MARTIAL LAW

AND EDSA REVOLUTION

MARTIAL LAW

MARTIAL LAW

• On September 21, 1972 President Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 1081, proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines. He used the alleged ambush of then Defense Minister, Juan Ponce Enrile, as a pretext to declare the said decree.

•General Order 2-A –Secretary of National Defense• “crimes and offenses in furtherance or on the occasion of our incident to or in connection with the crimes of insurrection and rebellion”• committed and will commit crimes against society and the government

September 26, 1972

• Proclamation of Presedential Decree No.2.–The entire Philippines as a land

reform area. –given 3 hectares of irrigated rice or

corn lands and 5 hectares, if unirrigated.

Sept. 27, 1972

• Proclamation of Presedential Decree No. 6– discipline in the government service. – grounds for disciplinary action against

dishonesty, oppression, misconduct, negligence in the performance of duties, disgraceful and immoral conduct, discourtesy and other misdemeanours.

•  Curfew from midnight to four in the morning then eventually changed it to one to four in the morning. This is to minimize, if not completely eradicate, robbery and other unlawful activities at night.

Martial Law

Martial Law

• infrastructures in the Philippines were given much attention.

• extending amnesty to those who fail to pay the correct amount of tax. – Substantial part of the collection were

spent in the construction of first-class roads and infrastructures.

May 23, 1975

• delivered a foreign policy speech enumerating six guidelines “to help the country survive the current security crisis in Asia” arising from the American debacle in Vietnam.

The guidelines are:1. To intensify, along with a broader field,

Philippine relations with the members of ASEAN;

2. To pursue more vigorously the establishment of diplomatic relations with the socialist states, particularly with the People’s Republic of China and with the Soviet Union;

3. To seek closer identification with the Third World;

The guidelines are:4. To continue relationship with Japan5. To support the Arab countries in their

struggle for a just and ensuring peace in the Middle East; and

6. To find a new basis, compatible with the emerging realities in Asia, for a continuing healthy relationship with the United States

• In the years that followed, Martial Law started the suppressive and abusive years–incidents of assassination were rampant, particularly those who opposed the government, individuals and companies alike were subdued

EDSA REVOLUTION

EDSA REVOLUTION

• Since August 21.1983, when Benigno Aquino Jr. was assassinated, a political crisis had gripped the nation.

EDSA REVOLUTION• Marcos called for snap presidential elections

in February 1986. He and his running mate, Arturo Tolentino, were proclaimed elected by the Batasang Pambansa, using as basis official results issued by Commission on Elections. But the opposition the opposition candidates, Cory Aquino and Salvador Laurel, contested the results of the election, claiming that massive fraud and terrorism were committed by the Marcos machinery.

EDSA REVOLUTION

• Cory announced a program of economic boycotts and non-violent actions to dramatize her posture as the winner betrayed.

• Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice Chief of Staff Lt. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos resigned before the inauguration of Marcos on February 25.

February 22-25, 1986

• “people power” • supported the Enrile-Ramos rebellion

which increasingly declared support for Cory.

• An estimated one to two million people converged on Camp Crame and Camp Aguinlaldo.

February 25,1986• Aquino and Laurel were sworn in as

President and Vice President– by SC Justice Caudio Teehankee.

• In the new gov’t – Enrile was named Defense Minister – Ramos as the Armed Forces Chief of Staff.

• On the same day– Marcos took his oath of office in ceremonies

at Malacanang Palace, but Tolentino failed to attend the inaugural.

EDSA REVOLUTION

• Under pressure from US Ambassador Stephen Bosworth and the US gov’t to step down in order to avoid violence, Marcos and his family left the Palace. They were taken to Clark Air Base en route to Hawaii.

AFTER EDSA• Pres. Aquino proceeded to establish a

revolutionary gov’t under the terms of a “Freedom Constitution”.

• The new leadership reorganized the gov’t – it abolished the Batasang Pambansa controlled largely by Marcos loyalists, it appointed new SC justices, and it replaced marcos appointees with new officers-in-charge.

AFTER EDSA• Through the Presidential Commission on Good

Government under fromer Senator Jovito Salonga, all monies, assets, properties and valuables believed or considered ill-gotten by the Marcos family and cronies were taken. Fully one third of the nation’s total resources

• In July 1987 Marcos loyalists culminated in an attempt to establish a rival gov’t at the Manila Hotel, with Arturo Tolentino as the temporary president. This coup failed unsettle the gov’t

AFTER EDSA• More serious threat to the new gov’t

came from an attempted coup in August 1987 led by Col. Gregorio Honasan.

• Rumors of coups or a take- over of the gov’t by opposition elements persist plus the problems of moral and economic recover, the NPA and MNLF insurgencies, incompetence and inefficiency, graft amd corruption and the bases issue continue to confront the Aquino gov’t.

REFERENCES

REFERENCES•  

• https://bloomspresidents.wordpress.com/diosdado-p-macapagal-1961-1965/

• http://www.macapagal.com/dm2/biography/bio2.html• http://biography.yourdictionary.com/diosdado-p-macapagal#

oEqY5l2iM2uPQ1aA.99• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal• http://www.nndb.com/people/139/000098842/• http://www.chrispforr.net/row3/americans/pdf/chapter21.pdf•  

http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2011/09/201192082718752761.html

•  • https://bloomspresidents.wordpress.com/ferdinand-edralin-

marcos-1965-1986/• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos#Personal_lif

e• http://

www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ferdinand_Marcos