higher altitudes on March 10. Snow-course data, collected on March 3 at an elevation

of 1,300 feet in the headwaters of the Winooski River Basin, indicated an average snow depth of 18 inches and a water depth equivalent of 5 inches (unpublished data on file with the Bow, New Hampshire, office of the U.S. Geological Survey).

Late in the evening on March 10, a low-intensity rainfall commenced over the Winooski River Basin and continued overnight. By 0600 on March 11, the storm dropped about 0.60 inch of rain. An additional 0.20 inch accumulated throughout the day on March 11. About 0650, local police reported an ice jam near the Washington County Railroad Bridge, west of Pioneer Street Bridge (fig. 30). The jam subse quently released, and the ice and water surged down stream. At 0700 another police report described an ice jam near the Bailey Avenue Bridge, and flooding was reported on State Street (Times Argus, March 15, 1992). Within less than 1 hour, downtown Montpelier was inundated to a depth of 2 to 5 feet. A formal state of emergency was declared by the Governor of Ver mont at 0900.

Ice from the 1.5-mile section of the Winooski River downstream from the confluence with Stevens Branch probably caused the ice jam in Montpelier (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992). A surge of water released from the upstream ice jam may have triggered ice breakup along the Winooski River in Montpelier. The ice run stalled at a bend in the channel about 300 feet downstream from the Bailey Avenue Bridge. Stage data recorded at the streamflow-gaging station downstream from the major ice jam indicated substantial backwater in this reach prior to the forma tion of the jam (fig. 31). Another ice jam downstream from the streamflow-gaging station, possibly in Mid dlesex, may have caused the backwater. Channels affected by backwater typically have a marked reduc tion in water-surface slope and a decrease in flow velocities. These factors may have contributed to the stalling of the ice run and its subsequent ice-jam forma tion on the Winooski River.

After the initial ice jam formed near the Bailey Avenue Bridge, additional ice fragments continued to arrive from upstream. The jam thickened primarily because of underturning of ice blocks. Rising water levels caused large ice fragments to become entangled with the low steel of the Bailey Avenue and Taylor

March 11,1992, Ice-Jam Flood in Montpelier, Vermont 103

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SURGE FROM CONFLUENCE OF STEVENS BRANCH

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Figure 31. Gage height, Winooski River at Montpelier, Vermont, March 10-12,1992 (source: U.S. Geological Survey files, Bow, N.H.).

Street Bridges. Ice was stacked against the upstream side of the Washington County Railroad Bridge, but about 1.5 feet separated the Main Street Bridge from the ice pack. Bridges and other structures can contrib ute support to ice jams. The ice jam extended about 1 mile along the Winooski River, its toe (downstream end) was located near the Bailey Avenue Bridge, and its head (upstream end) was upstream from the Granite Street Bridge (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992).

MONTPELIER FLOODING

Flooding of the downtown area was rapid. The ice jam formed about 0700, and by 0800, Main, Elm, and State Streets were inundated. Most office workers, merchants, and residents had little warning of the impending flood. Some waded through thigh-deep water in parking lots only to find their vehicles stranded. Hundreds of people were evacuated by local and State police, fire departments, and private citizens

using an array of small watercraft. Fortunately, the flood occurred during daylight; otherwise, the rescue operations would have been more difficult.

Flooding was observed first on State Street in a low-lying area near the confluence of the North Branch and Winooski River. The high water levels on the Winooski River, resulting from the ice jam, created backwater on the North Branch Winooski River. The North Branch overflowed sending floodwater onto State Street. Ice cover along the North Branch was uplifted but remained intact as the water level increased. Downstream movement of ice on the North Branch was prevented because the ice pack on the Winooski River blocked its outlet. Furthermore, ice cover on the North Branch lodged against the Langdon, Rialto, and Washington County Railroad Bridges.

Flow on the North Branch Winooski River is regu lated by the Wrightsville Detention Reservoir (site 3, fig. 32), located 4.2 miles upstream from the conflu ence with the Winooski River. The earthfill reservoir, constructed for flood-control storage, was completed in


VERMONT

Washington County

15 MILES

Base from U S- Geological Survey Hydralogic unit map.1 500,000,1974

10 15 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION<i

A Streamflow-gaging station and site number

~ Direction of flow

Figure 32. Location of U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in vicinity of Montpelier, Vermont.


1935. The effectiveness of the structure was docu mented during the 1936 flood; the reservoir contributed to reducing the flood crest and potential for flood dam age in Montpelier (Denner, 1991, p. 539). As originally designed, the reservoir was an uncontrolled, self-regu lating detention basin. Outflow was dependent on the capacity of the outlet opening near the base of the dam. Since 1985, a hydroelectric-generating station has operated at the reservoir outlet. When the reservoir stage is below 635 feet, discharge is through a conduit leading to the generating units. Water levels higher than 635 feet flow out an uncontrolled conduit; dis charge at high stages, then, is a direct function of the reservoir stage.

The streamflow-gaging station on the North Branch Winooski River (site 2, fig. 32) is 0.8 mile downstream from Wrightsville Detention Reservoir (site 3, fig. 32). Recorded data showed discharge on March 11, from midnight to 0500, at about the mini mum-flow rate of 30 cubic feet per second (fig. 33). At 0600, discharge increased to 215 cubic feet per second

as a result of powerplant operation. Powerplant opera tion continued until shutdown at about 1015. Mean while, the water level at Wrightsville Detention Reservoir was increasing (fig. 34). Outflow to the uncontrolled conduit began at about 1100 when the res ervoir stage exceeded 635 feet. Discharge on the North Branch increased during the afternoon; a discharge of 563 cubic feet per second was recorded at 1715, approximately when the ice jam released on the Winooski River. Discharge probably was slightly higher at the mouth because of additional inflow from streams between the streamflow-gaging station and Montpelier. A maximum discharge of 842 cubic feet per second occurred at the North Branch Winooski River streamflow-gaging station on March 12, at 0530.

Discharge on the North Branch Winooski River alone was too small to account for the rapid flooding of Montpelier. Estimated streamflow on the Winnooski River was about 3,000 cubic feet per second during the period of inundation; thus, the Winooski River was

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most likely the major source of floodwater in the down town area.

HIGH WATER LEVELS RESULTING FROM ICE JAM

A major consequence to communities during ice-jam flooding is the high water levels attained behind the ice dam. An important constraint to the size of an ice jam and thus the maximum water level is flow diversion around the ice jam (Beltaos and others, 1990, p. 77). After the Winooski River and North Branch Winooski River overflowed onto the flood plain, water was free to move around the ice jam. The ice dam at the Bailey Avenue Bridge was bypassed on the north bank. Lower State Street, in effect, became a spillway for the ice dam. Overbank flow on the flood plain reconverged with the main channel about 200 feet downstream from the Bailey Avenue Bridge (fig. 30).

The water-surface elevation in the impoundment was relatively stable during most of the flood. Water levels, based on onsite inspections, ranged from 523.4 feet at 1055 to 524.3 feet at 1630. A maximum water level of 525.1 feet (0.9 foot below the current Federal Emergency Management Agency 100-year flood elevation) was determined from high-water marks found at the Federal building on State Street. The maximum elevation probably occurred during the surge of ice and water at about 1700. In comparison, the 1927 flood crest of 533.9 feet exceeded the 100-year flood elevation by 7.9 feet.

ICE-JAM RELEASE

Between 1430 and 1500, a section of the toe of the ice jam dislodged as a result of high flows and interven tion by construction equipment; a crane operating on the left bank dropped a steel beam on the ice fragments while excavators pushed blocks downstream. The ice

108 Summary of Flooda in the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

jam redeveloped, however, when upstream ice frag ments moved downstream. Ultimately, the ice jam was pushed out by a major surge of ice and water. The surge originated in the steep section of the channel between the Stevens Branch confluence and the upstream dam at Levesque Station. An ice jam at the confluence broke up at about 1615. The flood surge traveled downstream to the Bailey Avenue Bridge, causing breakup of the ice jam there at about 1710.

As the jam moved out, ice damaged the right truss of the Washington County Railroad Bridge, thereby causing the bridge to fail. The bridge was driven off its center pier by a large mass of ice and snow that had accumulated over the winter as snow was removed from the city streets and dumped into the Winooski River. The mass remained lodged against the bridge after the water receded (Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency, 1992).

When ice jams release, water in storage discharges, and sudden increases in water levels and velocities are generated downstream. The maximum gage height and discharge recorded at the Winooski River streamflow-gaging station downstream from the Bailey Ave nue Bridge were 15.71 feet and 11,500 cubic feet per second, respectively, at 1730. The maximum discharge had a recurrence interval of about 10 years (10-percent chance in a given year). The 1992 flood maximum was much smaller than the 1927 flood maximum. A maxi mum gage height of 27.1 feet and a maximum dis charge of 57,000 cubic feet per second occurred during the 1927 flood; the recurrence interval was greater than 100 years (1-percent chance in a given year).

The duration of flooding in the downtown area was about 11 hours. After the ice jam released, floodwater quickly receded from the streets of Montpelier. The surge of ice and water traveled downstream causing overbank flooding in the fields between Montpelier and Middlesex. The arrival of sharply colder weather later in the day on March 11 reduced runoff and thus less ened the potential for more flooding in the Montpelier area.

Despite backwater from ice-affected streamflows at the streamflow-gaging station on the Winooski River, recorded stage data provided valuable informa tion on the ice-jam flood. The gage-height plot (fig. 31) illustrates streamflow trends. Stage and discharge increased during the early morning on March 11. The sharp spike at 0715 shows the surge following the release of the ice jam upstream from Montpelier. Dis charge decreased after the ice jam formed downstream

from the Bailey Avenue Bridge. Between 0730 and 0800, the flow by the streamflow-gaging station was relatively stable, probably because of water being retained by the ice dani- The upward trend after the inundation of the downtown resulted from flow bypass ing the jam and increased runoff in the basin. About 1500, heavy equipment dislodged some ice in mid-channel. The rapid drop during this period proba bly was not caused by a reduction in discharge but instead may indicate a reduction in backwater. By 1600, the ice jam redeveloped, and flows continued to increase. The flood wave that ultimately caused the ice jam to fail arrived at about 1700. High flows, related to the dynamic breakup, are represented by the sharp upward trend. The recession after the maximum at 1730 shows decreasing discharges under mostly open-water conditions.

FLOOD DAMAGE

The downtown commercial district of Montpelier received severe damage from the flooding. Water levels were 2 to 3 feet above the main-level floors in many businesses. Flood damage consisted primarily of destroyed inventory, machinery and equipment, and records and utilities housed in basements and on main-level floors. Buildings, streets, sidewalks, and a railroad bridge were damaged (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992).

Martial law was declared in Montpelier on March 11, and only business owners and displaced residents were allowed in the city. Cleanup efforts were ham pered by extremely cold weather and light snows. The first priority for many property owners was to pump out basements and to repair heating and utility units because subfreezing temperatures could have further damaged properties. More than 200 automobiles were damaged or totally destroyed by floodwater. Some vehicles, not towed to heated garages, sustained more damage because engine blocks and transmission cases were cracked by expanding ice.

Petroleum spills caused pollution and safety haz ards. An estimated 8,000 gallons of fuel oil were dis charged into the floodwater (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992). In addition, gasoline leaked from automobile-service stations and vehicles. These contaminants either evaporated or were flushed downstream with the high flows after the ice jam was released. However, some petroleum residue remained in buildings and soils and created potentially hazardous

March 11,1992, Ice-Jam Flood In Montpelier, Vermont 109

conditions for emergency crews. In Montpelier, the ice-jam flood caused an estimated $4 million in dam age. Other flood damage totaling $1.1 million occurred in Caledonia, Orange, Washington, Windsor, and Chit- tenden Counties (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992). The President of the United States declared the flood-affected counties a disaster area (Times Argus, March 15,1992). No deaths or serious injuries were reported.

REFERENCES

Beltaos, Spyridon, Gerard, R.E., Petryk, S., and Prowse, T.D., 1990, Working group on river ice jams, field stud ies and research needs: Saskatoon, Canada, Nation Hydrology Research Institute, 121 p.

Denner, J.C., 1991, Vermont floods and droughts, in U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Summary 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2375, p. 535-542.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992, Interagency hazard mitigation team report for Vermont: FEMA-936DR-UT.


April 1992, in Central and Southwestern VirginiaBy Byron J. Prugh, Jr.

A strong frontal system moved eastward across Virginia during the third week in April 1992. The com bination of a low-pressure system over the Midwest coupled with a high-pressure system over the Atlantic Ocean off the eastern seaboard helped bring moisture northward from the Gulf of Mexico. The resultant rainfall amounts varied from 1 inch in the eastern part of the State to as much as 8 inches at several locations along the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). Runoff from the rain produced widespread flooding, with the most severe damage noted along streams draining the western slopes of the Blue Ridge Moun tains and in the valley to the west of the mountains.

There were two large areas where the maximum flood discharges had a recurrence interval in excess of 10 years (fig. 35). The largest area, encompassing more than 5,000 square miles, was along the Blue Ridge Mountains from the Virginia-North Carolina State line northward for about 150 miles. A second, smaller area of nearly 400 square miles was located at the northern end of the Shenandoah River Valley and on adjacent tributaries to the Potomac River.

Additionally, streamflow-gaging stations in two smaller areas one in the New River Basin on Big Reed Island Creek (site 15, fig. 35) and Beaverdam Creek at Hillsville (site 16, fig. 35) and a second in the upper James River Basin on the Maury River (site 5, fig. 35) recorded flood discharges with a recurrence interval in excess of 50 years.

Flooding was less severe along the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the headwaters of the upper Rappahannock, Rapidan, and Rivanna River Basins where flood discharges with 2- to 10-year recur rence intervals were recorded. Along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the headwaters of the Roanoke and Dan Rivers, there was considerable vari ation in response to runoff from the rainfall, and flood discharges from less than 2 years to more than 30 years were recorded.

The maximum stages and discharges recorded at selected streamflow-gaging stations are summarized in

table 18. New maximum discharges for the period of record were recorded at three stations in the New River Basin during the April 1992 flooding. A new maximum of record 257 cubic feet per second was recorded on Mira Fork tributary near Dugspur, Virginia (site 14, fig. 35), on April 21. The previous maximum for this 0.62-square-mile watershed was 184 cubic feet per sec ond during May 1989. At the streamflow-gaging sta tion on Big Reed Island Creek near Allisonia, Virginia (site 15, fig. 35), a discharge of 17,900 cubic feet per second was recorded on April 21. The previous record of 14,500 cubic feet per second was established during September 1959. A third peak of record was measured at a partial-record station on Beaverdam Creek at Hills ville, Virginia (site 16, fig. 35), and was determined to be 876 cubic feet per second. The previous record maximum discharge of 834 cubic feet per second was recorded during September 1979.

Damages from the flooding were in the millions of dollars with more than 300 private residences inun dated and numerous roads, bridges, and public utilities damaged (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992). Preliminary estimates of damages in the vicin ity of Roanoke and surrounding counties was $7.5 mil lion. Effects of the flooding were felt as far downstream as the James River at Richmond (fig. 35) where sand bags were used to fill gaps in a new floodwall that was being constructed to protect low-lying areas. One death was attributed to the flooding.

REFERENCES

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992, Interagency hazard mitigation team report for Virginia: FEMA-944DR-VA.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Virginia: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 102, no. 4, 23 p.

April 1992, in Central and Southwestern Virginia 111

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29 13 30' and 45°3G", central meridian -96°00' 75 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding

^ Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 18

Figure 35. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding during April 1992, location of selected streamflow-gaging stations, and physiographic provinces in central and southwestern Virginia.

112 Summary of Floods in the United States, January 1992 Through Saptember 1993

Tabl

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quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

-,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er

data

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

1992

Site

no

.(fig

.35

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Stat

ion

no.

0161

5000

0162

0500

0163

5500

0201

8000

0202

1500

0202

2500

0202

4000

0202

5500

0202

7500

0205

4500

0205

5000

0205

6900

0206

9700

0316

7300

0316

7500

0316

7700

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nO

pequ

on C

reek

nea

r Ber

ryvi

lle, V

A

Nor

th R

iver

nea

r Sto

kesv

ille,

VA

Pass

age

Cre

ek n

ear B

uckt

on, V

AC

raig

Cre

ek a

t Par

r, V

AM

aury

Riv

er a

t Roc

kbrid

ge B

aths

, VA

Ker

rs C

reek

nea

r Lex

ingt

on, V

AM

aury

Riv

er n

ear B

uena

Vis

ta, V

AJa

mes

Riv

er a

t Hol

com

b R

ock,

VA

Pine

y R

iver

at P

iney

Riv

er, V

AR

oano

ke R

iver

at L

afay

ette

, VA

Roa

noke

Riv

er a

t Roa

noke

, VA

Bla

ckw

ater

Riv

er n

ear R

ocky

Mou

nt,

VA

Sout

h M

ayo

Riv

er n

ear N

ettle

ridge

,V

AM

ira F

ork

tribu

tary

nea

r Dug

spur

, VA

Big

Ree

d Is

land

Cre

ek n

ear A

lliso

nia,

VA

Bea

verd

am C

reek

at H

illsv

ille,

VA

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)57

.4

17.2

87.8

329

329 35.0

646

3,26

0 47.6

257

395

115 84.6 .6

227

8 4.75

Peri

od19

42,

1944

-92

1947

-92

1933

-92

1926

-92

1929

-92

1927

-92

1939

-92

1900

-17,

1927

-92

1949

-92

1944

-92

1899

-92

1977

-92

1963

-92

1967

-92

1909

-15,

1939

-92

1962

-92

Yea

r19

4219

8819

4919

8519

4219

8519

85

1950

1969

1985

1969

1972

1985

1985

1979

1989

1959

1990

1979

Stag

e (ft

)18

.413

.49

10.9

!19.

815

.524

.76

19.1

9

31.2

342

.15

13.8

015

.60

23.3

521

.92

22.0

0

5.98

12.5

4

'8.5

07.

42

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s) -

12,6

009,

530

7,60

021

,000

58,5

0087

,700

23,0

0010

5,00

020

7,00

0

38,0

0024

,500

32,3

0020

,800

20,6

00 184

14,5

00 _

834

Max

imum

dur

ing

Apr

il 21

-22,

199

2

Day 21 21 22 22 22 21 22 22 21 21 22 21 21 21 21 21

Stag

e (ft

)12

.00

7.22

12.6

617

.29

13.2

8

11.2

618

.99

29.4

8

9.76

13.0

9

18.0

919

.93

17.1

0

7.20

14.0

6

7.63

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

8,10

0

3,74

0

9,86

023

,600

34,5

00

9,23

035

,100

105,

000

9,33

016

,400

22,0

0013

,200

10,6

00 257

17,9

00 876

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)35 35 30 50 55 25 30 25 30 25 25 25 30 45 75 55

Stag

e af

fect

ed b

y ba

ckw

ater

.

May-August 1992, in AlaskaBy Bruce B. Bigelow

Several floods occurred in Alaska during 1992 as spring streamflow was above normal. The flooding during May and June was intensified by backwater from ice jams. Some flooding was caused by excessive rainfall during August.

YUKON RIVER

The ice breakup in 1992 started with an ice-jam flood May 12 on the Yukon River near the Canadian border. The stage at the streamflow-gaging station at Eagle (site 1, fig. 36) was almost equal to the maximum observed stage caused by an ice jam during May 1962 (table 19). The ice-jam flooding dissipated within the next 100 miles downstream from Eagle. The spring streamflows throughout much of Alaska were above normal. In the Yukon River Basin, the Chena River near Two Rivers (site 6, fig. 36) and the streamflow-gaging station on the Yukon River near Stevens Village (site 3, fig. 36) recorded 100-year floods on June 3 and 11, respectively. Other stations (sites 1 and 2, fig. 36) had peak flows with recurrence intervals from 10 to 30 years during early June. The Kobuk River near Kiana (site 9, fig. 36) in northwest Alaska also had a significant spring-melt discharge during early June.

FAIRBANKS

During the last week in May and the first week in June, flooding occurred in the upper Chena River Basin near Fairbanks. The streamflow-gaging station on the Chena River near Two Rivers (site 6, fig. 36) recorded a flood with a recurrence interval of 100 years. This discharge produced the highest stage since the flood that occurred in 1967. The discharge of the August 13, 1967, flood was not determined, but its stage was 4.56 feet higher than that recorded during the flood of June 3,1992. In contrast, the 1992 maximum discharge at the streamflow-gaging station on the Salcha River (site 4, fig. 36) and at the crest-stage gage on Monu ment Creek (site 5, fig. 36, a small tributary in the Chena River headwater) had recurrence intervals of only 4 years. Maximum discharge on the Chena River

occurred about a week later than the maximum dis charges on the Salcha River and Monument Creek. The relatively high discharge on the Chena River was the result of local rainfall during June 1-3 on parts of the headwaters at the time of maximum snowmelt runoff.

For the first time since the Moose Creek flood-con trol dam on the Chena River became operational in 1981, water was diverted (May 30-June 6) into the Tanana River. The impoundment of floodwater in the Moose Creek Reservoir and the diversion of some of this water prevented major flooding in Fairbanks. The impoundment and diversion elevated ground-water levels in the area. These high ground-water levels along with poor drainage patterns and high water in the upper Chena River Basin caused damage estimated at about $500,000. However, damages that were pre vented by the Chena Lakes Flood Control Project (of which Moose Creek Reservoir is a part) were estimated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at about $10 mil lion (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994).

ARCTIC SLOPE

A flood occurred along the Sagavanirktok River extending from Atigun Pass in the Brooks Range to the North Slope of Alaska during the last week of August 1992. On August 24-26 where the road between Fair banks and Prudhoe Bay climbs to Atigun Pass, precip itation fell as snow. However, where the road descends to the lower elevations of the Arctic Slope, the precip itation fell as rain and caused flooding at both gaging stations along the Sagavanirktok River.

The August 27 maximum discharge at the gage on Sagavanirktok River tributary near Pump Station 3 (site 11, fig. 36) 20 miles north of Atigun Pass had a recurrence interval of 50 years. At the Sagavanirktok River near Pump Station 3 (site 12, fig. 36), about 140 miles north of Atigun Pass, the August 27 dis charge had a recurrence interval greater than 100 years.

At the Kuparuk River near Deadhorse (site 10, fig. 36), 10 miles upstream from the Arctic Ocean (Prudhoe Bay), the August 28 maximum discharge had a recurrence interval less than 2 years. Usually the spring-melt discharge at this station far exceeds any summer discharge.

May-August 1992, in Alaska 115

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1975Albers Egual-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 55° and 65 IJ , central meridian -154"

1 I F 0 50 100 150 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

±11 Streamflow-gaging station and site number Number corresponds to that in table 19

Figure 36. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Alaska used to determine maximum stages and discharges for May-August 1992.

116 Summary of Flooda In the United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

Tabl

e 19

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

ay-A

ugus

t 19

92,

in A

lask

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um;

ft3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; <

, les

s th

an; >

, gre

ater

than

. Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

Site

no

. (fi

g.

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

36)

Stat

ion

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n

£ i > £ c n i

i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 535

6000

Y

ukon

Riv

er n

ear

Eagl

e, A

K

1538

8960

Po

rcup

ine

Riv

er n

ear

Inte

rnat

iona

lB

ound

ary,

AK

1545

3500

Y

ukon

Riv

er n

ear

Stev

ens

Vill

age,

AK

1 548

4000

Sa

lcha

Riv

er n

ear

Salc

hake

t, A

K

1 549

0000

M

onum

ent C

reek

at C

hena

Hot

Sprin

gs, A

K

1 549

3000

C

hena

Riv

er n

ear T

wo

Riv

ers,

AK

1551

400

0 C

hena

Riv

er a

t Fai

rban

ks, A

K1 5

5654

47

Yuk

on R

iver

nea

r Pi

lot S

tatio

n, A

K1 5

7445

00

Kob

uk R

iver

nea

r K

iana

, AK

1 589

6000

K

upar

uk R

iver

nea

r Dea

dhor

se, A

K

1590

6000

Sa

gava

nirk

tok

Riv

er tr

ibut

ary

near

Pum

p St

atio

n 3,

AK

1 590

8000

Sa

gava

nirk

tok

Riv

er n

ear P

ump

Stat

ion

3, A

K

'Bac

kwat

er fr

om ic

e jam

.2S

ite a

nd d

atum

then

in u

se.

^Reg

ulat

ed b

y M

oose

Cre

ek D

am.

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

113,

500

23,1

00

196,

300

2,17

0 26.7

937

1,99

532

1,00

09,

520

3,13

0 28.4

1,86

0

Perio

d

1911

-13,

1950

-92

1987

-92

1976

-92

1948

-92

1967

-92

1967

-92

1947

-92

1975

-92

1976

-92

1971

-92

1979

-92

1982

-92

Yea

r

1962

1964

1990

1977

1967

1967

1967

1967

1985

1982

1978

1979

1983

prio

r to

Stag

e (ft

)

!35.

9433

.85

46.5

8

54.4

9

21.7

8

29.1

0

26.6

021

8.82

27.5

059

.46

37.6

0

19.9

9

21.0

7

1992

Dis

ch

arge

545,

000

179,

000

670,

000

97,0

00

1,49

0 _

74,4

001,

070,

000

152,

000

118,

000

700

23,0

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

May

-Aug

ust 1

992

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)

5/12

6/25

6/25

6/11

5/28

5/26 6/3

5/27

6/21 6/4

8/28

6/11

8/27

Stag

e (ft

)

J35.

9029

.96

50.7

6

59.6

0

15.6

5

25.9

1

22.0

410

.08

27.3

862

.94

32.9

4

21.2

0

20.6

7

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

428,

000

250,

000

827,

000

22,6

00 694

20,0

0031

1,40

078

8,00

016

1,00

030

,800

1,08

0

42,9

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

15 25 100 4 4

100 5 15 <2 50

>100

Damage to roads and other public facilities was REFERENCE minor. A culvert on the Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay road was washed out and delayed traffic briefly. At Prudhoe U'S ' ^1 CorPs of Eniineers- 1994' u-s - A y c°n>s °fBay, the Sagavanirktok River flooded some oil-field ?gi,neers ^J^. ̂ ^P0" to Coniress for

,. f, , , ., , c ,, fiscal year 1993: Washington, B.C., 17 p. areas, which halted oil production for several days.

118 Summary of Floods in the United Ststes, Jsnusry 1992 Through September 1993

June 1992, in Western VirginiaBy Byron J. Prugh, Jr.

During the first week of June 1992, a strong frontal system moved across Vir ginia. The front was accompanied by widespread rainshowers, some of which were locally intense. Total rainfall amounts for June 4-6 generally varied from 1 to 4 inches; however, some areas in the southwestern part of the State received more than 6 inches of rain (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992).

Runoff from the rains produced high water across much of the western one-half of the State; however, the area of major flooding was confined to the New River Basin (fig. 37). Maximum discharges at streamflow-gaging stations on the main stem New River had recurrence intervals of approximately 7 to 20 years (table 20). At streamflow-gaging stations on tributaries to the New River, the recur rence interval of the flood peaks varied from less than 2 to 22 years, except on Walker Creek where the recurrence interval was estimated to be in excess of 100 years (site 10, table 20).

The maximum discharge of 25,000 cubic feet per second at the streamflow-gaging station on Walker Creek at Bane, Virginia (site 10, fig. 37), was the largest recorded since the beginning of gaging-station operation in 1938. Informa tion on a historical flood that occurred in 1878 was provided by local residents when the station was established in 1938. The flood of September 1878 had a max imum discharge estimated at 40,000 cubic feet per second on the basis of historical high-water marks and channel geometry measured after the June 1992 flood. Table 20 summarizes the maximum stages and discharges for the June 1992 flood at selected streamflow-gaging stations in the New River Basin.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Virginia: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 102, no. 6, 23 p.

June 1992, in Western Virginia 119

CO i 2 a Tl

I CO o (O I i u

37°30

37'

36°30'

!°30

'83°

30'

82°

30'

John

W F

lonn

agan

R

eser

voir

KE

NT

UC

KY

NO

RT

H C

AR

OL

INA

Base

from

U S

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y di

gita

l dat

a, 1

2,0

00.0

00,

1994

Albe

rs E

qual

-Are

a Co

nic p

roje

ctio

nSt

anda

rd p

aral

lels

29°3

0' a

nd 4

5°30

'. ce

ntra

l mer

idia

n -9

6°00

'

50 M

ILES

50 K

ILOM

ETER

S

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

App

roxi

mat

e ex

tent

of

10-y

ear

or g

reat

er

recu

rren

ce-i

nter

val

floo

ding

Flo

od-d

eter

min

atio

n si

te N

um

ber

cor

resp

onds

to

tha

t in

tab

le 2

0

Figu

re 3

7. A

ppro

xim

ate

exte

nt o

f 10-

year

or g

reat

er r

ecur

renc

e-in

terv

al fl

oodi

ng a

nd lo

catio

n of

sel

ecte

d st

ream

flow

-gag

ing

stat

ions

in w

este

rn

Virg

inia

, Jun

e 19

92.

Tabl

e 20

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ne 4

-5,1

992,

in w

este

rn V

irgin

ia[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er se

cond

; <,

less

than

; >, g

reat

er th

an.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r

Site

no

.(fi

g.37

) St

atio

n no

.1

0316

4000

2 03

1650

00

3 03

1657

004

0316

7000

5 03

1675

00

6 03

1680

007

0316

8750

8 03

1700

009

0317

1000

10

0317

3000

11

0317

5500

12

0317

6500

13

0317

7710

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

New

Riv

er n

ear G

alax

, VA

Che

stnu

t Cre

ek a

t Gal

ax, V

A

Crip

ple

Cre

ek a

t Ced

ar S

prin

gs, V

AR

eed

Cre

ek a

t Gra

ham

s Fo

rge,

VA

Big

Ree

d Is

land

Cre

ek n

ear A

lliso

nia,

VA

New

Riv

er a

t Alli

soni

a, V

ATh

orne

Spr

ings

Bra

nch

near

Dub

lin,

VA

Littl

e R

iver

at G

rays

onto

wn,

VA

New

Riv

er a

t Rad

ford

, VA

Wal

ker C

reek

at B

ane,

VA

Wol

f Cre

ek n

ear N

arro

ws,

VA

New

Riv

er a

t Gle

n Ly

n, V

A

Blu

esto

ne R

iver

at F

alls

Mill

s, V

A

1,13

1 39.4

11.3

247

278

2,20

2 4.77

300

2,74

8

305

223

3,76

8 44.2

Perio

d19

30-9

219

40,

1945

-92

1967

-92

1909

-16,

1927

-92

1909

-15,

1939

-92

1930

-92

1957

-92

1929

-92

1878

,19

08-3

0,21

939-

92

1878

,19

38-9

2

1909

-16,

1938

-92

1878

,19

15-3

8,19

39-9

219

81-9

2

Yea

r19

4019

4019

4719

7719

1619

7719

1219

92

1940

1973

1972

1878

1916

1940

1878

1977

1916

1957

1878

1916

1940

1984

to J

une

1992

Stag

e (ft

)25

.7'1

7.4

14.4

20.3

711

.410

.01

6.6

14.0

6

23.4

28.

01

13.4

037

.435

.735

.96

23.5

16.6

9

13.0

13.8

33.1

31.1

27.5 8.37

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

141,

000

11,0

006,

980

1,86

017

,500

14,0

007,

500

17,9

00

185,

000

2,20

0

22,8

0021

7,00

020

0,00

022

1 8,0

0040

,000

16,9

00

11,0

0012

,900

240,

000

210,

000

^.O

OO

1,05

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

June

4-5

, 199

2

Day 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Stag

e (ft

)12

.00

6.15

14.5

29.

07

6.47

13.7

2.9

3

4.98

18.8

1

19.2

8

11.9

1

17.4

7

6.09

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

49,5

002,

250

484

8,56

0

4,30

0

80,3

00 11

4,37

074

,100

25,0

00

11,2

00

100,

000

713

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)17 3 <2 15 <2 20 <2 <2 7

>100 20 10 <2

Dat

um th

en in

use

. 2F

low

s in

the

low

er N

ew R

iver

dow

nstre

am fr

om C

layt

on L

ake

have

bee

n re

gula

ted

sinc

e 19

39.

June 14-15, 1992, Along the North Fork Powder River Below Pass Creek, Near Mayoworth, WyomingBy Jeff C. Vigil

Intense rain, associated with strong convection, fell over much of north-central Wyoming on the night of June 14 and morning of June 15,1992, and caused flood ing on the North Fork of the Powder River and other tributaries of the Powder River (Evans, 1993). The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1992) reported 4.06 inches of rain at Buffalo and 5.60 inches, 15 miles south of Buffalo, on June 14th and 15th. Unofficial reports indicated that more than 6 inches of rain fell southwest of Buffalo (fig. 38). Most of the rainfall occurred in an 18-hour period and was equivalent to a 24-hour design storm having a recurrence interval of 100 years (Evans, 1993).

The streamflow-gaging station on North Fork Powder River below Pass Creek, near Mayoworth, Wyoming (site 1, fig. 38), had a maximum stage of 7.47 feet and a maximum discharge of 1,090 cubic feet per second on June 15. This discharge has a recurrence interval of about 20 years, but it did not exceed the 1984 maximum discharge of 1,590 cubic feet per second (table 21). At a bridge about 7 miles downstream from site 1, floodwaters overtopped the road embankment.

Stream stages in the affected drainage areas increased downstream from the area of greatest rainfall. Wyoming State Engineer Office personnel reported an increase in stage of more than 7 feet at the streamflow-gaging station on Crazy Woman Creek at Trabing Bridge (site 2, fig. 38) (Carmine LoGuidice, Wyoming State Engineer's Office, written commun., 1993).

Johnson County Road and Bridge Department officials (oral commun., 1993) reported minor damage to roads and bridges in Johnson County. The greatest dam age occurred to road surfaces and shoulders of roads as a result of overflowing water, and some roads were closed for as long as a week. Rip-rap structures around bridges and culverts also were reported to have been damaged. The area affected is sparsely populated, so that monetary damage resulting from this flood was small.

REFERENCES

Evans, J.S., 1993, Flash flooding in central Johnson County, Wyoming: National WeatherService Central Region Technical Attachment 93-19,7 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Wyoming,June 1992: U.S. Department of Commerce, v. 101, no. 6, 27 p.

June 14-15,1992, Along the North Fork Powder River Below Pass Creek, Near Mayoworth, Wyoming 123

WYOMING

45'

A2

^Johnson County

Saddlestring }

EXPLANATION

Line of equal rainfall Interval 1 inch

U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging station Number corresponds I to that in table 21

Wyoming State Engineer Office continuous-recording gaging station Number corresponds to that in table 21

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 100,000,1995 ' Natrona Converse Universal Transverse Mercator projection, Countv I CountvZone 13

Lines of equal rainfall modified from Wyoming Climatology Office, written communication, 1992

2.70^ Weather station Number is rainfall in inches

OBarnum Town

Figure 38. Lines of equal rainfall and location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in Johnson and Sheridan Counties, Wyoming, June 14-15,1992.

124 Summary of Floods In tha Unltad Statas, January 1992 Through Saptambar 1993

§ «t r 1 5" (O 1 o 7 3- o § 1 3) 1 CD » § 1 O | 1 ! 3 s

Tabl

e 21

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ne 1

4-15

, 19

92, N

orth

For

k Po

wde

r Riv

er b

elow

Pas

sC

reek

, nea

r May

owor

th, W

yom

ing

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

, n

ot d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

pri

or to

Jun

e 14

-15,

199

2

Dra

inag

eSi

te n

o.

Stat

ion

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

area

St

age

Dis

char

ge(fi

g. 3

8)

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Perio

d Y

ear

(ft)

(ft3/

s)

1 06

3114

00

Nor

th F

ork

Pow

der R

iver

bel

ow P

ass

100

1973

-92

1984

8.

89

1,59

0C

reek

, nea

r May

owor

th, W

Y

2 -

Cra

zy W

oman

Cre

ek a

t Tra

bing

Brid

ge,

-- --

- (+

7-fo

otW

Y1

incr

ease

)

:Dat

a on

file

with

the

Wyo

min

g St

ate

Engi

neer

's O

ffic

e, C

heye

nne.

Max

imum

dur

ing

June

14-

15, 1

992

Dis

char

gere

cur

renc

eSt

age

Dis

char

ge

inte

rval

Day

(ft

) (ft

3/s)

(y

ears

)

15

7.47

1,

090

20

<§

126 Summary of Floods in the United Stetes, January 1992 Through September 1993

June 18, 1992, in Central KentuckyBy Kevin J. Ruhl

High winds and locally excessive rains and flood ing were experienced throughout the central part of Kentucky on the morning of June 18, 1992, as a result of a fast-moving frontal system. Widespread flooding occurred throughout the Beech Fork Basin in central Kentucky. Localized intense flooding occurred in the Cartwright Creek Basin in Washington County (fig. 39). Maximum discharge occurred on June 18 in Cartwright Creek near Fredericktown (site 4, fig. 39). However, on Beech Fork at Maud (site 3, fig. 39), the maximum discharges occurred on June 19.

A fast-moving frontal system also produced exces sive rainfall throughout central Kentucky on June 18 and 19. Springfield received approximately 6 inches of rain in about 4 hours; 6.27 inches of rain fell from 0700 on June 18 to 0700 on June 19. Bardstown, Kentucky, received 3.13 inches of rain from 1800 on June 17 to 1800 on June 18. The area around Springfield received the largest rainfall amounts, as reflected by the lines of equal rainfall shown in figure 40. The lines were drawn on the basis of rainfall data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1992), which gives 24-hour precipitation values at selected locations.

The flooding on Cartwright Creek near Frederick- town was the most extreme in more than 200 years according to one elderly resident whose family has resided in the area for that long. Just upstream from Fredericktown, extensive walls of fieldstone erected in the flood plain during the late 1700's were toppled over by the force of the flowing water. The peak discharge for the June 18 flood was determined using indirect methods in this vicinity (site 4, table 22) immediately following the flood. Using techniques outlined by Choquette (1988), the recurrence interval of this flood magnitude was 100 years. The largest previously known flood on Cartwright Creek in recent times occurred in December 1978 and was approximately

2.5 feet lower in elevation than this flood at the location of the indirect measurement.

Hood-determination sites are shown in figure 39. The maximum-discharge information and date of occurrence are given in table 22. The maximum dis charge for Rolling Fork near Lebanon (site 2) streamflow-gaging station had a 5-year recurrence interval but was not the maximum for the 1992 water year. The dis charges at sites 1,3, and 5 listed in table 22 are not extremely high, indicating that the excessive rainfall was localized. Recurrence-interval determinations were made from information by Choquette (1988) and Hannum (1976).

Residents in the Cartwright Creek Basin were adversely affected. About 100 people were evacuated from their homes in Springfield. Fredericktown, a small town located geographically midway between Bardstown and Springfield and at the mouth of Cart wright Creek, was especially hard hit. At least 12 fam ilies were evacuated, and several businesses were damaged. A state of emergency was declared in Wash ington County, and the National Guard was called in to help with the evacuations.

REFERENCES

Choquette, A.F., 1988, Regionalization of peak discharges for streams in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4209, 105 p.

Hannum, C.H., 1976, Technique for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-62, 81 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Kentucky: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 87, no. 6, 22 p.

June 18,1992, in Central Kentucky 127

KENTUCKY

37°30'

Base from U S Geological SurveyHydrologic unit map, Kentucky, 1 500,000,1974

10 15 20 MILES

0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

A Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 22

Figure 39. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of June 18,1992, in central Kentucky.


37°3Q'

Based on rainfall data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1992)

Base from US Geological SurveyHydrologic unit map, Kentucky, 1 500,000,1974

0 5 10 15 20 MILESI___ I ___T I______I


EXPLANATION

5 Line of equal rainfall Interval 1 inch

Figure 40. Lines of equal rainfall for June 18 and 19,1992, in central Kentucky.

June 18,1992, In Central Kentucky 129

(0 iry of

Floods

In

the

Unit & 2 1 » e_ 0) 3

C

0) 3

A 1 H

Tabl

e 22

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ne 1

8, 1

992,

in c

entra

l Ken

tuck

y[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

<, l

ess

than

; >, g

reat

er th

an; , n

ot d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

al c

alcu

late

d fr

om U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

June

199

2

Site

no.

(fig.

