MARTIAN SAND DUNES · •“A mineral can be regarded as critical only if it performs an essential...
Transcript of MARTIAN SAND DUNES · •“A mineral can be regarded as critical only if it performs an essential...
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MARTIAN SAND DUNES
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NATURAL RESOURCES
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OUTLINE
• Resources and Reserves
• Critical Minerals
– What makes a mineral critical?
– The rare earth minerals
• Plate tectonics: California gold
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WHAT MAKES AN AUTOMOBILE? • Iron 2134 lbs
• Aluminum 240 lbs
• Carbon 50 lbs
• Copper 42 lbs
• Silicon 41 lbs
• Lead 24 lbs
• Zinc 22 lbs
• Manganese 17 lbs
• Platinum 0.1 oz
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WHAT MAKES A CELL PHONE SYSTEM?
• Barium
• Titanium
• Rare earths
• Indium
• Tin
• Tantalum
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MINERAL RESOURCE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
A concentration of naturally occurring material in or on the Earths crust such that economic extraction of a useful commodity is currently or potentially feasible
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USGS DEFINITIONS
• Identified resources
– Demonstrated
– Inferred
• Reserve base
– Economic reserves
– Marginal reserves
– Some currently sub-economic reserves
• Undiscovered resources
– Hypothetical resources
– Speculative resources
• Restricted resources/reserves
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PETROLEUM PROVED RESERVES US ENERGY INFORMATION AGENCY
“Proved reserves” = Reserve Base
• United States Proved Reserves
– 2007 21.3-30.5 BB
– 2009 21.3 BB
• North American Proved Reserves
– 2007 57.5-71.3 BB
-- 2009 210 BB
• World Proved Reserves
– 2007 1,180- 1,240 BB
– 2009 1,340 BB
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RESOURCES: READ THE FINE PRINT!
• Example: Arctic undiscovered oil*
– USGS 2009 Arctic continental shelves
– Hypothetical resources: estimate 22-256 BB
– Fifty percent probability > 83 BB
• Bloomberg 2012 (USGS) >2000 BB “untouched crude is still locked in the ground”“PEAK OIL SCARE FADES AS SHALE, DEEPWATER WELLS GUSH CRUDE”
• Has production reached its peak?
*Science 324 pp 1175-1179 2009
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CRITICAL MINERALS
• British Geological Survey
• United States Department of Energy
• National Research Council
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BGS SUPPLY CRITICALITY
• Scarcity
• Production concentration
• Reserve base distribution
• Governance
British Geological Survey Risk List 2011
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BGS RANKING Crustal Abundance ppm
1. Antimony 0 .2
2. Platinum group 0 .0015 - .000041
3. Mercury 0.03
4. Tungsten 1.0
5. Rare earths 0.28-43
6. Niobium 8.0
7. Strontium 320
8. Bismuth 0.18
9. Thorium 5.6
10. Bromine 0.28
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US DOE CLEAN ENERGY ECONOMY
• Critical technologies: permanent magnets, thin film semiconductors, advanced batteries, phosphors
• Criticality based on supply risk and importance to critical technologies
• Near term
– Critical: Dy*, Nd*, Eu*, Y, In
– Near critical: La, Ce*, Te
– Not critical: Pr *, Sm*, Li, Co, Ga
* Rare Earth Elements
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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL*
• “A mineral can be regarded as critical only if it performs an essential function for which few or no satisfactory substitutes exist.”
• Criticality matrix
– Impact on the economy
– Supply risk
*Minerals, Critical Minerals and the US Economy National Academies Press 2008
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NRC CRITICAL MINERALS
• Indium
• Manganese
• Niobium
• Platinum group metals
• Rare Earths
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THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
Are they really rare?
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WHAT GOOD ARE THEY? • Military: La, Gd, Y*, Sm, Dy, Ho, Lu
• Medical: Gd, Lu, Dy, Nd, Tb, Tm, Y, Eu
• Green technology
– Hybrid cars: La, Nd, Dy, Tb, Sm, Ce, Pr, Sc*
– Wind turbines: Nd, Dy, Lu, Ho, Sm, Ce, Pr
– Lighting: Y*, Tb, Ce, Pr
• Civilian economy: Pr, Er, Nd, Ce, Dy, Nd, Tb, Sm, Y*, Sc*
*Chemically similar to rare earths
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RARE EARTH PRODUCTION & RESERVES metric tons
Production(2011) Reserves
• China 130,000 55,000,000
• India 3,000 3,100,000
• Brazil 550 48,000
• Malaysia 30 30,000
• Russia ? 19,000,000
• United States None 13,000,000
• Australia None 1,600,000
• Greenland None 6,900,000?
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MOUNTAIN PASS MINE
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THE CHINESE ISSUE
• China: 97% of current production
• “There is oil in the Middle East. There is Rare Earth in China.” Deng Xiaoping (1992)
• Restricted or suspended exports of rare earths
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THE WORLD RESPONSE
• Increase supply
– US
– Australia
– Greenland
• Reduce Demand
– Recycling
– Redesign
– New technology
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CALIFORNIA GOLD
California is thrice blessed
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DISCOVERY
• 1775 Imperial County
• 1842 Los Angeles County
• 1848 Sutters Mill near Sacramento
• 1850 Grass Valley
• 1850s Mother Lode
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WHERE DID CALIFORNIA GOLD COME FROM?
• From the Nevadaplano
• From accreted terranes
• From magma intrusions-plutons
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ALTIPLANOS
• High plateaus bounded by mountains
• Bolivia/Peru 12,300 ft
• Mexico 6000 ft
– Sierra Madre Occidental
– Sierra Madre Oriental
• Nevadaplano 8000-9000 ft
– Sierra Nevadas 7000 ft
– Rocky Mountains?
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NEVADAPLANO
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SIERRA NEVADA FAULT SCARP
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GOLD PANNING
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PLACER GOLD
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PLACER MINING
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MOTHER LODE COUNTRY
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ACCRETED TERRANES
• Ophiolites- sea floor
• Volcanic islands
• Sea mounts
• Submarine plateaus
• Limestone reefs
• Accretionary wedges
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TRIASSIC ~240 Ma
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JURASSIC ~180 Ma
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EOCENE ~50 Ma
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OPHIOLITES
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HARD ROCK GOLD
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GOLD IN QUARTZ
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PLUTONS
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METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX
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MESQUITE MINE
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DRY PLACER MINING
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MESQUITE MINE
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MESQUITE MINE
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MESQUITE MINE
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MESQUITE MINE
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BRIGGS MINE
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CALIFORNIA GOLD MINES
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THERE’S STILL GOLD IN THEM HILLS!
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WHERE DO DIAMONDS FORM?
1. In the deep mantle of the earth
2. In subduction zones
3. In space
4. At asteroid impact sites
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GEM DIAMOND PRODUCING COUNTRIES
• Botswana
• Russia
• Angola
• Canada
• Congo
• South Africa
• Namibia
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WHAT ABOUT THE UNITED STATES?
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WYOMING DIAMONDS?
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• Kimberlite
• Lamproite
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