Mars Sample Return (MSR) - Saylor Academy...Mars surfa cameras. rm physical e and the in in certain...
Transcript of Mars Sample Return (MSR) - Saylor Academy...Mars surfa cameras. rm physical e and the in in certain...
Prepar
Check
Appro
SSE 1NASAhttp://w
……
red by: Gian
ked by:
oved by:
01, Space SA and Saylowww.saylor
ProjecPhas
DocumenDat
M………………
n Luigi Som
Systems Engr.org Acader.org/sse10
ct: se: nt: te:
Mars SamPre- PhaConcept 2014/04/
Mars Sam……………
Pre-Pha
Da
mma
gineering Cemy 1/
mple Return (ase A Study
/18
1
mple Ret………………
ase A Con
Ref: Non
Issue: 1ate : 2014/0
Date: 2
Date:
Date:
Course by
(MSR)
turn (MS……………
cept Stud
e
04/18
2014/04/18
SR) ………………
dy
……….
Doc
Issue 1 2 3
4 5
Doc
This dSaylor
cumen
Date 2014/03/2014/04/2014/04/
2014/04/2014/04/
cumen
document ilr.org's Surv
ProjecPhas
DocumenDat
t Chan
Chan/27 First D/11 Add n/16 Add n
conne/18 Final R/18 Repor
t scope
llustrates they of System
ct: se: nt: te:
Mars SamPre- PhaConcept 2014/04/
nge Rec
ges Draft new paragranew paragraected sectionReview Actrt Submissio
e
he Mars Samms Enginee
mple Return (ase A Study
/18
2
cord
aphs aphs, changns. tions on
mple Returnering - Part
(MSR)
e figures an
n Mission p1.
Name oGian LuGian Lu
nd Gian Lu
Gian LuGian Lu
project for
of person uigi Sommauigi Sommauigi Somma
uigi Sommauigi Somma
the NASA
a a a
a a
and
Term
ACS AO C&DHCDR ConOCOSPCSM DCR DR EOM ESA FOM FRR GNC ISS JAXAJPL KDP LEM LEO MAV MCR MER MGS MOE MOP MRO MSL MSR MTO NASANPR ORR OTS PBS PDR PLARP(LOCP(LOMPRD PRR P/SDRPSR P/SRR
rms, de
At An
H Co Cr
Ops CoPAR Co Co
De De
En Eu Fig Fli Gu Int
A Jap Je Ke Ap Lo
Ma Mi Ma Ma
Me Me Ma Ma Ma Ma
A Na NA Op Of Pro Pre
R PoC) ProM) Pro
Pro Pro
R Pro Pro
R Pro
ProjecPhas
DocumenDat
efinition
ttitude Contnnouncemenommand andritical Desigoncept of Opommittee onommand Seesign Certifecommissiond of Missiouropean Spagures of Meight Readinuidance Navternational pan Aerospet Propulsioey Decisionpollo Lunar ow Earth Orars Ascent Vission Concars Exploraars Global Seasure of Eeasure of Pears Reconnaars Science ars Sample ars Transferational AeroASA Procedperational Rff-the-Shelf oduct Breakeliminary D
ost-Launch Aobability ofobability ofoject Requioduction Reogram/Systogram Statuogram/Syst
ct: se: nt: te:
Mars SamPre- PhaConcept 2014/04/
ns and
trol Systemsnt of Oppord Data Han
gn Reviewperations n Space Resrvice Modu
fication Revoning Reviewon ace Agencyerit
ness Reviewvigation andSpace Statioace Exploran Laborator
n Point Module
rbit Vehicle cept Reviewation Rover Surveyor ffectivenesserformanceaissance OrLaboratoryReturn r Orbit onautics anddural Requi
Readiness Rfkdown Stru
Design ReviAssessmentf Loss of Crf Loss of Mirements Doeadiness Retem Definitius Reviewtem Require
mple Return (ase A Study
/18
3
d abbre
s rtunity
ndling
search ule (Apolloview w
w d Control on ation Agencry
w (Spirit and
s rbiter y (Curiosity
d Space Admirements
Review
ucture iew t Review rew ission
ocument eview ion Review
ements Revi
(MSR)
eviated
Spacecraft)
cy
Opportunit
y and)
ministration
iew
d terms
)
y)
n
s
PTR QA RKA SAR SDR SIR SE SRR SSA TPM TRARTRR TT&CV&V WBS
Pe Qu Ro Sy Sy Sy Sy Sy Sp
TeR Te
TeC Te Ve W
ProjecPhas
DocumenDat
eriodic Techuality Assuroscosmos (Рystem accepystem Definystem Integrystem Enginystem Requipace Situatioechnical Perechnology Rest Readineselemetry Traerification a
Work Breakd
ct: se: nt: te:
Mars SamPre- PhaConcept 2014/04/
hnical Revierance Роскосмос)ptance Revienition Reviewration Revieneering irements Reonal Awarenrformance MReadiness Ass Review acking and and Validatiown Structu
mple Return (ase A Study
/18
4
ews
) - Russian ew w ew
eview ness
Measure Assessment R
Commandion ure
(MSR)
Federal Spa
Report
ace Agencyy
Tab
DOCU
DOCU
TERM
TABLE
1 IN
2 P
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
2.2.
2.7
3 C
3.1 3.3.3.
3.2 3.
3.3
4 P
4.1 4.2
5 L
6 F
INDEX
ble of C
MENT CHA
MENT SCOP
MS, DEFINITI
E OF CONTE
NTRODUCT
PROJECT SC
NEEDS .......GOALS .......OBJECTIVES
ASSUMPTION
MISSION CO
CONSTRAIN
.6.1 Budge
.6.2 SchedAUTHORITY
CONOPS AND
MISSION AR
.1.1 One-la
.1.2 Two-l
.1.3 ThreeMISSION AR
.2.1 JustifiCONCEPT OF
PRODUCT A
PRODUCT BR
WORK BREA
LIFECYCLE
FIGURES OF
X OF FIGUR
ProjecPhas
DocumenDat
Conten
ANGE RECO
PE .................
