Martin Seligman's Theories
Transcript of Martin Seligman's Theories
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Positive ThinkingPositive Thinking
Martin Seligman’s Theory Martin Seligman’s Theory of of
Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness&&
Learned OptimisimLearned Optimisim
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Team MembersTeam Members Gaurav Jain (8051)Gaurav Jain (8051) Wasim (8157)Wasim (8157) Anish Jojan (8053)Anish Jojan (8053) Jaya Pandey (8146)Jaya Pandey (8146) Kashmira Jain (8052)Kashmira Jain (8052) Rahul Ramteke (8155)Rahul Ramteke (8155) Rahul Kashyap (8154)Rahul Kashyap (8154)
Positive Thinking
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WHAT IS POSITIVE WHAT IS POSITIVE THINKING?THINKING?
Positive Thinking
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Positive thinking is Positive thinking is ““the practice or the practice or result of concentrating oneresult of concentrating one’’s mind s mind affirmatively on what is constructive affirmatively on what is constructive and good, thereby eliminating from it and good, thereby eliminating from it negative or destructive thoughts and negative or destructive thoughts and emotionsemotions””
Positive Thinking
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Positive thinking is internally driven Positive thinking is internally driven by oneby one’’s purpose.s purpose.
Positive thinking is based in a faith Positive thinking is based in a faith that everything in life happens for a that everything in life happens for a reason.reason.
Positive thinking is aided by religious Positive thinking is aided by religious faith.faith.
Positive thinking is aided by onePositive thinking is aided by one’’s s relationship with oneself, onerelationship with oneself, one’’s God, s God, and oneand one’’s ohanas ohana
Positive Thinking
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Positive Thinking
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A Starting PaceA Starting Pace
Born:Born: August 12, 1942, August 12, 1942, in Albany, New Yorkin Albany, New York
Career: Career: Assistant Assistant Professor,Professor,
Director of Clinical Director of Clinical Training Program, Training Program, President of APA, President of APA, Master of Applied Master of Applied Positive Psychology Positive Psychology Program (MAPP)Program (MAPP)
Positive Thinking
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Nikki and the weedsNikki and the weeds SeligmanSeligman’’s inspiration.s inspiration. Weeding garden.Weeding garden. 5-year old daughter throwing weeds.5-year old daughter throwing weeds. Seligman irritated, yelled at Nikki.Seligman irritated, yelled at Nikki. ““Daddy. From when I was 3 until I was Daddy. From when I was 3 until I was
5, I was a whiner. I whined every day. 5, I was a whiner. I whined every day. On my 5On my 5thth birthday, I decided I wasn birthday, I decided I wasn’’t t going to whine anymore. That was going to whine anymore. That was the hardest thing Ithe hardest thing I’’ve ever done. If I ve ever done. If I can stop whining, you can stop being can stop whining, you can stop being such a grouch.such a grouch.””
Positive Thinking
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Founder of Positive Founder of Positive Psychology Psychology
Seligman has written about positive Seligman has written about positive psychology topic such as psychology topic such as Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness
Pessimistic to optimisticPessimistic to optimistic
Learned optimismLearned optimism
Positive Thinking
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Seligman Experiment: part Seligman Experiment: part 11
Positive Thinking
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Seligman Experiment: part Seligman Experiment: part 22
All groups received All groups received the shock.the shock.
Put in shuttle box.Put in shuttle box. Light dimmed.Light dimmed. 10 second later got 10 second later got
shock unless they shock unless they jumped to safe jumped to safe side.side.
Positive Thinking
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Shuttle box behaviorShuttle box behavior
Positive Thinking
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Parallels with Parallels with Reactive Reactive
DepressionDepression Triggered by traumatic life Triggered by traumatic life
event (ex. death of loved one).event (ex. death of loved one). PassivityPassivity Physical symptoms.Physical symptoms. Stress related disordersStress related disorders..
Positive Thinking
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Parallels to Treating PeopleParallels to Treating People
Encourage depressed people to get Encourage depressed people to get back into life. Ex: not willing to back into life. Ex: not willing to leave home.leave home.
Small steps. (Go out to movie, then Small steps. (Go out to movie, then mall.)mall.)
Increase difficulty.Increase difficulty. Show them they do have control Show them they do have control
over their lives.over their lives.
Positive Thinking
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Prevention of HelplessnessPrevention of Helplessness
Positive Thinking
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Positive subjective statesPositive subjective states
Positive Positive emotions.emotions.
Happiness.Happiness. Satisfaction with Satisfaction with
life.life. Optimism.Optimism. Sources of Sources of
energy and energy and confidence.confidence.
Positive Thinking
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Explanatory StyleExplanatory Style
PersonalPersonal
PermanentPermanent
PervasivePervasive
Positive Thinking
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Attribution TheoryAttribution TheoryPositive Thinking
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HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE ATTRIBUTIONS?ATTRIBUTIONS?
