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Quantum Information Science and Nuclear Physics

IUPAP WG.9 Nuclear Science Symposium at University of Notre

Martin J. Savage NSAC QIS and QC Subcommittee

London, England, August 2, 2019 (45 minutes)

Nuclear Physics in the QIS/QC Landscape

NP is defined by the exploration and application of strongly-interacting quantum many-body systems and quantum field theories.

NP can benefit from and contribute to cutting-edge developments in Quantum Information Science and Quantum Computing in multiple ways.

Quantum Information Science and Quantum Computing

The Impact of Quantum Mechanics

QE1 - Quantization, eigenvalues/states, uncertainty principle

QE2 - Entanglement and non-locality

Paradigm shifts (today or anticipated)- Sensing- Communication- Computation and simulation

Advances- Information- Detection and Sensing- Control of entanglement

- over macroscopic distances and times - quantum devices, quantum computing

U.of New South Wales

https://phys.org/news/2017-09-flip-flop-qubits-radical-quantum.html

Quantum Computing and Simulation

Dave Wecker (Microsoft)

Quantum Chemistry

on ~200 ideal qubits

Feynman’s Vision

Quantum Sensing

QE1 - Sensors

A  device  that  measures  a  quantum  property  such  as  one  op4cal  photon  in  an  entangled  pair  

Sensors  whose  performance  explicitly  depends  on  quantum  phenomena  

QE2 - Sensors

Sensor  or  measurements  that  makes  use  of  superposi4on,  entanglement,  or  squeezing  

Credit: Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo

Joel Ullom, 2019, presentation in Seattle

Ligo

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International Quantum Push

FNAL to ANL

QIS/QC Initial Planning in US Nuclear Physics

Quantum Computing for Nuclear PhysicsNovember 14-15, 2017 Intersections Between NP and QIS

Argonne National LaboratoryMarch 28-30, 2018

Near-term Applications of Quantum Computing, December 6-7, 2017

INT Report 18-008

Stony BrookSeptember 10-12, 2018

Computational Complexity and HEPJuly-31 — August 2, 2017

NP,QIS,QC US NSAC Subcommittee

Douglas Beck (UIUC) Amber Boehnlein (JLab) Joseph Carlson (LANL) David Dean (ORNL) Matthew Dietrich (ANL) William Fairbanks Jr (CSU) Joseph Formaggio (MIT) Markus Greiner (Harvard)

David Hertzog (UW) Christine Muschik (Waterloo) Jeffrey Nico (NIST) Alan Poon (LBNL) John Preskill (Caltech) Sofia Quaglioni (LLNL) Krishna Rajagopal (MIT) Martin Savage (INT)

Photo by Michelle Shinn

National Laboratories Universities

Government Agencies

TechnologySector

Investors

At ``Scale’’

ManufacturingSector

Potentially a 1/2 Trillion dollar ``Quantum’’ economy - think Silicon

“First Qubits” for Scientific Applications

NISQ-era quantum devices for applicationsHemmerling, Cornel, https://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=64150

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The Basic Elements of Quantum Computing

Qubits Unitary Operationsand Measurements

Entanglementand Superposition

e.g., for a 3-bit computer (23 states) Classical computer in 1 of 8 possible states

Quantum computer can be in a combination of all states at once

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At the Heart of Quantum Computing Parallel Processing, Nonlocality and Entanglement

Once system mapped onto qubits, unitary operations used to compute and process information

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Science, December 2016, based on David Dean slide

Quantum Computing: Qubits

Collaborations involving Universities, National Laboratories, Technology Companies, and other government agencies

Science, 2016

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Hardware Advancese.g.,

U.of New South Wales

e.g., Trapped Ions,Superconducting,Implanted nuclei

Innesbruck - 20 entangled qubits

Nuclear Many-Body, Quantum Field Theories and Fundamental Symmetries• medium and large nuclei, dense matter• entangled ground states• (in)definite particle number• gauge symmetries and constraints

Classical Computing • Euclidean space• high-lying states difficult• Signal-to-noise• Severe limitations for real-time or inelastic

collisions or fragmentation

Quantum Computing • Real-time evolution• S-matrix• No sign problem(s) (naively)• Integrals over phases

Real-Time Dynamics• Parton showers• Fragmentation• Neutrino Interactions with nuclei• Neutrinos in matter• Early Universe, Phase Transition - creating Baryons• Non-equilibrium • Nuclear reactions

Quantum Computing for Nuclear PhysicsTarget Systems and Attributes

t = 0: A First Quantum Computation in Quantum Field Theory: 1+1-Dim QED

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Based upon a string of 40Ca+ trapped-ion quantum system

Simulates 2-spatial-site Schwinger Model with 4 qubits Real-time evolution of the quantum fields, implementing > 200 gates per Trotter step

2016

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``Time = 0`` for Quantum Computingin Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Physics

http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03897

Cloud Quantum Computing of an Atomic Nucleus E.F. Dumitrescu, A.J. McCaskey, G. Hagen, G.R. Jansen, T.D. Morris, T. Papenbrock, R.C. Pooser, D.J. Dean, P. Lougovski. . Published in Phys.Rev.Lett. 120 (2018) no.21, 210501

A Toy Model forInelastic Neutrino Nucleus Interactions

2D Hubbard Model

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Quantum is Creating New Ways of Thinking, e.g. QFTs

(Lattice) Field Theory for QIS and QC ?

Toric Code is Z2 lattice gauge field theory

Heavy Ions to Chiral Qubits ! ?