IONS AND A
ENT ..............
TION .............
COPING .......
......................
......................S .....................NS ..................
ONCEPT ...........TS ..................et....................dule ................Y & RESPONSIB
D MISSION
RCHITECTURE ..aunch architelaunches arche-launches arcRCHITECTURE
fication of discF OPERATIONS
ND WORK B
REAKDOWN SAKDOWN STRU
SCHEDULE
F MERIT ......
RES .................
ct: se: nt: te:
Mars SamPre- PhaConcept 2014/04/
t
RD ...............
......................
ABBREVIAT
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................BILITY ............
ARCHITEC
......................ecture .............itecture .........
chitecture .......SELECTION ....
carded optionsS ....................
BREAKDOW
TRUCTURE ....UCTURE .........
E ....................
......................
......................
mple Return (ase A Study
/18
5
......................
......................
TED TERMS
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
................................................................
......................
CTURE .........
.....................................................................................
......................s ..........................................
WN STRUCT
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
(MSR)
......................
......................
.....................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
TURE ............
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
......................
.....................
......................
.....................
.....................
.....................
......................
.....................
......................
.....................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
.....................
...... 2
...... 2
...... 3
...... 5
. - 6 -
. - 7 -
.. - 8 -
.. - 8 -
.. - 9 - - 10 - - 10 - - 10 - - 11 - - 13 - - 14 -
- 15 -
- 15 - - 15 - - 15 - - 17 - - 18 - - 18 - - 20 -
- 20 -
- 22 - - 22 -
- 25 -
- 28 -
- 29 -
MS
1
ThisSay At tassuhigharchand WorTheprogthe mis
SR_PreA
Introd
s documentylor.org's Su
the beginniumptions anh-level Conhitecture seltrade study
rk Breakdowe Project Lgrammatic rproject. In sion effectiv
Fi
Pro
PD
duction
t illustratesurvey of Sys
ing of this nd mission cncept of Olection procy. The followwn StructurLifecycle wreviews, dethe last chaveness and
igure 1-1: Th
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
n
the Mars stems Engin
document,concept) fo
Operations cess will thewing sectionre. will be thcision pointapter five Fperformanc
he Lander and
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 6 -
Sample Reneering - Pa
the scopinor the MSR
and multipen be carriedn covers the
hen presents, and the t
Figures of Mces.
d the Mars A
rn (MSR) oncept study
eturn Missioart 1”.
ng elementsmission wi
ple feasibled and explae Product B
nted with transitions bMerit will b
scent Vehicle
on project
s (needs, gll be definee architectuained througBreakdown S
milestones,between thebe identified
e (MAV) conc
for “NASA
goals, objeced, followedures. A migh a decisionStructure an
, technicale seven phasd to evaluat
cept.
A and
ctives, d by a ission n tree nd the
l and ses of te the
MS
2
In thdefibudassu CoshavSomansw
Figu
SR_PreA
Projec
his chapter,ined togethe
dget and schumption wil
smologists, e a bold in
me of these wer to as m
ure 2-1: List o
Pro
PD
ct scop
, the scopinger with a bahedule willll be noted.
geologists,nterest in Mare listed in
many questio
of previous M
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
ping
g exercise wasic missionl be also li
exo-biologMars. In thisn the goal pons as possib
Mars mission.
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 7 -
will be carrin profile. Baisted. At la
gists and ss field manparagraph. Tble.
. In recent ye
rn (MSR) oncept study
ied on. Neeasic constraast, authorit
cientists frony questionsThe objectiv
ars the succe
ds, goals, oaints such aty, responsi
om many os still wait ve of the M
ss rate signifi
objectives was technical ibility and
other discipto be answ
MSR mission
ficantly increa
will be ones, basic
plines wered. n is to
ased.
MS
2.1
The
2.2
Som
Thiscommis200inveaddrwou
SR_PreA
1 Needs
e main need
Improvevoluti
Discovsuppormicrob
2 Goals
me of the ma
Verify seismol
o o o o
Collect evolutio
o o o o
Investigand und
o o o
s list showsmmunity. Sosions (MRO6, a NASestigations ressed to ould make th
Pro
PD
ds for the MS
ve the undion of Marsver if it harted or if ibial).
ain goals ar
and imprology of MarDid it workHow much Are there stWhat is thedata and
on. InvestigWhy has thHow did it What is theTheories agreenhouse
gate on the pderstand theWas there fCould thereIs possible rock sampl
s only a fracome of theO, MER, MSA's Mars
related to ne degree oe most prog
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
SR mission
derstanding . s ever beenit still sup
re:
ove theoriesrs. Investigak in the sam
was the redtill residual
e chemical cimprove kn
gate on Marthe planet slohappen?
e chemical cand data ae effect on Epossibility a
e role of watflowing wate be still iceto discove
es?
ction of the ese where a
MSL and othPlanning the explor
or another bgress toward
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 8 -
n are:
of the g
n a habitabpport the ri
s on plate ate on its mi
me manner ad planet actil activities?compositionnowledge otian climateowly becom
compositionavailable fEarth? about past oter and planter on Marsed or (underer traces of
questions canswered (phers), but mGroup ide
ration of Mby MSR",ds the entire
rn (MSR) oncept study
geological h
ble planet, ight condit
tectonics, ineralogy. s on Earth?ive?
n of rocks?on the plane, geology a
me arid, deso
n of the soilfrom Mars
or present cnetary habit? rground) flobiomolecul
concerning Mpartially or
many more sentified 55 Mars. Aboumaking MSe list".
history and
i.e. if it ctions for li
past volcan
net itself anand chemistrolated and ir
and of the can be u
ondition forability.
owing waterles, bacteria
Mars raised totally) th
still need to important
ut half of tSR "the sin
d the plan
could have ife (bacteri
nic activity
nd his planry. ron-oxided?