39)

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

Stat

ion

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n

Dra

inag

ear

ea(m

i2)

Perio

dY

ear

Stag

e(ft

)D

isch

arge

(ft3/

s)

Max

imum

dur

ing

June

199

2

Day

Stag

e(ft

)D

isch

arge

(ft3/

s)

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

Ken

tuck

y R

iver

Bas

in1

0328

5000

D

ix R

iver

nea

rD

anvi

lle, K

Y31

819

43-9

219

7821

.81

44,4

0018

11.1

413

,700

2

5 Sa

lt R

iver

Bas

inc (O 3

-

173 s i(p̂ ** $ u

2 3 4 5

0329

9000

R

ollin

g Fo

rk n

ear

Leba

non,

KY

0330

0400

B

eech

For

k at

Mau

d, K

Y03

3004

98

Car

twrig

ht C

reek

nea

rFr

eder

ickt

own,

KY

0330

1500

R

ollin

g Fo

rk n

ear

Bos

ton,

KY

239

436 82.2

1,29

9

1938

-92

1972

-92 -

1938

-92

1970

1978 --

1989

24.5

1

26.1

6- 52

.62

54,8

00

33,3

00 --

66,5

00

19 19 18 20

19.2

1

23.6

4- 41

.14

24,2

00

22,2

0031

,300

24,7

00

5 <2>1

00 <2

July 1992, in Eastern KansasBySethE. Studley

Excessive rainfall during several days in July 1992 caused isolated flooding in parts of eastern Kansas (table 23). Intense isolated thunderstorms occurred on July 4-5 in Wabaunsee County, July 22 in the southern part of Riley County, July 24 in and near Bourbon County in southeast Kansas, and on July 25 near the Nebraska border in Marshall, Nemaha, and Washington Counties (fig. 41).

An isolated severe thunderstorm occurred on the afternoon of July 4,1992, in Wabaunsee County, Kansas. Rainfall totals ranged from 6.74 inches at McFarland to 3.55 inches at Eskridge (fig. 41) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis tration, 1992). Mill Creek near Paxico (site 7, fig. 41) had a maximum discharge of 38,500 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of between 25 and 50 years. Damage was limited to crops in low-lying areas.

Another isolated thunderstorm produced about 4 inches of rain over the 4.1-square-mile drainage basin of Kings Creek in Riley County (site 2, fig. 41) on July 22. The resulting maximum discharge of 5,800 cubic feet per second set a new maximum for the 12-year period of record at this site and was determined to have a 100-year recurrence interval. The flood wave lifted a small footbridge from near the streamflow-gaging station and carried it 0.25 mile downstream, destroying the bridge and damaging some discharge-measuring equipment.

Severe thunderstorms moved across the upper reaches of the Marmaton River in southeast Kansas on July 23 and 24, producing rainfall in excess of 4 inches for the 2-day period (fig. 41). Marmaton River near Marmaton (site 8, fig. 41) recorded a discharge of 48,500 cubic feet per second, which is considered a 50-year recur rence-interval flood.

Rainfall of 5.31 inches fell at Marysville in Marshall County, and more than 2 inches fell at nearby sites (fig. 41) on the evening of July 25. Five streamflow-gaging stations in the area (sites 1 and 3-6, fig. 41) recorded large discharges although little flood damage occurred.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatologic data, Kansas, July 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 106, no. 7, 31 p.

July 1992, In Eastern Kansas 131

01 3 o

Tabl

e 23

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ly 1

992,

in e

aste

rn K

ansa

s[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft'/

s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

>, g

reat

er th

an;

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Su

rvey

dat

a. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

pri

or to

Jul

y 19

92

Site

no

.(fi

g.41

) 1 2 3 4 5

Stat

ion

no.

0681

4000

06

8796

50

0688

2510

06

8842

00

0688

4400

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

date

rmin

atio

nTu

rkey

Cre

ek n

ear S

enec

a, K

S K

ings

Cre

ek n

ear M

anha

ttan,

KS

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at M

arys

ville

, KS

Mill

Cre

ek a

t Was

hing

ton,

KS

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er n

ear B

ames

, KS

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)27

6 4.1

4,78

0 34

4 3,

320

Perio

d19

49-9

2 19

80-9

2 19

84-9

2 19

59-9

2 19

58-9

2

Yea

r19

73

1982

19

86

1983

19

73

Stag

e (ft

)24

.77

11.2

8 38

.90

29.1

3 27

.70

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

21,4

00

4,53

0 39

,700

12

,300

53

,700

Max

imum

dur

ing

July

Day 25

22

25

25

26

Stag

e (ft

)24

.47

12.0

5 37

.80

21.9

0 25

.82

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

19,6

00

5,80

0 35

,800

5,

520

41,9

00

1992 Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)50

-100

>1

00

25-5

0 10

-25

0688

5500

B

lack

Ver

mill

ion

Riv

er n

ear

Fran

kfor

t, K

S

0688

8500

M

ill C

reek

nea

r Pax

ico,

KS

0691

7380

M

arm

aton

Riv

er n

ear M

arm

aton

, KS

410

1948

, 19

48

30.2

019

51,

1973

30

.06

36,4

0019

53-9

2 31

6 19

51,

1951

34

.70

77,2

0019

54-9

2 29

2 19

71-9

2 19

86

42.8

7 10

6,00

0

25

29.5

8 16

,200

5-10

5 31

.03

38,5

00

25-5

0

24

38.3

5 48

,400

50

KANSAS

,7 ° NEBRASKA 30' Turkey Creek 96°____ _ - -T^TT^-.

iase from U S Environmental Protection Agency digital data, 1 500,000.1982, and Kansas Geological Survey digital data, 1 24,000,1992 Lambert Conformal Conic projection Standard parallels 33° and 45°

40 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

^ Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 23. Number in parentheses is precipitation amount in inches

.(4.92) National Weather Service precipitation' station Number in parentheses is

precipitation amount in inches

Figure 41. Location of flood-determination sites and precipitation amounts for floods of July 1992, in eastern Kansas.

July 1992, In Eastern Ksnsas 133

134 Summary of Floods in the United States, Jenuary 1992 Through September 1993

July 1992, in Central and Western OhioBy Harold Shindel

Severe thunderstorms and excessive rainfall started in mid-July 1992 follow ing a period of drought over much of Ohio. On July 12-13, excessive rains in cen tral and western Ohio caused moderate to severe small-stream and urban flooding. Rainfall amounts of more than 6 inches were reported in some areas (National Oce anic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). Auglaize, Franklin, Mercer, and Shelby Counties (fig. 42), as well as parts of surrounding counties, were hardest hit.

Showers and thunderstorms were common statewide throughout the remainder of the month. Several other storms of note occurred. On July 16-17, excessive rains prompted flood warnings in central, western, and northwestern Ohio, as well as small-stream and urban flood warnings in many other areas of the State.

On the afternoon of July 26, an estimated 4 inches of rain fell within 2 hours in parts of south-central Ohio. The intense rains caused major flooding on Indian Creek, a tributary to the Scioto River that passes through the community of Mass- ieville in Ross County. Floodwaters from Indian Creek rose so quickly that heli copters and boats were required to rescue some residents as they sat atop the roofs of houses and mobile homes.

Flood damage for the July 26 flood was extensive. Two people drowned, reportedly while attempting to aid others. Debris caused blockage of some stream crossings, which increased flood elevations and property damage (Federal Emer gency Management Agency, 1992). In all, 35 mobile homes and 3 single-family homes were destroyed during the flood in the Massieville area. Another 40 mobile homes, 55 single-family homes, and 7 businesses sustained major damage (Baird, 1992). A number of residential propane tanks were dislodged from their moorings and were carried downstream by the flood, some of which lodged under bridges and near homes. Newspapers reported that several tanks exploded (Columbus Dis patch, 1992); however, there were no reports of explosion damage.

A maximum stage of 20.65 feet was determined by survey of high-water marks at the previously discontinued partial-record streamflow-gaging station on Indian Creek at Massieville (site 1, fig. 42). The previous maximum stage during the 1947-77 operation of the station, 17.98 feet, occurred on June 25,1971 (table 24). Computations by the U.S. Geological Survey for the 1992 flood at this site esti mated the maximum discharge at about 8,200 cubic feet per second, which was slightly less than the 100-year recurrence interval flood. On the same day, storms caused some flooding conditions in Belmont, Jefferson, and Perry Counties. Storms on July 29-30 in northeastern Ohio caused moderate flooding in Mahoning and Counties.

REFERENCES

Baird, D., 1992, Floods rout hundreds in south-central Ohio: Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch,July 27, 1992, p. 1A-2A.

Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, 1992, Two die in Ross County flooding: July 28,1992,p. 1A-2A.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1992, Interagency hazard mitigation team reportfor Ohio: FEMA-951-DR-OH, 19 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Ohio:Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 7, 27 p.

July 1992, in Central and Western Ohio 135

MICHIGAN

J i 1 J fv-J- U-i. ->-"-{ i K r i" ^r- ii_ L L.-L ^ ' __ II I - 1 I | _J || I I-1 - 1 ^ -r J

MAHONlNGi-

: "jj (FRAimJNJ I' } ~

Base from U S Geological Survey, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 49°30', central meridian -96°00'

57'30"

EXPLANATION

Counties affected by flooding during July 1992

Streamflow-gaging station Number corresponds to that in table 24

39°15'-

82°55'

Massieville

Base modified from U S Geological Survey digital line graphs, Polyconic projection

1MILE

1 KILOMETER

Figure 42. Ohio counties affected by flooding during July 1992 and location of flood-determination site for flood of July 26, 1992.


c.

<

Tab

le 2

4.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

July

26,

1992

, in

Mas

siev

ille,

Ohi

o[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond.

Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Jul

y 19

92

Max

imum

dur

ing

July

26,

1992

Site

D

isch

arge

no.

Dra

inag

e D

is-

Dis

- re

curr

ence

(fig.

S

trea

m a

nd p

lace

of

area

S

tage

ch

arge

S

tage

ch

arge

in

terv

al42

) St

atio

n no

. de

term

inat

ion

(mi2

) Pe

riod

Year

(ft

) (ft

3/s)

D

ay

(ft)

(ft3/

s)

(yea

rs)

1 03

2341

00

Indi

an C

reek

at M

assi

evill

e, O

H

9.6

1947

-77

1953

16

^95

5,64

0 26

20

.65

8,20

0 10

019

71

17.9

8 4,

500

CO

138 Summary of Floods In the United Stetes, Jenuary 1992 Through September 1993

July 12-16,1992, in Central IndianaBy Donald V. Arvin

As the month of July 1992 began in Indiana, the lack of precipitation began to show its effects. Low soil moisture resulted in pronounced crop stress. Water-sup ply managers started to initiate water conservation measures. However, thunder storms and rain returned in July and resulted in total monthly precipitation ranging from 4 to more than 15 inches throughout the State (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1992). These rains caused soils to become saturated and resulted in occasional lowland flooding. Intense rains on July 12-13 resulted in flooding along streams in Carroll, Howard, Grant, Blackford, Madison, Delaware, and Hancock Counties (fig. 43).

Soils of central Indiana became saturated with water from as much as 3 inches of rain that fell during the early morning hours of July 12. As a result of an addi tional 4 to 6 inches of rain that fell late July 12 and early July 13, many State and local roadways were closed.

This flood resulted in new maximum discharges for the period of record for at least two streamflow-gaging stations (table 25). The streamflow-gaging station on Pipe Creek at Frankton (site 5, fig. 43), which has a drainage area of 113 square miles and a period of record beginning in May 1968, had a record maximum dis charge of 5,630 cubic feet per second on July 13, which had a 30-year recurrence interval. The streamflow-gaging station on Wildcat Creek near Jerome (site 3, fig. 43), which has a drainage area of 146 square miles and a period of record that dates back to July 1961, had a record maximum discharge of 7,120 cubic feet per second on July 14, 1992. The flood had a recurrence interval of 40 years.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Monthly report of river and flood conditions for July 1992: Indianapolis, Indiana, 3 p.

July 12-16,1992, in Centre! Indiana 139

85°30'

40°30'-

I 4 Wildcat ,-f. U^__ ^-^-TI Owasco

i Base from U S Geological Survey 1 100,000.1983( Albers Equal Area projectioni Standard parallels 20"30' and 45°30'. central meridian -8B°00'

B^X 1Alexandria Delaware

/* ' Muncie ./ rrankton

INDIANA

Index map 30 MILES

0 10 2D 30 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION5 ^ Flood-determination site


Figure 43. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of July 12-16,1992, in central Indiana.


Tabl

e 25

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ly 1

2-16

,199

2, in

cen

tral I

ndia

na[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic f

eet p

er s

econ

d. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Su

rvey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

July

199

2

Site

no

.(fi

g.43

) St

atio

n no

.1

0332

6070

2 03

3265

003

0333

3450

4 03

3340

00

5 03

3483

50

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Big

Lic

k C

reek

nea

r Har

tford

City

, IN

Mis

siss

inew

a R

iver

at M

ario

n, I

NW

ildca

t Cre

ek n

ear J

erom

e, I

NW

ildca

t Cre

ek a

t Ow

asco

, IN

Pipe

Cre

ek a

t Fra

nkto

n, I

N

29.2

682

146

396

113

Perio

d19

71-9

219

23-9

219

61-9

219

43-7

3,19

75-8

1,19

88-9

219

68-9

2

Yea

r19

8119

2719

9019

5019

80

1980

1989

Stag

e (ft

)16

.14

17.4

013

.71

13.3

011

.58

14.7

814

.71

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

1,94

025

,000

6,89

010

,200

10,8

00

4,34

04,

920

Max

imum

dur

ing

July

12-

16, 1

992

Day 13 15 14 16 13

Stag

e (ft

)15

.37

15.1

613

.31

11.9

9

15.0

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

1,60

019

,600

7,12

09,

560

5,63

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)15

-20 10 40 20 30

s. I

142 Summary of Floods In tha Unltad Statas, January 1992 Through September 1993

July 25-August 2, 1992, in Southeastern NebraskaSyJ.A. Boohar

Severe flooding in southeastern Nebraska occurred the latter part of July as a result of two separate storms. The first storm occurred July 25 and produced 7 inches of rain in much of the area, with unofficial reports of 11 inches in some places. The second storm occurred July 29 and produced 3 to 6 inches of rain on the already saturated ground (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1992).

A list of the streamflow-gaging stations showing maximum discharges where major flooding was mea sured can be found in table 26. The location for these streamflow-gaging stations is shown in the figure 44.

Maximum discharge of the Little Blue River near Deweese (site 10, fig. 44) occurred on July 25 and was determined to have a 2-year recurrence interval. Other streamflow-gaging stations located downstream on the Little Blue River (fig. 44) near Alexandria (site 11) and near Fairbury, Nebraska (site 13), and at Hollenberg, Kansas (site 14), recorded new maximum discharges for the period of record as a result of the first storm (table 26). The streamflow-gaging station near Alexan dria (site 11) recorded a maximum stage of 21.07 feet on July 25. Discharge was 32,600 cubic feet per second and was determined to be 1.1 times the 100-year recur rence-interval discharge. The stage and discharge exceeded the previous maximums by 3.77 feet and 7,000 cubic feet per second. The streamflow-gaging station near Fairbury (site 13, fig. 44) recorded a max imum stage of 24.33 feet on July 25. Discharge was 54,000 cubic feet per second and was determined to have a 100-year recurrence interval. The stage and dis charge exceeded the previous maximums by 7.35 feet and 12,100 cubic feet per second. The streamflow-gag ing station at Hollenberg, Kansas (site 14, fig. 44), recorded a maximum stage of 21.21 feet on July 26. The maximum discharge was 47,800 cubic feet per sec ond and was determined to be 1.1 times the 100-year recurrence-interval discharge. The stage exceeded the previous maximum by 0.21 foot, but the discharge exceeded the previous maximum by 11,200 cubic feet per second. The streamflow-gaging station at Alexan dria on Big Sandy Creek (site 12, fig. 44), a tributary of the Little Blue River, recorded a maximum discharge

on July 25, which was determined to have a recurrence interval of 10 years.

July was a wet month in the area around Falls City. This area consists of relatively impermeable soils with rolling hills and stream valleys. Most of the streamflow in this area is a result of overland runoff. The average July rainfall for Falls City is 4.33 inches; the average annual rainfall is 34.72 inches (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). The storms that were responsible for severe flooding along the Little Blue River contributed to the 1992 July total of 22.3 inches at Falls City. The Big Nemaha River at Falls City (site 4, fig. 44) recorded two peak stages. The first was recorded on July 26 with a stage of 25.85 feet and a discharge of 32,200 cubic feet per second. Four days later, a second peak was recorded as a result of the second storm; this maximum had a stage of 28.03 feet and a discharge of 40,900 cubic feet per second. This discharge was determined to have a 5-year recurrence interval. The streamflow-gaging station on the Little Nemaha River at Auburn (site 2, fig. 44) recorded two peak discharges, one on July 25 having a recurrence interval of 7 years and a second lesser discharge on July 30. The streamflow-gaging station on the North Fork Big Nemaha River at Humboldt (site 3, fig. 44) recorded a peak discharge on July 25 and a second, greater peak discharge on July 30 having a recurrence interval of 10 years.

These same thunderstorms also caused damaging floods along Salt Creek. The streamflow-gaging station on Salt Creek at Roca (site 1, fig. 44) recorded a maxi mum discharge on July 25 that was determined to have a recurrence interval of 20 years.

Streamflow-gaging stations along the Big Blue River and its tributaries also recorded maximums dur ing this period. The streamflow-gaging station on the West Fork Big Blue River near Dorchester (site 5, fig. 44) and two streamflow-gaging stations along the Big Blue River, one near Crete (site 6) and the other at Beatrice (site 8), each recorded two maximum dis charges. Meanwhile, the streamflow-gaging station on Turkey Creek near Wilber (site 7, fig. 44) and Big Blue River at Barneston (site 9) recorded one peak. The recurrence interval for these peaks were 5 years or less.

July 25-August 2,1992, in Southeastern Nebraska 143

CO 3 2. <D c (0

Tabl

e 26

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ly 2

5-A

ugus

t 2,1

992,

in s

outh

east

ern

Neb

rask

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

seco

nd; -

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

; <, l

ess

than

; >, g

reat

er th

an.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

July

199

2

Site

no

.(fi

g.44

) St

atio

n no

.

1 06

8030

002

0681

1500

3 06

8145

00

4 06

8150

00

5 06

8808

00

6 06

8810

00

7 06

8812

008

0688

1500

9 06

8820

0010

06

8830

00

11

0688

3570

12

0688

3940

13

0688

4000

14

0688

4025

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Peri

odSa

lt C

reek

at R

oca,

NE

Littl

e N

emah

a R

iver

at A

ubur

n, N

E

Nor

th F

ork

Big

Nem

aha

Riv

er a

tH

umbo

ldt,

NE

Big

Nem

aha

Riv

er a

t Fal

ls C

ity, N

E

Wes

t For

k B

ig B

lue

Riv

er n

ear

Dor

ches

ter,

NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

nea

r Cre

te, N

E

Turk

ey C

reek

nea

r Wilb

er, N

EB

ig B

lue

Riv

er a

t Bea

trice

, NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at B

ames

ton,

NE

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er n

ear D

ewee

se, N

E

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er n

ear A

lexa

ndria

, NE

Big

San

dy C

reek

at A

lexa

ndria

, NE

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er n

ear F

airb

ury,

NE

Littl

e B

lue

Riv

er a

t Hol

lenb

erg,

KS

167

793

548

1,34

0

1,20

6

2,71

6

460

3,90

0

4,44

797

9

1,55

7

607

2,35

0

2,75

2

1951

-92

1949

-92

1952

-92

1944

-92

1958

-92

1945

-92

1959

-92

1974

-92

1932

-92

1953

-72,

1974

-92

1959

-72,

1974

-92

1979

-92

1908

-15,

1928

-92

1974

-92

Yea

r19

5019

50

1982

1958

1974

1950

1950

1986

1984

1984

1973

1941

1969

1960

1984

1984

1984

1973

Stag

e (ft

)26

.00

27.6

5

31.2

531

.70

31.4

0

24.8

0

28.7

429

.86

21.4

331

.27

33.0

234

.30

18.5

7

17.3

0

16.7

116

.98

21.0

023

.07

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

67,0

0016

4,00

0

59,5

00 --

71,6

00

49,4

00

27,6

00 --

33,0

0055

,100 --

57,7

0025

,100

25,6

00

21,9

0041

,900

36,6

00 --

Max

imum

dur

ing

July

and

Aug

ust 1

992

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)7/

257/

257/

307/

257/

307/

267/

307/

267/

30

7/27

7/31

7/25

7/27

8/02

7/25

7/25

7/25

7/25

7/25

7/26

Stag

e (ft

)21

.76

25.0

222

.96

14.9

525

.25

25.8

528

.03

17.4

013

.50

21.0

121

.91

15.1

418

.22

12.1

425

.00

9.17

21.0

7

15.9

824

.33

21.2

1

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

7,71

040

,300

20,0

0017

,100

43,0

0032

,200

40,9

004,

580

2,33

0

5,17

05,

880

2,87

011

,400

5,92

025

,000

4,55

0

^2,6

00

15,2

0015

4,00

0

^7,8

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)20 7 3 2 10 4 5 3 <2 <2 <2 2 3 <2 5 2

>100 10 10

0

>100

'Max

imum

dis

char

ge fo

r 19

92 e

xcee

ds th

e pr

evio

us m

axim

um d

isch

arge

.

NEBRASKA

\-]

~1 }} h '-

I O ., , \° Nemaha ^S

|Johnson_\-$l_ ___ _ ___ -'

J __ 9̂ ^!^L-..

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2.000,000,1972Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30'. central meridian -96°00'

50 MILES

50 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

A! Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 26

Figure 44. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of July 25-August 2,1992, in southeastern Nebraska.

Many homes were flooded, cattle were swept away, numerous roads were closed, and crops were damaged. No serious injuries were reported. Total losses in the State were estimated to be $6,683,000 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994).

REFERENCES

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Nebraska, July 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 7, 17 p.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994, Annual flood damage report to Congress for fiscal year 1993: Washington, D.C., 17 p.

July 25-August 2, 1992, In Southeastern Nebraska 145

146 Summary of Floods In the United Stetes, January 1992 Through September 1993

August 8, 1992, in Southeastern and South-Central Indiana

By Donald V. Arvin

On the morning of August 8,1992, torrential rains of 3 to 13 inches fell across southeastern and south-central Indiana, causing flash floods that forced people from their homes, damaged businesses, and claimed the life of one person, who drowned. Affected areas included Lawrence, Jackson, Jennings, Washington, Scott, Jefferson, and Clark Counties (fig. 45). Scott County was the hardest hit, receiving between 8 and 13 inches of rain (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992b).

Because of the flash flooding, numerous roads and bridges were destroyed. Nearly 65 miles of railroad tracks were washed out. A landslide, with boulders the size of automobiles, closed a local road near Hanover in Jefferson County. In Hen- ryville in Clark County, people were forced to their rooftops by the rapidly rising water and were rescued by helicopter.

The torrential rain fell from thunderstorms that developed in warm, moist air during the early hours of August 8. The storm system remained nearly stationary from the time the intense rain began, just after 0300, until the storm dissipated in the early afternoon. The 100-year rainfall for a 6-hour period in this area of Indiana is about 5.3 inches (Glatfelter, 1984); the U.S. Soil Conservation Service received unofficial reports for this storm of more than 12.5 inches of rain during a 6-hour period in Scott County. A National Weather Service automated rain gage at Crothersville recorded 7 inches of rain during a 3-hour period (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992a).

The flash floods were most pronounced on the smaller tributaries and in the headwaters of the major streams. At the streamflow-gaging station, Muscatatuck River near Deputy (site 3, fig. 45), which has a drainage area of 293 square miles, the stream rose more than 29 feet in 12 hours. Maximum stages and maximum dis charges at two other sites are listed in table 27. There were unofficial reports of local streams in Clark and Jefferson Counties rising 30 to 35 feet. Because flows in the larger receiving streams were relatively low prior to the storm, water that drained rapidly from the tributaries did not cause significant flooding along the larger streams and rivers.

REFERENCES

Glatfelter, D.R., 1984, Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods on streams in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4134, 110 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992a, Monthly report of river and flood conditions for August 1992: Indianapolis, Indiana, 3 p.

1992b, Climatological data, Indiana, August 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Cli matic Data Center, v. 97, no. 8, 28 p.

August 8,1992, in Southeastern and South-Central Indiana 147

INDIANA

Index map

Base from US Geological Survey 1 100,000,1983Albers Equal Area projectionStandard parallels 20°30' and 45°30', central meridian -86°00

30 MILESEXPLANATION

jj Flood-determination site o 10 20 30 KILOMETERS Number corresponds to that in table 27

Figure 45. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of August 8,1992, in southeastern and south-central Indiana.

148 Summary of Floods in the United States, Januery 1992 Through September 1993

CO I CO o

Tabi

e 27

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g A

ugus

t 8,1

992,

in s

outh

east

ern

and

sout

h-ce

ntra

l In

dian

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond.

Sou

rce:

R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed f

rom

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal

Surv

ey re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Aug

ust 8

, 199

2

Site

no

.(fig

.45

) 1 2 3

Sta

tion

no.

0330

2680

0336

6200

0336

6500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Wes

t For

k B

lue

Riv

er a

t Sal

em, I

N

Har

berts

Cre

ek n

ear

Mad

ison

, IN

Mus

cata

tuck

Riv

er n

ear D

eput

y, I

N

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

19.0

9.31

293

Per

iod

1970

-92

1968

-92

1947

-92

Yea

r

1990

1990

1959

Sta

ge

(ft)

15.5

8

8.96

34.3

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

9,24

0

2,15

0

52,2

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Aug

ust 8

, 199

2

Day 8 8 8

Sta

ge

(ft)

11.2

8

8.40

31.7

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

3,53

0

1,81

0

27,0

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

10

20

15-2

0

I 0) i. §

September 1992, in South-Central IowaBy Rodney Southard

Monthly rainfall totals varied greatly across Iowa during September 1992, from 1.22 inches in northern Iowa to 17.86 inches in Lucas County in south-central Iowa (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). The south- central climatological division, which includes Lucas County, received an average of 10.82 inches or 266 percent of normal rainfall during September, making it the third wettest September in 103 years of record for south-central Iowa (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992).

Most of the rainfall in south-central Iowa fell on September 14 and 15. Intense thunderstorms developed over south-central Iowa about mid-morning on the 14th and redeveloped over the same areas until about 1200 on the 15th, resulting in 4 or more inches of rain over most of south-central Iowa (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1992). The largest official rainfall totals were 12.06 inches at Derby and 11.05 inches near Promise City. The maximum 24-hour rainfall at Derby was 11.7 inches, which is the fifth largest official 24-hour rainfall total ever recorded in Iowa (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). The largest unofficial rainfall total was 16 inches at Van Wert. The rainfall total at Van Wert was more than double the 100-year, 24-hour rainfall of 7.74 inches for that part of the State.

Runoff from the intense rainfall resulted in major flooding in the Thompson, Chariton, and South Fork Chariton River Basins (fig. 46, table 28). The maximum stage and discharge of the Thompson River at Davis City (site 7) were 24.29 feet and 57,000 cubic feet per second, respectively. The maximum discharge for this flood was substantially higher than the previous maximum discharge at Davis City of 30,000 cubic feet per second. The maximum stage for the Chariton River near Chariton (site 9, fig. 46) exceeded the previous maximum recorded by 6.18 feet and was more than double the previous maximum discharge. Excessive rainfall also occurred in the headwaters of the South Fork Chariton River. At South Fork Chari ton River near Promise City (site 10, fig. 46), the maximum stage was 4.89 feet above the previous maximum of July 4, 1981, and the maximum discharge was more than 3.6 times the 100-year discharge. A listing of other streams considerably affected by the flooding is included in table 28.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Iowa, Sep tember 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 103, no. 9, 36 p.

September 1992, In South-Central Iowa 151

IOWA

41°30

Base modified from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1972 Universal Transverse Mercatoi projection Zone 15

40 MILES

0 ID 20 30 40 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATIONc

^ Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 28

Figure 46. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of September 1992, in south-central Iowa.


1 I i

Tabl

e 28

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g S

epte

mbe

r 19

92, i

n so

uth-

cent

ral I

owa

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond

; >, g

reat

er th

an;

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

vaila

ble.

Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal

Surv

ey d

ata.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 19

92

Site

no

.(fig

-46

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10

Stat

ion

no.

0548

6490

0548

7980

0548

8200

0548

9000

0689

7858

0689

7950

0689

8000

0689

8400

0690

3400

0690

3700

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nM

iddl

e R

iver

nea

r Ind

iana

ola,

LA

Whi

te B

reas

t Cre

ek n

ear D

alla

s, IA

Engl

ish

Cre

ek n

ear K

noxv

ille,

IAC

edar

Cre

ek n

ear B

usse

y, IA

Seve

n M

ile C

reek

nea

r Tha

yer,

LA

Elk

Cre

ek n

ear D

ecat

ur C

ity, I

ATh

omps

on R

iver

at D

avis

City

, LA

Wel

don

Riv

er n

ear L

eon,

IA(d

isco

ntin

ued)

Cha

riton

Riv

er n

ear C

harit

on, L

ASo

uth

Fork

Cha

riton

Riv

er n

ear

Prom

ise

City

, IA

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)50

334

2 90.1

374 66

1

52.5

701

104

182

168

Perio

d19

40-9

219

63-9

219

85-9

219

48-9

219

91-9

2

1968

-92

1918

-25,

1941

-92

1959

-91

1966

-92

1968

-92

Yea

r19

4719

8219

8219

8219

91

1990

1885

1959

1981

1981

Stag

e (ft

)28

.27

33.4

530

.28

34.6

121

.69

28.1

924

.8

25.2

7

23.1

429

.95

Dis

ch

arge

(fl

3/s)

34,0

0037

,300

28,0

0096

,000

18,0

0030

,000

48,6

00

16,6

0028

,000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Sept

embe

r 19

92

Day 16 16 16 16 15 15 16 15 15 15

Stag

e (ft

)23

.23

31.5

722

.81

28.2

824

.92

28.1

324

.29

28.6

9

29.3

234

.84

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

13,5

0030

,300

2,99

020

,900

16,8

0057

,000

82,5

00

37,7

0070

,600

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)10

>100 -- 12 10

>100

>100

>100

>100

<n o c 3 i

September 5-6, 1992, on Cat Point Creek, Eastern VirginiaBy Byron J. Prugh, Jr.

Runoff from locally excessive rains on September 5-6,1992, in eastern Vir ginia caused the failure of Chandlers Millpond dam near Montross, Virginia (fig. 47). The resultant floodwaters generated a new maximum stage of record (1943-92) at the streamflow-gaging station on Cat Point Creek, 3.8 miles south of Montross and 4.5 miles downstream from the millpond. The maximum discharge of 5,240 cubic feet per second was the second highest discharge for the period of record. The highest discharge was 6,820 cubic feet per second recorded on August 20,1969. The maximum stage of the September 5-6,1992, flood (10.86 feet) was 0.41 foot higher than the maximum stage of August 1969 because of bridge and highway reconstruction in the 1970's that changed the geometry of the channel and road embankment. A natural flood of the magnitude recorded in September 1992 would have a recurrence interval of approximately 50 years. Figure 47 shows the location of the streamflow-gaging station, the precipitation gages, and total rainfall for September 5-6, 1992.

Varying amounts of rainfall were recorded in Virginia between September 3 and 7 as a frontal system spawned numerous thunderstorms as it moved across the State. The largest amounts of rainfall were recorded between Norfolk in the south and Fredericksburg in the north (fig. 47). More than 6 inches of rainfall were mea sured at some locations, with the largest amounts received late on September 5 and early on September 6. At Kilmarnock, 38 miles to the southeast of Montross, the 2-day total was 6.41 inches; at Colonial Beach, 15 miles to the northwest, the total was 2.09 inches; and at Warsaw, 10 miles to the southeast, the total was 3.49 inches (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). Local reports indi cated that 6 inches of precipitation fell in the Montross area between midnight and dawn on September 6.

A 150-to-200-foot wide breach in Chandlers Millpond dam also closed State Route 647, which crossed the crest of the dam. No deaths or serious injuries were reported.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Virginia, September 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 102, no. 9, 23 p.

September 5-6,1992, on Cat Point Creek, Eastern Virginia 155

VIRGINIA Fredericksburg

I

Norfolk

i_i i i i i

Index map

i2&V 7CO, C , MARYLAND/A~x. 76 45 ,-,

^^r^T^ . . ^'uer Westmorland]')^ 7^T~ r^, \ s~ ^ rx \\\

ChesapeafciRn,,

Rainfall data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ,1992

Base from US Geological Survey I' Hydrologic unit map, Virginia,! 500.000.1974

EXPLANATION ° 5 '° KILOMETERSWarsaw

^3.49 Precipitation gage Number is total rainfall, in inches

^ Streamflow-gaging station

Figure 47. Location of precipitation gages and streamflow-gaging station and total rainfall for September 5-6, 1992, in eastern Virginia.


September 10,1992, Swain County, North CarolinaBy W. Harold Eddins and Thomas J. Zembrzuski, Jr.

A severe flash flood swept along Raven Fork near Smokemont, North Carolina (fig. 48), between 1900 and 2200 on September 10,1992, and caused serious dam age to bridges, homes, campgrounds, commercial trout ponds, and maintenance facilities. Property damage was estimated in the millions of dollars, but due to timely warnings from the National Weather Service (NWS) and local emergency management personnel, there were no deaths or injuries. About 800 people were evacuated from their homes, and hundreds of tourists in campgrounds along the stream were warned to seek higher ground. Witnesses reported seeing a wall of water roaring down the stream at approximately 1930 and having only minutes to run for safety.

The flood was the result of about 3 hours of intense rainfall from a small but strong thunderstorm centered over the higher elevations of Mt. Guyot (elevation 6,621 feet above sea level) and Mt. Hardison (elevation 6,134 feet above sea level) at the headwaters of Raven Fork (fig. 48). The NWS determined from radar data that the storm began before 1900, and bucket surveys indicated approximately 5 to 8 inches of rain fell (R.C. Jones, National Weather Service, oral commun., March 1994). The excessive rainfall was limited to the upstream reaches of Raven Fork; little rain fell in the downstream, more densely populated part of the basin (below elevation 2,600 feet above sea level) where property damages were sustained from the floodwaters.

Raven Fork drains 74.3 square miles and is tributary to the Oconaluftee River. Maximum discharge was determined at a site near Smokemont, North Carolina (site 1, table 29). Row was computed by the slope-area method (Dalrymple and Benson, 1976) to be 16,200 cubic feet per second. Maximum depths in the main channel ranged from 14 to 16 feet, and the average flow velocity ranged from 13 to 14 feet per second.

Data collected at the streamflow-gaging station on Oconaluftee River at Bird- town (site 2, fig. 48) provided further evidence of how localized the Raven Fork flood was. At the gage, the Oconaluftee River drains 184 square miles, which includes the entire Raven Fork drainage basin. Maximum discharge recorded at the gage was only 10,700 cubic feet per second, cresting at 2300, about 3.5 hours after the crest of Raven Fork.

The recurrence interval of the Raven Fork flood was approximately 500 years at site 1. By the time the crest had traveled downstream to the gage on Oconaluftee River, the discharge had declined to less than that of a 5-year recurrence interval.

REFERENCE

Dalrymple, Tate, and Benson, M.A., 1976, Measurement of peak discharge by theslope-area method: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investi gations, book 3, chap. A2, 12 p.

September 10,1992, Swain County, North Carolina 157

NORTH CAROLINA

Base from U S Geological SurveyHydrologic unit map, North Carolina, 1,500,000,1974State base map, North Carolina,! 500,000, revised 1972

EXPLANATION

k 1 Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 29

Figure 48. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of September 10,1992, in Swain County, North Carolina.


8

Tabl

e 29

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g S

epte

mbe

r 10

,199

2, S

wai

n C

ount

y, N

orth

Car

olin

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

seco

nd; ,

not

det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

vaila

ble;

<, l

ess

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S.

Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s] Max

imum

prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 10

, 19

92

Site

no

.(fig

.48

) 1 2

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

Stat

ion

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n

0351

0929

10 R

aven

For

k ab

ove

Gal

amor

e B

ranc

hne

ar S

mok

emon

t, N

C

035

1 200

0 O

cona

lufte

e R

iver

at B

irdt

own,

NC

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) Pe

riod

Year

64.9

--

19

69

184

1946

, 19

6919

49-9

2

Stag

e (ft

) 12

.46

Dis

ch

arge

(t

f/s)

'9,0

00

15,9

00

Max

imum

on

Sep

tem

ber

10,

1992

Stag

e D

ay

(ft)

10 10

9.44

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ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

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00

10,7

00

Dis

char

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inte

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(y

ears

)

500

<5

'Unp

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Aut

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<o

160 Summary of Floods in tha United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

October 9-10, 1992, in South CarolinaByCurtis L. Sanders, Jr.

Flooding occurred on October 9-10,1992, as a result of excessive rainfall in Allendale, Hampton, and Colleton Counties in southern South Carolina. Total rainfall amounts at the towns of Allendale and Hampton, in Hampton County, were 7.44 and 5.02 inches, respectively, between 1700 on October 7 and 0800 on Octo ber 9, 1992 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992).

Flood data for selected sites (fig. 49) in the Coosawhatchie, Salkehatchie, and Savannah River Basins are listed in table 30. Flooding on the Coosawhatchie River at State Secondary Road S-21 near Fairfax (site 6, fig. 49) was greatly increased by flow from a breached dam on a 60-acre pond on a tributary that joins the Coosawhatchie River just upstream from the streamflow-gaging station (site 6).

Maximum discharges at streamflow-gaging stations in the basins had recur rence intervals ranging from about 60 years to more than 100 years. Maximum dis charges equaled or exceeded the 100-year recurrence interval at nine sites. Three persons lost their lives, and three were seriously injured in flood-related accidents.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, South Carolina: Asheville, N.C., National Climate Data Center, v. 95, no. 10, 24 p.

October 9-10,1992, in South Carolina 161

SOUTH CAROLINA

Index map

Base from U S Geological Survey hydrologic unit map,1 500,000,1974 Lambert Conformal Conic projection Standard parallels 33° and 45°


EXPLANATION

A10 Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 30

Figure 49. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of October 9-10,1992, in South Carolina.


Tabl

e 30

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g O

ctob

er 9

-10,

1992

, in

Sou

th C

arol

ina

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; f

t, fe

et a

bove

arb

itrar

y da

tum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

seco

nd; >

, gre

ater

than

; --,

not a

vaila

ble.

Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s cal

cula

ted

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta. O

ther

dat

a ar

e fr

om U

. S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

o ?° 1 p̂ <0 5" 2 £ i 3 3

Max

imum

prio

r to

Oct

ober

199

2

Site

no

. St

ream

and

D

rain

age

Dat

e (fi

g.

Stat

ion

plac

e of

ar

ea

(mon

th/

Stag

e D

isch

arge

49

) no

. de

term

inat

ion

(mi2

) Pe

riod

day/

year

) (ft

) (ft

3/s)

Salk

ehat

ohie

Riv

er B

asin

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1754

50

Sava

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ek

12.4

19

64-7

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03/1

3/80

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30

895

near

19

75-9

3Eh

rhar

dt, S

C

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1755

00

Salk

ehat

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34

1 19

51-9

3 03

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80

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3,

300

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er n

ear

Mile

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C

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ope

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C

4 --

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hipp

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ampa

t 13

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ate

Seco

ndar

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1 3 n

ear

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CC

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wha

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e R

iver

Bas

in

5 - -

C

oosa

wha

tohi

e 10

.5R

iver

at S

tate

Seco

ndar

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oad

47 n

ear

Alle

ndal

e, S

C

6 - -

C

oosa

wha

tohi

e 48

.1R

iver

at S

tate

Seco

ndar

yR

oad

21 n

ear

Fairf

ax, S

C

Max

imum

dur

ing

Oct

ober

9-1

0, 1

992

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

Stag

e D

isch

arge

in

terv

al

Day

(ft

) (ft

3/s)

(yea

rs)

9 9.

33

1,20

0 >1

00

9 5.

79

4,36

0 10

0

9 --

2,

330

>100

9 --

10

,100

>1

00

9 --

1,

100

60

9 --

11

1,90

0 >1

00

£

Tabl

e 30

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g O

ctob

er 9

-10,

1992

, in

Sou

th C

arol

ina

Con

tinue

d

CO c 1 a 3 5" 1 c 1 Cg I 1 c a> 2 i H 1 <g. CO 1 1 5 g w

Max

imum

prio

r to

Oct

ober

199

2

Site

no.

Stre

am a

nd

Dra

inag

e D

ate

(fig.

St

atio

n pl

ace

of

area

(m

onth

/ St

age

Dis

char

ge

49)

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Perio

d da

y/ye

ar)

(ft)

(ft3/

s)C

oosa

wha

tchi

e R

iver

Bas

in C

ontin

ued

7 02

1765

00

Coo

saw

hatc

hie

203

1951

-93

09/0

2/69

8.