Kelley said people consider 3 factorsKelley said people consider 3 factors INTERNAL : personalINTERNAL : personal EXTERNAL : situationalEXTERNAL : situational STABLE : same outcomeSTABLE : same outcome UNSTABLE : different outcomeUNSTABLE : different outcome CONTROLLABLE : can be altered easilyCONTROLLABLE : can be altered easily eg : effortseg : efforts UNCONTROLLABLE : cannot be altered easilyUNCONTROLLABLE : cannot be altered easily eg : intelligence eg : intelligence
Positive Thinking
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ATTRIBUTION IN ACTION ATTRIBUTION IN ACTION
Positive Thinking
EG - LITTERING
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ATTRIBUTION IN HEALTHATTRIBUTION IN HEALTH
EG : MAMMOGRAPHYEG : MAMMOGRAPHY
WOMEN IN TWO GROUPS WERE WOMEN IN TWO GROUPS WERE SHOWN TWO VIDEOSSHOWN TWO VIDEOS
ONE EMPHASISING ON ONE EMPHASISING ON
“ “YOU”YOU”
OTHER EMPHASISING ON OTHER EMPHASISING ON
“ “YOUR DOCTOR”YOUR DOCTOR”
Positive Thinking
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Attribution In Education Attribution In Education MotivationMotivation
LUCK - external unstableLUCK - external unstable ABILITY - internal stableABILITY - internal stable TASK DIFFICULTY - external stableTASK DIFFICULTY - external stable EFFORT - internal unstableEFFORT - internal unstable
Positive Thinking
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ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLEATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE
PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE
OPTIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLEOPTIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE
Positive Thinking
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Pessimistic Explanatory Pessimistic Explanatory StyleStyle
When a bad event happens to a When a bad event happens to a person he believes that nothing ever person he believes that nothing ever goes right for himgoes right for him
Eg : I can’t draw animal I can’t draw Eg : I can’t draw animal I can’t draw anything (pessimistic)anything (pessimistic)
This results in feeling helpless and This results in feeling helpless and that you are unable to influence the that you are unable to influence the event event
Positive Thinking
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Optimistic Explanatory StyleOptimistic Explanatory Style
When a bad event happens to a When a bad event happens to a person he believes that the bad event person he believes that the bad event was temporary and that it has no was temporary and that it has no influence on future event influence on future event
Eg : I am not good in drawing horse but Eg : I am not good in drawing horse but I am good in drawing people I am good in drawing people (optimistic)(optimistic)
This results in feeling hope and you This results in feeling hope and you are able to influence the eventare able to influence the event
Positive Thinking
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Positive Thinking
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Explaining Misfortune Explaining Misfortune
Ultimate Pessimism Ultimate Pessimism
How You ThinkHow You Think
How You Feel ! How You Feel !
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The Realms of Life The Realms of Life
SUCCESS AT WORKSUCCESS AT WORK
1.1. APTITUDEAPTITUDE
2.2. MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
3.3. OPTIMISMOPTIMISM
The Value of PessimismThe Value of Pessimism
Positive Thinking
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Children and Parents: the Children and Parents: the Origins of OptimismOrigins of Optimism
1.1. Mother's Explanatory StyleMother's Explanatory Style
2.2. Adult Criticism : Teachers and Adult Criticism : Teachers and Parents Parents
3.3. ChildrenChildren’’s Life Crisis s Life Crisis
Positive Thinking
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SchoolSchool
SportsSports
HealthHealth
Positive Thinking
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Positive Thinking
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Changing: from Pessimism Changing: from Pessimism to Optimismto Optimism““ABCDEABCDE”” Theory Theory
A = Adverse event or situationA = Adverse event or situation B = Beliefs about that eventB = Beliefs about that event C = Consequences of those beliefsC = Consequences of those beliefs D = Disputation and DistractionD = Disputation and Distraction E = Energization E = Energization
Positive Thinking
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Flexible optimism is tendency to face Flexible optimism is tendency to face reality with a positive outlook without reality with a positive outlook without dwelling unduly on the negatives. It dwelling unduly on the negatives. It involves anticipating the best involves anticipating the best possible outcome in any situation.possible outcome in any situation.
Flexible OptimismFlexible Optimism
Positive Thinking
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BENEFITS OF FLEXIBLE BENEFITS OF FLEXIBLE OPTIMISM OPTIMISM
Sense of control Sense of control Realistic goalsRealistic goals Level of stress Level of stress SatisfactionSatisfaction Positive relationshipsPositive relationships Positive anticipation Positive anticipation PatiencePatience Self esteemSelf esteem
Positive Thinking
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Sir Winston Churchill Sir Winston Churchill ““A pessimist A pessimist sees the difficulty in every sees the difficulty in every opportunity an optimist sees the opportunity an optimist sees the opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficultyopportunity in every difficulty””
Positive Thinking
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ANY QUERIESANY QUERIES
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People deal too much with the People deal too much with the negative, with what is wrong...Why negative, with what is wrong...Why not try and see positive things, to not try and see positive things, to just touch those things and make just touch those things and make them bloom?them bloom?””
----Thich Nhat Hanh (Vietnamese ----Thich Nhat Hanh (Vietnamese Monk)Monk)
Positive Thinking