atmosphereused to pr
r supporting
r? a or microb
d by the sciehanks to the be answere
t future scthem "coul
ngle mission
netary
been ial or
y and
netary
?
e? redict
g life,
bes in
entific e last ed. In cience ld be n that
MS
2.3
To manscie
FigubiggareaIt is than
SR_PreA
3 Object
contribute ny followinence:
Collecthe inncandid
Study spectra
Perforsurfac
Searchof flosedime
Performicrob
ure 2-2: The gest and higha approximat
a system of n 4,000 km (2
Pro
PD
tives
to the scienng science
ct data abouner surface date). Mars surfaa cameras. rm physical e and the inh in certain owing wateents). rm bio-chembial life, org
planet Marshest volcano itely the size ocanyons that,500 mi.) long
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
nce needs aobjectives
ut the lithosof a crater
ce, soil and
and chemicnner core)
region of Mer (e.g. er
mical analyganic compo
s. The Olympin the solar sf Arizona. Int runs along g, 200 km (12
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 9 -
and meet thconcerning
sphere at dior of a can
d terrain mo
cal analyses
Mars whererosion, terr
ysis on roounds and b
pus Mount csystem. It is n this picturethe Martian 20 mi) wide a
rn (MSR) oncept study
he stakeholg geology,
ifferent deepnyon (Valles
orphology w
s on soil and
e there coulrain morph
ock samplebiomolecule
can be recogat least 22 k
e the Valles Msurface east
and up to 7 km
der expectaexo-biolog
ps e.g. drills Marineris
with spectrom
d rocks (bot
ld be signs hology, roc
s to searches.
gnized from tkm (14 mi.) hMarineris, can
of the Tharsm (23,000 ft)
ations, MSRgy and plan
ling or analcould be a
meters and
th from the
of past preck compos
ch for trace
the orbit. It
high and covn be easiy detsis region. Atdeep.
R has netary
lysing good
multi
outer
sence sition,
es of
is the ers an tected. t more
MS
2.4
SomCurassu
2.5
A rsamSurfto mMarMarMSR4 bistor
2.6
For shouagen
Timbetwever BesTrea
SR_PreA
4 Assum
me assumptirrent theorieumptions m
Mars co Flowing Life con Returni
conductlaborato
Back ameasure
With thMars sa
A safe constrai
5 Missio
robotic Marmples from s
face samplemaximize ors environmrtian organiR shall meeiosafety conrage and res
6 Constr
every missuld be apprncies eventu
me and scheween Earth ry two year
ides this, thaty. The s
Pro
PD
mptions
ion where mes or comm
made for the
ould have bg water wasnditions areing back sating a wide ories on Earand forwardes.
he right techamples residsample retuints and mis
on conce
rs Sample Rsoil, rocks ae should bebjective acc
ment, Mars isms into Eaet the termsntainment fsearch of oth
raints
sion, budgetroved and fiually joinin
dule constrand Mars
rs.
he mission samples m
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
made prior mon undersMSR missi
een supports present one compatiblemples of rospectrum o
rth both witd contamina
hnology anddual traces ourn missionssion object
pt
Return misand atmosphe, if possiblecomplishmesamples an
arth's biosphs of Article facility shalher Mars, as
t constraintfinanced in tg the missio
aints are deallows, wit
must adherust not ba
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 10 -
to the estastandings wion are:
ted life in thn Mars in ane with the cock, soil anof analyses,th current anation could
d instrumenof past life (n should betive achieve
ssion shouldhere from Me, selectedent. Both fond Earth (chere) shouldVII of the O
ll be built. Tsteroids, com
ts are alwaythe yearly bon).
etermined bth current p
re to the Teack contam
rn (MSR) oncept study
ablishment owhere used
he past. ncient timescurrent modnd atmosphe to be perfond future fad be avoide
ntation it wo(if there wa
e performedements.
d be able tMars.
with precisforward andcaused by td be avoidedOuter SpaceThese facilmets or plan
ys present. budget alloc
by celestial mpropulsion t
erms of Artiminate the
of a possiblin the pro
. el of Mars pere from Mormed in thecilities. ed using st
ould be possas any). d in respect
to return ca
e scientific d back contahe possibled. e Treaty, anities could netary samp
The missiocation by N
mechanics. technology,
icle VII of Earth bio
le Mars misocess. The
past conditiMars would
e most adva
trong preca
sible to det
t of budget,
arefully sel
criteria in amination oe introducti
nd a specialbe used als
ples.
on and its bNASA (and
Relative m, a mission
the Outer Sosphere and
ssion. main
ions. allow anced
aution
ect in
, time
lected
order of the on of
level so for
udget other
motion n only
Space d the
MS
landonlySpa
FiguReco
2.6
A bmisbe rfromsom
SR_PreA
der/rover my in a Specace Research
ure 2-3: Someonnaissance O
6.1 Budge
baseline budsion ever prequired to m comparis
me past and
The Mabefore blaunch $672 m
Mars RconductspacecrPropuls
The totExplora(Martiacontinuthem hareachedwhile textensio
Pro
PD
must not to cial Level 4 h (COSPAR
e of the recenOrbiter (MR
et
dget estimatperformed. M
fulfil the msons with pfuture Mars
ars Scout mbeing canceservices, wh
million.