39

8,16

0R

iver

nea

rH

ampt

on, S

C

8 - -

C

oosa

wha

tchi

e 38

2R

iver

at S

tate

Seco

ndar

yR

oad

36 n

ear

Ear

ly B

ranc

h,SC

Sava

nnah

Riv

er B

asin

9 - -

G

aul C

reek

at

8.5

Stat

eSe

cond

ary

Roa

d 10

7 ne

arA

llend

ale,

SC

10

--

Gau

l Cre

ek

17.9

at S

tate

Hig

hway

3 n

ear

Alle

ndal

e, S

C

11

--

Kin

g C

reek

17

.9at

Sta

teH

ighw

ay 3

nea

rA

llend

ale,

SC

Max

imum

dur

ing

Oct

ober

9-1

0, 1

992

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

Stag

e D

isch

arge

in

terv

al

Day

(ft

) (ft

3/s)

(y

ears

)

10

7.92

8,

820

>100

10

--

14,1

00

>100

9 --

2,

240

>100

9 --

4,

320

>100

9 --

1,

560

70

'Flo

odin

g w

as g

reat

ly in

crea

sed

by fl

ow fr

om a

bre

ache

d da

m o

n a

60-a

cre

pond

on

a tri

buta

ry ju

st u

pstre

am fr

om th

e st

ream

flow

-gag

ing

stat

ion.

December 11-12, 1992, in New JerseyBy Thomas P. Suro

An intense, slow-moving "nor'easter" storm hit the eastern coast of New Jersey during December 11 and 12, 1992. This storm produced strong winds and record and near-record flooding along the entire Atlan tic Coast of New Jersey from Bergen County to Cape May (fig. 50). Two deaths were attributed to the storm. The President of the United States declared Bergden, Essex, Hudson, Somerset, Union, Middlesex, Mon- mouth, Ocean, Salem, Atlantic, Cumberland, and Cape May Counties a disaster area. The State was granted $46 million in disaster relief funds for public damages (A.S. Mangeri, New Jersey State Police, Emergency Management Office, oral commun., 1994) and $265 million for insured damage (National Weather Service, 1994) that occurred as a result of this storm. (No information on uninsured private damages is avail able.) The hardest hit areas were near Raritan, Newark, Sandy Hook, and Upper New York Bay. The effects of this storm were documented by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from records at tidal crest-stage gages and from streamflow-gaging stations, and from high-water marks located along the entire coast. The storm's effects also were recorded by several National Ocean Service (NOS) tide gages along the New Jersey coast and in adjacent States.

Data were collected from 11 tidal crest-stage gages, 1 streamflow-gaging station, 2 USGS tide gages, and 5 NOS tide gages to document the effects of the storm on the New Jersey coast. After the storm had passed, the USGS identified high-water marks to docu ment tidal flooding within the State. The elevations of these high-water marks were determined by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and several coun ties.

The location of and coincident storm elevations at the USGS tide gages and crest-stage gages, as well as the NOS tide gages, are shown in figure 50. The highest tide elevations during the storm occurred in the north ern part of the State near Raritan Bay (by crest-stage gages) at Perth Amboy (site 2; 10.4 feet) and Keyport (site 3; 10.13 feet above sea level). The NOS tide gages at Cape May (site 17), Atlantic City (site 13), and Sandy Hook (site 4) recorded maximum tide elevations of 6.83,7.20, and 8.68 feet above sea level (the highest

tide elevations recorded at these sites during their peri ods of record).

The northern parts of the State sustained more extensive flooding and higher observed tide elevations than other parts of the State as a result of the timing between the normal tide cycle and the storm surge. The storm surge occurred nearly at low tide at Cape May (see fig. 51) and nearly at high tide at Sandy Hook (fig. 52). High-water marks indicate that parts of Mon- mouth and Middlesex Counties experienced even higher tide elevations than those recorded by these gages. Record elevations were observed at Keyport (site 3), Manahawkin (site 6), Beach Haven (site 7), and Ocean City (site 15). Several of the crest-stage gages that did not record a new maximum for the period of record did record the highest maximum since the "nor'easter" of March 7,1962. The adjacent Coastal States of New York and Delaware, as well as Maryland, also experienced record and near-record tide elevations as a result of this storm. The USGS tide gages and crest-stage gages and the NOS tide gages that recorded elevations during the December 1992 storm are listed in table 31.

This storm produced precipitation in the coastal areas that ranged from 0.6 inch at Cape May to more than 2.4 inches at Sandy Hook. Inland precipitation ranged from more than 1.70 inches at Somerville to more than 3.80 inches at Mooristown (National Oce anic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). Most of the flooding and damage were the result of increased tide elevations. Some nontidal streamflow-gaging sta tions recorded large discharges associated with the storm as the result of runoff from excessive rainfall. The most severe flooding and damage occurred in Monmouth and Middlesex Counties near Raritan Bay. Major highways and railroads were closed from a few hours to several days. At one point, the Garden State Parkway was closed in the area of Cheesequake. Parts of New Jersey Routes 30, 35, 36, 40, 47, and 72 also were closed during the storm. In addition, the New Jer sey Transit's North Coast line was shut down due to flooding and debris. The PATH subway line also was flooded for many days in the Newark area because of this storm. Flooding was less severe in the southern part of New Jersey because the surge from the storm

December 11 -12,1992, in New Jersey 165

Warren V^-"Morris ~, \x /» 6

0 , Essex ' ri

-\

«. 1 ^Hunterdon / Somerset V__ _

Raritan©0 /-^ . y SomewiUe (5P6rth

g y \Sw.._. J .,._2 jAl1 bp9 Upper NeuYorlcBrunswick =jvji<10.4) Bay , "^ v. - - y J 4

Monmouth 7 Branch

Burlington

18 78) NEW JERSEY\ Toms River

\ OceanBurlington \ _^ 5

PENNSYLVANIA

EXPLANATION

2 U.S. Geological Survey tide gage (10.40) an(j sj^.e number Number in

parentheses () is maximum tide elevation, in feet above sea level

4* National Ocean Service tide gage

and site number Number in parentheses () is maximum tide elevation, in feet above sea level

Base from US Geological Survey digital data, 1 100,000,1983 Universal Transverse Mercator prelection. Zone 18

0 10 20 KILOMETERS

Figure 50. Location of U.S. Geological Survey and National Oceanic Service tide gages and maximum tide elevations recorded for storm of December 11-12,1992, in New Jersey.


LUco 4LU

O

5 3Luffi 2

rf; o

(A)

OBSERVED TIDE

NORMAL TIDE CYCLE

LU A iii ^

LU 3

DC

CO

I 2OCO

(B)

2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400

1024-HOUR TIME

11 DECEMBER 1992

12 13

Figure 51. (A) Observed tide levels, normal tide cycle, and (B) storm surge at National Oceanic Service tide gage at Cape May, New Jersey, December 9-13,1992. (Data from Len Hickman, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, written commun., 1994.)


(f>2 3cc

v> 2

(B)

-12400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400 0800 1600 2400

24-HOUR TIME9 10 11 12 13

DECEMBER 1992

Figure 52. (A) Observed tide levels, normal tide cycle, and (B) storm surge at National Ocean Service tide gage at Sandy Hook, New Jersey, December 9-13, 1992. (Data from Len Hickman, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, written commun., 1994.)


Tabl

e 31

. M

axim

um ti

de e

leva

tions

prio

r to

and

durin

g D

ecem

ber

11-1

2,19

92,

in N

ew J

erse

y[ft

, fee

t abo

ve s

ea le

vel;

--, n

ot d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le.

Sour

ces:

U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses.

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce, N

atio

nal O

cean

ic a

nd A

tmos

pher

ic

Adm

inis

tratio

n]

1 I i JO s n 3

Z i

Site

no

.(fi

g.SO

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Max

imum

prio

r to

Dec

embe

r 199

2

Stat

ion

no.

Site

nam

e an

d pl

ace

of d

eter

min

atio

n

'851

8750

2014

0670

0

201 4

0703

0

'853

1680

201

4090

00

2014

0914

520

1 409

285

'853

3615

2014

0951

020

1410

100

2014

1050

0

2014

1057

0

'853

4720

2014

1130

020

1411

320

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce ti

de g

age

at T

he B

atte

ry, N

YR

arita

n R

iver

at P

erth

Am

boy,

NJ

Lupp

atat

ong

Cre

ek a

t Key

port,

NJ

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce ti

de g

age

at S

andy

Hoo

k, N

JC

edar

Cre

ek a

t Lan

oka

Har

bor,

NJ

Man

ahaw

kin

Bay

nea

r Man

ahaw

kin,

NJ

Littl

e Eg

g H

arbo

r at

Bea

ch H

aven

, NJ

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce ti

de g

age

at B

arne

gat I

nlet

,N

JB

atst

o R

iver

at P

leas

ant M

ills,

NJ

Mul

lica

Riv

er n

ear P

ort R

epub

lic, N

J

Abs

econ

Cre

ek a

t Abs

econ

, NJ

Bea

ch T

horo

fare

at A

tlant

ic C

ity, N

J

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce ti

de g

age

at A

tlant

ic C

ity, N

JTu

ckah

oe R

iver

at H

ead

of R

iver

, NJ

Gre

at E

gg H

arbo

r Bay

at O

cean

City

, NJ

Perio

d (w

ater

yea

rs)

1920

-92

4193

8, 1

944,

195

0, 1

953,

1955

, 196

0, 1

966-

69,

1979

-92

1944

, 195

0, 1

960,

1980

-92

1933

-92

1936

-37,

194

4-45

, 19

50,

1955

, 197

9-85

, 19

92

1965

-92

1979

-92

1965

-80,

1984

-92

1958

-92

1962

, 196

5-92

4192

4-29

, 419

33-4

0,41

946

-84,

198

5-92

1944

, 195

0, 1

960,

196

2,41

978,

196

9-92

1911

-92

41 9

79-9

219

65-9

2

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y/ye

ar)

9/12

/60

9/12

/60

9/12

/60

3/6/

622/

18/3

6

3/29

/84

3/29

/84

8/9/

76

3/7/

623/

6/62

3/29

/84

3/6/

62

9/14

/44

3/29

/84

3/29

/84

Max

imum

du

ring

Dec

embe

r 11

-12,

199

2

Tide

ele

vatio

n Ti

de e

leva

tion

(ft)

(ft)

38.3

510

.0

10.3

38.5

66.

45

5.36

6.19

6.16

7.2

7.9

7.77

8.3

37.5

67.

007.

53

8.04

10.4

10.1

3

8.68

5.54

6.02

6.93

6.19

6.96

7.13

7.58

7.66

7.20

7.01

7.89

Tabl

e 31

. M

axim

um ti

de e

leva

tions

prio

r to

and

durin

g D

ecem

ber

11-1

2,19

92,

in N

ew J

erse

y C

ontin

ued

CO

Site

no.

(fig.

50) 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Max

imum

prio

r to

Dec

embe

r 199

2

Stat

ion

no.

2014

1136

0'8

5361

1020

1413

038

2014

6459

8

'854

5530

'855

1910

'855

7380

Site

nam

e an

d pl

ace

of d

eter

min

atio

n

Gre

at C

hann

el a

t Sto

ne H

arbo

r, N

JN

atio

nal O

cean

Ser

vice

tide

gag

e at

Cap

e M

ay, N

JC

ohan

sey

Riv

er a

t Gre

enw

ich,

NJ

Del

awar

e R

iver

at B

urlin

gton

, NJ

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce ti

de g

age

at P

hila

delp

hia,

PA

Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce ti

de g

age

at R

eedy

Poi

nt, D

EN

atio

nal O

cean

Ser

vice

tide

gag

e at

Lew

es, D

E

Perio

d(w

ater

yea

rs)

1965

-92

1965

-92

1950

, 197

9-92

4'519

21-2

6,4>

5193

1-40

,4'5

195

1-5

5, 4>

5 19

57-6

4,41

965-

92

1900

-92

1919

-92

1956

-92

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y/ye

ar)

3/29

/84

9/27

/85

11/2

5/50

8/20

/55

11/2

5/50

10/2

5/80

3/7/

62

Tide

ele

vatio

n(ft

)

7.33

37.0

98.

810

.8

38.5

0

36.6

837

.76

Max

imum

du

ring

D

ecem

ber

11-1

2, 1

992

Tide

ele

vatio

n(ft

)

7.12

6.83

6.68

8.78

7.69

6.13

6.28

'Dat

a fr

om D

eite

mye

r (19

93).

2Dat

a fr

om B

auer

sfel

d an

d ot

hers

(199

4).

'Nat

iona

l Oce

an S

ervi

ce, N

atio

nal O

cean

ic a

nd A

tmos

pher

ic A

dmin

istra

tion,

writ

ten

com

mun

., 19

94.

4Ope

rate

d as

a c

ontin

uous

-rec

ord

stre

amflo

w-g

agin

g st

atio

n.5O

pera

ted

by U

.S. A

rmy

Cor

ps o

f Eng

inee

rs, P

hila

delp

hia

Dis

trict

.

hit the coast closer to low tide there (fig. 5 IB). By the time the storm reached Middlesex and Monmouth Counties, the surge associated with the storm was nearly in phase with the high-tide cycle (fig. 52), which resulted in much more intense flooding than in parts of southern New Jersey. As a result of the full moon on December 9 and an unusually long storm duration that affected several tide cycles (Deitemyer, 1993), the resulting tide caused the most severe flooding along the New Jersey coast in nearly 30 years.

REFERENCES

Bauersfeld, W.R., Moshinsky, E.W., and Gurney, C.E., 1994, Water-resource data for New Jersey water year

1993, v. 1, Surface-water data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Data Report NJ-93-1, 523 p.

Deitemyer, D.H., 1993, Effects of December 1992 north easter on water levels, data report: Silver Spring, Md., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, NOAA Technical Memoran dum NOS OES 006,51 p., 2 app.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data New Jersey, December 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 12, 11 p.

National Weather Service, 1994, Disaster survey report, The Great Nor'easter of December 1992: National Weather Service Eastern Region, 59 p., 1 app.


December 30, 1992-January 15, 1993, in Northern IndianaBy Donald V. Arvin

Rain falling on snow-covered, frozen ground created flood conditions in north ern Indiana during the last week of December 1992 and the first two weeks of Jan uary 1993. Flooding occurred on many rivers including the Elkhart, Tippecanoe, Yellow, and Kankakee Rivers (fig. 53). Flooding also occurred on numerous lakes in northeast Indiana and in both St. Joseph River Basins.

On Christmas Eve temperatures plunged, causing the ground to freeze throughout northern Indiana. Snow cover was 3 to 7 inches in the area that later experienced flooding (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992). Rains of 2 to 3 inches fell December 30-31, melting the snow and causing rapid surface runoff. Discharge on December 31 at the streamflow-gaging station, Fish Creek at Hamilton (site 6, fig. 53), reached a maximum of 757 cubic feet per sec ond, exceeding the 100-year recurrence interval (table 32). Just as floodwaters were beginning to recede, an additional 1.5 to 2.5 inches of rain fell across the entire State on January 3-4 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). On January 5, discharge at Fish Creek at Hamilton reached a maximum of 729 cubic feet per second, again exceeding the 100-year recurrence interval. Sub stantial flooding during this storm also occurred in other nearby basins. Discharges corresponded to about the 50-year recurrence interval for Pigeon Creek near Angola (site 1, fig. 53), and about the 25-year recurrence interval for North Branch Elkhart River at Cosperville (site 3, fig. 53) and for the Yellow River at Plymouth (site 10, fig. 53). On January 5, the discharge of 13,400 cubic feet per second was the maximum for the period of record at St. Joseph River near Fort Wayne (site 8, fig. 53).

Because of this winter flood, many local and State roads were closed, and many homes and businesses were threatened. The Tippecanoe River flooded nearly 200 homes in Carroll County. Nearly 150 homes at a resort in Newton County were saved from flood damage when sandbagging efforts by the National Guard prevented failure of a weakened dike along the Kankakee River. Sandbag ging operations by local officials prevented flood damage in the business districts of Plymouth and South Bend. In total, at least 1,000 homes were evacuated during the flood.

REFERENCES

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1992, Climatological data, Indiana, December 1992: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 12, 32 p.

1993, Climatological data, Indiana, January 1993: Asheville, N.C., National Cli matic Data Center, v. 98, no. 1, 32 p.

December 30,1992-January 15,1993, in Northern Indiana 173

INDIANA

41°30'

Base from U S Geological Survey 1 100,000,1983Albers Egual Area projectionStandard parallels 20°30' and 45°30', central meridian -86°00'

EXPLANATION

Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 32

Figure 53. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of December 30,1992^January 15,1993, in northern Indiana.


1 I L I

Tabl

e 32

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g D

ecem

ber 3

0,19

92-J

anua

ry 1

5,19

93,

in n

orth

ern

Indi

ana

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

>, g

reat

er th

an.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Dec

embe

r 199

2

Site

no

.(fig

-53

) St

atio

n no

.1

0409

9510

2 04

0997

503

0410

0222

4 04

1005

00

5 04

1010

00

6 04

1777

20

7 04

1800

008

0418

0500

9 04

1830

0010

05

5165

00

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

eade

term

inat

ion

Pige

on C

reek

nea

r Ang

ola,

IN

Pige

on R

iver

nea

r Sco

tt, IN

Nor

th B

ranc

h El

khar

t Riv

er a

tC

ospe

rvill

e, IN

Elk

hart

Riv

er a

t Gos

hen,

IN

St. J

osep

h R

iver

at E

lkha

rt, I

N

Fish

Cre

ek a

t Ham

ilton

, IN

Ced

ar C

reek

nea

r Ced

arvi

lle, I

NSt

. Jos

eph

Riv

er n

ear F

ort W

ayne

, IN

Mau

mee

Riv

er a

t New

Hav

en, I

NY

ello

w R

iver

at P

lym

outh

, IN

(mi2

)10

636

114

2

594

3,37

0 37.5

270

1,06

0

1,96

729

4

Perio

d19

45-9

319

68-9

319

71-9

3

1931

-93

1947

-93

1969

-93

1946

-93

1983

-93

1946

-93

1948

-93

Yea

r19

8219

8219

82

1985

1982

1985

1982

1990

1985

1990

1985

1989

1982

1954

Stag

e(ft

)13

.90

7.85

8.12

11.8

711

.94

27.0

527

.91

9.75

11.9

513

.38

17.7

917

.86

25.4

917

.13

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)79

52,

370

919

6,36

06,

180

18,8

0018

,600 683

654

5,58

013

,200

13,2

0026

,600

5,39

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

Dec

embe

r 19

92-

Janu

ary

1993

Dat

e (m

onth

/da

y) 1/7

1/6

1/7

1/5

1/5

12/3

1

1/5

1/5

1/6

1/6

Stag

e(ft

)10

.21

7.16

7.60

9.69

25.7

5

10.2

8

12.1

118

.40

22.0

314

.25

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)78

41,

930

839

4,60

0

14,7

00 757

4,84

013

,400

19,7

003,

200

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

50 10 25 10 10

>100 10 25 10 25

SUMMARY OF FLOODS OF 1993

Summary of Floods of 1993 177

January and February 1993, in Southern CaliforniaBy James C. Bowers

THE STORMS AND RESULTING FLOODS

From January 6 to February 28,1993, a series of storms produced 20 to 40 inches of rain over much of the southern California coastal and mountain areas and more than 52 inches at some precipitation gages in the San Bernardino Mountains (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). These storms, which coincided with a reappearance of weak warming of sea-surface temperatures in the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean, were driven by a regional atmo spheric low-pressure system off the coast of northern California and Oregon (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1994). In southern California, precipitation intensified because a high-pressure area that extended over Alaska, the Gulf of Alaska, and the western States concentrated this low-pressure system farther south than usual and held it in place just off shore, sending a series of storms into southwestern part of the United States. Tropical moisture was pulled up from the south by the jetstream, which crossed the west coast from the southwest at about the latitude of San Diego. Arriving storms from the jetstream helped gen erate intense rain and snow. Rainfall in southern Cali fornia was further intensified by the orographic effect of the east-west-trending mountains, which helped to enhance precipitation in the San Gabriel and San Ber nardino Mountains. Precipitation also was excessive in the Laguna Mountains of San Diego County (fig. 54).

Substantial peak streamflows occurred January 6-7 as a result of excessive rainfall on a fairly substantial snowpack that had accumulated in Decem ber 1992. The recurrence intervals of discharges in the Mojave and Santa Ana River Basins were about 25 to 50 years (table 33). In the Victorville area, the Mojave River overtopped a levee, causing damage to a housing tract. This reach of the river channel had become exten sively overgrown with vegetation as a result of the drought conditions of the past 6 years and the lack of channel-clearing high flows.

Rain continued throughout the first 2 weeks of Jan uary, and a second major runoff occurred late on Janu ary 16 as the low-pressure system moved slightly south before moving to the east on January 18. The most severe flooding was in the Santa Margarita and San

Luis Rey River Basins (fig. 55) in northern San Diego and southern Riverside Counties. In the 24-hour period beginning at 0800 on January 16, 6.80 inches of rain were recorded at the Santa Rosa Plateau precipitation gage (shown in fig. 55) in the Santa Margarita River Basin, and similar rainfall totals were reported throughout the area (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1993).

A nearly identical storm pattern developed in early February as a stationary atmospheric low-pressure sys tem centered off the Oregon coast. Major storms and resultant runoff occurred February 8 and from Febru ary 18-19. Although the maximum discharges did not exceed the 50-year recurrence-interval magnitudes, substantial local flooding occurred because of the satu rated conditions in the basins due to the January storms. Major streambank failures occurred along the Mojave River in the Silver Lakes area (fig. 54), about 10 miles north of Victorville, as a result of sustained high flow in the normally dry channel.

Rainfall totals decreased substantially as the storms came onshore and moved from the southwest to the northeast (fig. 54). During this 2-month storm series, more than 200 percent of the average annual rainfall fell on the mountains nearest the coast; farther inland, the north side of the San Bernardino Mountains received 127 percent of the average annual rainfall (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

The highest maximum discharges in the Mojave and Santa Ana Rivers (see stage hydrographs, fig. 56) occurred January 6-7 as a result of rapid melting of the accumulated snowpack. The three subsequent maximums were slightly lower, but nearly of the same mag nitude. By comparison, the highest stage in De Luz Creek in the Santa Margarita River Basin (fig. 56) occurred January 16; its discharge was nearly an order of magnitude higher than the other three major maxi mum discharges. Maximum discharges on January 16 exceeded a 100-year recurrence-interval flood at sev eral streamflow-gaging stations in the basin.

January and February 1993, in Southern California 179

CALIFORNIA

Index map /,--119'

35°

£Z___-Silver Lakes... area San Bernardino

Victomlle1 Apple Valley

'6.48(128%) T Lake Arrowhead

52.2+1127%)

San Bernardino

Temecula 46.59 (202%)

s-

San Diego V"*

lase from the U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1995 Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection Standard Parallels 29°30', and 45°30'. central meridian -96°00 U S Gological Survey digital data, 1 100,000,1995 Universal Transverse Mercator projection. Zone 11

100 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

6 48 (128°/> Precipitation gage Number is total January-February 1993 rainfall, in inches. Number in parentheses () is percentage of average annual rainfall

* Streamflow-gaging station Number corresponds to that in table 33

Figure 54. January-February 1993 rainfall at selected precipitation gages in southern California (precipitation data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

180 Summary of Floods In the United Steles, Jenuery 1992 Through September 1993

Tabl

e 33

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y-Fe

brua

ry 1

993,

in s

outh

ern

Cal

iforn

ia[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

seco

nd;

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed f

rom

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Site

no

. (f

igs.

54 o

r 55

) St

atio

n no

.1

1026

1100

2 11

0398

00

3 11

0424

004

1104

3000

5 11

0440

00

6 11

0442

507

1104

4350

8 11

0448

009

1104

6000

10

1105

9300

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

n (m

i2)

Moj

ave

Riv

er b

elow

For

ks R

eser

voir,

nea

rH

espe

ria, C

ASa

n Lu

is R

ey R

iver

nea

r Pal

a, C

A

Tem

ecul

a C

reek

nea

r Agu

anga

, CA

Mur

rieta

Cre

ek n

ear T

emec

ula,

CA

Sant

a M

arga

rita

Riv

er n

ear T

emec

ula,

CA

Rai

nbow

Cre

ek n

ear F

allb

rook

, CA

Sand

ia C

reek

nea

r Fal

lbro

ok, C

AD

e Lu

z C

reek

nea

r De

Luz,

CA

Sant

a M

arga

rita

Riv

er a

t Ysi

dora

, CA

Sant

a A

na R

iver

nea

r San

Ber

nard

ino,

CA

209

'166 36

413

121

70 588

3268 740 10

.821

.433

.023

51 740

359

Perio

d19

72-7

4,19

81-9

319

88-9

3

1958

-93

1931

-93

1925

-93

1925

-93

1990

-93

1993

1924

-28,

1931

-52,

1954

-93

-

Yea

r19

83

1991

1980

1980

1927

1927

1991 1927

1969

Dis-

St

age

char

ge

(ft)

(ft3/

s)11

,700

5.56

1,

700

12.0

0 4,

200

13.7

0 21

,800

18.0

0 25

,000

33,1

008.

74

2,10

0.. 18

.00

33,6

00

11.9

0 28

,000

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

1993

Day -- 16 16 16 16 16 -- 16 16 17

Dis-

St

age

char

ge

(ft)

(ft3/

s)7.

61

21,3

00

14,0

00

8,10

017

.24

25,0

00

22.5

0 31

,000

8,00

017

.60

5,10

015

.13

9,70

020

.47

444,

000

6.86

15

,300

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)25

-50

25-5

0 25 _ --

25-5

0

25-5

0

a to

'Exc

lude

s dr

aina

ge a

rea

upst

ream

from

Lak

e H

ensh

aw th

at d

id n

ot o

verf

low

.2E

xclu

des

drai

nage

are

a up

stre

am fr

om S

kinn

er R

eser

voir

that

did

not

ove

rflo

w.

3Exc

lude

s dr

aina

ge a

rea

upst

ream

from

Vai

l Lak

e R

eser

voir

that

did

not

ove

rflo

w.

4Pre

limin

ary

estim

ate

base

d on

dis

char

ge-d

rain

age

area

rela

tions

at o

ther

stre

amflo

w-g

agin

g st

atio

ns in

the

Sant

a M

arga

rita

Bas

in.

I <D £ f 5*

116°45'

33°30'

33°15'

Base from the U S Geological Survey digital data, 1-2,000,000,1995Albers Equal-Area Conic ProjectionStandard Parallels 29 D30', and 45°30', central meridian -96°00U.S. Gological Survey digital data, V 100,000,1995Universal Transverse Mercator projection,Zone 11

10 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION3

A Streamflow-gaging station Number corresponds to that in table 33

4 Precipitation gage

Figure 55. Location of streamflow-gaging stations and precipitation gages in the San Luis Rey and Santa Margarita River Basins in southern California.

THE SANTA MARGARITA RIVER BASIN FLOOD JANUARY 16,1993

The January 16, 1993, flooding in the Santa Mar garita River Basin resulted from excessive rainfall that generally was localized over the upper reaches of the basin principally in the Santa Rosa Plateau and Temecula areas (fig. 55), where the 6-hour rainfall was 126 and 114 percent, respectively, of the 100-year, 6-hour precipitation values (Miller and others, 1973). This intense precipitation was on a basin still saturated from the January 6-7 storm.

The most severe flooding during the January-Feb ruary 1993 storms (see table 33) happened on January 16 in the Murrieta Creek flood plain at Temec ula (fig. 55). At the Murrieta Creek streamflow-gaging station near Temecula (site 4), where flow overtopped

the gage shelter, the stage was the maximum for the 68 years of record and exceeded the previous (Febru ary 21, 1980) record by more than 3 feet.

Maximums of record also were recorded on the Santa Margarita River near Temecula (site 5) and on other, smaller streams in the basin. Extensive flooding occurred along the Santa Margarita River as it passed through Camp Pendleton, the U.S. Marine Corps base near the mouth of the river. The floodwaters spread over the broad, flat flood plain on the base and depos ited large quantities of sediment and debris. The Santa Margarita River streamflow-gaging station at Ysidora (site 9) was damaged as the debris-laden river washed out the bridge. The estimated discharge (see table 33) of 44,000 cubic feet per second exceeded the maximum discharge for the 68 years of record (33,600 cubic feet per second on February 16, 1927) by 34 percent.


10

C/3

020

15

£ 10

10261100 Mojave River below Forks Reservoir, near Hesperia (site 1, fig. 54)

11044800 De Luz Creek near De Luz (site 8, fig. 55)

7

6

5

4

3

231

DEC. 1992

11059300 Santa Ana River near San Bernardino (site 10, fig. 54)

7 14 21 JAN.

28 11 18 25 3 FEB. MAR.

1993

Figure 56. Stages at selected streamflow-gaging stations in southern California, December 31,1992-February 28,1993.

REFERENCES

Miller, J.F., Frederick, R.H., andTracey, R.J., 1973 [1974], Precipitation-frequency atlas of the Western United States, volume 11 California: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlas 2,71 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, California: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 1-2.

1994, Fifth annual climate assessment, 1993: Camp Springs, Maryland,U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, Climate Analysis Center, 111 p.

January and February 1993, in Southern California 183

January and February 1993, in ArizonaSyC.F. Smith, K.M. Sherman, G.L Pope, and P.O. Rigas

An unusual series of storms from the Pacific Ocean starting on January 6,1993, and continuing through February 28,1993, caused excessive and prolonged precipitation across Arizona. These excessive rains resulted in the most widespread and severe flooding in Arizona since the turn of the century (Mac Nish and others, 1993). Winter storms normally originate in the Gulf of Alaska and dissipate most of their moisture before reaching Arizona. Because the position of the jetstream during January was farther south than was normal, subtropical moisture from the Pacific Ocean west of the coast of Baja California was directed toward Arizona, creating excessive rains that resulted in widespread flooding and loss of property. Eight deaths and 112 injuries were attributed to the floods. Estimated damages to public and private property exceeded $400 million (U.S. Army Corps of Engi neers, 1994).

The most intense rains fell in central Arizona north and east of Phoenix. This area includes most of the Verde and Salt River Basins. Precipitation was 520 percent of normal for January and 400 percent of normal for February in these areas (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994).

The prolonged rainfall during January and Febru ary caused record or near-record flood peaks and flood volumes on nearly every major river basin in the State. Figure 57 shows the network of selected streamflow-gaging stations operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in Arizona. Record maximum discharges occurred at 28 of the streamflow-gaging stations during the floods of 1993 (table 34). The following sections describe flooding in the unregulated portions of the Lit tle Colorado River, upper Gila River, Santa Cruz River, Salt River, and Verde River Basins.

storms prior to the major storms resulted in near-satu rated soil conditions. Precipitation from the two major storms was not distributed uniformly across the basin. Consequently, maximum-discharge flood frequency for streams in the Little Colorado River Basin varied from less than 2-year to greater than 25-year recurrence intervals.

Hooding in the Little Colorado River Basin gener ally occurred in tributaries draining the south-central mountains of the basin. Maximum discharges of record occurred at the gaging sites near Holbrook (site 5) and Winslow (site 7). Other streamflow-gaging stations within the basin recorded maximum discharges with recurrence intervals ranging from 5 to 25 years (table 34). Maximum discharges in the Little Colorado River attenuated between Winslow and Grand Falls (site 8). Consequently, streamflow-gaging stations downstream from Grand Falls recorded less frequent recurrence-interval floods; however, the duration of the floods were longer. The maximum discharge of the Lit tle Colorado River near Cameron (site 10) on January 13 was 18,200 cubic feet per second, a 15-year recurrence interval. By contrast, the total flood volume for 15 consecutive days (January 10-24) was greater than the 100-year total volume recurrence interval.

Maximum discharges on the Little Colorado River during February generally were less than those during January. The streamflow-gaging station at Little Colo rado River near Cameron (site 10) recorded a 10-year recurrence-interval maximum discharge on February 24; the discharge for January 13 was deter mined to have an approximate 15-year recurrence interval. Several tributaries that drain the south-central mountains within the basin sustained maximum dis charges nearly equal to those recorded for the January flood.

FLOODS IN THE LITTLE COLORADO RIVER BASIN

Beginning January 6 and again on February 19, 1993, major subtropical storm systems produced floods in the Little Colorado River Basin. Excessive rainfall, combined with snowmelt, caused severe and wide spread flooding. Rainfall from a succession of smaller

FLOODS IN THE UPPER GILA RIVER BASIN

The abnormal weather pattern that caused exces sive rainfall and flooding throughout Arizona persisted for approximately 2 months and sent a series of storms through Arizona that resulted in multiple maximum

January and February 1993, in Arizona 185

115° 114'

33'

32

Base from US Geological Survey State base maps. 1 500.000, Arizona. 1974, Nevada, 1965, New Mexico, 1965, and Utah, 1959

75 100 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

A Streamflow-gaging station Number corresponds to that in table 34

Figure 57. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in Arizona used to determine maximum stages and discharges for January and February 1993.


Tabl

e 34

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y an

d Fe

brua

ry 1

993,

in A

rizon

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er se

cond

; <, l

ess

than

; --,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Site

no

.(fi

g-57

)St

atio

n no

.St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f de

term

inat

ion

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)Pe

riod

Max

imum

Ja

nuar

yprio

r to

1993

Stag

e Y

ear

(ft)

Dis

char

ge

(tf/

s)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

and

Febr

uary

199

3

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)St

age

(ft)

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)L

ittle

Col

orad

o R

iver

Bas

in

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0939

0500

0939

2000

0939

3500

0939

4500

0937

100

0939

6100

0939

7500

0940

1000

0940

1260

0940

2000

Show

Low

Cre

ek n

ear L

akes

ide,

AZ

Show

Low

Cre

ek b

elow

Jaq

ues

Dam

,A

ZSi

lver

Cre

ek n

ear S

now

flake

, AZ

Littl

e C

olor

ado

Riv

er a

t Woo

druf

f,A

ZLe

Rou

x W

ash

near

Hol

broo

k, A

Z

Puer

co R

iver

nea

r Cha

mbe

rs, A

ZC

heve

lon

Fork

bel

ow W

ildca

t Can

yon

near

Win

slow

, AZ

Littl

e C

olor

ado

Riv

er a

t Gra

nd F

alls

,A

ZM

oenk

opi W

ash

at M

oenk

opi,

AZ

Littl

e C

olor

ado

Riv

er n

ear C

amer

on,

AZ

68.6

73 925

8,07

2 --

2,15

640

0

21,0

68

1,62

926

,459

1953

-93

1942

-93

1951

-93

1905

-93

1980

-93

1971

-93

1948

-70,

1978

,19

82-9

319

26-9

3

1976

-93

1947

-93

1978

1984

1952

1919

1984

1971

1978

1923

1983

1923

9.16

18.0

22.9

11.7

4

9.65

18.2

5

47.0

15.1

0

5,55

04,

800

10,1

0025

,000

6,60

0

17,8

0019

,900

120,

000

10,1

0012

0,00

0

1/8

1/8

2/20 1/8

1/8

1/19 1/8

1/11

2/20

1/13

8.25

13.1

722

.53

14.3

6

4.53

20.7

8

19.2

5

8.01

17.8

3

4,37

01,

840

5,80

08,

960

'8,4

60

2,92

0'2

4,70

0

16,6

00

3,15

018

,200

<25 - 5

<10

10-2

0 _

25-5

0 <5 <2 15

3

Bill

Will

iam

s R

iver

Bas

in

Q.

Jl

1 1 s «

11 12 13 14

0942

4432

0942

4447

0942

4450

0942

6000

Fran

cis

Cre

ek n

ear B

agda

d, A

ZB

urro

Cre

ek a

t Old

U.S

. 93

Brid

ge,

AZ

Big

San

dy R

iver

nea

r Wik

ieup

, AZ

Bill

Will

iam

s R

iver

bel

ow A

lam

oD

am, A

Z

134

611

2,74

24,

633

1985

-93

1980

-93

1966

-93

1940

-93

1988

1980

1980

1951

12.5

715

.6

12.5

130

.80

6,83

047

,400

38,5

0065

,100

2/8

2/8

2/9

83/1

6

13.6

816

.30

16.0

0

'12,

500

'55,

300

'68,

700

6,98

0

-

>50

sTa

ble

34.

Max

imum

sta

ges

and

disc

harg

es p

rior t

o an

d du

ring

Janu

ary

and

Febr

uary

199

3, in

Ariz

ona

Con

tinue

d

Summer

«< a n 1 M 5°

Max

imum

prio

r to

Ja

nuar

y 19

93

Site no

.(fi

g.57

) S

tatio

n no

.S

tream

and

pla

ce o

fde

term

inat

ion

Dra

inag

ear

ea(m

i2)

Per

iod

Yea

rS

tage

(ft)

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

and

Feb

ruar

y 19

93

Dat

e(m

onth

/da

y)S

tage

(ft)

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)

Dis

char

gere

curr

ence

inte

rval

(yea

rs)

Upp

er G

ila R

iver

Bas

in

? (O s

1509

4320

00G

ila R

iver

bel

ow B

lue

Cre

ek, n

ear

Vird

en, N

MB

lue

Riv

er n

ear C

lifto

n, A

Z Sa

n Fr

anci

sco

Riv

er a

t Clif

ton,

AZ

Eagl

e C

reek

abo

ve p

umpi

ng p

lant

near

Mor

enci

, AZ

Bon

ita C

reek

nea

r Mor

enci

, AZ

0944

8500

G

ila R

iver

at h

ead

of S

affo

rd V

alle

y,ne

ar S

olom

on, A

Z ril

a R

iver

at C

alva

, AZ

0946

8500

Sa

n C

arlo

s R

iver

nea

r Per

idot

, AZ

0946

9000

Sa

n C

arlo

s R

eser

voir

at C

oolid

geD

am, A

Z

24

0946

9500

G

ila R

iver

bel

ow C

oolid

ge D

am, A

Z

25

0947

0000

G

ila R

iver

at W

inke

lman

, AZ

26

0947

1000

Sa

n Pe

dro

Riv

er a

t Cha

rlest

on, A

Z27

09

4720

00

San

Pedr

o R

iver

nea

r Red

ingt

on, A

Z28

09

4730

00

Ara

vaip

a C

reek

nea

r Mam

mot

h, A

Z29

09

4740

00

Gila

Riv

er a

t Kel

vin,

AZ

30

0947

9500

G

ila R

iver

nea

r La

veen

, AZ

I 1 1 c 0) A ID H i i

16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23

09444200

09444500

09447000

09447800

09448500

09466500

09468500

09469000

3,20

3 18

91-1

993

1978

29

.0

58,7

00

506

1967

-93

1972

22

.56

30,0

002,

766

1870

-199

3 19

83

19.7

2 90

,900

622

1944

-93

1983

13

.04

36,4

00

302

1981

-93

7,89

6 19

04-9

3

1983

17.3

19

,400

1983

20

.8

132,

000

1/11

1/19

1/

18

1/18

1/18

1/19

20.9

7

18.4

325

.27

16.5

0

18.5

6

30,0

00

17,0

0042

,900

^6,8

00

^9,5

00

86,2

00

50 20

>100 40

11,4

70

1,02

612

,886

12,8

86

13,2

681,

234

2,92

753

7 18

,011

1929

-93

1910

-93

1928

-93

1899

-199

3

1917

-93

1904

-93

1943

-93

1931

-93

1911

-93

1983

19

4119

80

1916

1944

1926

1926

1983

19

16

23.1

11

.4

-

418.

421

.929

.016

.76

19.5

150,

000

40,6

00(c

onte

nts

\ 09

0,00

0 ac

re-f

eet)

130,

000

55,0

0098

,000

90,0

0070

,800

13

2,00

0

1/20

1/

81/

20

1/21

1/20

1/19

1/19

1/11

1/

19

19.6

812

.12

- 22.2

18.

9918

.22

9.09

31

.55

109,

000

!54,

800

(con

tent

s

21,0

60,0

00

acre

-fee

t)29

,300

337,

200

11,5

0019

,100

13,0

00

374,

900

60

>100 - <5 8 15

20,6

15

1940

-93

1983

12

.08

535,

000

1/20

12.4

1 Il3

41,6

00

3109

4800

00

Sant

a C

ruz

Riv

er n

ear L

ochi

el, A

ZSa

nta

Cru

z R

iver

Bas

in

82.2

19

42-9

3 19

77

10.2

112

,000

1/18

7.56

7,32

030

Tabl

e 34

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y an

d Fe

brua

ry 1

993,

in A

rizon

a C

ontin

ued

s > i

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Site

no

.(fig

-57

)St

atio

n no

.

