Martian Lava Tubes Exploration of - courses.helsinki.fi
Transcript of Martian Lava Tubes Exploration of - courses.helsinki.fi
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Exploration of Martian Lava Tubes
Christoph Brendel and Janko Trisic
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Introduction
Study about the Lava Tubes on Mars
Can they provide shelter for humans in the future?
Source: Wikipedia2
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Objectives
Define the main criteria for the lava tubes:
● Over 100 m wide
● Close to ancient ocean
● Possibility to contain water: find out if they contain H2
O ice, separate those who have it
from the rest
Find the tubes that meet the requirements
Find out if they can provide shelter for humans
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The Lava Tubes
Skylights and rilles
Way bigger than the ones on Earth Source: Wikipedia
Source: http://blogs.esa.int/caves/2015/05/06/caves-the-hidden-side-of-planets/ Red line represents 50mSource: Google Images.
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Ancient ocean
“Oceanus Borealis”
Still a hypothesis, but with many features that
back it up:
● Shorelines
● Flow lines
● Clay sediments
● Cross bedding
4.1-3.8 Billion years ago
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Location
Many volcanoes on Mars
Areas with the highest rates of lava tubes: Tharsis and Elysium
Tharsis has plenty volcanoes but is far away from theoretical shore
Elysium is in the middle of hypothetical ocean
Source: Google Earth 6
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Elysium Mons
Good location
Rootless cones
Lava tubes
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Lava tubes locations
Elysium Mons
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Pavonis Mons
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Rootless cones
http://www.dronestagr.am/pseudocraters-in-myvatn-lake-iceland/9
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B. C. Bruno / Spatial Analysis of Rootless Cone Groups on Iceland and Mars 10
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Criteria
Skylights:
Optical imaging
● Diameter of 80-200 m● Hole in the surface● Shadows within the circle
Lava tubes:
GPR
● Hyperbolas in cross section and continuous lines on longitudinal section
Gravimetry
● Gravimetric anomalies
Rootless cones:
Optical imaging
● Diameter between 0.5 km and 1.5 km
● No central mountain in the crater
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Optical imaging
Minimum resolution Available resolution
Skylights 30 m/pixel 0.3 m/pixel
Collapsed Tubes
30 m/pixel 0.3 m/pixel
Rootless Cones 15 m/pixel 0.3 m/pixel
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Optical imaging
Lava tube southeast of Elysium Mons, approx 130m in diameter
150 m
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Nasa/JPL/University of Arizona / https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_035098_2065
Elysium Mons
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500 m
d = 1 km
d = 0.7 km
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If we analyzed a scan that was cutting
the tube, we would see the hyperbola
from figure A.
If we were to scan along the tube, we
would see a constant, horizontal line
A: hyperbola marking a cavity
B: Ice layer C: water layer
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Gravity anomaly
C. Rowell / Geophysical analysis of structures and flow geometry of the Blue Dragon lava flow
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MethodsFrom Earth:
● Analysis of previous imaging and GPR data
From orbiter:
- SHARAD - 20 MHz
- MARSIS - between 1,8 and 5 MHz
- HiRISE images - resolution of 0.3 m/pixel
- Spectrometer (CRISM)
From Orbit:
● Radar sounding (GPR)
● Gravity anomaly
On site:
● Lander: GPR and gravimetric tools
● Helicopter 3D modeling 18
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Methods
Currently available methodsMethods that could be provided
in the next few yearsMethods that need more
research and better technology
High resolution imaging from Mars orbit 3D modeling with a helicopter Robotic exploration the cavesShallow and ground penetrating radar on orbiter Human exploration of caves
Spectrometer on orbiter
Tracing of gases
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25 MHz 5 MHz 0.5 MHz
Material v in m/ns λ depending on frequencyvacuum 0.3 12 60 600fresh water 0.034 1.36 6.8 68basalt 0.11 4.4 22 220clay 0.15 6 30 300granite 0.13 5.2 26 260ice 0.16 6.4 32 320limestone 0.13 5.2 26 260permafrost 0.15 6 30 300sand 0.15 6 30 300volcanic ash 0.09 3.6 18 180
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3D modeling of lava tubes
● JPL Mars Helicopter Scout will be on board of the Mars 2020 mission
● If the helicopter is a success, 3D modeling of the entrances will be available
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Exploration with robots
● Getting the robot into the cave is very challenging
● Data transfer from within the cave is limited
○ Ceiling very thick
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Exploration with robots
R. Whittaker / Technologies for Exploring Skylights, Lava Tubes and Caves - NASA 23
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Conclusion
Detection of lava tubes is already possible
Modeling of the entrances is possible in the near future
Entering the caves is still a huge obstacle
High importance for humanity if we intend to colonize Mars
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