Reconnaissant reconnaissraft was busion Labora
tal cost of ation Roveran days) priued functionas received
d in July 20the Spirit ron. A $2.8
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
contaminatebiosafety c
R).
nt Mars orbiteO).
te hypothesMultiple laumission objprevious Mas mission an
missions (e.elled, had ashich cost ap
nce Orbitersance and euilt by Loctory.
f building, s (Sprit andimary missining far beyd many yea13 a decaderover cease million pe
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 11 -
e Mars surfcontainmen
ers: Odyssey
sizes that thunches of sjective. A rars missionnd their fina
.g. the Phoes target a copproximatel
r (MRO) is exploration ckheed Mar
launching, d Opportuniion was $8
yond their inars of missie on Mars, aed to functer month (
rn (MSR) oncept study
face. The rent facility, a
, Mars Globa
his would bpacecraft (rough estimns. The follal (or estima
enix landerost of less thly $187 mil
a multipurpof Mars fro
rtin under
landing anity) on the s820 million.nitial 90 soion extensioand is still ftion in 201$33.6/year)
eturn sampls defined b
al Surveyor (M
be the most (orbiter/land
mation coullowing paraated) cost.
r and the Mhan $485 mllion, the tot
pose spacecom orbit. Tthe superv
nd operatinsurface for t. But since ls primary m
ons. The Opfunctioning 10, after a ) is a rough
les must beby Committ
MGS) and M
expensive der/rover) wld be formuagraphs wi
MAVEN orbmillion. Inclu
tal price is
craft designThe $720 mvision of th
ng for the the initial 90
the rovers mission, ea
Opportunity and researc7 year mi
h estimatio
e used ee on
Mars
Mars would ulated ll list
biter), uding about
ned to million he Jet
Mars 0 sols have
ach of rover
ching, ission
on for
MS
SR_PreA
continuwere all
The MSas a mereach $2
The futwith Nbillions($1.3 biof the v
The Ma(plus or
The costs fthe final busingle Landthe budget could needmore plaus The MSstay on theopening ofoption withan estimatiabout $50 m An orbineeded, and The missiomillion for achieve thecontingency
There are treturn sampsecond one
Pro
PD
uing operatiolocated only
SL initial buedium-cost m2.47 billion
ture ExomaNASA, confs). ESA hadillions) but
ventures wil
ars 2020 ror minus $20
for the pastudget becamder is aboutshould be s
d one rover ibly $3-4 bi
SL mission e surface fof liftoff winh approx. 50on of additmillion. iter capabled then anoth
n should ththe orbiter
e mission, y plans, risk
two proposample orbiter e with a land
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
ons during my for missio
udget cost emission, bu
n.
rs mission firming thed originallythe withdra
ll probably a
over mission00 million),
t Mars missme always t $1 billion,scaled, as leand one M
illion. could also or searchingndows. This00 days lonional $3 mi
e of taking her $700 mi
en require: . Since lot oaround $3
k reduction,
al (for furthand a sing
der, a rover
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 12 -
mission exton extension
estimate waut eventually
was initialleir commit
y cost-cappeawal of NAadd several
n launch is according t
sions have aat least tw
, but for a mearned from
MAV, and t
require long, collectins would be ng operationillion per m
back to Eaillion should
$2 billion fof new tech00 million , and other c
her details sgle lander wand an orbi
rn (MSR) oncept study
tension. In tns.
s $650 milly the costs f
ly approvedtment to sped the Exom
ASA and thehundred m
estimated tto The Aero
always beenwice the orimore complm the MSLthey accoun
ng times forng and stori
required inns for the l
month shoul
arth the retd be added
for each lanhnology mu
dollars arecost/schedu
see next chwill then citer will cos
the end alm
ion. Indeed for developi
d by ESA aspend €850 mars projece consequenillions euro
to cost rougospace Corp
n underestimiginal ones.lex and mor(see Figurent for minim
r the rover aing the samn the case oander. Fromd be requir
turn capsuleto the budg
nder and theust be devele suggested
ule mitigatio
apters): thecost approxst around $5
most $600 m
d it was clasing the rove
s a joint mi0 million (cts at €1 bint reorganis
o to the total
ghly $1.5 bporation.
mated, as r. The cost re massive e 2-4). The mum $2 bi
and the MAmples beforof a “long
m MER misred, for a to
e would alget estimate.
e MAV and loped in ordd as reservon measures
e first one w. $3 billion
5 billion.
million
sified er did
ission $1.23 illion, sation l.
billion
result, for a rover MSR
illion,
AV to re the stay”
ssion, otal of
so be .
$700 der to ve for s.
with a n; the
MS
FiguPaththe i
2.6
Anoposiconv Celeyearschein 2
SR_PreA
ure 2-4: Evohfinder missioidle is about 1
6.2 Sched
other imporitions and mvenient laun
estial mechr for 2024eduled for 9
2020-2026 a
L
T
Pro
PD
olution of Mon), Spirit/O1 foot high.
dule
rtant constramotions of nch opportu
hanics deter, the launc9 months laare listed in
Launch yea2020 2022 2024 2026
Table 2-1: Est
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
ars rovers. pportunity (t
aint for a MEarth and M
unity only e
rmine the pch has to bter, in June the table be
ar Month6 8 9
11
timated launc
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 13 -
From bottomtwin rovers o
Mars missioMars make
every 2 year
ossible launbe in late 2025. Estimelow.
h Day Ar18 7
26 15
ch dates from
rn (MSR) oncept study
m left corneof MER), and
on is the la possible, w
rs, when Ma
nch windowSeptember,mated launc
rrive year2021 2023 2025 2027
m Earth to Ma
r clockwise: d Curiosity (M
aunch windowith currentars approach
ws. Selectin, and Marsch dates fro
Month D3 4 6 7
ars in 2020-20
Sojourner MSL). The r
ow. The ret technologh its perigee
ng a base las arrival is om Earth to
Day 4
22 11 30
026
(Mars rock in
lative gies, a e.
aunch then
Mars
MS
2.7
SR_PreA
The init Prelimi
early 20 In June In Janu
phases In July Two ye
so the mtesting t This timallocatidue to t
7 Author
NASA andOther agenallocated breturn stageor a comme
Pro
PD
Figure 2-5
tial project nary analys018. 2018 Phaseary 2019, ashould start2020 fabric
ears later (Jmission can that termina
me-table aon reduces the fact that
rity & Re
d JPL havencies (e.g. udget. Othee will dock ercial one.