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Perio

dY

ear

Stag

e (ft

)D

isch

arge

(ft

3/s)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

and

Febr

uary

199

3

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)St

age

(ft)

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)Sa

nta

Cru

z R

iver

Bas

in C

ontin

ued

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

0948

0500

0948

2000

0948

2500

0948

4000

0948

4500

0948

4600

0948

5000

0948

5450

0948

5700

0948

6500

0948

7000

0948

9000

Sant

a C

ruz

Riv

er n

ear N

ogal

es, A

ZSa

nta

Cru

z R

iver

at C

ontin

enta

l, A

ZSa

nta

Cru

z R

iver

at T

ucso

n, A

ZSa

bino

Cre

ek n

ear T

ucso

n, A

ZTa

nque

Ver

de C

reek

at T

ucso

n, A

Z

Pant

ano

Was

h ne

ar V

ail,

AZ

Rin

con

Cre

ek n

ear T

ucso

n, A

ZPa

ntan

o W

ash

at B

road

way

Blv

d., a

tTu

cson

, AZ

Rill

ito C

reek

at D

odge

Blv

d., a

tTu

cson

, AZ

Sant

a C

ruz

Riv

er a

t Cor

taro

, AZ

Bra

wle

y W

ash

near

Thr

ee P

oint

s, A

ZSa

nta

Cru

z R

iver

nea

r Lav

een,

AZ

533

1,68

22,

222 35.5

219

457 44

.859

9

871

3,50

3

776

8,58

1

1907

-93

1940

-93

1905

-93

1904

-93

1940

-93

1959

-93

1952

-93

1958

,19

79-9

319

88-9

3

1939

-93

1966

-93

1940

-93

1977

1983

1983

1970

1978

1958

1971

1958

1990

1983

1983

1983

15.5

16.3

422

.210

.21

7.33

24.0

010

.50

9.20

16.5

7

12.0

719

.74

31,0

0045

,000

52,7

007,

730

12,7

00

38,0

009,

660

20,0

00

10,6

00

565,

000

19,1

0053

3,00

0

1/18

1/19

1/19 1/8

1/8

87/l

l1/

81/

18 1/8

1/19

88/2

71/

21

9.83

14.7

511

.67

7.60

11.8

5

8.10

7.62

4.49

14.8

4

9.91

14.9

518

.01

8,80

032

,400

37,4

001 1

2,90

0^4

,500

1,84

03,

720

4,34

0

^4,1

00 -

10,8

0011

,000

7 75>1

00>1

00 70 <2 8 10

>50 - 15

>25

Salt

Riv

er B

asin

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

0948

9500

0949

0500

0949

2400

0949

4000

0949

6500

0949

7500

0949

7800

0949

7980

Bla

ck R

iver

bel

ow p

umpi

ng p

lant

,ne

ar P

oint

of P

ines

, AZ

Bla

ck R

iver

nea

r For

t Apa

che,

AZ

East

For

k W

hite

Riv

er n

ear F

ort

Apa

che,

AZ

Whi

te R

iver

nea

r For

t Apa

che,

AZ

Car

rizo

Cre

ek n

ear S

how

Low

, AZ

Salt

Riv

er n

ear C

hrys

otile

, AZ

Cib

ecue

Cre

ek n

ear C

hrys

otile

, AZ

Che

rry

Cre

ek n

ear G

lobe

, AZ

560

1,23

2 38.8

632

439

2,84

929

520

0

1953

-93

1912

-93

1957

-93

1957

-93

1951

-93

1906

-93

1959

-93

1965

-93

1972

1916

1983

1978

1965

1916

1977

1979

18.0

-- 5.40

15.7

113

.0

18.0

17.3

17,9

00

650,

000

2,70

0

14,6

0023

,000

74,0

0022

,200

15,7

00

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

11.3

7

28.1

03.

15

14.5

714

.25

18.3

310

.96

12.4

2

8,94

0

^4,7

00 563

12,6

0019

,300

^6,6

0010

,600

10,1

00

10 25 7 35 25 40 10 10

Tabl

e 34

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y an

d Fe

brua

ry 1

993,

in A

rizon

a C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Flood

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.57

)St

atio

n no

.

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

ea

dete

rmin

atio

n (m

i2)

Perio

dSt

age

Dis

char

ge

Yea

r (ft

) (f

t^s)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

and

Febr

uary

199

3

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)St

age

(ft)

Dis

char

ge

Dis-

re

curr

ence

ch

arge

in

terv

al

(ft3/

s)

(yea

rs)

«

Salt

Riv

er B

asin

Con

tinue

da C $. at jg e_ D> a c D> 2 «O 8 H I CO 1 £ I

W

52 53 54 55 56

0949

8400

0949

8500

0949

9000

0950

1000

0950

2000

Fina

l Cre

ek a

t Ins

pira

tion

Dam

, nea

rG

lobe

, AZ

Salt

Riv

er n

ear R

oose

velt,

AZ

Tont

o C

reek

abo

ve G

un C

reek

, nea

rR

oose

velt,

AZ

Res

ervo

ir Sy

stem

on

Salt

Riv

er, a

t and

belo

w R

oose

velt

Dam

, AZ

Salt

Riv

er b

elow

Ste

war

t Mou

ntai

nD

am, A

Z

195

4,30

667

5

6,21

1

6,23

2

1980

-93

1906

-93

1941

-93

1910

-93

1930

-93

1981

1941

1980

1941

1980

5.05

2,

920

24.4

11

7,00

017

.00

61,4

00

21, 7

64,0

00

25.0

75

,200

l/ll 1/8

1/8

1/20

1/20

8.50

30.0

917

.95

19.9

2

^JO

O

1143

,000

172,

500

21,7

08,0

00

34,5

00

-- 40 40 --

Ver

de R

iver

Bas

in

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

0950

3700

0950

4000

0950

4430

0950

4500

0950

5350

0950

5200

0950

5800

0950

6000

0950

7980

0950

8300

0950

8500

0951

1300

Ver

de R

iver

nea

r Pau

lden

, AZ

Ver

de R

iver

nea

r Cla

rkda

le, A

ZO

ak C

reek

at S

edon

a, A

ZO

ak C

reek

nea

r Cor

nvill

e, A

ZD

ry B

eave

r Cre

ek n

ear R

imro

ck, A

Z

Wet

Bea

ver C

reek

nea

r Rim

rock

, AZ

Wes

t Cle

ar C

reek

nea

r Cam

p V

erde

,A

ZV

erde

Riv

er n

ear C

amp

Ver

de, A

ZEa

st V

erde

Riv

er n

ear C

hild

s, A

ZW

et B

otto

m C

reek

nea

r Chi

lds,

AZ

Ver

de R

iver

bel

ow T

angl

e C

reek

, AZ

Ver

de R

iver

nea

r Sco

ttsda

le, A

Z

2,50

73,

503

233

355

142

111

241

5,00

933

1 36.4

5,85

86,

615

1963

-93

1915

-93

1982

-93

1940

-93

1961

-93

1961

-93

1965

-93

1934

-93

1961

-93

1967

-93

1945

-93

1961

-93

1980

1920

1982

1980

1970

1980

1978

1938

1970

1980

1891

1980

12.7

2 15

,700

19.1

50,6

0015

.64

20,7

0016

.30

26,4

0014

.35

26,6

00

13.9

6 10

,900

11.6

22

,400

26.1

97

,000

22.5

23

,500

16.0

6,

830

150,

000

98,0

00

2/20

2/20

2/19

2/20 1/8

1/8

1/8

2/20 1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

14.2

526

.39

20.3

319

.15

10.0

1

17.2

113

.22

28.3

619

.80

18.3

6

23.4

025

.37

123,

200

153,

200

123,

200

26,0

0011

,600

16,0

00^4

,800

1 119

,000

20,1

00^,

380

145,

000

1 127

,000

>50 50 - 25 7

100 50 >50

>10 10

>50 --

Low

er G

ila R

iver

Bas

in

69 70

0951

2280

0951

2500

Cav

e C

reek

bel

ow C

otto

nwoo

dC

reek

, nea

r Cav

e C

reek

, AZ

Agu

a Fr

ia R

iver

nea

r May

er, A

Z

82.7

585

1981

-93

1940

-93

1991

1980

7.24

3,

900

15.7

6 33

,100

1/8

1/8

15.2

4

14.5

8

^^O

O

27,4

00

>50

Tabl

e 34

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y an

d Fe

brua

ry 1

993,

in A

rizon

a C

ontin

ued

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.57

)St

atio

n no

.St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f de

term

inat

ion

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)Pe

riod

Yea

rSt

age

Dis

cher

ge

(ft)

(ft3/s

)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

and

Febr

uary

199

3

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)St

age

(ft)

Dis

ch

erge

(ft

3/s)

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)Lo

wer

Gila

Riv

er B

asin

Con

tinue

d

& 3

C 0) .3 0) a tt 3 ID w 3

> 3

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83

0951

2800

0951

2830

0951

2860

0951

3780

0951

3835

0951

3860

0951

3910

0951

6500

0951

7000

0951

7490

0951

9500

0951

9800

0952

0500

Agu

a Fr

ia R

iver

nea

r R

ock

Spri

ngs,

AZ

Bou

lder

Cre

ek n

ear R

ock

Spri

ngs,

AZ

Hum

bug

Cre

ek n

ear

Cas

tle H

otSp

ring

s, A

ZN

ew R

iver

nea

r Roc

k Sp

ring

s, A

ZN

ew R

iver

at B

ell R

oad,

AZ

Skun

k C

reek

nea

r Pho

enix

, AZ

at 1

-17

New

Riv

er n

ear G

lend

ale,

AZ

Has

saya

mpa

Riv

er n

ear M

orri

stow

n,A

ZH

assa

yam

pa R

iver

nea

r Arl

ingt

on,

AZ

Cen

tenn

ial W

ash

at S

PRR

Bri

dge,

near

Arl

ingt

on, A

Z

Gila

Riv

er b

elow

Gill

espi

e D

am, A

Z

Gila

Riv

er b

elow

Pai

nted

Roc

k D

am,

AZ

Gila

Riv

er n

ear

Dom

e, A

Z

1,111 37

.859

.9

68.3

185 64

.932

479

6

1,47

1

1,81

7

49,6

50

50,9

10

57,8

50

1970

-93

1983

-93

1983

-93

1962

-93

1963

-93

1960

-93

1961

-93

1939

-93

1961

-93

1980

-93

1891

,71

921-

93

1959

-93

1903

-93

1980

1991

1991

1970

1967

1964

1967

1970

1970

1984

1891

1980

1983

1916

21.0

8 59

,500

8.26

3,

230

9.00

3,

220

13.5

18

,600

13.5

14

,600

10.4

8 11

,500

10.4

0 19

,800

19.0

47

400

8.40

39

,000

11.3

4 15

,600

250,

000

18.8

1 17

8,00

09.

36

9,19

0

200,

000

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/8

1/11 1/8

1/8

1/11 1/9

2/26

83/3

25.2

8

10.7

910

.81

10.8

05.

04

4.46

2.46

15.9

1

12.5

0

8.93

.. 16.7

9

26.8

1

52,5

00

1 10,

000

^.O

OO

12,6

002,

760

4,99

05,

450

26,3

00

11,4

00

9,21

0

3130

,000

132,

000

28,9

00

<25 10 <5 7 <5 35 8 -

Oth

er b

asin

s84 85 86

0953

5100

0953

5300

0953

7200

'Max

imum

of r

ecor

d.

San

Sim

on W

ash

near

Pis

inim

o, A

ZV

amor

i Was

h at

Kom

Vo,

AZ

Les

lie C

reek

nea

r McN

eal,

AZ

569

1,25

0 79.1

1972

-93

1972

-93

1969

-77,

1982

-93

1976

1983

1984

10.8

2 12

,500

10.5

4 10

,400

8.54

4,

600

1/8

88/2

81/

19

7.30

9.36

6.66

1,05

01,

400

2,41

0

<2 <5 10

Est

imat

ed o

n ba

sis o

f flo

od ro

utin

g.2C

onte

nts

in a

cre-

feet

. 3M

axim

um d

aily

disc

harg

e.

4Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

.

Est

imat

ed o

n ba

sis o

f rec

ords

for S

alt R

iver

nea

r Chr

ysot

ile.

7Per

iod

of re

gula

ted

disc

harg

e.8M

axim

um d

ischa

rge

for

1993

did

not

occ

ur d

urin

g Ja

nuar

y an

d Fe

brua

ry.

discharges in many of the rivers within the Gila River Basin in Arizona and New Mexico. Flooding that occurred in the upper Gila River Basin in New Mexico is discussed in a following article.

Most of the rainfall in the upper Gila River Basin was generated by four storms that occurred during Jan uary 6-8, 10-11, 14-15, and 17-18. Precipitation var ied from about 4 inches near the Arizona-New Mexico border to approximately 7 inches at San Carlos Reser voir (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra tion, 1993). Two factors contributed to the severity of the flooding first, the duration and intensity of the rain, which saturated and exceeded the infiltration capacity of the soil, maximizing runoff volumes; sec ond, much of the rain fell over existing water-laden snowpack, accelerating snowmelt that combined with direct runoff from the storm resulting in flooding that set records for total runoff volume as well as maximum discharge. Recurrence intervals determined for maxi mum discharges for streams within the Gila River Basin ranged from less than 10 years to greater than 100 years. Although maximum-of-record discharges occurred at several stations, a notable aspect of this flooding was the total runoff volumes produced. The contents in San Carlos Reservoir increased to near-maximum storage levels, resulting in maximum gate releases as well as uncontrolled spillway discharges.

Flooding within the Gila River Basin was wide spread and generated maximum-of-record discharges on several streams that drain into the Gila River from the north. Maximum discharge values at or greater than the 100-year recurrence interval occurred at Eagle Creek above pumping plant near Morenci (site 18), Bonita Creek near Morenci (site 19), and San Carlos River near Peridot (site 22). The maximum discharges occurred on January 8, 1993, on the San Carlos River near Peridot and on January 18,1993, at Eagle Creek above pumping plant near Morenci and Bonita Creek near Morenci. The peak discharge, which attenuated considerably along the main stem of the Gila River, reached the Gila River at Calva streamflow-gaging sta tion (site 21) on January 20, with a maximum discharge of 109,000 cubic feet per second and a recurrence inter val of 60 years. San Carlos Reservoir reached maxi mum capacity from this flood of 1,060,000 acre-feet on January 20,1993, and resulted in a maximum reservoir outflow of 29,300 cubic feet per second, which is the highest outflow since 1940.

FLOODS IN THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER BASIN

The precipitation for January 5-19 for the Santa Cruz River Basin ranged from 2 inches in the western part of the watershed to 6 inches in the southern part. Most of the precipitation occurred on January 17 and 18 and caused severe flooding on the Santa Cruz River. The streamflow-gaging station on the Santa Cruz River near Lochiel (site 31) had a maximum discharge of 7,320 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 30 years. The Santa Cruz River near Nogales streamflow-gaging station (site 32) had a maximum discharge of 8,800 cubic feet per second with a recur rence interval of 7 years. Runoff from about 6 inches of rain just north of Nogales produced a maximum dis charge of 32,400 cubic feet per second with a recur rence interval of 75 years at the Santa Cruz River at Continental streamflow-gaging station (site 33). This was the second highest maximum discharge since 1892. The streamflow-gaging station on the Santa Cruz River at Tucson (site 34) recorded a maximum discharge of 37,400 cubic feet per second with a recur rence interval of more than 100 years. This was the second highest maximum discharge since 1892. The Santa Cruz River near J^aveen streamflow-gaging sta tion (site 43) recorded a maximum discharge of 11,000 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of more than 25 years.

The precipitation totals for January 5-19 for the Rillito Creek Basin near Tuscon ranged from 4 inches in the lower elevations to 6 inches in the higher eleva tions. The majority of the precipitation occurred on January 5 through 7, which resulted in record flooding on January 8th for Sabino Creek (site 35), Tanque Verde Creek (site 36), and Rillito Creek (site 40). The streamflow-gaging station Sabino Creek near Tucson (site 35) recorded a maximum discharge of 12,900 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of more than 100 years. The maximum discharge recorded at the Tanque Verde Creek at Tucson streamflow-gaging station (site 36) was 24,500 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 70 years. The Ril lito Creek at Dodge Blvd. streamflow-gaging station (site 40) recorded a maximum discharge of 24,100 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of more than 50 years. This was the highest maximum discharge since October 1983. The maximum dis charge at a downstream site on Rillito Creek having 21 additional square miles of drainage area was 29,700 cubic feet per second recorded in October 1983.

192 Summary of Floods In the United States, January 1992 Through Septamber 1993

FLOODS IN THE SALT RIVER BASIN

Precipitation totals for January 5-19, 1993, were highest in the western and central areas of the Salt River Basin. The precipitation total for these areas was approximately 12 inches. Tributaries that drain the north and eastern areas of the basin had precipitation totals that ranged from 12 inches in the downstream part of the basin to 6 inches in the upstream part. This produced less-severe flooding in the upstream part of the basin compared to record-setting flooding that occurred on the main stem of the Salt River.

The gaged tributaries in which the precipitation totals ranged from 6 to 12 inches were Black River, White River, Carrizo Creek, Cibecue Creek and Cherry Creek. Black River below pumping plant, near Point of Pines (site 44), had a maximum discharge of 8,940 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 10 years. Black River near Fort Apache (site 45) had a maximum discharge of 54,700 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 25 years. This was the largest maximum discharge since 1906. White River near Fort Apache (site 47) had a maximum discharge of 12,600 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 35 years. Carrizo Creek near Show Low (site 48) had a maximum discharge of 19,300 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval 25 years.

The precipitation total for the Tonto Creek Basin was 12 inches for January 5-19. The streamflow-gaging station at Tonto Creek above Gun Creek (site 54) recorded a maximum discharge of 72,500 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 40 years. This was the highest maximum discharge since 1941.

Salt River near Chrysotile (site 49) and the Salt River near Roosevelt (site 53) both had maximum dis charges for the period of record. Maximum discharge recorded at Salt River at Chrysotile was 76,600 cubic feet per second with a recurrence interval of 40 years. This was the highest maximum discharge since 1916. Maximum discharge at Salt River near Roosevelt was 143,000 cubic feet per second with a recurrence inter val of 40 years. This was the highest maximum dis charge since 1941.

FLOODS IN THE VERDE RIVER BASIN

Flooding in the upper Verde River Basin was more severe during February than during January, with max

imum discharges occurring on February 20. The streamflow-gaging stations Verde River near Clarkdale (site 58) and at Verde River near Paulden (site 57) recorded maximum discharges with 50-year recurrence intervals or greater. Oak Creek near Comville stream flow-gaging station (site 60) reached a maximum dis charge nearly equal to the 1980 flood, which had a recurrence interval of 25 years. As floodwaters pro gressed downstream, a discharge of 119,000 cubic feet per second was reached at the Verde River near Camp Verde streamflow-gaging station (site 64), the highest discharge on record. Although some of these maximum discharges were high, the most notable aspect of the floods was the total volume of runoff produced. For example, flood volumes for a consecutive 15-day period during January for the Verde River below Tan gle Creek (site 67) and Little Colorado River near Cameron (site 10) were determined to have a 70-year and a greater than 100-year recurrence interval, respec tively.

In the Verde River Basin, the most severe flooding occurred in tributaries in the center of the basin and on the downstream main stem of the Verde on January 8. Streamflow-gaging stations at Wet Beaver Creek near Rimrock (site 62), West Clear Creek near Camp Verde (site 63), and Wet Bottom Creek near Childs (site 66) all recorded maximum discharges with recurrence intervals ranging from 10 to 100 years. Other tributar ies to the Verde River contributed significant dis charges (7- to 25-year recurrence intervals), which combined to produce a maximum discharge at Verde River below Tangle Creek (site 67) of 145,000 cubic feet per second (highest discharge since 1891), with a recurrence interval of greater than 50 years.

REFERENCES

Mac Nish, R.D., Smith, C.F., and Goddard, K.E., 1993, Floods in Arizona, January 1993: U.S. Geological Sur vey Open-File Report 93-54, 2 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Arizona, January 1993: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 1.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1994, Rood damage report, State of Arizona, floods of 1993: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District, 107 p.

January and February 1993, in Arizona 193

194 Summary of Floods in the United Stetes, January 1992 Through September 1993

January-March, July, and August 1993, in New MexicoBy Scott D. Waltemeyer

Large discharges and high stages occurred on several streams in New Mexico during January-March, July, and August 1993. Winter floods occurred at sites 1,5, 6,7,8, and 9 (fig. 58) as a result of excessive precipitation that occurred in western New Mexico. The summer floods occurred in isolated areas (sites 2, 3, and 4) as a result of summer monsoon thunderstorms during July and August. Six streamflow-gaging stations experienced maximum discharges with recurrence intervals of 25 to 50 years (table 35). The greatest recurrence-interval flood occurred at streamflow-gaging station Los Esteros Creek above Santa Rosa Lake (site 3); the maximum discharge was the largest since data collection began in 1973.

No property damage or loss of life was reported to the Emergency Manage ment Planning and Coordination office of the Department of Public Safety for New Mexico.

January-March, July, and August 1993, In New Mexico 195

COLORADO

106°

.._ I_.. I *

UNITED STATES ___ __'i 'MEXICO- - J r -

i i r0 25 50 75 100 KILOMETERS

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 100,000,1983Eambert Conformal Conic projectionStandard parallels 33 n and 45°, central meridian -90° PVDI AWATIOIV


Figure 58. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in New Mexico used to determine maximum stages and discharges for January-March, July, and August 1993.


Tabl

e 35

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y-M

arch

, Jul

y, a

nd A

ugus

t 19

93,

in N

ew M

exic

o[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g. 5

8)

Stat

ion

no.

1 e "? | _§ e_ e fs"

0) a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0834

1300

0836

1700

0838

2730

0838

3370

0943

0500

0943

1500

0943

2000

0944

2680

0944

4000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nB

luew

ater

Cre

ek a

bove

Blu

ewat

erD

am, n

ear B

luew

ater

, NM

Perc

ha C

reek

nea

r H

illsb

oro,

NM

Los

Este

ros

Cre

ek a

bove

San

ta R

osa

Lak

e.N

MPe

cos

Riv

er tr

ibut

ary

near

Pue

rto d

eLu

na, N

MG

ila R

iver

nea

r G

ila, N

M

Gila

Riv

er n

ear R

ed R

ock,

NM

Gila

Riv

er b

elow

Blu

e C

reek

nea

rV

irden

, NM

San

Fran

cisc

o R

iver

nea

r Res

erve

, NM

San

Fran

cisc

o R

iver

nea

rG

lenw

ood,

NM

Dra

inag

e ar

ea(m

i2)

75 35.4

65.6 .3

7

1,86

4

2,82

9

3,20

3

350

1,65

3

Perio

d19

53-7

8,19

90-9

319

57-7

8,19

8O-9

319

73-9

3

1961

-93

1928

-93

1905

,191

1,19

29-9

319

27-9

3

1959

-93

1928

-93

Yea

r19

53

1972

1976

1987

1984

1978

1978

1983

1983

Stag

e(ft

)8.

99

11.7

0

9.30

15.8

9

13.0

0

29.8

29.0

0

11.7

118

.15

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s)

3,57

0

12,2

00

3,90

0

2,00

0

35,2

00

48,0

00

58,7

00

9,83

037

,100

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary-

Mar

ch,

July

, and

Aug

ust 1

993

Dat

e (m

onth

/da

y)3/

19

8/16 8/3

7/14

2/20

1/19

1/11

2/20

1/19

Stag

e(ft

)4.

05

8.51

13.2

2

14.6

4

9.46

20.2

0

20.9

7

4.38

11.5

3

Dis

ch

arge

, re

cur-

D

is-

renc

e ch

arge

in

terv

al(ft

3/s)

(y

ears

)1,

270

5,90

0

9,20

0

1,35

0

14,2

00

25,5

00

30,0

00

1,92

012

,700

25 30 45 40 15 25 50

January 8-21, 1993, in Southeastern GeorgiaBy Timothy C. Stamey

Major flooding occurred throughout much of southeastern Georgia as a result of excessive rain on January 8-13, 1993. Selected streamflow-gaging stations located in the flood-affected area of the State are shown in figure 59. Total rainfall amounts in southeastern Georgia for this period were as much as 6.5 to 7 inches (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). According to rainfall data furnished by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, areas in southeastern Georgia received about 3 inches of rain on January 8 and 9 and another 3 to 3.5 inches on January 12 and 13.

High water, resulting from the excessive rain falling on already saturated ground in southeastern Georgia, flooded agricultural and timberlands in the low land areas adjacent to creeks and rivers. However, the high water did not produce severe or extensive flood damage to property or livestock. The most extensive flooding occurred in parts of the Altamaha, Ogeechee, Satilla, and Little River Basins (fig. 59).

Maximum discharges at selected active and discontinued streamflow-gaging stations had recurrence intervals ranging from 2 to 100 years. Recurrence intervals for the maximum discharges produced by the storms at the selected stations are shown in table 36. The range in the maximum discharge recurrence intervals for this flood was similar to maximum discharges that occurred during the March 1984, February 1986, and January 1991 floods, and which occurred in the same general area of the State.

The most severe flooding occurred at sites 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, and 17-19 (fig. 59, table 36). Maximum discharges at these sites had recurrence intervals ranging from 25 to 100 years. Also, new maximum stages and discharges for the period of known floods (based on U.S. Geological Survey records) were recorded at sites 10, 17, and 18 (table 36). The maximum discharge of 23,100 cubic feet per second at site 12 was the fourth highest in 89 years of record, and the maximum discharge of 12,000 cubic feet per second at site 15 was the third highest since 1928.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Georgia, January 1993: Asheville, N.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center, v. 97, no. 1, 22 p.

January 8-21,1993, in Southeastern Georgia 199

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000, 1994Albers Egual-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30'. central meridian -9B°00'

20 1

1 1

40 1

1

60 MILES 1

20 40 60 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

jlO Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 36

Figure 59. Extent of flooding and location of selected streamflow-gaging stations for flood of January 8-21, 1993, in southeastern Georgia.


Tabl

e 36

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y 8-

21,1

993,

in s

outh

east

ern

Geo

rgia

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; f

t, fe

et a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

pri

or to

Jan

uary

January * I 1 $ o S <3 «

Site

no

.(fi

g.59

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Stat

ion

no.

0220

2500

0220

2600

0220

2820

0220

2900

0220

2910

0220

3000

0221

5100

0221

5500

02

2158

00

0221

6180

0222

5350

0222

5500

0222

6000

0222

6500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Oge

eche

e R

iver

nea

r Ede

n, G

AB

lack

Cre

ek n

ear B

litch

ton,

GA

Ree

dy C

reek

nea

r Tw

in C

ity, G

A

Fifte

en M

ile C

reek

nea

r Met

ier,

GA

Ten

Mile

Cre

ek tr

ibut

ary

at P

ulas

ki, G

A

Can

ooch

ee R

iver

nea

r Cla

xton

, GA

Tucs

awha

tche

e C

reek

nea

rH

awki

nsvi

lle, G

AO

cmul

gee

Riv

er a

t Lum

ber C

ity, G

A

Gum

Sw

amp

Cre

ek n

ear C

haun

cey,

GA

Tu

rnpi

ke C

reek

nea

r McR

ae, G

AR

eedy

Cre

ek tr

ibut

ary

near

Sop

erto

n,

GA

Oho

opee

Riv

er n

ear R

eids

ville

, GA

Alta

mah

a R

iver

at D

octo

rtow

n, G

A

Satil

la R

iver

nea

r Way

cros

s, G

A

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

2,65

023

2 8.99

147 1.

14

555

163

5,18

0 22

1 49.2 1.68

1,11

013

,600

1,20

0

Perio

dO

geec

hee

Riv

er B

asin

1898

-199

319

80-9

319

29, 1

965-

74,

1980

, 199

1, 1

993

1962

-83,

199

1,19

9319

65-8

7, 1

991,

19

93

1925

-93

Alta

mah

a R

iver

Bas

in

1984

-93

1891

-199

3 19

84-9

3 19

83-9

319

65-8

8,

1991

, 199

3

1904

-93

1925

-93

Satil

la R

iver

Bas

in

1928

, 193

7-93

Yea

r

1929

1990

1929

1966

1966

1925

1991

1925

19

91

1985

1973

, 19

84

1925

1925

1948

Stag

e (ft

)

20.0

012

.91

7.70

8.96

7.67

17.8

0

14.1

3

26.3

0 9.

91

10.5

63.

47

28.4

018

.60

22.4

0

1993

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)

78,0

005,

620

1,83

0

6,40

0

599

20,5

00

4,74

0

98,4

00

4,94

0 2,

220

290

47,0

0030

0,00

0

39,0

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

8-21

, 199

3

Day 15 14 12 12 12 14 9 14

12

12 12 14 17 14

Stag

e (ft

)

14.6

412

.88

4.26

8.27

5.56

16.6

0

13.1

9

17.5

8 7.

68

3.30

22.4

414

.21

17.0

5

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)

28,0

005,

560

550

4,90

0

300

13,5

00

3,76

0

39,0

00

1,92

0 12

,740 261

23,1

0091

,700

9,32

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

15 15 6 25 25 40 10 4 2 25 10 40 5 4

Tabl

e 36

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y 8-

21,1

993,

in s

outh

east

ern

Geo

rgia

Con

tinue

d

CO c 3 a n I M 5"

1 c 3 1

Q. g M 1 i -3 i 10 I <o o I I i

Site

no.

(fig.

59)

15 16 17 18 19

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

Stat

ion

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n

023

1 600

0 A

lapa

ha R

iver

nea

r Ala

paha

, G A

023

1 750

0 A

lapa

ha R

iver

at S

tate

nvill

e, G

A02

3 1 7

770

New

ell B

ranc

h ne

ar A

shbu

m, G

A

023

1 777

5 D

anie

ls C

reek

nea

r Ash

bum

, GA

0231

7780

Li

me

Sink

Cre

ek n

ear S

ycam

ore,

GA

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1 993

M

axim

um d

urin

g Ja

nuar

y 8-

21 ,

1 993

Dis

char

geD

rain

age

recu

rren

cear

ea

Stag

e D

isch

arge

St

age

Dis

char

ge

inte

rval

(mi2

) Pe

riod

Yea

r (ft

) (ft

3/s)

Day

(ft

) (ft

3/s)

(yea

rs)

Suw

anne

e R

iver

Bas

in66

3 19

28-9

3 19

28

19.0

0 16

,000

18

16

.80

12,0

00

251,

400

1928

-93

1948

29

.80

27,3

00

21

28.7

8 16

,300

20

6.48

19

65-7

5,19

91,

1975

4.

95

412

12

^.5

4

'900

10

019

931.

11

1965

-87,

1991

, 19

83

3.60

23

1 12

U

.86

'366

10

019

93.6

8 19

65-8

4,19

91,

1982

6.

08

252

12

5.95

24

4 30

1993

'New

max

imum

for p

erio

d of

reco

rd.

January 20-23, 1993, in Southern MississippiBy W.Trent Baldwin

During a 2-day period from the morning of January 19 through the morning of January 21,1993, a storm system swept through southern Mississippi producing rainfall totals in excess of 8 inches (fig. 60). The town of White Sand received 10.8 inches of rainfall in a 24-hour period (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). The 50-year, 24-hour rainfall at White Sand is about 10.5 inches (Hershfield, 1961).

Maximum stages and discharges were documented at 25 flood-determination sites (fig. 60) that experienced a flood with a 2-year recurrence interval or greater. These floods are summarized in table 37. The most severe flooding occurred on West Hobolochitto Creek (site 24) where the flood was the largest on record and was estimated to have a 200-year recurrence interval.

REFERENCES

Hershfield, D.M., 1961, Rainfall frequency atlas of the United States: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 40, 115 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Missis sippi, January 1993: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 98, no. 1,27 p.

January 20-23,1993, In Southern Mississippi 203

MISSISSIPPI

Index map

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29"30' and 45°30', central meridian -96 C 00'

.20

EXPLANATION- 6 Line of equal precipitation

Interval 2 inches


25 I

75 KILOMETERS

Figure 60. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of January 20-23,1993, and lines of equal precipitation for storm January 19-21,1993, in southern Mississippi (precipitation data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

75 MILES _J

204 Summary of Floods In tha United Statas, January 1992 Through September 1993

Tabl

e 37

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y 20

-23,

1993

, in

sou

ther

n M

issi

ssip

pi[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.60

)St

atio

n no

.St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f de

term

inat

ion

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)Pe

riod

Yea

rSt

age

(ft)

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/s

)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

20-2

3, 1

993

Day

Stag

e (ft

)D

isch

arge

(ft

3/s)

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)Pa

scag

oula

Riv

er B

asin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0247

2000

0247

2500

0247

3000

0247

4500

0247

4560

0247

4600

0247

4650

0247

5000

0247

5050

0247

7990

0247

8500

0247

9000

0247

9130

0247

9155

0247

9160

Lea

f Riv

er n

ear C

ollin

s, M

S

Bou

ie C

reek

nea

r Hat

tiesb

urg,

MS

Lea

f Riv

er a

t Hat

tiesb

urg,

MS

Talla

hala

Cre

ek n

ear R

unne

lsto

wn,

MS

Lea

f Riv

er n

ear N

ew A

ugus

ta, M

S

Bog

ue H

omo

near

Ric

hton

, MS

Buc

k C

reek

nea

r Run

nels

tow

n, M

S

Lea

f Riv

er n

ear M

cLai

n, M

S

Wat

erfa

ll B

ranc

h ne

ar M

cLai

n, M

SB

ucka

tunn

a C

reek

nea

r Den

ham

, MS

Chi

ckas

awha

y R

iver

at L

eake

svill

e,M

SPa

scag

oula

Riv

er a

t Mer

rill,

MS

Bla

ck C

reek

nea

r Bro

okly

n, M

SC

ypre

ss C

reek

nea

r Jan

ice,

MS

Bla

ck C

reek

nea

r Wig

gins

, MS

743

304

1,75

061

2

2,54

0

344 20.8

3,50

0 .65

492

2,69

0

6,59

0

355 52

.670

1

1856

-199

3

1900

-93

1900

-93

1885

-199

3

1900

-93

1971

-93

1951

-93

1900

-93

1955

-93

1972

-93

1900

-93

1852

-199

3

1961

-93

1959

-93

1916

-93

1856

1974

1900

1974

1974

1900

1961

1900

1973

1961

1979

1900

1961

1959

1979

1900

1961

1900

1916

1983

1959

1916

33.0

032

.60

'33.

5028

.18

34.0

323

0.50

224.

8436

.00

27.6

394

.89

291.

4131

.80

31.6

411

.71

34.9

0

38.0

033

.52

32.5

031

.00

29.%

32.0

630

.50

56,0

0054

,200

'so.oo

o45

,500

121,

000

38,0

0032

,800

120,

000

21,9

003,

900

5,70

013

1,00

012

8,00

076

412

,200

. 12

5,00

073

,600

230,

000

187,

000

42,5

001 1

6,70

0^,0

00

23 21 21 21 22 21 21 22 20 21 23 23 21 21 22

21.1

9

18.1

4

21.1

721

.59

26.2

8

20.0

812

.58

25.3

4

7.13

25.5

9

28.1

0

25.4

6

25.2

927

.56

26.7

9

14,8

00

7,62

0

29,0

0011

,000

42,4

00

9,44

02,

370

61,0

00 300

6,49

0

29,6

00

91,7

00

20,3

008,

980

32,3

00

2 3 3 3 5 3 2 5 2 2 3 4 10 15 15

Tabl

e 37

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y 20

-23,

1993

, in

sou

ther

n M

issi

ssip

pi C

ontin

ued

CO i 3 o f I c 0) 3 <D £ -i I <§ I

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g.60

)St

atio

n no

.St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f de

term

inat

ion

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2)

Perio

dY

ear

Stag

e (ft

)D

isch

arge

(t

f/s)

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

20-2

3, 1

993

Day

Stag

e (ft

)D

isch

arge

(ft

3/s)

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

Inte

rval

(y

ears

)Pa

scag

oula

Riv

er B

asin

C

ontin

ued

1602

4793

00R

ed C

reek

at V

estry

, MS

441

1959

-93

1987

21.4

828

,000

2219

.93

21,2

0010

Tcho

utac

abou

fia R

iver

Bas

in17

0248

0500

Tux

acha

nie

Cre

ek n

ear B

iloxi

, MS

92.4

1906

-93

1906

1987

23.2

023

.63

21,0

0019

,600

2116

.82

4,89

02

Bilo

xi R

iver

Bas

in

18 1902

4810

0002

4811

30B

iloxi

Riv

er a

t Wor

tham

, MS

Bilo

xi R

iver

nea

r Lym

an, M

S96

.225

119

16-9

319

57-9

319

8319

5725

.30

'21.

5010

,300

'35,

000

21 2122

.96

19.5

57,

000

16,9

005 5

Wol

f Riv

er B

asin

2002

4815

10W

olf R

iver

nea

r Lon

don,

MS

308

1971

-93

1983

21.5

318

,400

2227

.12

16,6

0010

Pear

l Riv

er B

asin

21 22 23 24

0248

8000

0248

8500

0249

0500

0249

2360

Pear

l Riv

er a

t Roc

kpor

t, M

SPe

arl R

iver

nea

r Mon

ticel

lo, M

S

Bog

ue C

hitto

nea

r lyi

erto

wn,

MS

Wes

t Hob

oloc

hitto

Cre

ek n

ear

McN

eill,

MS

4,56

04,

990

492

175

1874

-199

318

74-1

993

1936

-93

1966

-93

1979

1874

1979

1936

1983

1983

42.8

334

.50

34.0

834

.70

34.6

223

.25

1 123

,000 -

122,

000

49,0

0064

,200

18,0

00

21 22 21 21

27.9

724

.97

20.7

6

23.4

3

33,9

0040

,100

13,8

00

27,8

00

2 3 2

200

Tho

mps

on C

reek

Bas

in25

0737

3550

Moo

res

Bra

nch

near

Woo

dvill

e, M

S.2

119

55-9

319

739.

9045

520

7.06

285

4

'Est

imat

ed.

2Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

.

January 21-23, 1993, in Southeastern LouisianaBy Brian E. McCallum

During January 1993, greater-than-normal rainfall occurred in southeastern Louisiana due to a stationary front over the Mississippi River Valley. The excessive rain kept the soil saturated and rivers at flood stage. A slow-moving cold front interacting with warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico caused excessive rainfall in the Amite River Basin on January 20. Rainfall on January 19-21 ranged from 3.30 inches at Liberty, Mississippi, to 11.23 inches just north of Baton Rouge, Lou isiana (fig. 61). The average basin rainfall was 8.54 inches (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1993).

Maximum stages and discharges for the period of record at six streamflow- gaging stations within the Amite River Basin are given in table 38. These stations are located in figure 61. The discharge on the Comite River near Comite (site 4, fig. 61) was the greatest since records began in 1944. The flood crested at the Den- ham Springs site (site 5, fig. 61) on January 22; the stage was 38.15 feet above sea level. The maximum discharge had a recurrence interval of 10 to 25 years.

Damages to more than 1,500 dwellings were reported for Ascension, East Baton Rouge, East Feliciana, and Livingston Parishes. According to guidelines established by the American Red Cross, the flooding destroyed 16 dwellings within the basin, caused major damage to 680 single-family dwellings, apartments, and mobile homes, and minor damage to 807 dwellings. The American Red Cross offered relief to nearly 1,300 people following the flood at a cost of more than $1 million (Margaret McGarity, American Red Cross, written commun., 1994). No loss of life was reported due to the flooding in the basin despite the rapid rise of the rivers and the number of dwellings damaged.

Total property damage from the flood was estimated at more than $2 million by the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness (Shawn Fontenot, Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness, oral commun., 1994). This amount does not include damage costs claimed by individuals with flood insurance.

REFERENCE

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service, March 1993, Monthly report of river and flood conditions: New Orleans, Louisiana, Weather Service Forecast Center.

January 21-23,1993, In Southeastern Louisiana 207

MISSISSIPPI

Index map

Base from U S Geological Survey hydrologic unit map, 1 500,000,1974 Lambert Conformal Conic projection Standard parallels 33° and 45°

EXPLANATION

Flood-determination site Numbercorresponds to that in table 38

Figure 61. Location of streamflow-gaging stations in Amite River Basin, southeastern Louisiana.


Tabl

e 38

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ja

nuar

y 21

-23,

1993

, in

Am

ite R

iver

Bas

in,

in s

outh

east

ern

Loui

sian

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Janu

ary

21-2

3, 1

993

Site

no.

(fig-

61)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Stat

ion

no.