Dima Kharzeev, Santa Fe, Jan 2019 Stony Brook and Brookhaven National Lab

NP Driven Quantum Devicee.g., LLNL

Single classical control line with frequency multiplexed signal drives all qudits.

NP Applications on Developmental Quantum Devicese.g., ORNL

Created by

Simulation in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) Era > 5-10 Years

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John Preskill - Jan 2018• No or little error correction in hardware or software

[requires > x10 qubits]

• Expect to have a few hundred qubits with modest gate depth (decoherence of devices)

• Imperfect quantum gates/operations

• NISQ-era ~ several years • not going to be a near term magic bullet• will not replace classical computing

• Searching to find Quantum Advantage(s) for one or more systems

• Understanding the application of ``Quantum’’ to Scientific Applications, and identifying attributes of future quantum devices.

Expectations ?

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• QC computations to compare directly with experiment • generally estimated > 10 years

• Put in context of Lattice QCD• started in 1970s, now at physical point for simple systems.

• Going Forward• algorithm design• co-developing quantum devices taylored to NP challenges• to complement DOE ASCR, technology companies, other

Selection of Sensors

• Transition Edge Sensors (TES)•micro-calorimetry

•γ-ray, x-ray •ν-mass measurements - implantation

• Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors (SNSPD)• avalanche breakdown of superconductor

• 10 ps - good for timing • ~90% quantum efficiency

• Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs)• photons break Cooper pairs, GHz frequencies

•remains superconducting

germanium)

microcalorimeter)

Ullom

Nico

Selection of Sensors

•Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPA) , (TWJPA)•quantum noise limit via nonlinearity in J

• squeezed microwave and RF • squeeze the vacuum • project-8, ADMX

•NV centers in Diamond• optically addressed, robust, inert, compact/

small • defect has spin • magnetometers, electrometer, thermometers • NV centers have been entangled

Nuclear Isotopes

Low backgrounds are crucial for sensing and computing

e.g. 28Si is J=0, while 29Si is J=1/2

e.g., 31P implanted in 28Si for 2-dim array of qubits for a logical qubit

U.of New South Wales

Quasi-Particles in Superconducting Qubits

Non-thermal distribution of quasi-particles

~1/cm2/min ~1 GeV cosmic μ’s creates ~10 QP/day/μm3  

 persistence  level  of  ~0.01  QP/μm3  

Experiments underway, PNNL+MIT, to produce 64Cu to implant in qubits to quantify radioactivity mechanism

NP has extensive experience in large-scale low-background experimental efforts

Brent VanDevender, Joe Formaggio; Alan Poon

⊗

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Quantum Sensing, Metrology and LithographyNonlocality and Entanglement

e.g., consider a new type of coupling H ~ β σz

|0> |0>

[ Slide content from talk by Alexey Gorshkov at ANL, Intersections Between Nuclear Physics and Quantum Information, March 2018 ]

20th Century Detection ``independent qudits’’

Uncertainty in measurement scales as

Δβ ~ 1/(t √N)

21st Century Detectionentangled ``qudits’’

Uncertainty in measurement scales as

Δβ ~ 1/(t N)

NP Neutron EDM Experiments

• Magnetically quietest place on earth!

• Coherent atomic states are used to enhance the magnetic field measurement, employs a ``dark state’’

Examples ofPotential Contributions from QIS and QC to NP

Insights  into  NP  processes  from  quantum  simulations  of  simpli6ied  models  with  similar  challenges

Equation  of  state  of  dense  matter  and  neutron  stars  The  phase  diagram  of  QCD  without  the  ``sign  problem’’

Electroweak  processes  in  nucleons  and  nuclei  Dynamics  of  low-­‐energy  nuclear  reactions  and  6ission  Neutrino  dynamics  in  astrophysical  environments

Quantum  Era-­‐1  Sensors

Quantum  Era-­‐2  Sensors

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v10/41https://physicsworld.com/a/diamond-defects-and-quantum-logic-give-nmr-a-boost/

Examples ofPotential Contributions from NP to QIS and QC

Isotope  enrichment  and  rare  isotope  development  

Development  of  high  complexity  readout  systems  in  highly  sensitive  and  complex  environments  

Expertise  in  quantum  6ield  theories,  lattice  gauge  theories  and  quantum  many-­‐body  systems,  and  their  numerical  simulation.  

Information  scrambling  and  de-­‐localization.

Designing  and  developing  new  high-­‐Q  cavities  for  RF  systems    

Examples ofPotential Contributions from NP to QIS and QC

Understanding  the  impact  of  radioactive  backgrounds  on  quantum  devices

NP  techniques  in  quantum  Monte  Carlo  calculations  

Organizational  infrastructure  to  collaborate  across  large  networks  and  multiple  institutions

Development  of  new  atomic  clocks  using  radioactive  isotopes,  e.g.,  229Th  

Ahead?

• Quantum Ecosystem(s) for NP• Simulation/Computing and Sensors are central to NP mission• close collaboration within NP• close collaboration with other domains, QIS, QC, BES, HEP, …• close collab. among universities, national labs, tech. companies, government agencies, private industry• Important elements

• Co-development of algorithms, devices, sensors, • HPC

• Workforce development• Essential

• Exploratory pursuits are essential • Single PIs, small-scale, medium-scale, …• Competition is good

• Community engagement

Summary

Nuclear Physics Grand Challenges require capabilities that may be co-developed with QIS and QC and other domains.

Addressing NP’s Grand Challenges will create expertise, techniques and technology to advance QIS and QC

Close collaboration among technology companies, national laboratories, universities, private sector, and other government agencies, and other science domains is required

A sustainable quantum-smart NP worksforce is needed

Fin