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
: An example
developmensis and desi
e B should sfter a Prelimt and last focation has toJuly 2022) a
proceed wiate in May 2
llows for the risk of
the followi
esponsib
e the authorESA, JAXAer agencies to the ISS a
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 14 -
e of previous
nt should stign of comp
start. minary Desior 18 montho start. all the hardith a 22 mon2024.
a 4 monthf mission scing planetar
bility
rity and reA, and RKand private
and the cani
rn (MSR) oncept study
NASA progr
tart in Septeponents (Ph
ign Reviews.
dware and snths System
hs schedulecrub that wry window i
sponsibilityKA) may be companieister be take
ram schedule
ember 2017.ase A) shou
(PDR), the
oftware mum Assembly
e margin. Twould cause is scheduled
y to carry oe involved
es should bee back with
e
. uld also beg
e implement
ust be compy, Integratio
This extra e a 2 years d for 2026.
out the misd to increase involved a Soyuz ca
gin in
tation
pleted n and
time delay
ssion. se the if the
apsule
MS
3
3.1
Sevbriearchtrad ComtypeusedanalVencallanaldock Thebackthird
3.1
Singlaunhugneitthe dev
3.1
In thone FiguStayon t
SR_PreA
ConOp
1 Missio
veral strategefly describehitecture selde study.
mmon optioe and the Md (see Figurlyses and snus flyby (ted “Long Slyses, selectk to the obi
e basic elemk the sampd spacecraft
.1 One-la
gle launch anching all ege and heavther in the n
Falcon 9 elopment.
.2 Two-la
his scenariofor the land
ure 3-1, is ty” profile othe surface f
Pro
PD
ps and
on archite
ies of returne the possiblection proc
ons among Mars surfacere 3-1). Theample pickto decrease Stay” and wtion and piciter and then
ment of the le to Earth
ft, rover for
aunch arc
architectureelements iny payload inear future.
Heavy fro
aunches
o, the sampder and the to launch bor at an interfor a 500 da
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
d missi
ecture
ning a sampble high-levcess will be
all the arche mission de first one isking in a 30
the total awould assurecking sampln come back
mission w(or to ISS)
rock drillin
chitecture
e, as the namn a single laisn’t still av Possible com SpaceX
architect
le return msecond one
oth missionrval of abouays mission
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 15 -
ion arc
ple of Mars vel Architeccarried and
hitecture opduration. Tws called “Sh0 days campamount of pe 500 days les, and thenk to Earth.
would be an), one land
ng, analysis,
e
me says, is aunch. Howvailable at tcompatible lX Corporat
ture
mission woule for the orbns, during thut two yearsn.
rn (MSR) oncept study
chitectu
to Earth arecture for thd explained
tions concewo differenthort Stay” anpaign, and propellant nfor the roven return the
orbiter witer (with the and sample
organized twever, the lthe momentlauncher cotion, but b
ld be dividebiter. The suhe same laus. In the latt
ure
e possible. The MSR mis
through a d
ern the intert approachend would cothen return
needed). Ther to performem with the
th a return e MAV) ane caching.
to allow a slauncher net and does n
ould be the both are st
ed in two lauggested opunch windowter case the
This chaptession. A midecision tre
rplanetary ces can indeoncentrate an to Earth whe second om all the saMAV into
stage for tnd eventual
sample retueeded for sunot appear NASA SLStill current
aunches: theption, depictw, with a “rover could
er will ission
ee and
cruise ed be all the with a one is ample orbit,
aking ly, as
urn by uch a to be
S and tly in
e first ted in
“Short d stay
MS
Fig
SR_PreA
Figure 3-1:
gure 3-2: Co
Pro
PD
: MSR trajec
onOps for a twand land
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
ctories for a sharc
wo spacecrafder stay on th
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 16 -
hort or long chitecture pr
ft architecturhe surface for
rn (MSR) oncept study
stay option uofile.
re with a “Shoa short amou
used in the 2 o
ort-Stay” optunt of time
or 3 launches
tion. Both orb
s
biter
MS
3.1
TheIn tlandat leTwolandcollfuncand Thiscarrtwothe costscra
SR_PreA
.3 Three
e sub-mentiothis scenarid on Mars, teast 500 Solo years laterder includinlection rovection wouldreturn it to
s design wory out the ro payloads (successful lts and risks atch.
Figure 3
Pro
PD
-launche
oned archito, the sampthen it wouls (Martian r, the orbiteng the Marer, the landd be to retrthe lander w
ould ease threquired op(the samplelanding systassociated
3-3: A possib
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
s architec
ecture wouple-collectiold carry outdays).
er (see figurrs Ascent Ver would bieve the samwhere it wo
he scheduleerations. Fu-collection tem developwith develo
le trajectory
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 17 -
cture
uld split the on rover wt analyses a
re Figure 3-Vehicle (MAbring a smample conta
ould be load
e of the whurthermore,rover and t
ped for the oping and te
for the orbit
rn (MSR) oncept study
mission intwould be lauand sample c
-3) would bAV). Instea
aller, simpleainer from tded onto the
ole mission, by spreadthe lander),Mars Scienesting yet a
er simulated
to a total ofunched sepcollection o
e launched,ad of a fulle "fetch rovhe sample-
e MAV.
n, giving coing the land, the progrance Laboratoanother land
with STK As
f three launparately andover a lifetim
, followed bl-blown samver", whose-collection r
ontrollers timnded mass aam could reory, avoidinding system
strogator.
nches. d first me of
by the mple-e sole rover,
me to across ely on ng the
from
MS
3.2
SincanaldepiFigu
3.2
Onethe p A tstakcomnewMarhavi Theapprfor of sbed expfaciwoucon Tand coulrequ Thenearthe analthre
SR_PreA
2 Missio
ce many polyses were icted in ure 4-1.