0737

7000

0737

7300

0737

7500

0737

8000

0737

8500

0738

0120

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

n

Am

ite R

iver

nea

r Dar

lingt

on, L

AA

mite

Riv

er a

t Mag

nolia

, LA

Com

ite R

iver

nea

r Oliv

e B

ranc

h, L

AC

omite

Riv

er n

ear C

omite

, LA

Am

ite R

iver

nea

r Den

ham

Spr

ings

, LA

Am

ite R

iver

at P

ort V

ince

nt, L

A

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

580

884

145

284

1,28

0

1,59

6

Perio

d

1949

-93

1949

-83,

1992

-93

1942

-93

1944

-93

1921

-93

1946

-93

Yea

r

1990

1977

1961

1953

1983

1983

Stag

e (ft

)

22.0

551

.91

23.3

730

.64

41.5

0

14.6

5

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

104,

000

85,1

00

19,9

0020

,500

112,

000 --

Max

imum

dur

ing

Janu

ary

21-2

3, 1

993

Day 21 21 21 21 22 23

Stag

e (ft

)

16.0

849

.08

14.4

227

.58

38.1

5

11.8

7

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

19,4

0059

,600

13,6

0030

,400

81,9

00 --

Dis

ch

arge

re

curr

ene

ein

ter

va

l (y

ears

)

5-10

10-2

5

5-10

25-5

010

-25 -

March 1993, in VirginiaBy Byron J. Prugh, Jr.

MARCH 4-6,1993

On March 4 and 5,1993, a low-pressure center moved from South Carolina across southeastern Vir ginia. Moisture-laden air associated with the center was driven by southeasterly winds that were forced up the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains and pro duced excessive rains that were concentrated over the central part of Virginia. Precipitation varied from 2 inches along the coastal plain, to between 3 and 4 inches over much of the Piedmont and Shenandoah River Valley, to 1.5 to 2 inches in the southwestern cor ner of the State (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). The rain changed to snow in the western parts of the State.

Runoff from the rain caused widespread moderate flooding across much of the eastern half of Virginia. There were three distinct areas of flooding where the recurrence intervals of the maximum discharges were greater than 10 years. One area was for streams tribu tary to the Potomac River in the extreme northern cor ner of the State, a second was for streams in the headwaters of the Rappahannock River Basin, and a third for streams in the middle Roanoke and upper Appomattox River Basins (fig. 62). The most severe flooding occurred in the upper Rappahannock River Basin where the maximum discharges had a recurrence interval of about 20 years. The magnitudes of the max imum stages and discharges at selected streamflow-gaging stations are summarized in table 39.

Elsewhere in the State, the recurrence intervals of maximum discharges in the James, Shenandoah, Anna, Meherrin, Nottoway, and parts of the Roanoke River Basins were between 2 and 10 years. In southwestern Virginia, maximum discharges had recurrence intervals of less than 2 years. Major damage from the flooding was road closures and power outages. There were no deaths reported.

MARCH 23-30,1993

A maximum discharge of 19,000 cubic feet per second was recorded at the streamflow-gaging station on Walker Creek at Bane, Virginia (site 6, fig. 63), on March 24, 1993. This was the second highest dis charge recorded at this site since systematic data col lection began in 1938. The calculated recurrence interval was in excess of 100 years. Maximum stage

and discharge data for March 23-24 at selected stations in the New River and adjacent basins are summarized in table 40.

Precipitation for March 23-25 was only 2 to 3 inches over the central part of the New River Basin including the Walker Creek Basin. Precipitation for the surrounding area was less than 2 inches. However, the ground was well saturated from five episodes of precip itation earlier in the month, and local rainfall amounts could have been greater. The runoff from the March 23-25 precipitation produced the highest maxi mum discharges for the 1993 water year at 15 streamflow-gaging stations in the New River Basin, at 20 sta tions in the Tennessee River Basin, at 5 stations in the Big Sandy and Roanoke River Basins, and at 1 station in the upper James River Basin. The greatest flooding occurred on tributaries in the lower New River Basin where maximum discharges with recurrence intervals of 8 to more than 100 years were recorded. Elsewhere the flooding was less severe. In the Tennessee and upper New River Basins, maximum discharges had recurrence intervals of less than 2 years to about 10 years. In the Big Sandy, upper James, and upper Roanoke River Basins, maximum discharges had recurrence intervals of less than 2 to about 5 years. The approximate extent of the 10-year recurrence-interval flooding and location of these stations are shown in figure 63.

The March 23-25 rainfall was not the final precip itation and subsequent runoff for the month, as another storm occurred on March 27-30. The cumulative effect of the frequent precipitation resulted in greater-than-normal flows for the month of March. Numerous streamflow-gaging stations across the State recorded new maximum monthly mean flows for the month. At long-term stations on the James River, the monthly mean flows were the highest for March since at least 1899. In the Tennessee and Big Sandy River Basins, the monthly mean flows were the highest since 1975, and in the Roanoke and New River Basins flows were the highest since 1930.

REFERENCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Virginia: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 103, no. 3,23 p.

March 1993, in Virginia 211

39°30' -

36°30'

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Aiea Conic promotionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00'

75 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION


3


Figure 62. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding duringMarch 4-8,1993, location of selected streamflow-gaging stations, and physiographic provinces ineastern Virginia.


Tabl

e 39

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

4-8

,199

3, in

eas

tern

Virg

inia

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

-,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta.

Oth

er

data

fro

m U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

5T

Max

imum

prio

r to

Mar

ch 4

-8, 1

993

Site

no

.(fi

g.62

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Stat

ion

no.

0161

3900

0161

5000

0163

4500

0166

2000

0166

2800

0166

4000

0166

8000

0203

9000

0203

9500

302

0405

00

0204

1000

0205

2500

0206

4000

0206

5500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

nH

ogue

Cre

ek n

ear H

ayfie

ld, V

AO

pequ

on C

reek

nea

r Ber

ryvi

lle, V

A

Ced

ar C

reek

nea

r Win

ches

ter,

VA

Rap

paha

nnoc

k R

iver

nea

r War

rent

on, V

AB

attle

Run

nea

r Lau

rel M

ills,

VA

Rap

paha

nnoc

k R

iver

at R

emin

gton

, VA

Rap

paha

nnoc

k R

iver

nea

r Fre

deric

ksbu

rg,

VA

Buf

falo

Cre

ek n

ear H

ampd

en S

ydne

y, V

A

App

omat

tox

Riv

er a

t Far

mvi

lle, V

AFl

at C

reek

nea

r Am

elia

, VA

Dee

p C

reek

nea

r Man

nbor

o, V

A

Foun

tain

s C

reek

nea

r Brin

k, V

A

Falli

ng R

iver

nea

r Nar

una,

VA

Cub

Cre

ek a

t Phe

nix,

VA

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) 15.0

57.4

103

195 27

.6

620

1,59

6 69.7

303 73

.0

158 65

.2

173 98

.0

Perio

d19

61-9

319

42,

1944

-93

1936

,19

38-9

319

42-9

319

59-9

3

1942

-93

1908

-93

1940

,19

47-9

319

26-9

319

47,

1954

-70,

1972

-93

1940

,19

47-9

319

40,

1954

-93

1930

-93

1940

,19

47-9

3

Yea

r19

7219

4219

8819

3619

4219

4219

76

1942

1942

1940

1972

1972

1947

1961

1972

1940

1972

1940

1972

1972

1940

1972

1987

Stag

e (ft

)8.

8518

.40

13.4

725

.00

27.0

023

.50

13.9

0

30.0

025

.90

15.0

012

.38

29.7

06.

909.

2115

.81

14.8

024

.04

18.5

024

.14

29.2

117

.50

'20.

3719

.31

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

2,76

0 -

12,6

0018

,000

22,0

0032

,000

9,12

0

90,0

0014

0,00

0 -

9,16

033

,100

1,09

03,

300

10,6

00

10,0

0015

,000

2,72

016

,000

32,6

004,

000

7,38

010

,600

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch 4

-8, 1

993

Day 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 5

Stag

e (ft

)7.

2711

.07

16.1

5

20.0

311

.18

21.9

615

.54

10.2

2

20.7

811

.24

14.3

2

17.9

7

21.0

114

.38

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

2,32

05,

990

9,09

0

13,2

003,

270

36,6

0057

,800

5,31

0

11,7

003,

930

8,98

0

3,98

0

11,4

005,

550

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)20 15 15 20 10 20 10 15 10 20 10 10 15 15

Bac

kwat

er.

10 CO

38°30' -

37°30' -

37°31T -

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Egual-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00' 50 KILOMETERS

3A

EXPLANATION



Figure 63. Approximate extent of 10-year or greater recurrence-interval flooding during March 23-24,1993, and location of selected streamflow-gaging stations in western Virginia.


Tabl

e 40

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

23-

24,1

993,

in w

este

rn V

irgin

ia[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

eet a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

t3/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er se

cond

; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; >

, gre

ater

than

. Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Mar

ch 2

3-24

, 19

93

Site

no

.(fig

.63

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12

Stat

ion

no.

0201

4000

0205

3800

0316

4000

0316

8000

0316

8750

0317

3000

0317

5500

0317

6500

0347

1200

0347

3500

0348

8000

0352

1500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

nPo

tts C

reek

nea

r Cov

ingt

on, V

A

Sout

h Fo

rk R

oano

ke R

iver

nea

rSh

awsv

ille,

VA

New

Riv

er n

ear G

alax

, VA

New

Riv

er a

t Alli

soni

a, V

AT

horn

e Sp

ring

s B

ranc

h ne

ar D

ublin

, VA

Wal

ker C

reek

at B

ane,

VA

Wol

f Cre

ek n

ear N

arro

ws,

VA

New

Riv

er a

t Gle

n Ly

n, V

A

Sout

h Fo

rk H

olst

on R

iver

at T

eas,

VA

Mid

dle

Fork

Hol

ston

Riv

er a

tG

rose

clos

e, V

A

Nor

th F

ork

Hol

ston

Riv

er n

ear S

altv

ille,

VA

Clin

ch R

iver

at R

ichl

ands

, VA

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)15

3

110

1,13

12,

202 4.

77

305

223

3,76

8 31.1 7.39

222

137

Peri

od18

78,

1929

-56,

1966

-93

1961

-93

1930

-93

1930

-93

1957

-93

1878

,19

38-9

319

09-1

6,19

38-9

318

78,

1915

-93

1967

-93

1948

-93

1862

,19

21-9

319

01,

1946

-93

Yea

r18

7819

3519

8519

72

1940

1940

1973

1878

1992

1916

1957

1878

1940

1977

1953

1862

1957

1901

1957

Stag

e (ft

)12

.010

.10

13.4

611

.12

25.7

23.4

28.

01

23.5

19.2

813

.013

.833

.1

'27.

50-- 7.

42

15 13.2

021

.319

.3

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s) --

7,51

015

,400

14,2

00

141,

000

185,

000

2,20

0

40,0

0025

,000

11,0

0012

,900

240,

000

'226

,000

5,41

0

813

22,0

0016

,500

11,5

009,

640

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch 2

3-24

, 199

3

Day 24 24 24 24 23 24 24 24 23 23 24 24

Stag

e (ft

)9.

06

5.93

8.66

11.6

92.

66

17.4

3

11.8

8

17.4

7

14.0

1

4.30

9.74

10.7

8

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

5,08

0

4,57

0

31,3

0061

,600 24

6

19,0

00

11,1

00

100,

000

2,42

0

220

8,77

0

4,08

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)5 5 5 8 5

>100 35 8 10 3 5 3

Flow

in th

e N

ew R

iver

dow

nstre

am fr

om C

layt

on L

ake

has b

een

regu

late

d si

nce

1939

.

10 Ul

March 8-12, 1993, in East-Central NebraskaByJ.A. Boohar

On March 9,1993, severe flooding occurred because of ice jamming on the Platte River in Sarpy County (fig. 64). Ice on the Elkhorn River had loosened during warm weather in early March, sending water and ice into the still-frozen Platte River near Gretna. A 2-mile ice jam forced waters out of the banks of the Elkhorn River along various points from West Point down to its confluence with the Platte River.

The Elkhorn River at West Point (site 8, table 41) had a discharge of 28,000 cubic feet per second at a stage of 18.60 feet, which was determined to have a 10-year recurrence interval. Although the March max imum for this streamflow-gaging station was not the maximum for the water year, the stage was the maxi mum for the period of record. The Elkhorn River at Waterloo (site 12) had a discharge of 33,500 cubic feet per second at a stage of 15.76 feet and was calculated to have an approximate 10-year recurrence interval. Flow from tributary streams and the ice jam on the Platte River near Gretna caused backwater conditions that contributed to the flooding along the Elkhorn River.

A western Sarpy County levee at the confluence of the Elkhorn and Platte Rivers upstream from the ice jam near Gretna ruptured and allowed water to escape the channel and flood cabins and about 8,000 acres of farmland downstream from the ice jam. Along the west bank of the Platte River farther downstream, water supplies from the city of Lincoln well field near Ashland were threatened when two of three water mains washed out. The remaining main held after the line was shored up by workers. The West Sarpy County Drainage District created a channel in the jam using dynamite. This released pressure against the levee and allowed repairs to take place. The continuous-record streamflow-gaging station, Platte River near Ashland (site 13), recorded a maximum stage of 19.23 feet on March 10. Discharge for this peak, including bypass flow, was estimated to be 130,000 cubic feet per second and was determined to be greater than the 100-year recurrence interval.

At Columbus, near the confluence of the Loup and the Platte Rivers, a 0.5-mile ice jam caused flooding and evacuation of some residents from the Columbus area. Above-freezing temperatures caused melting on

the Cedar River and neighboring streams that drain into the Loup River and eventually into the Platte. Highway 81, south of Columbus, sustained extensive damage and was closed to traffic.

Upstream along the Platte River, floodwater from the Wood River rose to a depth of 2 feet in the town of Wood River and forced about 20 people from their homes. The Wood River near Alda (site 1) had a dis charge of 1,300 cubic feet per second at a stage of 11.81 feet on March 12. The volume of water draining into the Platte River, and eventually entering the Mis souri River, created backwater at the Missouri River. The flow at site 14, Platte River at Louisville, 16.5 miles upstream from the confluence of the Mis souri River, was determined to be 143,000 cubic feet per second, just 1,000 cubic feet per second less than the maximum for the period of record, at a stage of 11.49 feet. This discharge was determined to have greater than a 50-year recurrence interval.

Site 18, West Fork Big Blue River near Dorchester, recorded a stage of 21.71 feet at 0530 on March 11. Discharge estimated for this stage was 12,400 cubic feet per second, which was a new maximum discharge for the period of record although the stage was not a new maximum. Flooding on the West Fork Big Blue River near Beaver Crossing resulted in two fatalities.

Of the 40 counties that reported flooding, the fol lowing 12 had major flooding: Buffalo, Butler, Colfax, Cuming, Dodge, western Douglas, Hall, Nance, Platte, Sarpy, Saunders, and Seward. Damages estimated by the Civil Defense and the Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency in five categories agriculture, highway system, public assistance, individual assistance, and soil erosion totaled more than $16.6 million in the 40 counties (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993).

REFERENCE

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993, Interagency hazard mitigation team report for Nebraska: FEMA-983DR-NE.

March 8-12,1993, in East-Central Nebraska 217

NEBRASKA

Index map

Base from US Geological Survey digital data, 1 '2,000,000,1972Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00'

50 MILES

50 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

A17 Flood-determination site Number corresponds to that in table 41

Figure 64. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of March 8-12,1993, in east-central Nebraska.

218 Summary of Floods In tha United States, January 1992 Through September 1993

Tabl

e 41

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

arch

8-1

2,19

93,

in e

ast-c

entra

l Neb

rask

a[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft'/

s, c

ubic

feet

per

seco

nd; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Mar

ch 8

, 199

3

2 1 I <o .8 3 1 « I Nebraska

Site

no

.(fig

-64

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0677

2000

0677

4000

0678

3500

0678

4000

0679

2000

0679

5500

0679

6000

0679

9350

0679

9385

0679

9500

0680

0000

0680

0500

0680

1000

0680

5500

0687

9900

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nW

ood

Riv

er n

ear A

lda,

NE

Plat

te R

iver

nea

r Dun

can,

NE

Mud

Cre

ek n

ear S

wee

twat

er, N

E

Sout

h Lo

up R

iver

at S

t. M

icha

el, N

E

Ced

ar R

iver

nea

r Ful

lerto

n, N

E

Shel

l Cre

ek n

ear C

olum

bus,

NE

Plat

te R

iver

at N

orth

Ben

d, N

E

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Wes

t Poi

nt, N

E

Pebb

le C

reek

nea

r Scr

ibne

r, N

ELo

gan

Cre

ek n

ear U

ehlin

g, N

E

Map

le C

reek

nea

r Nic

kers

on, N

E

Elkh

orn

Riv

er a

t Wat

erlo

o, N

EPl

atte

Riv

er n

ear A

shla

nd, N

E

Plat

te R

iver

at L

ouis

ville

, NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at S

urpr

ise,

NE

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) Pe

riod

628

60,9

00 707

2,35

0

1,22

0

270

77,1

00

5,10

0

204

1,03

0

450

6,90

084

,200

85,8

00 345

1953

-93

1895

-09,

1928

-93

1946

-93

1943

-93

1931

-32,

1940

-93

1947

-75,

1977

-93

1949

-93

1972

-93

1978

-93

1941

-93

1951

-93

1928

-93

1928

-53,

1988

-93

1953

-93

1964

-93

Yea

r19

6719

0519

8719

47

1968

1947

1966

1990

1960

1978

1969

1978

1991

1971

1990

1984

19

4419

44

1984

1960

1965

Stag

e (ft

)12

.22

'6.5

06.

7823

.20

11.0

012

.00

16.9

0

22.7

6

10.0

415

.55

13.2

116

.09

24.1

520

.15

'16.

30'1

7.65

'1

6.60

'8.1

0

11.3

412

.45

11.5

2

Dis

ch

arge

1,63

044

,100

27,0

00

27,5

00

64,7

00

8,00

0

112,

000

33,0

00

27,9

0025

,200

11,6

00

100,

000

107,

000

144,

000

10,7

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Mar

ch 8

-12,

199

3

Day 12 11 9 7 9 8 9 10 8 9 8 9 9 11 10 10 10

Stag

e (ft

)11

.81

7.86

18.9

519

.50

10.3

2

9.40

21.5

3

9.71

10.9

718

.60

18.5

217

.96

14.2

6

15.7

619

.23

11.4

9

9.57

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

1,30

018

,000

2,07

0

9,97

0

8,00

0

3,60

0

97,8

00

28,0

00

4,07

010

,300

6,27

0

33,5

0021

30,0

00

143,

000

2,36

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)20 10 5 7 9 8 50 10 2 4 6 12

>100 >5

0 3

Tabl

e 41

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

dur

ing

Mar

ch 8

-12,

1993

, in

eas

t-cen

tral

Neb

rask

a C

ontin

ued

(0 i a 33 5 <§

Max

imum

prior

to M

arch

8,

1993

Site

no

.(fi

g-64

)

16 17 18

Sta

tion

no.

0688

0000

0688

0500

0688

0800

Str

eam

and

pla

ce o

f de

term

inat

ion

Lin

coln

Cre

ek n

ear

Sew

ard,

NE

Big

Blu

e R

iver

at S

ewar

d, N

E

Wes

t Fo

rk B

ig B

lue R

ive

r ne

ar

Dor

ches

ter,

NE

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)

446

1,09

9

1,20

6

Per

iod

1953

-93

1953

-93

19

58

-93

Yea

r

1957

1957

1967

1986

Sta

ge

(ft)

20.5

3

22.3

4

'22.

83

22.6

2

Dis

ch

arge

10,1

00

15,3

00

11,8

00

Max

imum

during M

arch

8-1

2, 1

993

Day 10

11 11

Sta

ge

(ft)

18.3

5

20.8

6

21.7

1

Dis

ch

arge

(f

t3/s

)

3,28

0

7,64

0

212,

400

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

6 7

20

'Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

. 2E

stim

ated

.

<D s

April 1993, in New York

By Carolyn O. Szabo

A severe winter storm deposited large amounts of snow over New York State on March 13-14. Many areas received three to five times greater-than-normal snowfall for March. Syracuse reported approximately 43 inches for the 2-day period. Of that amount, more than 35 inches fell within 24 hours (Cornell Univer sity, 1993). More than 40 inches of snow fell in extreme northern and northeastern New York. By March 17, the snowpack in the Oswego River Basin (fig. 65) ranged from 30 to 40 inches, with a water equivalent of more than 10 inches in some areas.

April 1993 was New York's third wettest April on record. Statewide precipita tion for April averaged 5.42 inches, 165 percent of normal for the month. Several rainstorms, combined with the deep snowpack and warm temperatures, caused riv ers and lakes to rise slowly but continuously during the month. Flood watches and warnings were issued throughout the State as rivers continued to rise. Flooding was most severe on the Black and Oswego Rivers, east and southeast of Lake Ontario, respectively (fig. 66).

Most flooding in the Black River Basin occurred April 11-12. Record river stages and discharges were recorded throughout the downstream reaches of the basin from Watson to Dexter (fig. 66) where the river stage was more than 1 foot higher than the record-high level reached during the flood of December 1984-Jan- uary 1985. The streamflow-gaging station on Black River at Watertown (site 9) recorded the maximum stage and discharge for the period of record (table 42).

The Oswego River experienced flooding throughout April. Peak stages at var ious lakes and rivers in the basin occurred April 24-27 and were similar to those recorded during the floods from Hurricane Agnes in 1972 (table 42). The Seneca River, most of which is included in the New York State Barge Canal system, begins at the outlet of Seneca Lake and meanders northeastward through the lowlands south of Lake Ontario until it joins with the Oneida River, near Phoenix, to become the Oswego River (fig. 66). Because the channel slope is relatively flat, the Seneca River frequently overflows its banks as a result of excessive runoff. During the spring of 1993, river levels remained high throughout April and into the early part of May, damaging many homes and businesses along the river.

The level of destruction in the Oswego and Black River Basins, although not considered a national disaster area, resulted in local states of emergencies. The Governor of New York obtained a disaster declaration under the Small Business Administration (SBA) program. Seventeen counties (4 of which were declared SB A disaster areas and 13 contiguous) (fig. 67) were judged eligible to receive sup port under various SBA programs (New York State Disaster Preparedness Com mission, 1993).

REFERENCES

Cornell University, 1993, New York climate: Northeast Regional Climate Center Bulletin,v. 93, no. 3, p. 1.

New York State Disaster Preparedness Commission, 1993, After action report, Nor'caster'92, World Trade Center Explosion, Blizzard '93, Flooding '93: 25 p.

April 1993, in New York 221

CANADA__ UNITED STATES' '

LAKE ONTARIO Rn 50 to 61

INEWYORK] NSYLVANIA

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data. 1 2.000.000,1972Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30'. central meridian -96°00'

-40-

EXPLANATION

Line of equal depth of snowpack Interval, in inches, is variable

Wto is Depth of snowpack, in inches

W to 15

25i

75i

100 MILES

i i i r0 25 50 75 100 KILOMETERS

Figure 65. Lines of equal depth of snowpack, March 1993, in New York (data from Cornell University, 1993).


79° ___ CANADA ___ U * UNITED STATES

\ LAKE ONTARIO R^

' I I JI _ _ __I _ _ _NEWYORK___I ____ J

'" PENNSYLVANIA " " r ~ * - ~

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1972Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30". central meridian -96°00'

EXPLANATIONFlood-determination site Number

corresponds to that in table 42

50 I

75 100 MILES

i i i r0 25 50 75 100 KILOMETERS

Figure 66. Location of selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in New York used to determine maximum stages and discharges for April 1993.

April 1993, In New York 223

Tabl

e 42

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g A

pril

1993

, in

New

Yor

k[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft, f

or r

iver

s fe

et a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um, f

or la

kes

feet

abo

ve s

ea le

vel;

ft'/s

, cub

ic fe

et p

er s

econ

d; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; >

, gre

ater

than

. So

urce

:

i 2 a 3 ID 5"

3 A c 3 s. s » V 3 S a <O S -1 I i w "1 i ?

IVC

tUlI

Cll

uc l

llic

ivo

ia u

aii

uu

ucu

iiu

ui

u.o

. \J

tuiu

git

-oi

ou

ivcy

uau

t.

\_/u

ici

uau

t ii

uii

iU

.O.

\JtU

lUglt

-01

o u

i vty

icp

iuia

ui

v jg

ia u

aacsj

Max

imum

prio

r to

Apr

il 19

93

Site

no

.(fig

.66

) 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Dra

inag

e

Stat

ion

no.

0423

2400

0423

3500

0423

7500

0424

0495

0424

6000

0424

6500

0424

9000

0425

2500

0426

0500

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nSe

neca

Lak

e at

Wat

kins

Gle

n, N

YC

ayug

a La

ke a

t Ith

aca,

NY

Sene

ca R

iver

at B

aldw

insv

ille,

NY

Ono

ndag

a La

ke a

t Liv

erpo

ol, N

YO

neid

a La

ke a

t Bre

wer

ton,

NY

One

ida

Riv

er a

t Cau

ghde

noy,

NY

Osw

ego

Riv

er a

t Osw

ego,

NY

Bla

ck R

iver

nea

r Boo

nvill

e, N

Y

Bla

ck R

iver

at W

ater

tow

n, N

Y

area

(mi2

)70

41,

564

3,13

8

285

1,38

2

1,38

2

5,10

0

304

1,86

4

Perio

d19

56-9

319

05-2

5,19

56-9

319

49-9

3

1970

-93

1936

,19

51-9

3

1903

-12,

1948

-93

1900

-06,

1933

-93

1911

-93

1921

-93

Yea

r19

7219

72

1960

,19

7219

7219

36

1903

1936

1982

,19

8419

84

Stag

e(ft

)44

8.88

386.

33

9.21

-

369.

2137

3.50

13.1

0

11.3

111

.40

13.0

1

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s) - -

'17,

200 -- --

'13,

800

37,5

00

12,8

0012

,800

36,5

00

Max

imum

Day

26,2

726 27

26,2

724 24 27 11 12

Stag

e(ft

)44

8.95

386.

46

369.

7837

3.14

13.1

3

10.7

9

14.2

0

duri

ng A

pril

1993

Dis

char

ge(ft

3/s) --

'18,

100 - --

'11,

300

36,9

00

10,3

00

42,6

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

cein

terv

al(y

ears

)-

50-1

00 - --

25-5

0

50-1

00 7

>100

'Mea

n da

ily d

isch

arge

.

y } ' ,'i

' ^fT "T" f.CANADAUNITED STATES"

PENNSYLVANIABase from U S Geological Survey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1972Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -96°00'

EXPLANATION

Small Business Administration disaster declaration

Small Business Administration disaster declaration (contiguous counties)

Affected but ineligible for Small Business Administration programs

No disaster declaration sought

25 50 75

I ' I l' ' '0 25 50 75 100 KILOMETERS

100 MILES

Figure 67. Counties for which Small Business Administration disaster declarations were sought following flood of April 1993, in New York.

April 1993, in New York 225

226 Summary of Floods In the United States, Jsnusry 1992 Through September 1993

May-September 1993, in Southeastern KansasBySethE. Studley

Excessive precipitation fell across Kansas from May-September 1993 with more than the annual average falling during the 5-month period. Maximum precip itation amounts occurred in Marion and Cherokee Counties (fig. 68). In 1993, mean annual discharge at 81 of the State's streamflow-gaging stations exceeded the pre vious maximum mean annual discharge.

Kansas is divided into two major drainage basins the Missouri River Basin to the north and the Arkansas River Basin to the south. This article will cover only the Arkansas River Basin because a separate article titled "Floods of the Upper Mississippi River Basin, Spring and Summer 1993" provides information on the Missouri River Basin.

May thunderstorms in south-central and southeastern Kansas produced sub stantial precipitation that caused flooding in the lower Arkansas River Basin and its tributaries. The Verdigris River near Virgil (site 14, fig. 68), North Cottonwood River below Marion Lake (site 16), and the Cottonwood River at Marion (site 17) all had maximum peak discharges for the period of record (table 43). In addition to these sites, the Ninnescah River near Peck (site 11) and the Arkansas River at Arkansas City (site 13) had notable maximum peak discharges.

During the latter part of July, maximum peak discharges for the period of record were recorded at 10 streamflow-gaging stations (sites 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, and 14-18). Rattlesnake Creek near Zenith (site 3) had a maximum discharge in excess of the 100-year recurrence interval. Lightning Creek near McCune (site 18) had a maximum discharge of record on September 25, with a discharge of 67,500 cubic feet per second at a stage of 19.79 feet. The flood was a result of extremely exces sive rainfall on September 24 and 25, during which the precipitation gage at Girard (fig. 68) recorded 15.84 inches on September 25 (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1993).

Damage in the area was estimated at $6.5 million with two lives lost. Two hun dred fifty-four houses were damaged, several thousand head of livestock were lost, more than 120,000 acres of farmland crops were damaged, and nearly $1 million worth of farm machinery was destroyed (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993).

REFERENCES

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993, Interagency hazard mitigation team reportfor Kansas: FEMA-100DR-KS.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Kansas,September 1993: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 107, no. 9, 31 p.

May-September 1993, in Southeestern Kanses 227

KANSASMissouri River -

Basin

__KANSAS OKLAHOMA

Base from U S Environmental Protection Agency digital data.l 500,000,1982, and Kansas Geological Survey digital data, 1 24,000,1992 Lambert Conformal Conic projection Standard parallels 33° and 45°

Lines of equal total precipitation drawn from data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (1993)

0 20 40 60 MILES

0 20 40 60 KILOMETERS

.13

EXPLANATION

Line of equal total precipitation Interval 6 inches


Figure 68. Lines of equal total precipitation and location of flood-determination sites for floods of May-September 1993, in southeastern Kansas.


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May-September 1993, in Southeastern Kansas 229

May 8-14 and September 25-27,1993, in OklahomaBy Darrell M. Walters and Robert L. Tortorelli

Floods of May 8-14 affected most of Oklahoma except for the Panhandle and the southeast. From Sep tember 25-27, floods affected the extreme northeastern part of the State. These areas and selected flood-deter mination and reservoir-measurement sites are shown in figure 69.

FLOODS OF MAY 8-14,1993

From May 5-10, 1993, a slow-moving storm sys tem generated widespread strong thunderstorms over most of Oklahoma. The storm system produced intense local rainfall on May 8 over an area that was already saturated from previous rainfall. More than 5 inches of rain fell in 3 hours in southwestern Oklahoma City (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993), which caused flash flooding along Twin, Brock, and Lightning Creeks (sites 27-29, fig. 69) and claimed four lives. Flooding was reported in Guthrie, King fisher, Skiatook, and Sperry (near sites 7,5,13, and 14, fig. 69). More than 2,700 homes were damaged state wide, at least 1,000 of them in Oklahoma County (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 1993a). A total of 43 of the 77 counties in the State were declared eligible for emergency assistance (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 1994).

Several locations throughout the flooded area (fig. 69) reported 24-hour rainfall totals greater than 6 inches from May 8-10 (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 1993a). Will Rogers Airport, in southwestern Oklahoma City, received 7.06 inches of rain during the 24-hour period from 1900 May 7 to 1900 May 8, of which 5.28 inches fell during the 3-hour period from 1500 to 1800 May 8 (National Oceanic and Atmo spheric Administration, 1993) (fig. 70). According to statistics in U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40 (Hershfield, 1961), this 3-hour total was very near the 100-year frequency of 5.38 inches (fig. 71).

Excessive rainfall from the May storm system pro duced high stages and discharges of record at several streamflow-gaging stations (table 44). New maximum discharges for the period of record were recorded at 13 streamflow-gaging stations (sites 1,6,9,12,15,16,

18, 19, 27-30, and 41). Many other streams had dis charges with recurrence intervals of 10 years or more.

The small urban creeks in southwest Oklahoma City (sites 27-29) had extremely high stages and dis charges. Twin Creek discharge (site 27) was more than three times the 100-year discharge; Brock Creek dis charge (site 28) was more than two times the 100-year discharge, and Lightning Creek discharge (site 29, table 44) was nearly two times the 100-year discharge (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1988).

Many of the rivers and their tributaries in the flooded area are regulated by reservoirs. Large amounts of runoff produced new maximum elevations and contents for the period of record at five lakes at sites 46, 48, 52, 55, and 59 (table 45). The flood-pool storage exceeded design quantities for Kaw, Keystone, and Eufaula Lakes and Lake Altus (sites 46, 48, 56, and 57).

FLOOD OF SEPTEMBER 25-27,1993

Excessive rainfall during September 24 and 25 in extreme northeastern Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and southwestern Missouri produced flooding on the Neosho and Spring Rivers (sites 17-19, fig. 69) in Ottawa County (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 1993b). About 500 structures were evacuated in the county, including 300 in Miami, Oklahoma (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 1994). Flooding also was reported in Craig and Nowata Counties.

The 24-hour rainfall totals in extreme northeastern Oklahoma reached 5.5 to 6.5 inches in several towns. Larger amounts were reported in some locations in southeastern Kansas, which received as much as 18 inches in 24 hours. Rainfall totals in southwestern Missouri were as much as 15 inches (Oklahoma Clima tological Survey, 1993b).

On September 26, streamflow at the streamflow- gaging station at Spring River near Quapaw (site 19) reached a record stage and discharge, with a recurrence interval of more than 100 years. Streamflow at the streamflow-gaging station at Tar Creek at 22nd Street at Miami (site 18) also reached a record for stage and

May 8-14 and September 25-27,1993, in Oklahoma 231

G66L Jequieidas u.Bnojiu Z66\- Ajenuep 'saieis P^HUf! 9MI "I spoou jo Ajewwns ZCZ

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OKLAHOMA CITY RAINFALLMAYS, 1993 1.75 1.74

.

0.3 0.24 n<1

KVI LXJ pr^

0-05 l\A 0.01 |yj K| 0 0.02 0.05

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_

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1t\

i^^_0700080009001000 1100 12001300 1400 15001600 1700 1800 1900

24-HOUR TIME HOURS, LOCAL DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME

Figure 70. 1-hour rainfall depths at National Weather Service gage at Will Rogers Airport, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, May 8, 1993 (data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

LU 4I

<

O

OKLAHOMA CITY RAINFALL FREQUENCY

5.38

4.24

3.63

4.77^

May8, 1993 3 hour total 5.28 inches

discharge on September 26, with a 25-year recurrence interval. The flood-pool storage exceeded design quan tities for the Lake O' the Cherokees (site 53).

REFERENCES

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1988, City of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Washington, D.C., Federal Emergency Management Agency Flood Insurance Study, community number 400027, 196 p.

Hershfield, D.M., 1961, Rainfall frequency atlas of the United States for durations from 30 minutes to 24 hours and return periods from 1 to 100 years: U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40, p. 53-63.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Hourly precipitation data, Oklahoma, May 1993: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 43, no. 5, p. 11.

Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 1993a, Oklahomamonthly summary May 1993: Norman, Oklahoma Cli matological Survey, p. 2.

1993b, Oklahoma monthly summary September 1993: Norman, Oklahoma Climatological Survey, p. 2.

1994, Oklahoma annual summary 1993: Norman,Oklahoma Climatological Survey, p. 3.

5 10 20FREQUENCY, IN YEARS

200

Figure 71. 3-hour storm-rainfall frequency at Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (Hershfield, 1961; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

May 8-14 and September 25-27,1993, in Oklahoma 233

Tabl

e 44

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

ay a

nd S

epte

mbe

r 19

93,

in O

klah

oma

-[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; f

t, fe

et a

bove

an

arbi

trary

dat

um; f

p/s,

cub

ic f

eet p

er s

econ

d; -

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

; >, g

reat

er th

an. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta; o

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

May

199

3

Site

no

.(fi

g.69

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0714

8140

0715

1000

0715

2000

0715

2500

0715

9100

0715

9750

0716

0000

0716

0500

0716

1450

0716

4500

0716

5570

0717

4600

0717

6500

0717

7500

0717

8000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

n

Ark

ansa

s R

iver

nea

r Pon

ca C

ity, O

KSa

lt Fo

rk A

rkan

sas

Riv

er a

t Ton

kaw

a,O

KC

hika

skia

Riv

er n

ear B

lack

wel

l, O

KA

rkan

sas

Riv

er a

t Ral

ston

, OK

Cim

arro

n R

iver

nea

r D

over

, OK

Cot

tonw

ood

Cre

ek n

ear

Sew

ard,

OK

Cim

arro

n R

iver

at G

uthr

ie, O

K

Skel

eton

Cre

ek n

ear L

ovel

l, O

KC

imar

ron

Riv

er n

ear R

iple

y, O

KA

rkan

sas

Riv

er a

t Tul

sa, O

K

Ark

ansa

s R

iver

nea

r Has

kell,

OK

Sand

Cre

ek a

t Oke

sa, O

KB

ird

Cre

ek n

ear A

vant

, OK

Bir

d C

reek

nea

r Spe

rry,

OK

Bir

d C

reek

nea

r Ow

asso

, OK

Dra

inag

e ar

ea(m

i2)

46,5

304,

528

1,85

954

,465

15,7

13 320

6,89

2

410

17,9

7974

,615

75,4

73 139

364

905

1,02

2

Peri

od

1976

-93

1936

-93

1936

-93

1923

-93

1973

-93

1973

-82,

1990

-93

1938

-76,

1983

-93

1950

-93

1988

-93

1905

-93

1973

-93

1959

-93

1945

-93

1939

-93

1929

-31,

1935

-39,

1987

-93

Yea

r

1986

1973

1942

1973

1986

1976

1957

1957

1990

1986

1986

1974

1959

1974

1959

1938

Stag

e(ft

)

'13.

97

28.9

8

'34.

2822

.98

26.1

0

'23.

99

'18.

58

'34.

58'2

1.43

25.2

1

22.8

2'2

8.60

31.4

032

.03

32.6

0'2

6.20

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)

39,3

0097

,300

85,0

0021

1,00

012

3,00

0

29,9

00

158,

000

75,2

0055

,200

307,

000

259,

000

19,5

0032

,400 -

90,0

00

19,7

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

May

and

Se

ptem

ber

1993

Dat

e (m

onth

/da

y)

5/14

5/10

5/10

5/12

5/10

5/09

5/10

5/09

5/10

5/14

5/14

5/09

5/09

5/10

5/11

Stag

e(ft

)

20.1

125

.51

34.3

119

.76

22.4

9

32.7

4

17.7

3

35.4

728

.36

17.4

8

19.2

824

.29

28.0

3

29.8

826

.94

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)

62,9

0045

,500

53,3

0013

9,00

063

,500

46,1

00

93,1

00

30,3

0014

1,00

014

9,00

0

150,

000

20,2

0027

,500

30,6

0031

,700

Dis-

ch

arg

recu

r

renc

e in

terv

al(y

ears

)

2100 25 10 225 10 25 25

10-2

5 22

5

210-

25

25-5

010

-25 10

10-2

5

Tabl

e 44

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

ay a

nd S

epte

mbe

r 19

93,

in O

klah

oma

Con

tinue

d

Max

imum

prio

r to

May

199

3

1 I .* 0) E. 1 5- <D t s -^ i 5" 0 5T 3- O

^

Site

no

.(fig

-69

)16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Dra

inag

e St

atio

n St

ream

and

pla

ce o

f ar

eano

. de

term

inat

ion

0717

8200

B

ird

Cre

ek a

t Sta

te H

ighw

ay 2

66 n

ear

Cat

oosa

, OK

071

8500

0 N

eosh

o R

iver

nea

r Com

mer

ce, O

K07

1 850

95

Tar

Cre

ek a

t 22n

d St

reet

bri

dge

atM

iam

i, O

K07

1 880

00 S

prin

g R

iver

nea

r Qua

paw

, OK

0719

0500

Neo

sho

Riv

er n

ear L

angl

ey, O

K

07 1 9

1 500

Neo

sho

Riv

er n

ear C

hout

eau,

OK

0722

8500

C

anad

ian

Riv

er a

t Bri

dgep

ort,

OK

0722

9200

Can

adia

n R

iver

at P

urce

ll, O

K

0723

1500

Can

adia

n R

iver

at C

alvi

n, O

K07

2395

00 N

orth

Can

adia

n R

iver

nea

r El R

eno,

OK

0724

1000

Nor

th C

anad

ian

Riv

er b

elow

Lak

eO

verh

olse

r nea

r Okl

ahom

a C

ity, O

K07

2412

10 T

win

Cre

ek a

t SW

29

Stre

et a

tO

klah

oma

City

, OK

0724

1 22

5 B

rock

Cre

ek a

t SW

29

Stre

et a

tO

klah

oma

City

, OK

0724

1255

Lig

htni

ng C

reek

at S

W 2

5 St

reet

at

Okl

ahom

a C

ity, O

K07

2415

20 N

orth

Can

adia

n R

iver

at B

ritto

n R

oad

at O

klah

oma

City

, OK

(mi2

)1,

103

5,87

6 44.7

2,51

010

,335

11,5

34

25,2

76

25,9

39

27,9

5213

,042

13,2

22 323

4.74

13.9

13,4

13

Perio

d19

88-9

3

1939

-93

1984

-93

1939

-93

1940

-93

1938

-93

1945

-64,

1970

-93

1960

-61,

1980

-83,

1986

-93

1906

, 19

35-9

319

03-0

7,19

38-9

3

1953

-93

- -

1989

-93

Yea

r19

90

1951

1985

1943

1943

1946

1948

1987

1950

1941

1990

1987 1989

Stag

e(ft

)28

.39

34.0

314

.13

'43.

4045

.50

45.0

038

.95

14.7

5

17.3

515

.98

18.5

3

29.8

5

23.4

8

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)18

,500

267,

000

9,04

0

190,

000

300,

000

400,

000

150,

000

102,

000

174,

000

15,0

007,

630

18,7

00

"3,0

40

45,2

10

48,0

20

31,3

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

May

and

Se

ptem

ber

1993

Dat

e (m

onth

/ St

age

day)

5/11

9/27

9/25

9/26

9/27

9/27

5/09

5/09

5/10

5/10

5/10

5/08

5/08

5/08

5/09

(ft) 33

.22

24.0

914

.70

46.6

034

.26

_ 17.3

2

14.4

2

15.3

221

.41

25.3

9

31, 2

23.3

0

3 1,2

06.1

3 1,1

94.

8

24.8

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft3/

s)27

,400

75,6

0012

,400

230,

000

170,

000

136,

000

51,2

00

84,1

00

93,4

0014

,600

13,9

00

10,0

00

12,0

00

15,0

00

38,1

00

Dis-

ch

arg

recu

r

renc

e in

terv

al(y

ears

)

225

50-1

00

>100

210-

25 225

210-

25

10-2

5

210

250-

100

210-

25

>100

>100

>100

Tabi

e 44

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

ay a

nd S

epte

mbe

r 19

93,

in O

klah

oma

Con

tinue

d

g nary of

Floods

In

ft 5 c i 0) 5? I e_ CD 3

C

CD 3 CD S H 3- (0 w "S 2" $ g «

Max

imum

pri

or to

May

199

3

Site

no

.(fi

g.69

)

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

Stat

ion

Stre

am a

nd p

iace

of

no.

dete

rmin

atio

n

0724

1550

N

orth

Can

adia

n R

iver

nea

r Har

rah,

OK

0724

2000

Nor

th C

anad

ian

Riv

er n

ear W

etum

ka,

OK

0724

3000

Dry

Cre

ek n

ear K

endr

ick,

OK

0724

3500

Dee

p Fo

rk n

ear B

eggs

, OK

0730

4500

Elk

Cre

ek n

ear H

obar

t, O

K

0730

5000

Nor

th F

ork

Red

Riv

er n

ear H

eadr

ick,

OK

0730

7028

N

orth

For

k R

ed R

iver

nea

r Tip

ton,

OK

073

1 570

0 M

ud C

reek

nea

r Cou

rtne

y, O

K

073

1 600

0 R

ed R

iver

nea

r G

aine

svill

e, T

X, O

K07

3255

00 W

ashi

ta R

iver

at C

arne

gie,

OK

0732

5800

Cob

b C

reek

nea

r Eak

ly, O

K07

3265

00 W

ashi

ta R

iver

at A

nada

rko,

OK

0732

8100

Was

hita

Riv

er a

t Ale

x, O

K

0732

8500

Was

hita

Riv

er n

ear P

auls

Val

ley,

OK

0733

2500

Blu

e R

iver

Nea

r Blu

e, O

K

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) Pe

riod

13,5

01

14,2

90 692,

018

549

4,24

4

4,69

157

2

30,7

823,

129

132

3,65

6

4,78

7

5,33

0

476

1969

-93

1938

-93

1956

-93

1938

-93

1949

-93

1905

-07,

1938

-93

1985

-93

1961

-93

1936

-93

1912

, 192

1,19

23, 1

934-

36,

1938

-93

1969

-93

1903

-07,

1936

-37,

1964

-93

1940

-52,

195

5,19

57,

1965

-93

1938

-93

1936

-93

Yea

r

1987

1945

1974

1943

1986

1986

1986

1987

1990

1987

1949

1983

1986

1983

1993

1950

1987

1981

Stag

e (ft

)

'19.

60

26.4

0

24.2

034

.55

31.6

5

19.0

7

19.1

533

.14

232.

4140

.08

226.

2129

.67

24.3

825

.20

28.7

0

29.8

822

8.72

44.2

0

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

27,2

00

66,0

00

18,0

0066

,800

28,0

00

59,0

00

57,2

0038

,800

49,6

0026

5,00

050

,000

25,2

00

10,0

0044

,700

23,4

00

30,0

0043

,600

65,2

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

May

and

Se

ptem

ber 1

993

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)

5/09

5/14

5/08

5/14

5/09

5/10

5/10

5/09

5/11

5/10

5/08

5/11

5/13

5/10 5/

09

Stag

e (ft

)

21.9

0

19.2

9

22.3

730

.03

31.6

5

18.8

3

19.1

832

.30

30.9

930

.68

21.9

325

.03

18.7

1

21.4

935

.15

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

25,5

00

29,0

00

11,1

0030

,700

23,6

00

56,1

00

51,2

0047

,700

117,

000

25,5

00

10,9

0028

,300

17,8

00

31,2

0034

,100

Dis-

ch

arg

recu

r

renc

e in

terv

al

(yea

rs)

225-

50

210-

25

10-2

5 1025

-50

2100

2100 25

210-

25 ^5

225

225-

50 225

*25

10-2

5

Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

.R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

al b

ased

on

perio

d of

regu

late

d di

scha

rge.

3Ele

vatio

n in

fee

t abo

ve s

ea le

vel.

4Flo

od In

sura

nce

Stud

y 10

0-ye

ar re

curr

ence

-inte

rval

floo

d di

scha

rge

(Fed

eral

Em

erge

ncy

Man

agem

ent A

genc

y, 1

988)

.

Tabl

e 45

. M

axim

um e

leva

tions

and

con

tent

s of

sel

ecte

d re

serv

oirs

prio

r to

and

durin

g M

ay a

nd S

epte

mbe

r 19

93,

in O

klah

oma

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; f

t, fe

et a

bove

sea

leve

l; ac

re-f

t, ac

re-f

eet]

Max

imum

prio

r to

May

199

3

1

? i

Site

no.

(fi

g. 6

9)46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

58 59

Stat

ion

no.

0714

8130

0715

0000

0716

4200

0716

5000

0717

1300

0717

6460

0717

7400

0719

0000

0722

9900

0724

2340

0724

4800

07

3025

00

0732

4300

0732

5900

Stat

ion

nam

eK

aw L

ake

near

Pon

ca C

ity, O

KG

reat

Sal

t Pla

ins

Lake

nea

r Jet

, OK

Key

ston

e La

ke n

ear S

and

Sprin

gs, O

KH

eybu

m L

ake

near

Hey

bum

, OK

Ool

ogah

Lak

e N

ear O

olog

ah, O

K

Birc

h La

ke n

ear B

arns

dall,

OK

Skia

took

Lak

e ne

ar S

kiat

ook,

OK

Lake

O' T

he C

hero

kees

at L

angl

ey, O

KLa

ke T

hund

erbi

rd n

ear N

orm

an, O

KA

rcad

ia L

ake

near

Arc

adia

, OK

Eufa

ula

Lake

nea

r Bro

oken

, OK

La

ke A

ltus

at L

uger

t, O

K

Foss

Res

ervo

ir ne

ar F

oss,

OK

Fort

Cob

b R

eser

voir

nea

r For

t Cob

b, O

K

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)46

,530

3,20

074

,506 12

34,

339 66 354

10,2

98 256

105

47,5

22

2,51

5 1,

496

304

Perio

d19

76-9

319

41-9

319

64-9

319

51-9

319

63-9

3

1977

-93

1985

-93

1940

-93

1965

-93

1987

-93

1964

-93

1944

-93

1961

-93

1959

-93

Yea

r19

8619

5119

7419

7419

86

1986

1990

1957

1990

1990

1990

19

51

1989

1989

Elev

atio

n (ft

)1,

045.

521,

134.

3875

4.86

776.

8566

4.90

769.

0472

3.31

755.

271,

048.

381,

014.

63

599.

72

1,56

2.10

1,

647.

351,

349.

89

Con

tent

s (a

cre-

ft)1,

387,

000

189,

400

1,88

6,00

032

,210

1,75

1,00

0

47,4

0042

7,10

02,

213,

000

187,

400

45,9

80

4,23

7,00

0 17

0,60

0 21

7,30

011

6,50

0

Max

imum

dur

ing

May

and

Se

ptem

ber

1993

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)5/

135/

125/

145/

095/

20

5/19

5/24

9/28

5/13

5/19

5/17

5/

10

5/19

5/17

Elev

atio

n (ft

)1,

047.

121,

133.

9075

6.49

773.

2365

8.55

765.

0272

4.20

754.

521,

034.

901,

021.

16

597.

44

1,56

1.55

1,

643.

601,

351.

07

Con

tent

s (a

cre-

ft)1,

434,

000

160,

100

1,87

6,00

024

,000

1,41

7,00

0

40,2

0043

8,20

02,

168,

000

152,

200

63,6

80

3,89

1,00

0 15

1,00

0 18

9,10

012

2,70

0

June 7-9, 1993, in Northeastern IllinoisByG.O. Balding

Severe weather that was experienced in Illinois during June 1993 was more severe than all the 1993 spring months combined. Wayne Wendland, State Cli- matologist, stated that June was the seventh wettest June since 1895 (Illinois State Water Survey, 1993, p. 2). Thunderstorms producing large amounts of precipitation hit the Chicago area on June 7-8. The city of Burr Ridge recorded an unofficial 4.63 inches of rain in about 2 hours, and an unofficial 6.03 inches (50-year recurrence interval) fell during the 24-hour period of June 7-8 (Illinois State Water Survey, 1993, p. 2). Thunderstorms on June 7, in northeastern Illi nois, produced 50- to 70-mile-per-hour winds and 3/4- to 1-inch hailstones; on June 8, there were sightings of tornadoes and funnel clouds (Wendland and Dennison, 1993, p. 3). Total precipitation at selected precipita tion gages in northeastern Illinois ranged from 1.81 to 5.11 inches (table 46).

The excessive rainfall on June 7 and 8 caused Saw mill Creek near Lemont (site 10, table 47, fig. 72) to reach a maximum discharge of 1,600 cubic feet per sec ond, which was estimated to correspond to a 100-year recurrence interval. Other streams in the southern Chicago suburbs had maximum discharges ranging from less than a 2-year to less than a 10-year recurrence interval.

Table 46. Precipitation totals for June 7-9,1993, at selected precipitation gages in northeastern Illinois[Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993]

Precipi-Siteno. Latitude, tation (fig. 72) longitude Precipitation gage (inches)

1

2

3

4

5

41°45', 88°21'

41°24', 88°17'

42°00', 87°53'

41°44I , 87°46'

41°30', 88°06'

AuroraChannahon Dresden

IslandChicago O'HareWSO

APChicago Midway AP 3

SWJoliet Brandon Road

Dam

3.12

2.30

1.81

5.11

2.22

6 41°30', 87°41' Park Forest7 41°20', 87°48' Peotone8 41°49', 88°04' Wheaton 3 SE

4.012.882.53

The Chicago Tribune newspaper reported that the downpour flooded parts of the southern and southwest ern Chicago suburbs leaving streets flooded to a depth of 4 feet and closing parts of expressways in Chicago for up to 4 hours (Thornton and Kass, 1993). Sewers on the southside of Chicago quickly reached capacity. Raw sewage was reported coming up through the storm drains and into the basements of homes (in many parts of Chicago, storm sewers also are sanitary sewers). The Des Plaines River became so swollen at Lockport that the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal could not effectively drain into it. Less than 1 inch of rain fell at O'Hare International Airport (site 3) on June 7, yet about 250 inbound and outbound flights were canceled. In Blue Island, the roof of a 50,000-square-foot warehouse collapsed, apparently under the weight of accumulated rainwater. Even though discharge at the streamflow-gaging station on Sawmill Creek near Lemont (site 10) was nearly equiv alent to a 100-year recurrence interval, the Lemont Reporter (1993) stated that there was no major flooding in Lemont.

Total property damage as a result of the flooding is unknown. On June 8, 1993, the Governor of Illinois declared Cook and Du Page Counties State disaster areas (Swanson, 1993).

REFERENCES

Illinois State Water Survey, 1993, Illinois water and climate summary June 1993: Champaign, 111., 12 p.

Lemont Reporter, 1993, Heavy rains take toll in suburbs: Lemont, 111., June 9,1993, p. 1.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Illinois, August 1993: U.S. Department of Commerce, v. 98, no. 8, 35 p.

Swanson, Stevenson, 1993, Deep Tunnel gets its fill from rain that won't quit: Chicago, 111., Chicago Tribune, June 9, 1993, p. 1.

Thornton, Jerry, and Kass, John, 1993, June river rain wider than a mile: Chicago, 111., Chicago Tribune, June 8, 1993, p. 1.

Wendland, W.M., and Dennison, Jean, 1993, Weather and climate impacts in the Midwest: Champaign, 111., Mid western Climate Center, v. Ill, no. 7, 8 p.

June 7-9,1993, In Northeastern Illinois 239

to 2 a

Tabl

e 47

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ne 7

-9,1

993,

in n

orth

east

ern

Illin

ois

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

<, l

ess

than

; ,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le.

Sour

ce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal

Surv

ey d

ata.

Oth

er d

ata

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y re

ports

or d

ata

base

s]

Max

imum

prio

r to

June

Site

no

.(fi

g.72

) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Stat

ion

no.

0553

3000

0553

3400

0553

6235

0553

6275

0553

6290

0553

7500

0554

0091

0554

0095

0554

0130

0554

0195

0554

0250

0554

0275

Dra

inag

e St

ream

and

pla

ce

area

of

det

erm

inat

ion

(mi2

)Fl

ag C

reek

nea

r Will

ow S

prin

gs, I

LSa

wm

ill C

reek

nea

r Lem

ont,

IL

Dee

r Cre

ek n

ear C

hica

go H

eigh

ts, I

LTh

orn

Cre

ek a

t Tho

rnto

n, I

LLi

ttle

Cal

umet

Riv

er a

t Sou

th H

olla

nd, I

L

Long

Run

nea

r Lem

ont,

ILSp

ring

Bro

ok a

t For

est P

rese

rve

near

War

renv

ille,

IL

Wes

t Bra

nch

Du

Page

Riv

er n

ear

War

renv

ille,

IL

Wes

t Bra

nch

Du

Page

Riv

er n

ear

Nap

ervi

lle, I

LSt

. Jos

eph

Cre

ek a

t Rou

te 3

4 at

Lis

le, I

L

East

Bra

nch

Du

Page

Riv

er a

tB

ollin

gbro

ok, I

LSp

ring

Bro

ok a

t 87t

h St

reet

nea

rN

aper

ville

, IL

16.5

13.0

23.1

104

208 20

.9 6S3

90.4

123 11

.1

75.8 95

0

Perio

d19

51-9

319

60-7

9,19

85-9

319

48-9

319

48-9

319

47-9

3

1951

-93

1991

-93

1968

-93

1988

-93

1988

-93

1961

-70,

1988

-93

1987

-93

Yea

r19

6119

90

1957

1957

1957

1954

1993

1987

1991

1990

1990

1990

Stag

e (ft

)13

.71

15.4

6

11.7

516

.00

20.1

1

9.91

10.6

3

5.85

9.58

11.3

0

22.6

7

7.68

1993 Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

2,68

01,

730

1,38

04,

700

4,44

0

3,16

019

4

3,05

0

3,42

0

938

1,99

0

694

Max

imum

dur

ing

June

7-9

, 199

3

Day 7 7 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 7 9 8

Stag

e (ft

)8.

1315

.60

11.2

913

.81

17.5

8

5.89

10.4

2

3.41

8.20

7.51

20.7

1

5.78

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

791

1,60

0

830

2,61

03,

020

490

176

920

1,53

0

301

1,10

0

153

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)2-

5

100

5-10 2-5

2-5 <2 <2 _

ILLINOIS

42°15'

EXPLANATION

Flood-determination site NumberStandard parallels 33° and 45', central meridian -89" corresponds to that in table 47

2 A Precipitation gage Number corresponds

to that in table 46

Figure 72. Location of flood-determination and precipitation gage sites for flood of June 7-9,1993, in northeastern Illinois.

June 7-9,1993, in Northeastern Illinois 241

June 8-9,1993, in Northern Indiana, and August 17, 1993, in West-Central IndianaBy Donald V. Arvin

JUNE 8-9,1993

Rainy conditions during the last 3 days of May and the first 5 days of June 1993 produced 3 to 4 inches of precipitation, saturating the soils in northern Indiana. Then on June 7 and 8, rainfall totalling 5 to 8 inches fell on these water-soaked soils and caused flooding in many of the region's river basins (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993a). Affected areas included Lake, Porter, LaPorte, St. Joseph, Elkhart, Lagrange, and Jasper Counties (fig. 73). Flooding caused many local roads and city streets to be closed. Levees along the Kankakee River in southern LaPorte County were overtopped.

On June 9, discharges exceeded the 100-year recurrence interval at the streamflow-gaging station on Trail Creek at Michigan City (site 2, fig. 73), which monitors streamflow from an area of 54.1 square miles. The instantaneous maximum discharge of 4,240 cubic feet per second was the largest discharge recorded at the station since data collection began in June 1969.

Major flooding also occurred in other basins across northern Indiana (table 48). The Little Elkhart River at Middlebury (site 3) had a discharge with a recurrence interval between 70 and 80 years. The Iroquois River at Rosebud (site 5) discharge had a 30-year recurrence interval, and Hart Ditch at Munster (site 6) had a dis charge with a 10-year recurrence interval.

The wet conditions that prevailed prior to the rains of June 7 and 8 markedly increased the effect of the flooding. On June 2 and 3, the period-of-record high water level of 20.98 feet occurred at the lake-level recording gage on Pine Lake at LaPorte (site 7).

Brown, and Bartholomew Counties, although other nearby areas also sustained damage. Evacuations occurred in the cities of Rosedale, Cloverdale, Quincy, Paragon, Trevlac, and Nashville, Indiana (fig. 73).

The flooding of August 17 was preceded by exces sive rainfall of 6 to 8 inches on August 12 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993b). Then late during the evening of August 16 and early August 17, the area received another 2 to 11 inches of rain. The area affected was a 10-15 mile wide area extending from Clinton to just west of Columbus.

Floodwaters from Doe Creek swept away two homes and severely damaged a city bridge. U.S. High way 231 was overtopped by Doe Creek as one lane and the supporting embankment were ripped away. Croys Creek submerged parts of Interstate 70 in Putnam County, forcing closure of that main roadway for sev eral hours. Surrounding areas experienced similar dam age. Railroad tracks were washed away near Paragon, Quincy, Fontanet, and Cloverdale. Many roads were closed and received extensive damage. In some areas, fields of 8-foot corn stalks were entirely submerged.

After the intense rainstorm ended on August 17, the flash-flood water levels fell quickly. As the water drained to the receiving streams, the maximum dis charges tended to dissipate, causing lesser effects on the larger streams. The streamflow-gaging station near Reelsville (site 8) recorded a gage height of 22.11 feet. This corresponded to a discharge of 10,200 cubic feet per second, which had a recurrence interval of 5-10 years.

AUGUST 17,1993

Flash floods along small streams in west-central Indiana on August 17,1993, caused substantial damage to private property, railroads, and public highways. The areas most affected were Montgomery, Vermillion, Parke, Putnam, Vigo, Clay, Owen, Morgan, Monroe,

REFERENCES

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993a, Monthly report of river and flood conditions for June 1993: Indianapolis, Indiana, 3 p.

1993b, Monthly report of river and flood conditions for August 1993: Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 p.

June 8-9,1993, in Northern Indiana, and August 17,1993, in Wast-Central Indiana 243

Michigan City__ __ 30' MICHIGAN |f___ ___ B5° 30 ' U'J^l C^TT ~ 'INDIANA ^ jJ^^R^ ' ~Lagrange~

L. «riBend

Lake Michigan[Elkhart

Elkhart River' N .Pine Lake South Bend \£< " 3 -f>__

fi/uer 1 f*7 Xi ^ , V Little Ell<*+~~-^ 4, ^c, * r i ) St Jospoh \WJoshen RiuerC p rt |\ Little Stone Lake f 3l ««»«5P" 44^ I

~ Litt/e Elkhart

Elkhart

EXPLANATION ^Flood-determination site Number

corresponds to that in table 48

INDIANA ,

40 Hi Montgomery

O'« Z'J Parke

7 f

( Clinton

Index map

Base from U S Geological Survey I 100,000,1983Aibers Equal Area projectionStandard parallels 20° 30' and 45° 30', central meridian -86°00'

40 MILES

40KltOMETERS

Figure 73. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of June 8-9,1993, in northern Indiana, and August 17,1993, in west-central Indiana.


(D 3" Q.

0)

0) <O

8

Tabi

e 48

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ne 8

-9 a

nd A

ugus

t 17

,199

3, in

nor

ther

n an

d w

est-c

entra

l Ind

iana

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

>, g

reat

er th

an;

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

. So

urce

: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Su

rvey

dat

a. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

June

199

3

Site

no

.(fig

-73

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Stat

ion

no.

0409

4000

0409

5300

0409

9808

0410

0500

0552

1000

0553

6190

0551

5220

0335

7500

Stre

am a

nd p

iace

of

det

erm

inat

ion

Littl

e C

alum

et R

iver

at P

orte

r, IN

Trai

l Cre

ek a

t Mic

higa

n Ci

ty, I

NLi

ttle

Elkh

art R

iver

at M

iddl

ebur

y, IN

Elkh

art R

iver

at G

oshe

n, IN

Iroq

uois

Riv

er a

t Ros

ebud

, IN

Har

t Ditc

h at

Mun

ster,

INPi

ne L

ake

at L

a Por

te, I

N

Big

Wal

nut C

reek

nea

r Ree

lsvi

lle, I

N

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

) 66.2

54.1

97.6

594 35

.6

70.7

10.7

588

Perio

d19

45-9

3

1969

-93

1979

-93

1931

-93

1948

-93

1942

-93

1946

-75,

1980

-93

1950

-93

Yea

r

1990

1954

1990

1985

1985

1982

1990

19

59

1990

1983

1990

Stag

e (ft

)10

.93

11.6

612

.79

10.5

211

.87

11.9

47.

93

8.86

8.72

20.8

1

-

Dis

ch

arge

(f

t3/s

)

3,88

03,

110

3,88

02,

470

6,36

06,

180

656

383

3,01

0

12,2

00

Max

imum

dur

ing

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)6/

9

6/9

6/9

6/9

6/9

6/8

6/2,

3

8/7

Stag

e (ft

)9.

73

12.9

710

.20

10.0

9

5.83

7.23

20.9

8

22.1

1

June

and

Aug

ust 1

993

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

2,22

0

4,24

02,

180

4,87

0

396

2,36

0

10,2

00

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)10

>100

70-8

015

-20 30 10

5-10

a. 9

July and August 1993, in Eastern and South-Central North DakotaBy Gregg J. Wiche, R.E. Harkness, andJara Williams-Sether

The same weather patterns that caused flooding in the nine-State area of the upper Mississippi River Basin during the spring and summer of 1993 also pro duced widespread flooding of unprecedented magni tude in the drainage of the Hudson Bay Basin in North Dakota (fig. 74). The most severe flooding occurred in the Devils Lake, Red River of the North, and upper James River Basins and on several tributaries to the Missouri River. Urban flooding affected Bismarck, Jamestown, Valley City, Fargo, and other smaller com munities. As a result of the flooding, 39 counties in North Dakota were declared disaster areas, about 10,000 people received $22.4 million in Federal assis tance, and damage to public infrastructure was about $22.5 million (Russell Staiger, North Dakota Division of Emergency Management, oral commun., 1994). Agricultural losses caused by the flooding have been estimated at $500 million (Federal Emergency Man agement Agency, 1993).

Severe flooding in the Devils Lake, Sheyenne River, and James River Basins (fig. 74) was preceded by near-normal precipitation during April and May and much-greater-than-normal precipitation during June; drainage areas of the tributaries to the Missouri River received near-normal precipitation from May until the last week in June (fig. 75). The rate of accumulation of precipitation at Devils Lake indicates that many small-to-moderate rainstorms occurred during July; however, at Cooperstown, Jamestown, and Bismarck (fig. 75), individual large storms produced from 30 to 50 percent of the July precipitation total. The large amounts of precipitation (6.30 inches at Cooperstown on July 25, 6.35 inches at Jamestown on July 15, and 5.55 inches at Bismarck on July 15 to 16) from the individual storms caused urban flooding. In other parts of the flooded area, precipitation from the individual storms totaled more than 3.0 inches, and 5-day precip itation totaled more than 5.0 inches (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). Thus, the dis tribution of precipitation in July, as well as the anteced ent conditions, affected flooding.

The most severe flooding in the Devils Lake Basin (a closed basin) occurred in the Edmore Coulee and Edmore Coulee tributary subbasins. Maximum stages and discharges for the period of record occurred at

Edmore Coulee near Edmore (site 2) and Edmore Cou lee tributary near Webster (site 3) (table 49). Runoff into Devils Lake from Big Coulee and Channel A began in late June and continued throughout the winter of 1993-94 as the chain of lakes upstream from Devils Lake slowly drained. Runoff during 1993 produced the second largest inflow to Devils Lake in about 110 years. As a result of the inflow, the lake rose 5.2 feet from March-December 1993.

Although maximum discharges during July were less than the maximum discharges for the period of record, maximum or near-maximum stages occurred at streamflow-gaging stations on the Sheyenne River (sites 7-9) (table 49). During the 1993 flood, the pres ence of summer vegetation increased the resistance to flow, so that higher stages were required for a given discharge. Also, widespread floods are unusual during the growing season, and the extent and magnitude of the flooding throughout North Dakota was greater than might be expected on the basis of the computed recur rence intervals for maximum discharges (table 49).

The most severe flooding in the James River Basin occurred in and around Jamestown and upstream from Jamestown Reservoir. Maximum discharge on the James River near Manfred (site 14) was greater than the 100-year recurrence interval and also exceeded the maximums that occurred during the spring snowmelt floods of 1969 and 1979. Maximum discharge on the James River at Jamestown (site 16) had a 50-year recurrence interval for the regulated period. The max imum discharge at Jamestown is unusual in that most of the runoff contributing to the maximum came from areas in and adjacent to Jamestown. Little flooding was attributed to releases from Pipestem or Jamestown Reservoirs.

REFERENCES

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993, Interagency hazard mitigation team report for North Dakota: FEMA-1001DR-ND.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, North Dakota, July and August 1993: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 102, no. 7-8.

July and August 1993, in Eastern and South-Central North Dakota 247

s co

I

49'

o> 3 I ff I c_ I s

CA

NA

DA

U

NIT

ED

ST

AT

ES

MIS

SO

UR

IW

illi

ston

Base

from

US

G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

Stat

e ba

se m

ap 1

1.0

00.0

00.1

963

NORT

H DA

KOTA

TS

OUTH

DAK

OTA

EX

PL

AN

AT

ION

Ext

ent

of f

lood

ing

A6

Flo

od-d

eter

min

atio

n si

te N

umbe

rco

rres

pond

s to

tha

t in

tab

le 4

9 B

asin

bou

ndar

y

20

40

BO M

ILES

I_

__

__

__

L_

__

__

_I

I I

I T

0 20

40

60

KILO

MET

ERS

Figu

re 7

4.

Ext

ent o

f flo

odin

g an

d lo

catio

n of

floo

d-de

term

inat

ion

site

s fo

r Ju

ly-A

ugus

t 19

93, i

n ea

ster

n an

d so

uth-

cent

ral N

orth

Dak

ota.

D_

oDC Q_

35

30

25

20

15

10

A. DEVILS LAKE (DEVILS LAKE BASIN)

DAILY PRECIPITATION FOR 1993

NORMAL DAILY PRECIPITATION FOR 1961-90 . "'

35

30

OO 25

20

15

10

C. JAMESTOWN (JAMES RIVER BASIN)

NORMAL DAILY PRECIPITATION FOR 1961-90 :

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 1993

B. COOPERSTOWN (SHEYENNE RIVER BASIN)

D. BISMARCK (TRIBUTARIES TO THE MISSOURI RIVER)

DAILY PRECIPITATION FOR 1993

NORMAL DAILY PRECIPITATION FOR 1961-90 '.

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. 1993

Figure 75. Accumulated daily precipitation for January-August 1993 and accumulated normal daily precipitation for January-August 1961-90 at (A) Devils Lake, (B) Cooperstown, (C) Jamestown, and (D) Bismarck, North Dakota (data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

July and Auguat 1993, In Eaatern and South-Central North Dakota 249

Tabl

e 49

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ly a

nd A

ugus

t 19

93, i

n ea

ster

n an

d so

uth-

cent

ral N

orth

Dak

ota

2 3

[mi

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

<, l

ess

than

; --,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le; >

, gre

ater

than

. Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

(0 a a Tl

O a M 3 I c a 5 .2 ID s O to

Max

imum

prio

r to

July

and

A

ugus

t 199

3

Site

no

.(fi

g-74

) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Stat

ion

no.

0505

6100

0505

6200

0505

6215

0505

6239

0505

6400

0505

6410

0505

7000

0505

8000

0505

8500

0506

0500

0634

1800

0634

7500

0634

8000

0646

7600

0646

8170

0647

0000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of d

eter

min

atio

nM

auva

is C

oule

e ne

ar C

ando

, ND

Edm

ore

Cou

lee

near

Edm

ore,

ND

Edm

ore

Cou

lee

trib

utar

y ne

ar W

ebst

er, N

DSt

arkw

eath

er C

oule

e ne

ar W

ebst

er, N

D

Big

Cou

lee

near

Chu

rchs

Fer

ry, N

D

Cha

nnel

A n

ear P

erm

, ND

Shey

enne

Riv

er n

ear C

oope

rsto

wn,

ND

Shey

enne

Riv

er b

elow

Bal

dhill

Dam

, ND

Shey

enne

Riv

er a

t Val

ley

City

, ND

Rus

h R

iver

at A

men

ia, N

D

Pain

ted

Woo

ds C

reek

nea

r Wilt

on, N

D

Big

Mud

dy C

reek

nea

r A

lmon

t, N

D

Hea

rt R

iver

nea

r Lar

k, N

DJa

mes

Riv

er n

ear M

anfr

ed, N

DJa

mes

Riv

er n

ear G

race

City

, ND

Jam

es R

iver

at J

ames

tow

n, N

D

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)38

738

214

831

0

'1,6

20 930

6,47

07,

470

7,81

0

116

427

456

2,75

025

31,

060

2,82

0

Perio

d19

56-9

319

56-9

319

86-9

319

79-9

3

1950

-93

1983

-93

1944

-93

1949

-93

1938

-75,

1979

-93

1946

-93

1958

-81,

1982

-93

1946

-73,

1991

-93

1946

-93

1955

-93

1968

-93

1928

-33,

1935

,19

37-3

9,19

43-9

3

Yea

r19

7919

7919

8719

8719

8919

79

1987

1950

1979

1948

1969

1966

1979

1979

1950

1950

1979

1969

1950

1983

Stag

e (ft

)11

.18

87.1

072

.48

- 10.0

57.

59

42.8

718

.69

36.2

6- 17

.62

12.1

5

9.64

30.7

0

20.7

09.

2012

.00

515.

8268

.76

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

As)

2,66

01,

110

739

570

1,42

0

21,0

907,

830

4,74

04,

580

3,49

0

4,05

0

20,2

00

29,2

002,

000

3,10

0

56,3

9069

96

Max

imum

dur

ing

July

and

Aug

ust 1

993

Dat

e (m

onth

/ da

y)8/

27/

30 8/2

7/30

8/30

8/15

7/25

7/28

7/16

7/28

7/17

7/23

7/23

7/23

7/23

7/28

7/16

Stag

e (ft

)8.

8387

.76

75.0

68.

43

6.94

43.6

718

.33

34.9

8'1

8.05

10.2

3

8.13

30.9

9

16.8

59.

4013

.49

13.5

8

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)71

11,

180

1,33

033

5

348

1,56

02,

780

3,72

0 3,

830

2,97

0

1,58

0

8,39

0

12,1

002,

700

3,52

0

1,30

0

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)<1

0 10 <1

0

<10 10

<10

310

325 50 10 25 310

>100 10 35

0

Dra

inag

e ar

ea w

as re

duce

d fr

om a

bout

2,5

10 to

1,6

20 s

quar

e m

iles

by th

e co

mpl

etio

n of

Cha

nnel

A in

197

9.

A m

axim

um d

isch

arge

of a

bout

1,6

00 c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond

occu

rred

in M

ay 1

979

base

d on

stre

amflo

w m

easu

rem

ents

mad

e by

the

Nor

th D

akot

a St

ate

Wat

er C

omm

issi

on.

Dis

char

ge re

curr

ence

int

erva

l for

reg

ulat

ed p

erio

d.

^Max

imum

sta

ge o

ccur

red

on J

uly

16.

Max

imum

bef

ore

1973

reg

ulat

ion.

M

axim

um a

fter

1973

reg

ulat

ion.

July 13-17, 1993, in Central MississippiBy W.Trent Baldwin

Excessive rainfall from scattered thunderstorms during July 1993 produced flooding in central Mississippi. The city of Vicksburg in west-central Mississippi was the hardest hit as it received 6.6 inches of rainfall in a 3-hour period beginning at 1900 on July 11 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). The 100-year, 3-hour rainfall for Vicksburg is 5.4 inches according to Hershfield (1961).

Maximum stages and discharges were documented at eight flood-determina tion sites (fig. 76) that experienced at least a 2-year recurrence interval and are summarized in table 50. At Red Cane Creek tributary near Pisgah (site 6), the max imum peak discharge was the largest for the period of record. The flood was more severe at the flood-determination sites with the smaller drainage areas (sites 3 and 6), which indicates the intense but isolated nature of the thunderstorms.

REFERENCES

Hershfield, D.M., 1961, Rainfall frequency atlas of the United States: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 40, 115 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Missis sippi: Asheville, N.C., National Climatic Data Center, v. 98, no. 7, 27 p.

July 13-17,1993, In Central Mississippi 251

MISSISSIPPI

Index map

3T°

Base from U S Geological Surrey digital data, 1 2,000,000,1994Albers Equal-Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 29°30' and 45°30', central meridian -9B°00'

25 I

50 I

75 MILES

75 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION


Figure 76. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of July 13-17,1993, in central Mississippi.


Tabl

e 50

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g Ju

ly 1

3-17

,199

3, in

cen

tral M

issi

ssip

pi[m

i2, s

quar

e m

iles;

ft,

feet

abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

,

not d

eter

min

ed o

r not

app

licab

le. S

ourc

e: R

ecur

renc

e in

terv

als

calc

ulat

ed fr

om U

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gica

l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

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imum

prio

r to

July

199

3 M

axim

um d

urin

g Ju

ly 1

3-17

, 199

3

e_ t <o

8

Site

no

.(fig

-76

) St

atio

n no

.

1 02

4711

00

2 02

4720

00

3 02

4738

50

4 02

4745

00

5 02

4755

00

6 02

4847

50

7 02

4847

608

0248

7500

Dra

inag

e D

is-

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

area

St

age

char

ge

Stag

e D

isch

arge

de

term

inat

ion

(mi2

) Pe

riod

Yea

r (ft

) (ft

3/s)

D

ay

(ft)

(ft3/

s)

Lea

f Riv

er n

ear R

alei

gh, M

S

Lea

f Riv

er n

ear C

ollin

s, M

S

Tal

laha

la C

reek

trib

utar

y at

Lak

e C

omo,

MS

Tal

laha

la C

reek

nea

r Run

nels

tow

n,M

S

Chu

nky

Riv

er n

ear C

hunk

y, M

S

Red

Can

e C

reek

trib

utar

y ne

ar P

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h,

MS

Fann

egus

ha C

reek

nea

r San

d H

ill, M

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rong

Riv

er a

t D'L

o, M

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Pasc

agou

la R

iver

Bas

in

143

1856

,190

0,

1856

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'n

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O

14

23.5

3 8,

150

1940

-93

1974

28

.17

17,0

0074

3 18

56,1

900,

18

56

33.0

0 56

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15

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21,5

0019

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3 19

74

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0 54

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3.21

19

64-9

3 19

64

12.2

7 3,

120

13

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380

612

1900

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9,

1900

23

0.50

38

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17

19

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8,97

019

40-9

336

9 19

39-9

3 19

79

26.6

4 40

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14

17

.93

9,57

0Pe

arl R

iver

Bas

in

.10

1965

-93

1983

6.

98

134

14

7.38

14

3

52.3

19

71-9

3 19

80

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5 9,

000

14

11.9

6 4,

910

425

1900

, 19

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33.4

8 26

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14

24

.89

8,27

0 19

29-9

3

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)

5 4 60 2 2 25 4 2

'Est

imat

ed.

2Site

and

dat

um th

en in

use

.

August 12, 1993, in Eastern Illinois

ByG.O. Balding

Excessive rainfall during the early morning hours of August 12, 1993, occurred over the adjacent cities of Champaign and Urbana, Illinois (fig. 77). Rain showers on August 9 produced about 0.5 inch at the Urbana precipitation gage. Rain continued each day with 0.26 inch falling on August 10 and 1.56 inches fall ing on August 11. Just before midnight on August 11, a very localized and slow-moving thunderstorm system produced 4.77 inches of rain in less than 2 hours and 6.30 inches of rain in 3 hours. The storm had a recurrence interval exceeding 100 years (the magnitude of a 100-year, 3-hour storm at that location is 4.23 inches) (Wayne M. Wendland, State Climatologist, written commun., 1994). Precipitation totals during August 9-12 at selected precipitation gages are listed in table 51.

The streamflow-gaging station, Boneyard Creek at Urbana (site 9), on the Uni versity of Illinois campus (fig. 77), recorded a maximum discharge for the period of record of 905 cubic feet per second from the 4.46-square-mile urban drainage area (table 52). Other continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations nearest to the Boneyard Creek at Urbana station recorded streamflow discharges having flood recurrence intervals of less than 2 years, which demonstrates the localized nature of the flooding.

Flooding and sewer backup occurred throughout the Champaign-Urbana area and other nearby communities. The News-Gazette reported that the excessive rain fall forced sandbagging in southwestern Champaign, closed the State highway south of Savoy, flooded streets in Tolono and around Campustown (University of Illinois), and flooded basements and street-level businesses in Champaign-Urbana that had never been flooded before (Cook and Kline, 1993). Many residences in the Champaign-Urbana area received substantial flood damage either by sewer backup, overland flooding, or from seepage into basements and crawl spaces that exceeded the capacity of residential sump pumps. On the University of Illinois campus, the basement of the new Grainger Engineering Library was filled with 6 feet of water and was 1 of 36 buildings on campus that had flooded basements (Wurth, 1993).

The University of Illinois experienced about $4 million of damage to engineer ing equipment and buildings (Wurth, 1994). Residential and commercial property damage from the flooding is not known.

REFERENCES

Cook, Anne, and Kline, Greg, 1993, Area gets taste of flooding: Champaign, 111., TheNews-Gazette, August 12,1993, p. A-l.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Illinois,August 1993: U.S. Department of Commerce, v. 98, no. 8, 27 p.

Wurth, Julie, 1993, UI cleaning up, assessing damage: Champaign, 111., The News-Gazette,August 13, 1993, p. A-l.

1994, Plans take new angle on Boneyard: Champaign, 111., The News-Gazette,October 2, 1994, p. A-l.

August 12,1993, in Eastern Illinois 255

ILLINOIS

30'-

Base from U S Geological Survey 1 2,000,000Albers Equal Area Conic projectionStandard parallels 33° and 45°, central meridian -!

EXPLANATION


Precipitation gage Number corresponds to that in table 51

0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS

Figure 77. Location of flood-determination and precipitation gage sites for flood of August 12,1993, in eastern Illinois.