.1 Justif
e-launch arcpresent mom
three-launchkeholder exmplexity wow technologrs ascendining enough
e chosen oproach to colbudget, sch
samples canfor new
ensive) samilities and lould benefit gcept and de
The orbiter should rem
ld be projeuirements.
e lander wilr a predefinmission e.
lyses. It wilee spacecraf
Pro
PD
on Archit
ossible misconducted
ication of
chitecture isment there a
hes missionxpectations,
ould put in sgy and operng vehicle,
funding or
ption was thllect sample
hedule or ann be returned
technologiemple returnot of spare pgreatly with
esign.
and the lanmain on theected for a
ll try to accned site or n.g. investigll also have ft MRS miss
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
tecture s
ssion archite. A decisio
f discarde
s not possibare no launc
n has a ver, but it wserious risk rations has Mars orbitamission an
hen the twoe from Marsnomalies. Wd to Earth. es allowing
n mission. parts and deh a significa
nder would surface onfunctioning
complish (fnear a previgating on th
a small fetcsion.
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 18 -
selection
ectures are on tree for
ed option
ble since, achers capab
ry high sciwould cost
the accompto be teste
al docking,nomalies) th
o-launchess, preventin
With this arOn the otheg a followThe latteresign of thiant reductio
be launchenly for a shog in a shor
for the first ious Mars mthe anomalich rover as
rn (MSR) oncept study
available,the missio
ns
as discussedble of doing
ientific valut around $plishment o
ed for the f etc.). For
his option w
mission arcng unacceptrchitecture,er hand it c
wing (morecould use s mission. Ion of cost a
ed and reachort period.rter period
time ever)mission. Thiies of a pra technolog
trade studyon architect
d in the prevso.
ue, meeting$5 billion. of the missiofirst time (pthese reasoas discharge
chitecture. Table risks ohowever, aould be con
e complex, all the kno
In this way and improve
h Mars on With this cof time, re
a precise pis will add arevious langy demonstr
y and feasiture selecti
vious chapt
g almost aMoreover
on, since a pinpoint lanons (risks oed.
This is the of mission faa smaller amnsidered as
safer andow-how, althe new mi
ement in mi
the same pchoice all syesulting in l
pinpoint lanan extra valnder with vtrator for a f
ibility ion is
ter, at
ll the r, his lot of
nding, of not
safer failure mount a test
d less ll the ission ission
period ystem lower
nding lue to visual future
MS
SR_PreA
Figure 3-4:
Pro
PD
Decision tree
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
e for the missdi
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 19 -
sion architectiscarded opti
rn (MSR) oncept study
ure selectionons.
. Red backgrround indicat
te
MS
3.3
As euse for u ThespacbackFalcarch An capacaparovehad fromthis prop Theand in thMarposs
SR_PreA
3 Conce
every compof system eunmanned m
e chosen mcecraft: a lak the sampcon 9 Heahitecture on
upgraded abilities) coable of picker on the sunever been
m past Marsobjective,
pulsion syst
e proposal fverify the
he Apollo prs ascendinsibly Mars e
Achievein order
Test theatmosphdrilling
PerformThe orb
Build thoperate return M
The lander bigger thanone robotic The detaile
1. The
Pro
PD
ept of Op
plex project,engineers (Smission.
mission arcander with ple canister avy will nn currently c
mission pould includking up rocurface, a prn performeds missions. e.g. impro
tem capable
for the currefeasibility oprogram, wng vehicle, exploration
e first ever r to collect se MAV aschere sample tool install
m the first ebiter will thehe facilities with samp
Missions.
is a small sn the Sojourc arm to coll
ed ConOps i
e lander and
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
erations
, MSR will SE). The pr
chitecture ea Mars Ascfrom Mars
not be avacommerciall
profile (witde also an cks and delrecise Marsd on the redNew technving the Sk
e of doing so
ent mission of a three-sp
will develop Mars orbit
:
pin-pointinsamples in d
cending vehes while ased on the ro
ever Mars oen take backs to analyseples provide
cience laboner) used folect soil sam
is detailed d
d the orbiter
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 20 -
s
require a mroject will u
establishescending Vehs orbit to Lailable in tly available
th one of additional
liver them ts pin-pointind planet du
nology deveky Crane so.
n is to use thpacecraft mand test th
tal docking
ng landing odifferent loc
hicle. It willcending. Roover or on thorbit rendezk to LEO the the samped by this m
oratory, provor testing aumples and a
depicted in F
are launche
rn (MSR) oncept study
multidisciplinuse the stand
a basic phicle (MAV
LEO. If bigthe near fue rockets wo
f the launcrover to beto the MAVng should b
ue to the lowlopment mu
system used
he basic promission. Thihe key techng, …) for
on Mars. It ccations. l also contaock samplehe base of l
z-vouz fromhe sample cales from Mmission and
vided with autonomous rsmall ascen
Figure 3-2.
ed with two
nary team wdard 7 phas
profile usinV) and an o
launchers future, a mould be the b
cher with e deployed V. In order be achievedw landing aust be perfod on MSL
ofile to test s will ease nologies (pifuture retur
could be als
ain soil sames could be ander.
m the MAV anister.
Mars. They wd reduce the
a very smallrock cache nding vehic
The major p
o separate la
with an exteses lifetime
ng two seporbiter for t
like the SLmultiple-launbest choice.
bigger paon the suto use a se
d. This operaccuracy reaormed to acor develop
new technothe costs aninpoint landrn missions
so be a “ho
mples and cacollected w
with the or
will be reae cost for f
l rover (a lirecovery. It
cle.
phases are:
aunchers.
ensive cycle
parate aking LS or nches .
yload rface, econd ration ached
chieve ping a
ology nd, as ding , s and
pper“
apture with a
rbiter.
ady to future
ttle t has
MS
SR_PreA
2. Theinte
3. Aftewhiland
4. Afteland
5. Therese
6. Afte7. MA
perithatCom
8. MAstag
9. Thecorr
10. A m11. The
SoyDra
12. The13. The
Figure 3-5: T
Pro
PD
ey performerplanetary oer a 9 monile the landeding. er have sloding to a pree lander peearch and saer a sealing
AV manoeuigee to perfot one perfommand Serv
AV and the oge. e return vehrect his traje
manual or aue sample cayuz or commagon) e capsule lane sample are
The Dragon c
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
m some buorbit towardnths journeyer accompli
owed down e-selected aerforms allample collecof canister
uvres to a lform a rendeormed in thvice Moduleorbiter dock
hicle starts iectory to intutomatic doanister is trmercial (or
nds in Oceae transferred
capsule captu
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 21 -
urns in LEds Mars. y, the orbitish an aero
with paracarea. l the needction. compartme
low Mars ez-vouz withe Apollo e). k. The samp
its long jouterplanetary
ocking with ransferred tOrion, if r
an or on the d to the leve
ured by the C
rn (MSR) oncept study
EO to corr
ter perform-braking m
chutes, the
ded operati
ent, the MAorbit, whileth the MAV
program b
ple canister
urney homey one direct the ISS is pto a return
ready), and
ground. el 4 bio-safe
Canadarm in
rect their t
ms a Mars oanoeuvre in
lander perf
ions, exper
AV departs fe the orbite
V (this operabetween the
is transferre
, performinto LEO.
performed. capsule. I
manned or
e Mars Sam
order to dock
trajectories
orbit acquisn preparatio
forms a pin
riments, sc
from Mars. er decreaseation is simie LEM an
ed into the r
ng some bur
It could be r unmanned
mple Facility
k with the IS
into
sition, on for
npoint
cience
es his ilar to d the
return
rns to
both d (e.g.
y.
S.
MS
4
4.1
TheThesche TheTheIt shsyst(TTsubsdock
4.2
Theworincladdiengi In oand
SR_PreA
Produ
1 Produc
e PBS (Prode hierarchicaeme in Figu
e main eleme MAV is clhould also tems, comm
T&C), Guidsystem. Somking sub-sy
2 Work B
e Work Brerk necessaryludes the Pring (at eachineering, in
order to impwith high-l
Pro
PD
uct and
ct Break
duct Breakdal ordered e
ure 4.1.
ments of the mlassified as have all th
munication (dance Navime exampleystem, MAV
Breakdow
eakdown Stry to compleroduct Breah level) the
ntegration an
prove claritylevel elemen
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
d Work
down St
own Structuelements of
mission area tier 2 eleme main sub(low/high ggation and
es of compoV propulsion
wn Struc
ructure (WBete a projecakdown Strue necessary nd verificati
y, in Figurents only.
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 22 -
Break
tructure
ure) is the rf the PBS f
e the two spment, since bsystem sucgain) antennd Control (onents ad pan and samp
cture
BS) represect. The WBucture. The
y service eleion, and log
e 4.2 the WB
rn (MSR) oncept study
kdown S
esult of the for the MSR
acecraft: thit will beco
ch as thermna, Telemet(GNC), andarts are listele unit.
ents the hieBS is produc
WBS is inements, sucgistics suppo
BS has bee
Structu
decomposiR mission a
e orbiter anome an indeal control, try Trackingd, of coursed, such as o
erarchical brct-based, hideed built fch as managort.
n depicted
ure
ition procesare depicted
nd the landerependent vestructure, pg and Comse, a propuorbiter and M
reakdown oierarchical afrom the PBgement, sy
without the
s. d in a
r. ehicle. power mand ulsion MAV
of the and it BS by stems
e PBS
MS
SR_PreA
Pro
PD
F
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
Figure 4-1: Pr
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 23 -
roduct Break
rn (MSR) oncept study
kdown Structuure
MS
SR_PreA
Figure
Pro
PD
e 4-2: Work B
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
Breakdown S
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 24 -
Structure. On
rn (MSR) oncept study
nly high-level elements aree shown.
MS
5
Theon awithesta
SR_PreA
Lifecy
e project wila historical h new enginablished, fro
Pre-Phawill takthe Pha
A Systemonths maturatbaseline
In JanuDesign final deJuly 202
In July All the with a 2in May
Pro
PD
ycle sch
ll use the stproject schneering andom mission
aseA starts ke to complase A.
em Definit long Phasetion. This pe capable of
uary 2019 thReview (P
esign will la20 and last
2022, afterhardware a
22 months 2024.
Figure 5-
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
hedule
andard 7 phedule analy
d new technselection to
in Septemblete the mis
ion Reviewe B (in Junhase definef meeting m
here will bPDR) the imasts for 18 mfor two yea
r another coand softwarSystem Ass
-1: Historical
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 25 -
e
hases lifetimysis (see Fignology, an eo launch.
ber 2017, lassion concep
w (SDR) wne 2018) wie the projectmission need
be a main Kmplementatmonths, whiars.
ontrol gate (re must be csembly, Inte
l project sche
rn (MSR) oncept study
me cycle forgure 5-1) foestimate of
asting for 3 pt and techn
will be perfoith prelimint in enough ds.
KDP: only tion phases ile the hardw
(SIR and KDcompleted segration and
edule analysis
r unmannedor a highly c
a 7 years lo
months. Anology dev
ormed prionary designdetail to es
after passinwill start.
ware fabrica
DP-D), Phaso the missd testing th
s in months
d mission. Bcomplex paong proces
Another 6 mvelopment d
or to enter n and technostablish an i
ng a PrelimIn phase C
ation will st
ase D will bsion will prohat will term
Basing yload s was
months during
the 7 ology initial
minary C, the tart in
begin. oceed
minate
MS
Durmanand
SR_PreA
Last revlaunch for the availabi
Phase Elauncheare achchapter
Final Fand timextensiosince m
ring the projny others) wphases are
Pro
PD
views (TRRscheduled iwhole pro
ility of the f
E (Operatioes. This phahieved and tr for mission
-Phase willmes will depons. All the
many years o
ject many owill be perfo
provided in
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
R, SAR, ORin Septemboject to prefollowing p
ons and suase will lastthe sample n details.
l perform thpend on lane data colleof research c
other KDP aormed. A sun Figure 5-2
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 26 -
RR and FRRber 2024. Aevent a mi
planetary wi
ustainment)t for severalcapsule ret
he closeout nder/rover stected must bcould be pe
and review ummary of t2 and Figure
rn (MSR) oncept study
R) will checA time marg
ission delaindow, whic
will beginl years till aturn to Eart
operations tatus and pbe archived
erformed on
(Peer, Substhe main ace 5-3.