Table 51. Precipitation totals for August 9-12,1993, at selected precipitation gages in eastern Illinois[Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993]

Site no. Precipitation (fig. 77) Latitude, longitude Precipitation gage___(Inches)

1 40°08', 87°39' Danville 0.852 40°28', 88°22' GibsonCitylE 1.283 40°28', 87°40' Hoopeston 1NE .294 40°02', 88°36' Monticello2 1.175 40°23', 88°05' Paxton 1.82

6 40°19', 88°10' Rantoul 2.747 40°061,88°14' Urbana 7.58

August 12,1993, In Eastern Illinois 257

0) 3 a 0) i 0) 3 <o 8 of I

Tabl

e 52

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g A

ugus

t 12

,199

3, in

eas

tern

Illi

nois

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ft3

/s, c

ubic

feet

per

sec

ond;

<, l

ess

than

; >, g

reat

er th

an; -

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

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able

. So

urce

: R

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e in

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om U

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eolo

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l Sur

vey

data

. O

ther

dat

a fr

om U

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eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Aug

ust

Site

no

.(fi

g.77

) 8 9 10 11 12 13

14

Stat

ion

no.

0333

6646

0333

7000

03

3387

80

0333

9000

0334

3400

0557

0910

05

5720

00

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

dete

rmin

atio

nM

iddl

e Fo

rk V

erm

ilion

Riv

er a

bove

O

akw

ood,

IL

Bon

eyar

d C

reek

at U

rban

a, IL

N

orth

For

k V

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ilion

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er n

ear

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mar

ck, I

LV

erm

ilion

Riv

er n

ear D

anvi

lle, I

L

Emba

rras

Riv

er n

ear C

amar

go, I

L

Sang

amon

Riv

er a

t Fis

her,

IL

Sang

amon

Riv

er a

t Mon

ticel

lo, I

L

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)43

2 4.46

26

2

1,29

0

186

240

550

Perio

d19

78-9

3

1948

-93

1970

-73,

19

88-9

319

14-2

1,

1928

-93

1960

-93

1978

-93

1908

-12,

19

14-9

3

Yea

r19

90

1979

19

90

1939

1979

1985

19

26

Stag

e (ft

)15

.96

8.94

21

.97

28.5

9

16.3

8

18.3

0 18

.50

12,1

993

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

12,0

00 982

20,1

00

48,7

00

6,24

0

8,55

0 19

,000

Max

imum

on

Aug

ust 1

2, 1

993

Stag

e (ft

)2.

53

9.93

5.17

4.62

8.12

7.80

8.

96

Dis

ch

arge

(ft

3/s)

329

905

157

1,16

0

694

291

553

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)<2

>100 <2 <2 <2

<2

<o s

August 31,1993, Storm Surge and Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North CarolinaBy J. Curtis Weaver and Thomas J. Zembrzuski, Jr.

THE STORM

Hurricane Emily began as a tropical depression in the Atlantic Ocean on August 22,1993 (National Oce anic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). It reached tropical storm strength 400 miles south of Ber muda on August 25, and by the next day was upgraded to a hurricane (fig. 78). Emily's strength dropped briefly to a tropical storm early August 27 but by the end of the day had returned to hurricane force. Its west erly track veered northwesterly as it steadily intensified and slowly moved toward the south-central coastal States. The storm achieved category-three strength (maximum sustained winds greater than 110 miles per hour) at 1500 on August 31. The storm's center passed within 25 miles of Hatteras Island, North Carolina

(fig. 78), at approximately 1800 on August 31 before turning north and then northeastward away from land. Maximum wind gusts measured by the National Weather Service (NWS) during the storm ranged from 98 miles per hour at Buxton, North Carolina, to 132 miles per hour at Diamond Shoals, North Carolina, approximately 14 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras. An unofficial measurement of a maximum wind gust of 107 miles per hour was made at a commercial estab lishment in Buxton on Hatteras Island (W. DeMaurice, National Weather Service, oral commun., October 1993).

Although the eye of the hurricane did not make landfall, the western edge of the eye wall moved over part of Hatteras Island. As the eye approached the island, the storm's counterclockwise winds blew first

85" 75° 70° 65° 60° 55°

LJ_ _ _ \,J

35'

30'

25'

EXPLANATION

^ Hurricane Q Tropical storm L Low-pressure system

EOT Eastern daylight time

Atlantic Ocean

J Bermuda

8-25-93 1100 EOT

8-28-93 1100 EOT

8-25-938-26-93 0500 EDJ

2300 EOT

0 100 200 MILES

I I I "I0 100 200 KILOMETERS 8-23-93 L

1100 EOT >

I_______________I________

Figure 78. Path of Hurricane Emily, August 23-September 1,1993, south-central coastal States (modified from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993).

August 31,1993, Storm Surge and Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North Carolina 259

from the north and then north-northwest across Pam- lico Sound, pushing water onto the sound side of the island. The area most affected by the resulting storm surge was between the southern tip of the island at Hat- teras and Little Kinnakeet, North Carolina (fig. 79). Although the NWS station at Cape Hatteras reported 7.51 inches of rain from the storm, rainfall was not a factor in the flooding. No more than 1 inch of precipi tation was reported at any of the NWS precipitation gages in the counties adjacent to Pamlico Sound.

THE FLOOD

Documentation of notable coastal floods provides scientists and flood-plain managers with useful data and technical information for an improved understand ing of the hazard and for improved management of flood-prone areas. Of particular importance is docu mentation of the duration of flooding (and rates of rise and recession of floodwaters), maximum flood eleva tions and depths, and delineation of the extent of storm-surge flooding.

Duration of Flooding

The most severe flooding on Hatteras Island occurred between 1600 and 2200 on August 31, but the duration of flooding on the island varied, depending on location and ground elevation. Although there are no active tide gages on southern Hatteras Island to provide official documentation, a discontinued U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) recording tide gage located in Pamlico Sound near Buxton (fig. 79) was reactivated by a volunteer observer prior to the arrival of the storm. It appears that the stilling-well gage had produced sat isfactory graphic record up to a point when interference between the float and the weight prevented it from recording higher stages. A reproduction of the graphic record is shown in figure 80; annotation of the axes and estimated record were added to the original strip chart by the NWS (W. DeMaurice, National Weather Ser vice, written commun., October 1993). The tide-gage datum is not known. A survey of the outside staff gage located next to the discontinued recording gage pro duced a datum correction of -1.23 feet. This correction can be used to convert chart readings to sea-level datum. The actual maximum stage at the gage was later verified by using a nearby high-water mark (mark 42, table 53) surveyed to sea-level datum.

The tide gage indicated that the level of Pamlico Sound began to rise rapidly by 1500 on August 31 in response to a change in the wind direction and an increase in wind speed (fig. 80). The maximum rate of rise was 2.7 feet per hour between 1630 and 1730, and the maximum level was estimated to have occurred about 1830. The total rise was more than 7 feet in 4 hours. The gage record indicated that by 2200, the water level had declined more than 4 feet to an eleva tion at which most of the flooded area was again above water.

It is reasonable to assume that the timing of the flood peak was similar throughout the flooded area. In Buxton, the total rise in water level was in the range of 9 to 10 feet. A simple extrapolation of the maximum rate of rise at the reactivated tide gage against the total rise in Buxton suggests that the maximum rate of rise in Buxton was in the range of 3.5 to 4.0 feet per hour.

Flood Elevations

High-water marks were flagged during the 3 days following the hurricane. Numerous "still-water" marks, usually fine debris or seed lines, were found deposited on the interior walls of poorly sealed buildings and sheds. Long, nearly unbroken 1- to 4-foot thick rows of mixed waterborne debris and seagrass were depos ited along the sound side of the dunes, especially in the undeveloped expanses of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore between villages on the southern end of the island.

Of a total of 108 marks flagged, 62 were chosen to provide a wide representation of elevations in the flooded area. Level circuits were run to each high-water mark from benchmarks tied to established U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and North Carolina Geodetic Survey benchmarks in the area.

Data for each of the 62 surveyed high-water marks are tabulated to show latitude, longitude, type and qual ity of mark, as well as the water-level and ground-sur face elevations (table 53). The location and elevation of selected marks are in figure 81.

In the Avon vicinity, still-water surface elevations ranged from 5.92 feet (mark 1, table 53) at the Little Kinnakeet Coast Guard Station (north of Avon) to 7.62 feet (mark 5) within the village boundary. The maximum water depth (determined from table 53 as the difference between water-surface and ground-surface elevation) surveyed was 5.54 feet (mark 7). Flood lev els along the sound side of the dunes averaged about 7.5 feet.


NORTH CAROLINA

45-

30 1-5,

r° ' &

Little Kinnak

35°15'-,

Hatteras Island i

ATLANTIC OCEAN

>

Approximate location of near breach of dunes from sound-

side flooding

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (discontinued tide gage) x

\ Hattera: ape Hatteras

Approximate location ofreported breach of dunes

from ocean

Base from U S Geological Survey hydrologic unit map,1 500,000,1974 Lambert Conformal Conic projection Standard parallels 33° and 45°

0 10 MILES

10 KILOMETERS

Figure 79. Selected features of Hatteras island, North Carolina.

August 31,1993, Storm Surge snd Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatterss Islsnd, North Carolina 261

Q

<r

CO DC

DC LU

I

T T

NNW Wind direction

40 Wind speed, in miles per hour

E Estimated speed

G GustData unavailable

"1 I I I I I T

ESTIMATED BY NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE

TIDE HEIGHT s

ENE ENE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NNE N N N NNWNNWWNWW W W W W SW WSW W W22 23 26 26 27 29 32 37 41 46 58 58 58 60 E46 E52 E52 E40 E23 E23 E16 - 13 16 14

G35 G34 G35 G39 G46 G46 G53 G63 G67 G72 G98 G93 G63 G52 G46 G39 G34 G24 - G23I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I

W 12

0400 050006000700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 19002000 21002200 2300 2400 0100 0200 0300 0400 0500 0600 0700

AUGUST 31,199324-HOUR TIME

SEPTEMBER 1,1993

Figure 80. Reproduction of original strip chart from discontinued U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tide gage at Buxton, North Carolina, August 31-September 1,1993. (Source: Original strip chart from Joe Ortner, Buxton, N.C.; wind direction and velocity, and estimated record from W. Demaurice, National Weather Service, Buxton, N.C.)

Along the Cape Hatteras National Seashore between Avon and Buxton, only the dunes remained above water during the storm surge. Flood levels increased from north to south, ranging from 7.6 feet (mark 13) near Avon to 11.5 feet (mark 23) near the Buxton village limits. The deposition of waterbome debris by flooding from the sounds indicated that a near breach of the dunes occurred about 0.5 mile north of Buxton.

The highest still-water elevations from Hurricane Emily occurred in the village of Buxton in structures closest to the Pamlico Sound shoreline where a maxi mum of 10.54 feet was surveyed (mark 25). The Cape Hatteras School was inundated to a level of 9.30 feet (mark 36). The maximum water depth surveyed in the area was 6.1 feet (mark 29). Flood levels declined con siderably inland (south) of the sound, where a line of secondary dunes restricted access of the storm surge into Buxton Woods. Further movement of floodwaters into Buxton Woods was impeded by dense underbrush and undulating topography.

Flood levels continued to decline west of Buxton to the village of Frisco, where the previously mentioned reactivated COE tide gage recorded most of the rising and falling limbs of the storm-surge hydrograph (fig. 80). The maximum stage of the water-surface peak shown in figure 80 was estimated by the NWS to be slightly more than 10 feet. Applying the datum cor rection (-1.23 feet) suggests that the actual

water-surface peak at the discontinued U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tide gage was in the range of 8.7 to 9.0 feet above sea level. This is in reasonable agree ment with the elevation (8.31 feet) of a high-water mark (mark 42) surveyed inside a house located next to the reactivated tide gage. The maximum elevation sur veyed in the vicinity of Frisco was 8.7 feet (mark 47). The deepest floodwaters noted in this area were about 4 feet (mark 44).

Two small breaches of the dunes from the ocean side (fig. 79) occurred in a stretch of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore between the villages of Frisco and Hatteras (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1994), even though flood levels continued to decrease to the west of Frisco. A maximum elevation of 8.3 feet (mark 57) was surveyed along the dunes, but the high est still-water elevation surveyed was 7.02 feet (mark 54) above sea level. In Hatteras village, surveyed still-water marks of better than poor quality ranged from 6.4 (mark 59) to 6.98 feet (mark 57) above sea level. The maximum water depth surveyed in the vil lage was nearly 3.6 feet (mark 57).

Delineation of the Extent of Storm-Surge Flooding

The general area of inundation extended from north of Avon village to the southern tip of Hatteras Island (fig. 81). Onsite reconnaissance and interviews

262 Summary of Floods In the United Ststes, January 1992 Through September 1993

Table 53. Location and descriptions of high-water marks and water- and ground-surface elevations for the Hurricane Emily flood, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, August 31, 1993[Locations of selected high-water marks (HWM) are shown in figure 81]

HWM no.

(fig. 81)12345

6789

10

1112131415

1617181920

21

22232425

2627282930

3132333435

3637383940

Nearest townAvonAvonAvonAvonAvon

AvonAvonAvonAvonAvon

AvonAvonAvonAvonAvon

AvonAvon

BuxtonBuxtonBuxton

Buxton(at near-breach)BuxtonBuxtonBuxtonBuxton

BuxtonBuxtonBuxtonBuxtonBuxton

BuxtonBuxtonBuxtonBuxtonBuxton

BuxtonBuxtonBuxtonFriscoFrisco

Latitude35° 24' 22"35° 22' 38"35° 22' 35"35° 22' 33"35° 22' 17"

35° 21' 38"35° 21' 37"35° 21' 30"35° 21 '30"35° 21' 29"

35° 21' 07"35° 20' 35"35° 20' 05"35° 20' 04"35° 19' 21"

35° 19' 20"35° 19' 13"35° 17' 10"35° 16' 59"35° 16' 40"

35° 16' 37"

35° 16' 28"35° 16' 09"35° 16' 05"35° 15' 59"

35° 15' 53"35° 15' 36"35° 15' 52"35° 16' 07"35° 16' 07"

35° 15' 48"35° 15' 49"35° 15' 53"35° 15' 39"35° 16' 09"

35° 15' 54"35° 15' 52"35° 15' 49"35° 15' 27"35° 15' 22"

Longitude76° 29' 29"75° 29' 40"75° 29' 40"75° 29' 40"75° 29' 55"

75° 30' 28"75° 30' 28"75° 30' 09"75° 30' 00"75° 30' 03"

75° 30' 41"75° 30' 19"75° 30' 20"75° 30' 27"75° 30' 34"

75° 30' 32"75° 30' 33"75° 30' 54"75° 30' 56"75° 30' 59"

75° 31' 00"

75° 31' 01"75° 31' 06"75° 31' 08"75° 31' 10"

75° 31' 19"75° 31' 40"75° 31 '42"75° 31' 43"75° 31' 59"

75° 32' 27"75° 32' 27"75° 32' 34"75° 32' 35"75° 32' 37"

75° 33' 03"75° 33' 29"75° 33' 44"75° 34' 59"75° 35' 08"

Type and quality1 of HWMSeed line, excellentDrift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poorSeed line, excellent

Seed line, goodSeed line, excellentSeed line, excellentWash line, poorSeed line, good

Seed line, excellentDrift line, poorDrift line, poorSeed line, fab-Seed line, good

Debris line, poorDrift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poor

Drift line on dunes, poor

Drift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poorSeed line, excellent

Seed line, excellentSeed line, goodSeed line, excellentWater stain, goodSeed line, good

Seed line, fairSeed line, goodSeed line, goodDrift line, poorSeed line, good

Seed line, excellentSeed line, excellentDrift line near road, poorDrift line, poorSeed line, good

Water-surface elevation

(feet above sea level)

5.927.27.67.57.62

7.37.547.537.57.6

7.627.57.67.58.5

8.58.8

10.811.111.1

4 11.2

10.311.5

4 10.310.54

9.718.48.68

10.19.5

7.17.19.06.3

10.0

9.309.42

"9.6

6.36.4

Ground-surface elevation


Z4.037.237.637.5

4.4

22.322.0

3.837.5

6.0

25.237.537.625.0

5.3

38.538.8

3 10.83 11.13 11.1

3 11.2

3 10.33 11.53 10.3

5.9

26.4

7.55.84.07.0

4.93.97.8

36.3

5.4

4.94.6

39.636.3

5.5

August 31,1993, Storm Surge and Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North Carolina 263

Table 53. Location and descriptions of high-water marks and water- and ground-surface elevations for the Hurricane Emily flood, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, August 31,1993 Continued

HWM no.

(fig. 81)4142434445

4647484950

5152535455

5657585960

6162

Nearest town LatitudeFriscoFriscoFriscoFriscoFrisco

FriscoFriscoFriscoFriscoFrisco

FriscoHatterasHatterasHatterasHatteras

HatterasHatterasHatterasHatterasHatteras

HatterasHatteras

35°35°35°35°35°

35°35°35°35°35°

35°35°35°35°35°

35°35°35°35°35°

35°35°

15'15'14'15'

50"50"57"04"

14' 25"

14'13'13'13'13'

13'13'13'12'12'

13'13'13'13'12'

12'

01"35"33"22"17"

12"01"00"59"56"

07"22"14"07"46"

32"12' 28"

Longitude75°75°75°75°75°

75°75°75°75°75°

75°75°75°75°75°

75°75°75°75°75°

75°75°

35'35'35'36'37'

37'38'38'38'39'

39'

23"35"56"10"11"

32"11"14"59"13"

26"40' 03"40' 05"41'41'

41'41'41'41'41'

41'42'

12"18"

25"04"27"40"46"

55"10"

Type and quality1 of HWMSeed line,Seed line,Seed line,Seed line,Seed line,

Seed line,Seed line,Drift line

goodexcellentexcellentgoodexcellent

goodgoodon dunes, poor

Drift line on dunes, poorDrift line on dunes, poor

Drift lineDrift line

on dunes, pooron dunes, poor

Water-surface elevation


5.98.317.888.08.05

8.18.7

"8.3

7.87.7

7.37.9

Drift line on dunes, poor ^.SSeed line,Seed line,

Seed line,Seed line,Seed line,Seed line,Seed line,

Seed line,Seed line,

excellentgood

poorexcellentfairfairexcellent

excellentexcellent

7.027.0

5.86.986.76.46.93

6.686.68

Ground-surface elevation


4.23.94.33.84.5

5.95.4

38.337.837.7

37.337.937.8

3.93.3

23.523.424.0

4.423.3

4.225.6

'Quality: "excellent," + 0.05 foot; "good," ± 0.1 foot; "fair," + 0.25 foot; "poor," greater than 0.25 foot2Estimate.3Ground-surface elevation at drift line is same as water-surface elevation.4Water-surface elevation is average of two marks.

with residents and Federal, State, and local officials were the basis for mapping the flooded area. The loca tion and elevations of the 62 surveyed high-water marks were plotted on U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute, 5-foot contour-interval topographic quad rangle maps to assist with the delineation of the inun dated areas.

In most places, the extent of the storm surge was fairly easy to delineate. An obvious and mostly contin uous drift line was deposited on the sound side of ocean-front dunes that extended north of Buxton and southwest of Frisco. The northern extent of flooding during Hurricane Emily was about 3 miles north of Avon village near the Little Kinnakeet Coast Guard Station (fig. 79). From this point to the northern edge of

Buxton village, the storm surge completely inundated State Highway 12. Except for several structurally ele vated properties, the entire village of Avon was inun dated. Likewise, from the western end of Frisco village to the end of Hatteras Island, the storm surge crossed over Highway 12 and reached the sand dunes at the ocean. The entire village of Hatteras was flooded.

In the wide part of Hatteras Island between Buxton and Frisco, several factors made the extent of inunda tion into Buxton Woods more difficult to delineate. The ground elevation in much of this area ranges from 5 to 10 feet (with many notable exceptions of higher eleva tions), the same range as the water-surface elevations during the flood. Although the overall relief is low in most places, there is considerable undulation of the


35°25'

22

35° 13

75°44' 38' 35' 32' 75°29'

Highway 12

NOTE: Grade of Hwy 12 increases towards ' the north, (most likely) northern extent of inundation in this area

oo

35

Well field owned by Cape Hatteras Water Association

57

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Base from U S Geological SurveyCape Hatteras, 1 24,000, photorevised 1983Buxton 1 24,000, photorevised 1983Little Kinnakett, 1 24,000, photorewsed 1983Hatteras, 1 24,000, ptotoinspected 1987

4 MILES

EXPLANATION

Area inundated by storm surge

Area not inundated by storm surge

Boundary delineating extent of inundation from Pamlico Sound Dashed where approximately located

Selected high-water mark (HWM)

4 KILOMETERS

^ HWM number Number corresponds to that in table 53

^, Water-surface elevation, in feet above sea level "Excellent" marks are listed at the precision of 0.01 foot; ground elevations and marks less than excellentare listed to the nearest 0.1 foot

\Land-surface elevation, in feet above

sea level e is estimated elevation; di is debris-line elevation

Figure 81. Location of and water-level elevations at selected high-water marks surveyed on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, for August 31,1993, storm surge from Hurricane Emily.

August 31,1993, Storm Surge snd Flood of Hurrlcsne Emily on Hatteras Island, North Csrollns 265

topography. Natural wetlands cover most of the low-lying areas, and some artificial drainage ditches and canals connect wetland pockets to Pamlico Sound. Vegetation in Buxton Woods generally is quite dense, and the artificial drainage system is not extensive. These factors, as well as the fairly short duration of flooding, probably acted to attenuate the storm surge as it moved inland from Pamlico Sound into Buxton Woods. Definitive high-water marks could not be located in the interior of the island.

Although the high-water elevations are not known, other evidence indicates rather extensive intrusion of the storm surge into Buxton Woods, at least inland to the dunes that mark the edge of the Cape Hatteras Water Association (CHWA) well field (fig. 81). Spe cific-conductance measurements of well water were made during September 3 and 4 by the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management (T. Mew, Ground Water Section, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, written commun., September 1993). These measurements sug gest that saltwater intruded to the interior of the island.

The extent of storm-surge inundation is shown in figure 81. Areas where inundation was confirmed by reconnaissance or extrapolation from high-water mark elevations are delineated with a solid line. The areas where field surveys were inconclusive and where high-water elevations could not be extrapolated (nota bly, Buxton Woods) are delineated by dashed lines.

FLOOD DAMAGES

Although Hurricane Emily was not particularly notable in terms of wind damage, it will be remem bered for extensive inundation from the Pamlico Sound. Many homes and buildings, while sustaining minor damage due to winds, were extensively damaged or destroyed by flooding. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) reported 160 homes destroyed, 216 extensively damaged, and 144 that received minor damage (Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency, 1994). Several commercial establish ments and public buildings, including the Dare County Emergency Operations Center, also were flooded. The Cape Hatteras School sustained approximately $3.1 million in damages to structure and contents. In total, Hurricane Emily's damages were estimated to be $12.6 million (J. Self, Division of Emergency Manage ment, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, oral commun., March

1994). The Governor of North Carolina declared a state of disaster on September 3,1993. A Presidential decla ration of major disaster followed on September 10.

Approximately 160,000 tourists and residents were evacuated from the Cape Hatteras area prior to the storm. Although no deaths occurred during Hurricane Emily, three drownings occurred on the day after the storm when swimmers were lost in the heavy surf near Nags Head (fig. 79), more than 50 miles north of the flooded area, and in Virginia.

The saline floodwaters that covered Buxton Woods had a delayed effect on the quality of water pumped from the CHWA well field. Water produced and distrib uted by CHWA is a blend from several individual wells. Chloride content of water distributed to custom ers was 40 to 45 milligrams per liter prior to the storm. The chloride content rose slowly but steadily during the next 3 months to a maximum of 280 to 285 milli grams per liter, as the saltwater infiltrated the produc tion zones of the wells, before declining during another 3 months to a level of about 60 milligrams per liter (J. Coleman, Cape Hatteras Water Association, oral commun., August 1994). Although individual wells were not tested for chloride, water from some probably had maximum chloride concentrations higher than 285 milligrams per liter.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER STORMS AND WITH 100-YEAR FLOOD ELEVA TIONS

The flooding caused by Hurricane Emily was the most extensive in the recollection of long-time resi dents of the island. Flood levels surpassed those from other large storms, which occurred in September 1933, September 1944, and September 1985 (Hurricane Glo ria). On the southern end of Hatteras Island, flood lev els also were higher than levels generated during March 13-14,1993, by the "storm of the century" (Fed eral Emergency Management Agency, 1994). Perhaps the last time that flooding was more severe was during the hurricane of August 1899 when the "entire island was covered with water to a depth of 4 to 10 feet; there were not more than four houses in which the tide did not rise to a depth of 1 to 4 feet" (Carney and Hardy, 1967).

The 100-year flood elevations on the sound side of the ocean-front dunes on Hatteras Island were deter mined by FEMA to range from 6.3 feet in the village of Hatteras to 8.6 feet in the area between the villages of

266 Summary of Floods in the United Statea, January 1992 Through September 1993

Buxton and Avon (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993). Hurricane Emily's still-water flood ele vations exceeded the published (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993) 100-year flood levels in Hatteras, Frisco, and the parts of Buxton that were clos est to Pamlico Sound by amounts ranging from a few tenths of a foot in Hatteras to about 2 feet in Buxton. In Avon, flood levels were either close to or slightly below the FEMA 100-year elevations. Flood levels were probably several feet below the FEMA 100-year eleva tions in the Buxton Woods area.

REFERENCES

Carney, C.B., and Hardy, A.V., 1967, North Carolina hurri canes: Raleigh, N.C., U.S. Department of Commerce Environmental Science Services Administration, Weather Bureau, 40 p.

Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1993, Hoodinsurance study, Dare County, North Carolina (unincor porated areas): Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Hood Insurance Program, Commu nity Number 375348, 28 p.

1994, Hurricane Emily: Federal Emergency Manage ment Agency Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team Report FEMA-1003-DR-NC, Region IV, 50 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Special climate summary Hurricane Emily: Colum bia, S.C., Southeast Regional Climate Center, 6 p.

August 31,1993, Storm Surge and Flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras laland, North Carolina 267

266 Summary of Flooda In the United Statea, January 1992 Through September 1993

September 22-26,1993, in Northwestern and Central MissouriBy Rodney Southard

In Missouri, 1993 will be remembered for the dev astation caused by the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers during the great flood of July-August 1993. However, record flooding also occurred during September throughout a large part of the State. After months of greater-than-normal rainfall, two series of thunder storms swept across the State the third week of Septem ber. The first series of storms occurred September 22-23 and resulted in precipitation totals in excess of 5 inches in northwestern Missouri (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993). As these storms traveled southeast, they weakened and then redeveloped over east-central Missouri resulting in 3 to 6 inches of rainfall. The second series of storms on September 24 and 25 originated in southern Kansas and traveled to southwestern and east-central Missouri. These storms produced intense rainfall in a 75-mile-wide band across the State (fig. 82). Two-day rainfall totals in excess of 7 inches were recorded at several precipitation gages (table 54).

Because damage estimates for the September flooding were included in the totals of the Missouri and Mississippi main-stem floods, which occurred during July and August, no specific estimates exist for the September flooding. For flooding July-September 1993,102 counties and 1 city were declared eligible for Federal disaster assistance. The estimated damage in Missouri totaled $4 billion, and at least 31 deaths have been attributed to the flooding (Jane Epperson, Mis souri Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 1994). Many individuals were affected by the flooding, and about $42 million was disbursed for indi vidual assistance to flood victims in Missouri by Fed eral Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which is a large part of the total of $93 million for individual assistance in the upper Mississippi River Basin (Ron McCabe, Federal Emergency Management Agency, oral commun., 1994).

During September, numerous rivers were affected by the excess rainfall as streamflow-gaging stations or flood-determination sites measured record or near-record maximum discharges (fig. 83). The rainfall of September 22-23 resulted in devastating flooding in the Nodaway River Basin (site 6) in northwestern Mis

souri and in the Cuivre River Basin (site 5) in east-cen tral Missouri. Flood-determination sites in both basins had discharge recurrence intervals in excess of 100 years (table 55). The September 24-25 storms resulted in more extensive flooding, and eight flood-determination sites had maximum discharges exceeding the 100-year recurrence interval, and nine sites established maximum discharges for the period of record. The most excessive precipitation occurred in south-central Missouri, and storm totals decreased eastward across the State. The Spring, Sac, James, and Pomme de Terre Rivers had maximum discharges sub stantially higher than the previous maximum dis charges for the period of record. Two examples of the maximum discharges are the Spring River near Waco (site 33), which had a maximum discharge on Septem ber 26 of 1.47 times the 1943 maximum discharge of 103,000 cubic feet per second, and the Sac River near Dadeville (site 9), which had a maximum discharge 2.65 times greater than the 1986 maximum discharge of 13,600 cubic feet per second (table 55). Even though the storms dissipated as they moved eastward, the rain fell on ground saturated from the earlier storms of Sep tember 22 and 23, and the resulting flooding was severe in the Big River and Gasconade River Basins. Tributar ies to the Gasconade River, such as the Big Piney River and Little Piney Creek, did not have extreme flooding, but the Gasconade River main stem had a major flood. The maximum discharge at the Jerome flood-determi nation site (site 20) had a 70-year recurrence interval. A number of other streams had substantial flooding because of the overlap of precipitation from both storms (table 55).

REFERENCES

Federal Emergency Management Agency, April 1993, Inter- agency hazard mitigation team report for Missouri: FEMA-995DR-MO, 28 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993, Climatological data, Missouri, September 1993: U.S. Department of Commerce, v. 97, no. 9, 23 p.

September 22-26,1993, in Northwestern and Centre! Missouri 269

ILLINOIS

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data \ 2,000,000,1972

Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection Standard parallels 29=30' and 45°30'. central meridian -98 C 00'

EXPLANATION^8 Precipitation gage Number corresponds

to that in table 54

Figure 82. Location of precipitation gages for flood of September 22-26,1993, in northwestern and centra! Missouri.

270 Summary of Floods in the United States, Januery 1992 Through September 1993

Table 54. Precipitation totals for September 22-26,1993, at selected precipitation gages in Missouri[Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1993]

Site no. (fig. 82)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Precipitation, in inches

Precipitation gage site

Graham 1 NW

Conception

Amity 7 WNW

Pattonsburg 2 S

Mexico

Vandalia

Elsberry 1 S

Hermann

Pacific 1 S

Rich Fountain 3 E

Potosi 3 N

Salem

Houston 3 E

Wasola

Lebanon 2 W

Marshfield

Bolivar 1 NE

Lockwood

Mt. Vernon M U SW CTR

Waco 2 E

Sept. 22

5.30

5.10

6.70

2.59

1.34

2.39

.85

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.01

0

Sept. 23

0.30

.80

.28

1.14

6.28

3.10

3.66

4.45

3.04

4.83

3.50

.67

0

0

0

0

.01

0

0

0

Sept. 24

0.31

.38

.30

.01

.22

.28

.19

.68

1.74

.69

2.93

2.27

1.40

5.14

3.15

3.20

4.47

3.40

1.52

.47

Sept. 25

0.49

.50

.31

1.39

.43

.59

0

.77

.44

1.57

2.42

2.00

3.74

2.96

3.58

4.55

4.80

6.04

8.20

11.00

Sept. 26

0.06

.05

.05

.11

.35

0

.46

.52

.65

.07

.29

0

.50

.19

.35

.55

.02

.03

.02

0

Total

6.46

6.83

7.64

5.24

8.62

6.36

5.16

6.42

5.87

7.16

9.14

4.94

5.64

8.29

7.08

8.30

9.30

9.47

9.75

11.47

September 22-26,1993, in Northwestern and Centre! Missouri 271

ILLINOIS

Base from U S Geological Survey digital data 1 2,000,000,1072

Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection Standard parallels 29"3Q' and 45°30', central meridian -98 U00'

EXPLANATION

Flood area


Figure 83. Location of flood-determination sites for flood of September 22-26,1993, in Missouri.

272 Summary of Floods in the United Ststes, Janusry 1992 Through September 1993

Tabl

e 55

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g S

epte

mbe

r 19

93,

in n

orth

wes

tern

and

cen

tral M

isso

uri

[mi2

, squ

are

mile

s; ft

, fee

t abo

ve a

n ar

bitra

ry d

atum

; ftV

s, cu

bic

feet

per

sec

ond;

>, g

reat

er th

an; -

, no

t det

erm

ined

or n

ot a

pplic

able

. Sou

rce:

Rec

urre

nce

inte

rval

s ca

lcul

ated

from

U.S

. Geo

logi

cal S

urve

y da

ta;

othe

r dat

a fr

om U

.S. G

eolo

gica

l Sur

vey

repo

rts o

r dat

a ba

ses]

Max

imum

prio

r to

Sept

embe

r 19

93

Site

no.

(fi

g. 8

3)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Stat

ion

no.

0550

4800

0550

6800

0550

7600

0550

8805

0551

4500

0681

7700

0682

0500

0689

7500

0691

8440

0691

8460

0691

8740

0691

9020

0691

9500

0691

9900

0692

1070

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

det

erm

inat

ion

Sout

h Fo

rk S

alt R

iver

abo

veSa

nta

Fe, M

OEl

k Fo

rk S

alt R

iver

nea

r Mad

ison

, MO

Lick

Cre

ek a

t Per

ry, M

OSp

ence

r Cre

ek b

elow

Plu

m C

reek

nea

r Fr

ankf

ord,

MO

Cui

vre

Riv

er n

ear T

roy,

MO

Nod

away

Riv

er n

ear G

raha

m, M

OPl

atte

Riv

er n

ear A

genc

y, M

O

Gra

nd R

iver

nea

r Gal

latin

, MO

Sac

Riv

er n

ear D

adev

ille,

MO

Turn

back

Cre

ek a

bove

Gre

enfie

ld, M

O

Littl

e Sa

c R

iver

nea

r Mor

risvi

lle, M

OSa

c R

iver

at H

ighw

ay J

bel

ow

Stoc

kton

, MO

Ced

ar C

reek

nea

r Ple

asan

t Vie

w, M

O

Sac

Riv

er n

ear C

aplin

ger M

ills,

MO

Pom

me

de T

erre

Riv

er n

ear P

olk,

MO

Dra

inag

e ar

ea

(mi2

)23

3

200

104

206

903

1,38

01,

760

2,25

025

725

2

237

1,29

2

420

1,81

027

6

Perio

d19

40-9

3

1969

-93

1980

-93

1980

-93

1922

-72,

19

79-9

3

1983

-93

1924

-30,

19

32-9

319

21-9

319

66-9

319

65-9

3

1969

-93

1974

-93

1923

-26,

1949

-93

1975

-93

1969

-93

Yea

r19

69

1973

1983

1981

1941

1989

1993

1993

1986

1986

1972

1985

19

8619

58

1986

1986

Stag

e (ft

)28

.24

33.4

21.3

016

.86

33.4

23.3

436

.07

41.5

20.8

323

.74

21.9

524

.91

27.3

5

30.0

023

.08

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)28

,800

42,3

009,

360

16,2

00

120,

000

26,6

0060

,800

89,8

0013

,600

44,0

00

22,3

00

14,8

0037

,000

60,0

0023

,100

Max

imum

dur

ing

Sept

embe

r 19

93

Day 23 23 23 22 23 22 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 24

Stag

e (ft

)28

.66

26.8

121

.96

18.5

4

32.1

7

26.8

931

.84

35.5

27.5

626

.34

23.3

323

.71

25.4

4

29.9

327

.10

Dis

char

ge

(ft3/

s)31

,800

17,5

0010

,900

20,3

00

101,

000

90,7

0038

,500

50,2

0036

,100

42,7

00

29,1

0013

,300

22,7

00

51,2

0034

,300

Dis

char

ge

recu

rren

ce

inte

rval

(y

ears

)>1

00 9 19>1

00

>100

>100 20 13

>100 35

>100 12 -

>100

Tabl

e 55

. M

axim

um s

tage

s an

d di

scha

rges

prio

r to

and

durin

g S

epte

mbe

r 19

93,

in n

orth

wes

tern

and

cen

tral M

isso

uri C

ontin

ued

Summary of

Flood M 5" 1 c 3_ O. w 8 & 3

C M 3 <O 3̂ o (O 3 1

Max

imum

pri

or to

Sep

tem

ber

1993

Site

no.

(fi

g. 8

3)16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Stat

ion

no.