ck all the sygin of 4 moy of two ych is schedu
n with theall the operth. Please r
for the proossible fund
d and preparthe returne
system, Sysctivity, revie
ystems beforonths is alloyear due t
uled for 202
e two spacration in Corefer to pre
oject. Operading for mired for ana
ed samples.
stem Reviewew, control
re the ocated o the
26.
ecraft onOps evious
ations ission lyses,
w and gates
MS
SR_PreA
Pro
PD
Figure
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
Figure 5-2
e 5-3: Project
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 27 -
2: NASA proj
t phases, KD
rn (MSR) oncept study
ject lifecycle
P and major reviews
MS
6
Thismisand Tot
Mis
TotMisexte
TotMisRisk
7
Thisarchpassimp
SR_PreA
Figure
s chapter shsion architedetermined
tal rock and
ssion compl
tal mission ssion flexibension for r
tal cost ssion accomk of failure
Future
s documenthitecture, Csing to nex
prove and en
Pro
PD
es of M
hortly lists ecture optiod the selecti
d soil samp
lexity
duration (oility (e.g. brover/lande
mplishmente or anoma
e works
t provide a bConOps, WBxt project pnrich the mi
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
Merit
some Figurons. The lasion of the tw
ple mass ret
operationaackup lander, etc.)
t lies
ks
basic feasibBS, PBS, s
phases, furthission profil
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 28 -
res of Merist parameterwo launches
turned to E
al phase) der, mission
bility analysscoping eleher and dele with requ
rn (MSR) oncept study
it that werer was choses option.
Earth
S
n V
<
A
sis and a higements and eper analys
uirements an
e used to even to be the
2 launch 100-500g
Somewhat Less
650 days Very low
<$3 billion Good
Acceptable
gh-level conlifecycle s
sis should bnd details.
valuate the e most impo
3 laun1-10k
High
4 yearPossibchoice
availab>$5 billExcelle
High
ncept for mischedule. Bbe perform
MSR ortant
nch kg
h
rs ble es ble lion ent h
ission Before med to
MS
Ind
Figu
Figu
incr
Figu
is th
and
Mar
surf
(120
Figu
and
Figu
(Ma
(MS
Figu
Figu
arch
Figu
orbi
Figu
Figu
indi
Figu
ISS
Figu
Figu
Figu
Figu
Figu
SR_PreA
dex of
ure 1-1: The
ure 2-1: Lis
reased. .......
ure 2-2: The
he biggest a
covers an a
rineris, can
face east of
0 mi) wide
ure 2-3: Som
Mars Reco
ure 2-4: Evo
ars Pathfind
SL). The roc
ure 2-5: An
ure 3-1: MS
hitecture pro
ure 3-2: Co
iter and land
ure 3-3: A p
ure 3-4: Dec
icate discard
ure 3-5: The
. .................
ure 4-1: Pro
ure 4-2: Wo
ure 5-1: His
ure 5-2: NA
ure 5-3: Pro
Pro
PD
f figures
e Lander an
st of previou
..................
e planet Ma
and highest v
area approx
be easiy de
the Tharsis
and up to 7
me of the re
onnaissance
olution of M
der mission)
ck in the idl
example of
SR trajector
ofile. ..........
onOps for a
der stay on
possible traj
cision tree f
ded options
e Dragon ca
..................
oduct Break
ork Breakdo
storical proj
ASA project
oject phases
oject: Doc: hase: Date: Ref:
Mars Pre-APre-A2014/None
s
nd the Mars
us Mars mis
..................
ars. The Oly
volcano in t
imately the
tected. It is
region. At
km (23,000
ecent Mars o
Orbiter (M
Mars rovers.
), Spirit/Opp
le is about 1
f previous N
ies for a sho
..................
two spacec
the surface
jectory for t
for the miss
. .................
apsule captu
..................
kdown Struc
own Structu
ect schedul
t lifecycle ...
, KDP and m
Sample ReturAlpha Phase cA /04/18
- 29 -
Ascent Veh
ssion. In rec
...................
ympus Mou
the solar sy
size of Ari
a system o
more than 4
0 ft) deep. ..
orbiters: Od
MRO). ..........
. From botto
portunity (tw
1 foot high.
NASA prog
ort or long s
...................
craft archite
for a short
the orbiter s
sion architec
...................
ured by the
...................
cture ...........
ure. Only hig
le analysis i
...................
major revie
rn (MSR) oncept study
hicle (MAV)
cent years th
...................
nt can be re
stem. It is a
zona. In th
f canyons th
4,000 km (2
...................
dyssey, Mar
...................
om left corn
win rovers o
..................
gram schedu
stay option
...................
cture with a
amount of t
simulated w
cture selecti
...................
Canadarm i
...................
...................
gh-level ele
in months ...
...................
ews .............
) concept. ...
he success r
...................
ecognized fr
at least 22 km
is picture th
hat runs alo
2,500 mi.) lo
...................
rs Global Su
...................
ner clockwi
of MER), an
...................
ule ...............
used in the
...................
a “Short-Sta
time ...........
with STK As
ion. Red ba
...................
in order to d
...................
...................
ements are s
...................
...................
...................
..................
rate signific
..................
rom the orb
km (14 mi.)
he Valles
ong the Mar
ong, 200 km
..................
urveyor (MG
..................
ise: Sojourn
nd Curiosity
..................
..................
2 or 3 laun
..................
ay” option.
..................
strogator. ...
ackground
..................
dock with th
..................
..................
shown. .......
..................
..................
..................
.. - 6 -
antly
.. - 7 -
bit. It
high
tian
m
.. - 9 -
GS)
- 11 -
ner
y
- 13 -
- 14 -
ches
- 16 -
Both
- 16 -
- 17 -
- 19 -
he
- 21 -
- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 27 -
- 27 -