0692

1200

0692

3250

0693

0000

0693

2000

0693

3500

0693

4000

0701

3000

0701

4500

0701

5720

0701

6500

0701

8100

0701

8500

0701

9000

0705

0700

0705

2500

0705

7500

0706

6000

0718

6000

0718

7000

Stre

am a

nd p

lace

of

det

erm

inat

ion

Lind

ley

Cre

ek n

ear P

olk,

MO

Nia

ngua

Riv

er a

t Win

dyvi

lle, M

OB

ig P

iney

Riv

er n

ear B

ig P

iney

, MO

Littl

e Pi

ney

Cre

ek a

t New

burg

, MO

Gas

cona

de R

iver

at J

erom

e, M

O

Gas

cona

de R

iver

nea

r Ric

h Fo

unta

in,

MO

Mer

amec

Riv

er n

ear

Stee

lvill

e, M

OM

eram

ec R

iver

nea

r Su

lliva

n, M

O

Bou

rbeu

se R

iver

nea

r Hig

h G

ate,

MO

Bou

rbeu

se R

iver

at U

nion

, MO

Big

Riv

er n

ear R

ichw

oods

, MO

Big

Riv

er a

t Byr

nesv

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INDEX

absorption, definition, IXabstract, 1Alabama, 9Alaska, 115-118,179

damages, 115flood of "May-August 1992," 115-118maximum discharges, 115,117maximum stages, 117streamflow-gaging stations, 116,117

Alda, Nebraska, 217 Alexandria, Nebraska, 143 Allendale, South Carolina, 161 Allendale County, South Carolina, 161 Allisonia, Virginia, 111 Altamaha River Basin, Georgia, 199 Amite River Basin, Louisiana, 207 Angola, Indiana, 173 Anna River Basin, Virgina, 211 Appomattox River Basin, Virginia, 211 Arctic Ocean, 115 Arctic Slope, 115 Arizona, damages, 185

flood of "January and February 1993," 185-193maximum discharges, 185,187-191maximum stages, 185,187-191precipitation, 185,192,193streamflow-gaging stations, 186-191

Arkansas City, Kansas, 227 Arkansas River, Kansas, 227

at Arkansas City, Kansas, 227 Arkansas River Basin, 21, 227Arvin, Donald V, flood of "July 12-16, 1992, in central

Indiana," 139-141flood of "August 8, 1992, in southeastern and south- central Indiana," 147-149 flood of "December 30, 1992-January 15,1993, in northern Indiana," 173-175 floods of "June 8-9, 1993, in northern Indiana, and August 17, 1993, in west-central Indiana," 243-245

Ascension Parish, Louisiana, 207 Ashland, Nebraska, 217 Atigun Pass, Alaska, 115 Atlantic City, New Jersey, 165 Atlantic Coast, 103,165 Atlantic County, New Jersey, 165 Atlantic Ocean, 91, 111, 259 Auburn, Nebraska, 143 Auglaize County, Ohio, 135 Avon, North Carolina, 260,262,264, 267

B

Bahama Islands, 91Baja California, 185Balding, G.O, flood of "June 7-9,1993, in northeastern

Illinois," 239-241flood of "August 12,1993, in eastern Illinois," 255-258

Baldwin, W. Trent, flood of "January 20-23,1993, in south ern Mississippi," 203-206flood of "July 13-17, 1993, in central Mississippi," 251-253

Bane, Virginia, 119, 211 bank, definition, IX Bardstown, Kentucky, 127 Barneston, Nebraska, 143 Barrio Mulas, Puerto Rico, 93 Bartholomew County, Indiana, 243 Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 207 Beach Haven, New Jersey, 165 Beatrice, Nebraska, 143 Beaver Crossing, Nebraska, 217 Beaverdam Creek, Virginia, 111

at Hillsville, Virginia, 111 Beech Fork, Kentucky, 127

at Maud, Kentucky, 127 Beech Fork Basin, Kentucky, 127 Belmont County, Ohio, 135 BENEFITS computer program, 25 Bergen County, New Jersey, 165 Bermuda, 259 Big Blue River, Nebraska, 143

at Barneston, Nebraska, 143at Beatrice, Nebraska, 143near Crete, Nebraska, 143West Fork, Nebraska, 143

Big Coulee, North Dakota, 247 Bigelow, Bruce B., floods of "May-August 1992, in

Alaska," 115-118 Big Nemaha River, Nebraska, 143

at Falls City, Nebraska, 143 Big Piney River, Missouri, 269 Big Reed Island Creek, Virginia, 111

near Allisonia, Virginia, 111 Big River Basin, Missouri, 269 Big Sandy Creek, Nebraska, 143 Big Sandy River Basin, Virginia, 211 Big Sioux River, South Dakota, 31 Big Stone Lake, Minnesota, 24 Bill Williams River Basin, Arizona, 187 Biloxi River Basin, Mississippi, 206 Birdtown, North Carolina, 157

Index 275

Bismarck, North Dakota, 10,13-17,247 Blackford County, Indiana, 139 Black River, Arizona, 193

at Watertown, New York, 221below pumping plant near Point of Pines, Arizona, 193near Fort Apache, Arizona, 193New York, 221Wisconsin, 29

Black River Basin, New York, 221 Blue Island, Illinois, 239 Blue Ridge Mountains, 111, 211 Boneyard Creek, Illinois, 255

at Urbana, Illinois, 255 Bonita Creek, Arizona, 192

near Morenci, Arizona, 192 Bonny Reservoir, Colorado, 22Boohar, J.A., flood of "July 25-August 2,1992, in south

eastern Nebraska," 143-145flood of "March 8-12, 1993, in east-central Nebraska,"217-220

Booneville, Missouri, 29 Bourbon County, Kansas, 131 Bow, New Hampshire, 103 Bowers, James C., floods of "January and February 1993, in

southern California," 179-183 Brock Creek, Oklahoma, 231 Brooks Range, Alaska, 115 Brown, Robert O., "March 11, 1992, ice-jam flood in Mont-

pelier, Vermont," 103-110 Brown County, Indiana, 243 Buffalo, Wyoming, 123 Buffalo County, Nebraska, 217 Burr Ridge, Illinois, 239 Butler County, Nebraska, 217 Buxton, North Carolina, 259,260,262,264,267 Buxton Woods, North Carolina, 262,264,266,267

Caledonia County, Vermont, 110 California, maximum discharges, 181

maximum stages, 181,183precipitation, 179,180,182southern, floods of "January and February 1993,"179-183streamflow-gaging stations, 181,182

Calva, Arizona, 192 Cameron, Arizona, 185,193 Camp Pendleton, California, 182 Camp Verde, Arizona, 193 Campustown, Illinois, 255 Canada, 9Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, 259,260,266 Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina, 260,262 Cape May, New Jersey, 165

Cape May County, New Jersey, 165Caribbean Sea, 91Carrizo Creek, Arizona, 193

near Show Low, Arizona, 193 Carroll County, Indiana, 139,173 Cartwright Creek, Kentucky, 127

near Fredericktown, Kentucky, 127 Cartwright Creek Basin, Kentucky, 127 Cat Point Creek, Virginia, 155 Cayey, Puerto Rico, 91,93,96 Cedar Bluff Reservoir, Kansas, 22 Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 10,13-17 Cedar River, Nebraska, 217 Champaign, Illinois, 255 Chandlers Millpond, Virginia, 155

near Montross, Virginia, 155 Channel A, North Dakota, 247 Chariton, Iowa, 151 Chariton River, Iowa, 25,151

near Chariton, Iowa, 151 Chariton River Basin, Iowa, 25,151 Cheesequake, New Jersey, 165 Chena Lakes Flood Control Project, Alaska, 115 Chena River, Alaska, 115

near Two Rivers, Alaska, 115 Chena River Basin, Alaska, 115 Cherokee County, Kansas, 227 Cherry Creek, Arizona, 193 Chicago, Illinois, 239 Childs, Arizona, 193 Chippewa River, Wisconsin, 29 Chittenden County, Vermont, 110 Chrysotile, Arizona, 193 Cibecue Creek, Arizona, 193 Clark County, Indiana, 147 Clarkdale, Arizona, 193 Clay County, Indiana, 243 Clinton, Indiana, 243

Iowa, 29Clinton Lake, Kansas, 23 Cloverdale, Indiana, 243 Colfax County, Nebraska, 217 Colleton County, South Carolina, 161 Colonial Beach, Virginia, 155 Colorado, 22 Columbus, Indiana, 243

Nebraska, 217Comerio, Puerto Rico, 93,96,100 Comite, Louisiana, 207 Comite River, Louisiana, 207

near Comite, Louisiana, 207 Continental, Arizona, 192 contributing drainage area, 4 Cook County, Illinois, 239 Cooperstown, North Dakota, 247,249

276 Summary of Floods in the United States January 1992 Through September 1993

Coosawhatchie River, South Carolina, 161at State Secondary Road S-21 near Fairfax, South Caro lina, 161

Coosawhatchie River Basin, South Carolina, 161,165-164Coralville Reservoir, Iowa, 21,23Cornville, Arizona, 193Cosperville, Indiana, 173Cottonwood River, Kansas, 227

at Marion, Kansas, 227Craig County, Oklahoma, 231Crazy Woman Creek, Wyoming, 123

at Trabing Bridge, Wyoming, 123Crete, Nebraska, 143Crothersville, Indiana, 147Croys Creek, Indiana, 243cubic feet per second, definition, IXCuivre River Basin, Missouri, 269Cumberland County, New Jersey, 165Cuming County, Nebraska, 217current meter, definition, IX

Dadeville, Missouri, 269Dan River, Virginia, 111Davenport, Iowa, 30Davis City, Iowa, 151Deadhorse, Alaska, 115Delaware, 9,165Delaware County, Indiana, 139De Luz Creek, California, 179Denham Springs, Louisiana, 207Denner, Jon C., "March 11,1992, ice-jam flood in Montpe-

lier, Vermont," 103-110 Deputy, Indiana, 147 Derby, Iowa, 151 Des Moines, Iowa, 10,14,15 Des Moines River, Iowa, 30 Des Moines River Basin, Iowa, 29,30 DeSoto, Kansas, 25-28 Des Plaines River, Illinois, 239 Devils Lake, North Dakota, 247,249 Devils Lake Basin, North Dakota, 247 Deweese, Nebraska, 143 Dexter, New York, 221 Diamond Shoals, North Carolina, 259 discharge, definition, IX Dodge County, Nebraska, 217 Doe Creek, Indiana, 243 Dominican Republic, 91 Dorado, Puerto Rico, 93,96 Dorchester, Nebraska, 143,217 Douglas County, Nebraska, 217 drainage area, definition, IX, 4 drainage basin, definition, IX

Dugspur, Virginia, 111Du Page County, Illinois, 239

Eagle, Alaska, 115 Eagle Creek, Arizona, 192

above pumping plant near Morenci, Arizona, 192 East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, 207 East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, 207 Eddins, W. Harold, flood of "September 10,1992, Swain

County, North Carolina," 157-159 Edmore, North Dakota, 247 Edmore Coulee, North Dakota, 247

near Edmore, North Dakota, 247 Edmore Coulee tributary, North Dakota, 247

near Webster, North Dakota, 247 El Coco, Puerto Rico, 96 Elkhart County, Indiana, 243 Elkhart River, Indiana, 173 Elkhorn River, Nebraska, 217

at Waterloo, Nebraska, 217at West Point, Nebraska, 217

Enders Reservoir, Nebraska, 22 Eskridge, Kansas, 131 Essex County, New Jersey, 165 Eufaula Lake, Oklahoma, 231 explanation of data, 4

Fairbanks, Alaska, 115,118 Fairbury, Nebraska, 143 Fairfax, South Carolina, 161 Falls City, Nebraska, 143 Fargo, North Dakota, 247 Fish Creek, Indiana, 173

at Hamilton, Indiana, 173 flood, definition, IX, 1

ice-jam, 103-110,115, 217 flood-control pool, 19 flood-control reservoirs, 22-24 flood damage, 1, 2, 91,93,96,109-111,115,131,135,145,

147, 157, 173,185,207, 217, 221, 227, 231,239,243,247,255, 266,269

flood discharge, determination of, 3 flood-envelope curve, 6 flood magnitude, 4 flood plain, definition, IX flood probability, 4,6 flood stage, definition, IX

determination of, 3 flood storage, 20-25 Florida, 9 Fontanet, Indiana, 243

Index 277

Fort Apache, Arizona, 193Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana, 22Fort Wayne, Indiana, 173Francis Case Reservoir, South Dakota, 22Franklin County, Ohio, 135Frankton, Indiana, 139Fredericksburg, Virginia, 155Fredericktown, Kentucky, 127Frisco, North Carolina, 262,264,267

Garden State Parkway, New Jersey, 165 Gasconade River, Missouri, 269 Gasconade River Basin, Missouri, 269 Georgia, maximum discharges, 199,201,202

maximum stages, 199,201,202precipitation, 199southeastern, flood of "January 8-21,1993," 199-202streamflow-gaging stations, 200-202

Gila River, Arizona, 185,192at Calva, Arizona, 192

Gila River Basin, Arizona, 185,192New Mexico, 192precipitation, 192

Girard, Kansas, 227 glossary, IXGrand Falls, Arizona, 185 Grand River Basin, Missouri, 29 Grant County, Indiana, 139 Gretna, Nebraska, 217 Gulf of Alaska, 179,185 Gulf of Mexico, 9, 111, 207 Gulf of Venezuela, 91 Gun Creek, Arizona, 193 Guthrie, Oklahoma, 231

H

Hall County, Nebraska, 217Hamilton, Indiana, 173Hampton, South Carolina, 161Hampton County, South Carolina, 161Hancock County, Indiana, 139Hanover, Indiana, 147Harkness, R.E., floods of "July and August 1993, in eastern

and south-central North Dakota," 247-250 Harlan County Reservoir, Nebraska, 22 Harry S Truman Lake, Missouri, 23,25 Harry Strunk Reservoir, Nebraska, 22 Hart Ditch, Indiana, 243

at Munster, Indiana, 243 Hatteras, North Carolina, 259-267 Hatteras Island, North Carolina, 259-267 Henryville, Indiana, 147

Hermann, Missouri, 25,31 Hillsdale Lake, Kansas, 23,25 Holbrook, Arizona, 185 Hollenberg, Kansas, 143 Howard County, Indiana, 139 Hudson Bay Basin, North Dakota, 247 Hudson County, New Jersey, 165 Hugh Butler Reservoir, Nebraska, 22 Humboldt, Nebraska, 143 Hurricane Agnes, 221 Hurricane Emily, 259-267 Hurricane Gloria, 266

I

ice-jam flooding, 103-110,115,217 Illinois, 31,33-36

damages, 239,255eastern, flood of "August 12,1993," 255-258flood-determination sites, 241,256,258maximum discharges, 35,36,240,258maximum stages, 35,36,240,258northeastern, flood of "June 7-9,1993," 239-241precipitation, 239,255,257streamflow-gaging stations, 34-36

Illinois River, Illinois, 31 Indian Creek, Ohio, 135

at Massieville, Ohio, 135 Indiana, central, flood of "July 12-16, 1992," 139-141

damages, 147,173,243flood-determination sites, 140,141,148,149,174,175,244,245maximum discharges, 139,141,149,175,245maximum stages, 141,149,175,245northern, flood of "December 30, 1992-January 15,1993," 173-175northern, flood of "June 8-9,1993," 243-245precipitation, 139,147,173,243southeastern and south-central, flood of "August 8,1992," 147-149west-central, flood of "August 17, 1993," 243-245

indirect measurements, 3 introduction, 1 Iowa, 10,16,23-25,29,31,33,37-43

east-central, 9flood-determination sites, 152,153maximum discharges, 38-43,153maximum stages, 38-43,153precipitation, 9,10,16,30,151south-central, flood of "September 1992," 151-153streamflow-gaging stations, 37-43,152,153

Iowa River, Iowa, 30,38 Iroquois River, Indiana, 243

at Rosebud, Indiana, 243 isohyetal map, definition, IX

278 Summary of Floods in the United States January 1992 Through September 1993

Jackson County, Indiana, 147James, Robert W., Jr., "floods in the upper Mississippi River

Basin, 1993," 29-31 James River, at Jamestown, North Dakota, 68, 247

at Richmond, Virginia, 111Missouri, 269near Manfred, North Dakota, 247North Dakota, 31, 247South Dakota, 31Virginia, 211

James River Basin, North Dakota, 30, 247North and South Dakota, 29Virginia, 111, 211

Jamestown, North Dakota, 247,249 Jamestown Reservoir, North Dakota, 247 Jasper County, Indiana, 243 Jefferson County, Indiana, 147

Ohio, 135Jennings County, Indiana, 147 Jerome, Indiana, 139

Missouri, 269 jetstream, 9,179, 185 Johnson County, Wyoming, 123,124

K

Kankakee River, Indiana, 173,243Kanopolis Lake, Kansas, 22Kansas, 22,25, 29,31,33,44-48,131-133,231, 269

damages, 131,227eastern, 10eastern, floods of "July 1992," 131-133flood-determination sites, 133,228,229maximum discharges, 45-48,132,227,229maximum stages, 45-48,132,227,229northeast, 9precipitation, 9,10, 131, 227,228southeastern, floods of "May-September 1993," 227-229streamflow-gaging stations, 20,44-48,132,133, 228,229

Kansas City, Missouri, 10,14,15,21, 27 Kansas River, 19,21, 27, 28,31

at DeSoto, Kansas, 25,27,28 Kansas River Basin, Kansas, effects of reservoirs, 19-29,31

flood discharges, 26 Kaw Lake, Oklahoma, 231 Keith Sebelius Lake, Kansas, 22 Kentucky, central, 127-130

flood of "June 18, 1992," 127-130flood-determination sites, 128maximum discharges, 130maximum stages, 130precipitation, 127,129

Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky, 130 Keokuk, Iowa, 30 Keyport, New Jersey, 165 Keystone Lake, Oklahoma, 231 Kiana, Alaska, 115,117 Kilmarnock, Virginia, 155 Kingfisher, Oklahoma, 231 Kings Creek, Kansas, 131 Kirwin Lake, Kansas, 23 Kobuk River, Alaska, 115

near Kiana, Alaska, 115 Kuparuk River, Alaska, 115

near Deadhorse, Alaska, 115

Lago La Plata, Puerto Rico, 96Lago Patillas, Puerto Rico, 93Lagrange County, Indiana, 243Laguna Mountains, California, 179Lake Altus, Oklahoma, 231Lake County, Indiana, 243Lake Longbranch, Missouri, 23, 25Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri, 23,25Lake Ontario, 221Lake Rathbun, Iowa, 23,25Lake Red Rock, Iowa, 21, 24La Plata Dam, Puerto Rico, 100LaPorte, Indiana, 243LaPorte County, Indiana, 243Laveen, Arizona, 192Lawrence County, Indiana, 147Leech Lake, Minnesota, 24Lebanon, Kentucky, 127Lemont Creek, Illinois, 239Levesque Station, Vermont, 109Lewis and Clark Reservoir, South Dakota, 22Liberty, Mississippi, 207Lightning Creek, Kansas, 227

near McCune, Kansas, 227Oklahoma, 231

Little Blue River, Nebraska, 143at Hollenberg, Kansas, 143near Alexandria, Nebraska, 143near Deweese, Nebraska, 143near Fairbury, Nebraska, 143

Little Colorado River, Arizona, 185near Cameron, Arizona, 185,193

Little Colorado River Basin, Arizona, 185 Little Elkhart River, Indiana, 243

at Middlebury, Indiana, 243 Little Kinnakeet, North Carolina, 260 Little Nemaha River, Nebraska, 143

at Auburn, Nebraska, 143 Little Piney Creek, Missouri, 269

Index 279

Little River Basin, Georgia, 199 Little Sioux River, Iowa, 31 Little Sioux River Basin, Iowa, 29 Livingston Parish, Louisiana, 207 Lochiel, Arizona, 192 Lockport, Illinois, 239 Los Esteros Creek, New Mexico, 195 Louisiana, damages, 207

maximum discharges, 209maximum stages, 209precipitation, 207southeastern, flood of "January 21-23, 1993," 207-209streamflow-gaging stations, 208,209

Louisville, Nebraska, 217 Loup River, Nebraska, 217 Lovewell Reservoir, Kansas, 22 Lucas County, Iowa, 151

M

Madison, Wisconsin, 10,14,15 Madison County, Indiana, 139 Mahoning County, Ohio, 135 Manahawkin, New Jersey, 165 Manfred, North Dakota, 247 Manhattan, Kansas, 10,13-17 Margarita, Puerto Rico, 96 Marion, Kansas, 227 Marion County, Kansas, 227 Marion Lake, Kansas, 227 Mark Twain Lake, Missouri, 24 Marmaton, Kansas, 131 Marmaton River, Kansas, 131

near Marmaton, Kansas, 131 Marshall County, Kansas, 131 Maryland, 165 Marysville, Kansas, 131 Massieville, Ohio, 135 Maury River, Virginia, 111 Mayoworth, Wyoming, 123-125 McCallum, Brian E., flood of "January 21-23, 1993, in

southeastern Louisiana," 207-209 McCune, Kansas, 227 McFarland, Kansas, 131 Meherrin River Basin, Virginia, 211 Melcher, Nick B., "floods in the upper Mississippi River

Basin, 1993," 29-31 Melvern Lake, Kansas, 23,25 Mercer County, Ohio, 135 meteorologic factors, 1 Miami, Oklahoma, 231 Michigan City, Indiana, 243 Middlebury, Indiana, 243 Middlesex, Vermont, 103,109

Middlesex County, New Jersey, 165,171 Milford Lake, Kansas, 22,25-27 Mill Creek, Kansas, 131

near Paxico, Kansas, 131 Minneapolis, Minnesota, 10,13,14-16 Minnesota, 10,16,24,29,30,33,49-52

maximum discharges, 50-52maximum stages, 50-52precipitation, 10,16streamflow-gaging stations, 49-52

Minnesota River, 29 Minnesota River Basin, 29,30 Mira Fork tributary, Virginia, 111

near Dugspur, Virginia, 111 Mississippi, central, flood of "July 13-17, 1993," 251-253

flood-determination sites, 204-206, 252,253maximum discharges, 205,206, 253maximum stages, 205,206, 253precipitation, 203,251southern, flood of "January 20-23,1993," 203-206

Mississippi River, 8,19,27,269at Clinton, Iowa, 29at Keokuk, Iowa, 29at St. Louis, Missouri, 19,29-31flood discharge, 19,33-87gage heights, 33-87recurrence intervals, 29,33-87

Mississippi River Basin, damages, 8,29effects of reservoirs, 9-28floods in, 1,29-31precipitation, 9-17,29upper, 1, 8-17, 19,29-31,33-87, 247, 269

Mississippi River Valley, 207 Missouri, 8,10, 23-25, 29-31,33, 53-58,231

damages, 269flood of "September 22-26,1993," in northwestern andcentral Missouri," 269-274flood-determination sites, 272-274maximum discharges, 54-58, 273,274maximum stages, 54-58, 273,274precipitation, 9,231,269-271southern, 9streamflow-gaging stations, 20,53-58

Missouri River, 8,19, 21, 25,27, 29,31, 217,247,269at Kansas City, Missouri, 21at Hermann, Missouri, 25flood discharge, 19,26, 33-87gage heights, 33-87recurrence intervals, 33-87

Missouri River Basin, 19-28,227effects of reservoirs, 9-28

Mojave River, California, 179 Mojave River Basin, California, 179 Monmouth County, New Jersey, 165,171 Monroe County, Indiana, 243

280 Summary of Floods in the United Slates January 1992 Through September 1993

Montana, 21,22,25 Montgomery County, Indiana, 243 Montpelier, Vermont, 103-110

flood damage, 109,110 Montross, Virginia, 155 Monument Creek, Alaska, 115 Mooristown, New Jersey, 165 Moose Creek, Alaska, 115 Moose Creek Reservoir, Alaska, 115 Morenci, Arizona, 192 Morgan County, Indiana, 243 Mt. Guyot, North Carolina, 157 Mt. Hardison, North Carolina, 157 multipurpose pool, 19 Munster, Indiana, 243 Murrieta Creek, California, 182

near Temecula, California, 182 Muscatatuck River, Indiana, 147

near Deputy, Indiana, 147 Muskingum routing method, 25

N

Nags Head, North Carolina, 266 Nance County, Nebraska, 217 Nashville, Indiana, 243 Nebraska, 22, 29,31-33,59-65,131

damages, 145,217east-central; floods of "March 8-12, 1993," 217-220flood-determination sites, 144,145,218-220maximum discharges, 60-65,143,144,219,220maximum stages, 60-65,143,144,219,220precipitation, 143southeastern, flood of "July 25-August 2, 1992," 143-145streamflow-gaging stations, 59-65,143,144,218-220

Nemaha County, Kansas, 131 Neosho River, Oklahoma, 235 Newark, New Jersey, 165 New Jersey, damages, 165

flood of "December 11-12, 1992," 165-171tide elevations, 166-170tide gages, 166-170

New Mexico, 192floods of "January-March, July, and August 1993," 195-197maximum discharges, 197maximum stages, 197streamflow-gaging stations, 196,197

New River, Virginia, 111, 119,211 New River Basin, Virginia, 111, 119,211 Newton County, Indiana, 173 New York, 165,221

damages, 221flood of "April 1993," 221-225

maximum discharges, 224maximum stages, 224precipitation, 221snowpack, 222streamflow-gaging stations, 223,224

Ninnescah River, Kansas, 227near Peck, Kansas, 227

Nishnabotna River, Iowa, 31 Nishnabotna River Basin, Iowa, 29 Nodaway River Basin, Missouri, 269 Nogales, Arizona, 192 Norfolk, Virginia, 155 North Branch Elkhart River, Indiana, 173

at Cosperville, Indiana, 173 North Branch Winooski River, Vermont, 103-105,107,108

at Wrightsville, Vermont, 107 North Carolina, 111

damages, 157,266extent of storm-surge inundation, 266flood of "September 10, 1992, Swain County," 157-159flood of "August 31,1993, storm surge and flood of Hur ricane Emily on Hatteras Island," 259-267flood-determination sites, 158,159high-water marks, 260,263-265maximum discharges, 159maximum stages, 159precipitation, 157,260

North Cottonwood River, Kansas, 227below Marion Lake, Kansas, 227

North Dakota, 9,10,16,21, 22,25, 29-31, 33,66-68damages, 247eastern and south-central, floods of "July and August1993," 247-250extent of flooding, 248flood-determination sites, 248,250maximum discharges, 67, 68,250maximum stages, 67,68,250precipitation, 9,16, 249south-central, 9streamflow-gaging stations, 66-68

North Fork Big Nemaha River, Nebraska, 143at Humboldt, Nebraska, 143

North Fork Powder River, Wyoming, 123-125below Pass Creek, near Mayoworth, Wyoming, 123

North Slope, Alaska, 115 Nottoway River Basin, Virginia, 211 Nowata County, Oklahoma, 231

Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota, 22 Oak Creek, Arizona, 193

near Cornville, Arizona, 193 Ocean City, New Jersey, 165 Ocean County, New Jersey, 165

Index 281

Oconaluftee River, North Carolina, 157at Birdtown, North Carolina, 157

Ogeechee River Basin, Georgia, 199 Ohio, damages, 135

floods of "July 1992, in central and western Ohio," 135-137central and western, 135-137flood-determination site, 136maximum discharges, 137maximum stages, 137precipitation, 135

Ohio River, 31 Ohio River Basin, 31 Oklahoma, damages, 231

flood-determination sites, 232,234-236floods of "May 8-14 and September 25-27,1993," 231-237maximum contents of reservoirs, 237maximum discharges, 234-236maximum elevations of reservoirs, 237maximum stages, 234-236precipitation, 231,233reservoir-measurement sites, 232, 237

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 231, 233 Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, 231 Oneida River, New York, 221

near Phoenix, New York, 221 Orange County, Vermont, 110 Oregon, 179Osage River, Missouri, 25 Osage River Basin, Kansas and Missouri, 25 Oswego River, New York, 221 Oswego River Basin, New York, 221 Ottawa County, Oklahoma, 231 overland flow, definition, IX Owen County, Indiana, 243

Pacific Ocean, 179,185Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, 260,262,266, 267Panhandle, Oklahoma, 231Panorama Lake, Iowa, 24Paragon, Indiana, 243Parke County, Indiana, 243Parrett, Charles, "floods in the upper Mississippi River

Basin, 1993," 29-31Pascagoula River Basin, Mississippi, 205, 206, 253 Pass Creek, Wyoming, 123 Patillas, Puerto Rico, 93, 96 Paulden, Arizona, 193 Paxico, Kansas, 131 Pearl River Basin, Mississippi, 206,253 Peck, Kansas, 227 Peoria, Illinois, 10,14,15

percent chance of occurrence, 4,6Peridot, Arizona, 192Perry, Charles A., "effects of reservoirs in the Kansas, Mis

souri, and Mississippi River Basins on the 1993 floods," 19-28"flood discharges, gage heights, and recurrence intervals in upper Mississippi and Missouri River Basins by State," 33-87

Perry County, Ohio, 135Perry Lake, Kansas, 23Perth Amboy, New Jersey, 165Phoenix, Arizona, 185

New York, 221physiographic factors, 1Piedmont, 211Pigeon Creek, Indiana, 173

near Angola, Indiana, 173Pine Lake, Indiana, 243

at LaPorte, Indiana, 243Pine River Lake, Minnesota, 24Pipe Creek, Indiana, 139

at Frankton, Indiana, 139Pipestem Reservoir, North Dakota, 247Pisgah, Mississippi, 251Platte County, Nebraska, 217Platte River, Nebraska, 31,217

at Louisville, Nebraska, 217 near Ashland, Nebraska, 217 near Gretna, Nebraska, 217

Platte River Basin, Nebraska, 25,29Plymouth, Indiana, 173Point of Pines, Arizona, 193Pokegama Lake, Minnesota, 24Pomme de Terre Lake, Missouri, 23,25Pomme de Terre River, Missouri, 269Pomona Lake, Kansas, 23,25Ponce, Puerto Rico, 93, 96Pope, G.L., flood of "January and February 1993, in Ari

zona," 185-193Porter County, Indiana, 243Potomac River, Virginia, 111, 211Powder River, Wyoming, 123previous reports, 3Promise City, Iowa, 151Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 115,118Prugh, Byron J., Jr., flood of "April 1992, in central and

southwestern Virginia," 111-113 flood of "June 1992, in western Virginia," 119-121 flood of "September 5-6,1992, on Cat Point Creek, east ern Virginia," 155,156 flood of "March 1993, in Virginia," 211-215

Puerto Rico, damages, 91,93, 96floods of "January 5-6,1992," 91-101 maximum discharges, 96-98,100 maximum stages, 96-98

282 Summary of Floods in the United Stetes Januery 1992 Through September 1993

precipitation, 91, 94, 95 streamflow-gaging stations, 97-99

Putnam County, Indiana, 243

Quapaw, Oklahoma, 231 Quebrada Arenas, Puerto Rico, 100 Quebrada Arriba, Puerto Rico, 93 Quebrada Santo Domingo, Puerto Rico, 93 Quebrada Vieques, Puerto Rico, 96 Quincy, Indiana, 243

Raccoon River Basin, Iowa, 30 Rapidan River Basin, Virginia, 111 Rappahannock River Basin, Virginia, 111, 211 Raritan, New Jersey, 165 Raritan Bay, New Jersey, 165 Rattlesnake Creek, Kansas, 227

near Zenith, Kansas, 227 Raven Fork, North Carolina, 157

near Smokemont, North Carolina, 157 recurrence interval, 2,4,6 Red Cane Creek tributary, Mississippi, 251

near Pisgah, Mississippi, 251 Red River of the North, North Dakota, 247 Reelsville, Indiana, 243 regulation, definition, IX reservoir, definition, IX

effects of, 19-28flood-control, 19, 20level maintenance, 27

Richmond, Virginia, 111 Rigas, P.O., flood of "January and February 1993, in

Arizona," 185-193 Riley County, Kansas, 131 Rillito Creek, Arizona, 192 Rillito Creek Basin, Arizona, 192 Rimrock, Arizona, 193 Rio Cerrillos, 100 Rio Chiquito, Puerto Rico, 96 Rio de La Plata, Puerto Rico, 93,96,100

at Comerio, Puerto Rico, 96,100at Highway 2 near Toa Aha, Puerto Rico, 100at Proyecto La Plata, Puerto Rico, 91, 96below La Plata Dam, Puerto Rico, 100

Rio Fajardo, Puerto Rico, 96,100near Fajardo, Puerto Rico, 96

Rio Grande de Loiza, Puerto Rico, 100at Quebrada Arenas, Puerto Rico, 100

Rio Grande de Patillas, Puerto Rico, 93,100near Patillas, Puerto Rico, 91,96

Rio Lapa, Puerto Rico, 96,100

Rio Majada, Puerto Rico, 100Rio Nigua, Puerto Rico, 96Rio Portugues, Puerto Rico, 96Rio Sabana, Puerto Rico, 96,100

at Sabana, Puerto Rico, 96Rio Toa Vaca, Puerto Rico, 100Rivanna River Basin, Virginia, 111Riverside County, California, 179Roanoke, Virginia, 111Roanoke River, Virginia, 111Roanoke River Basin, Virginia, 211Roca, Nebraska, 143Rolling Fork, Kentucky, 127

near Lebanon, Kentucky, 127Roosevelt, Arizona, 193Rosebud, Indiana, 243Rosedale, Indiana, 243Ross County, Ohio, 135Ruhl, Kevin J., flood of "June 18, 1992, in central Ken

tucky," 127-130runoff, definition, IX

Sabino Creek, Arizona, 192near Tuscon, Arizona, 192

Sac River, Missouri, 269near Dadeville, Missouri, 269

Sagavanirktok River, Alaska, 115,118tributary near Pump Station 3, Alaska, 115

Sakakawea Reservoir, North Dakota, 22 Salcha River, Alaska, 115 Salem County, New Jersey, 165 Salinas, Puerto Rico, 93,96 Salkehatchie River Basin, South Carolina, 161,163 Salt Creek, Nebraska, 143

at Roca, Nebraska, 143 Salt River, Arizona, 185,193

near Chrysotile, Arizona, 193near Roosevelt, Arizona, 193

Salt River Basin, Arizona, 185,193Kentucky, 130

San Bemardino Mountains, California, 179 San Carlos Reservoir, Arizona, 192 San Carlos River, Arizona, 192

near Peridot, Arizona, 192 Sanders, Curtis L., Jr., flood of "October 9-10, 1992, in

South Carolina," 161-164 San Diego, California, 179 San Diego County, California, 179 Sandy Hook, New Jersey, 165,168 Sandy Lake, Minnesota, 24 San Gabriel Mountains, California, 179 San Luis Rey River Basin, California, 179 Santa Ana River, California, 179

Index 283

Santa Ana River Basin, California, 179Santa Cruz River, Arizona, 185,192

at Continental, Arizona, 192 at Tuscon, Arizona, 192 near Laveen, Arizona, 192 near Lochiel, Arizona, 192 near Nogales, Arizona, 192

Santa Cruz River Basin, Arizona, 185,192 precipitation, 192

Santa Margarita River, California, 182 at Ysidora, California, 182 near Temecula, California, 182

Santa Margarita River Basin, California, 179,182Santa Rosa Lake, New Mexico, 195Santa Rosa Plateau, California, 179,182Sarpy County, Nebraska, 217Satilla River Basin, Georgia, 199Saunders County, Nebraska, 217Savannah River Basin, South Carolina, 161,164Savoy, Illinois, 255Sawmill Creek, Illinois, 239

near Lemont, Illinois, 239Saylorville Lake, Iowa, 21,23Scotio River, Ohio, 135Scott County, Indiana, 147Seneca Lake, New York, 221Seneca River, New York, 221Seward County, Nebraska, 217Sharpe Reservoir, South Dakota, 22Shelby County, Ohio, 135Shenandoah River Basin, Virginia, 211Shenandoah River Valley, Virginia, 111, 211Sheridan County, Wyoming, 124Sherman, K.M., flood of "January and February 1993, in

Arizona," 185-193Sheyenne River, North Dakota, 247Sheyenne River Basin, North Dakota, 247Shindel, Harold, floods of "July 1992, in central and west

ern Ohio," 135-137Show Low, Arizona, 193Silver Lakes, California, 179Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 10,14,15Skiatook, Oklahoma, 231Skunk River, Iowa, 30,40Skunk River Basin, Iowa, 29,30Smith, C.F., flood of "January and February 1993, in Ari

zona," 185-193Smithville Lake, Missouri, 23Smokemont, North Carolina, 157Somerset County, New Jersey, 165Somerville, New Jersey, 165Southard, Rodney, flood of "September 1992, in south-cen

tral Iowa," 151-153flood of "September 22-26, 1993, in northwestern and central Missouri," 269-274

South Bend, Indiana, 173 South Carolina, 211

flood of "October 9-10, 1992," 161-164flood-determination sites, 162-164maximum discharges, 163,164maximum stages, 163,164precipitation, 161

South Dakota, 10,21, 22,25, 29,31,33, 69-81maximum discharges, 70-81maximum stages, 70-81precipitation, 10southeastern, 10streamflow-gaging stations, 69-81

South Fork Chariton River Basin, Iowa, 151near Promise City, Iowa, 151

Sperry, Oklahoma, 231 Springfield, Kentucky, 127 Spring River, Missouri, 269

near Quapaw, Oklahoma, 231near Waco, Missouri, 269Oklahoma, 231

stage, definition, IX stage-discharge, curve, definition, IX

relation, definition, IX, 3 Stamey, Timothy C., floods of "January 8-21, 1993, in

southeastern Georgia," 199-202 Stevens Branch, Vermont, 103,104,109 Stevens Village, Alaska, 115 St. Joseph, Missouri, 29 St. Joseph County, Indiana, 243 St. Joseph River, Indiana, 173

near Fort Wayne, Indiana, 173 St. Joseph River Basins, Indiana, 173 St. Louis, Missouri, 10,13-15,19, 25, 30, 31 Stockton Lake, Missouri, 23,25 storm surge, 165,167,168, 259-267 streamflow, definition, IX streamflow-gaging station, definition, IX Studley, Seth E., floods of "July 1992, in eastern Kansas,"

131-133floods of "May-September 1993, in southeastern Kan sas," 227-229

summary table of maximum stages and discharges, explana tion, 5

surcharge pool, definition, 20 surface runoff, definition, IX surface water, definition, IX Suro, Thomas P., flood of "December 11-12, 1992, New

Jersey," 165-171Suwannee River Basin, Georgia, 202 Swain County, North Carolina, 157-159 Swanson Reservoir, Nebraska, 22 Syracuse, New York, 221 Szabo, Carolyn O., flood of "April 1993, New York," 221-

225

284 Summary of Flooda in the United States January 1992 Through September 1993

Tanana River, Alaska, 115 Tangle Creek, Arizona, 193 Tanque Verde Creek, Arizona, 192

at Tuscon, Arizona, 192 Tar Creek, Oklahoma, 231

at 22nd Street at Miami, Oklahoma, 231 Tchoutacabouffa River Basin, Mississippi, 206 Temecula, California, 182 Tennessee River Basin, Virginia, 211 Thebes, Illinois, 31Thompson Creek Basin, Mississippi, 206 Thompson River, Iowa, 151

at Davis City, Iowa, 151 Thompson River Basin, Iowa, 151 Tide gages, 166,168-170

elevations, 166,169, 170 Tippecanoe River, Indiana, 173 Toa Alta, Puerto Rico, 100 Toa Baja, Puerto Rico, 93,96 Tolono, Illinois, 255 Tonto Creek, Arizona, 193

above Gun Creek, Arizona, 193 Tonto Creek Basin, Arizona, 193 Toro Negro Forest, Puerto Rico, 91 Torres-Sierra, Heriberto, floods of "January 5-6, 1992, in

Puerto Rico," 91-101 Tortorelli, Robert L., floods of "May 8-14 and September

25-27, 1993, Oklahoma," 231-237 Trail Creek, Indiana, 243

at Michigan City, Indiana, 243 Trevlac, Indiana, 243 Trumbull County, Ohio, 135 Turkey Creek, Nebraska, 143

near Wilber, Nebraska, 143 Tuscon, Arizona, 192 Tuttle Creek Lake, Kansas, 23,25,27 Twin Creek, Oklahoma, 231

U

Union County, New Jersey, 165 unit discharge, 6 United States, 1,2,8

Coastal States, 165 south-central, 259

eastern, 9Midwest, 9, 111southeastern, 9southwestern, 179upper Midwestern, 8,9western, 9,179

University of Illinois, 255 Upper New York Bay, 165 Urbana, Illinois, 255

Valley City, North Dakota, 247 Van Wert, Iowa, 151 Vazquez, Puerto Rico, 96 Verde River, Arizona, 185,193

below Tangle Creek, Arizona, 193near Camp Verde, Arizona, 193near Clarkdale, Arizona, 193near Paulden, Arizona, 193

Verde River Basin, Arizona, 185,193 Verdigris River, Kansas, 227

near Virgil, Kansas, 227 Vermillion County, Indiana, 243 Vermont, damages, 109,110

"March 11, 1992, ice-jam flood in Montpelier," 103-110streamflow-gaging stations, 106

Vicksburg, Mississippi, 251 Victorville, California, 179 Vigil, Jeff C., flood of "June 14-15,1992, along the North

Fork Powder River below Pass Creek, near Mayoworth,Wyoming," 123-125

Vigo County, Indiana, 243 Vining, Kevin C., "precipitation in the upper Mississippi

River Basin during the floods of 1993," 9-17 Virgil, Kansas, 227 Virginia, 111-113,119-121,155,156

central and southwestern, "flood of April 1992," 111-113damages, 111eastern, "flood of September 5-6,1992, on Cat PointCreek," 155,156flood of "March 1993," 211-215maximum discharges, 111, 113,119,121,155,213,215maximum stages, 113,121,155,213,215physiographic provinces, 212precipitation, 119,155,156,211streamflow-gaging stations, 112,113,120,121,156,212-215western, flood of "June 1992," 119-121

W

Wabaunsee County, Kansas, 131Waco, Missouri, 269Waconda Lake, Kansas, 23Wahl, Kenneth L., "precipitation in the upper Mississippi

River Basin during the floods of 1993," 9-17 Walker Creek, Virginia, 119,211

at Bane, Virginia, 119,211 Walker Creek Basin, Virginia, 211 Waltemeyer, Scott D., floods of "January-March, July, and

August 1993, in New Mexico," 195-197 Walters, Darrell M., floods of "May 8-14 and September

25-27,1993, in Oklahoma," 231-237 Warsaw, Virginia, 155

Index 285

Washington County, Indiana, 147Kansas, 131Kentucky, 127Vermont, 103,110

water equivalent of snow, definition, IX water year, definition, IX Waterloo, Nebraska, 217 Watertown, New York, 221 Watson, New York, 221 weather patterns, 9,10 Weaver, J. Curtis, flood of "August 31, 1993, storm surge

and flood of Hurricane Emily on Hatteras Island, NorthCarolina," 259-267

Webster, North Dakota, 247 Webster Reservoir, Kansas, 23 West Clear Creek, Arizona, 193

near Camp Verde, Arizona, 193 West Fork Big Blue River, Nebraska, 143,217

near Beaver Crossing, Nebraska, 217near Dorchester, Nebraska, 143,217

West Hobolochitto Creek, Mississippi, 203 West Point, Nebraska, 217 Wet Beaver Creek, Arizona, 193 Wet Bottom Creek, Arizona, 193

near Childs, Arizona, 193 White River, Arizona, 193

near Fort Apache, Arizona, 193 White Sand, Mississippi, 203Wiche, Gregg J., floods of "July and August 1993, in east

ern and south-central North Dakota," 247-250"precipitation in the upper Mississippi Basin during thefloods of 1993," 9-17

Wilber, Nebraska, 143 Wildcat Creek, Indiana, 139

near Jerome, Indiana, 139 Williams-Sether, Tara, floods of "July and August 1993, in

eastern and south-central North Dakota," 247-250 Wilson Lake, Kansas, 23 Windsor County, Vermont, 110 Winnibigoshish Lake, Minnesota, 24

Winooski River, Vermont, 103-105,107-109at Montpelier, Vermont, 103-105

Winooski River Basin, Vermont, 103-105 Winslow, Arizona, 185 Wisconsin, 10,16,29, 33,82-87

maximum discharges, 83-87maximum stages, 83-87precipitation, 10,16streamflow-gaging stations, 82-87

Wolf River Basin, Mississippi, 206 Wood River, Nebraska, 217

near Alda, Nebraska, 217 Wrightsville, Vermont, 108Wrightsville Detention Reservoir, Vermont, 105,107,108 Wyoming, flood of "June 14-15, 1992, along the North

Fork Powder River below Pass Creek, near Mayoworth,Wyoming," 123-125maximum discharges, 125maximum stages, 125precipitation, 123,124streamflow-gaging stations, 124,125

Yellow River, Indiana, 173 at Plymouth, Indiana, 173

Ysidora, California, 182Yukon River, Alaska, 115

at Eagle, Alaska, 115 near Stevens Village, Alaska, 115

Yukon River Basin, Alaska, 115

Zembrzuski, Thomas J., Jr., flood of "September 10, 1992, Swain County, North Carolina," 157-159 flood of "August 31, 1993, storm surge and flood of Hur ricane Emily on Hatteras Island, North Carolina," 259- 267

Zenith, Kansas, 227

286 Summary of Floods in the United States January 1992 Through Saptamber 1993

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