Marketing Proje

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MARMARA UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

PROJECT FOR MARKETING MANAGEMENT-

I

to

ASSOC. PROFESSOR EMNE OBANOLU

METN DLMA - 135711080NURGL SOYLU - 135709006

FURKAN BAKURT - 135710075

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14.01.2013 UUR YILDIRIM - 135710089

Demographics of TurkeyReligion andSecularity.3Islam,Christians4DemographicInformations5Ethnic & Religious Minorities in Turkey, Recent Trends in Situation ofMinorities........................6Refugees and Asylum-

seekers.........................................................................................................7Family Life and Structure inTurkey.9Population.11Religion,Turks.12

Kurds, Arabs, Azerbaijanis, Cechens.13Circassians, Georgians, Laz....14Economy of Turkey

Macro-economicTrends..15Main Economic Sectors (Agricultural, Transport)...16

Tourism Sector, NaturalResources..17The Turkish Economy in 20052009.19Period 20082009 Results, Limitations and Future Research...21


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Natural Factors of

Turkey.............................................................................................................22Climate,Landforms

..23Regions.24Technology & Development in

Turkey.26Key Trends &Developments.28Culture & Marketing in Turkey

Culture..29Findings of Cultural Impact onMarketing30CulturalMarketing31Social and Cultural Environment inTurkey.32Impact of Culture in Marketing, Marketing inTurkey.33Conclusion..34Sources.35

Demographics of Turkey

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This article is about the demographic features of the population of Turkey, includingpopulation density, etnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status,religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Turkey's population doubled only 6 times through the 20th century, which is a low figure. Thepopulation was relatively high in 1900, but much of the explanation comes from the tragic eventsin the early years of Turkish republic, and the cleansings of Christians from the emergingMuslim state, when between 3 and 5 million Armenians and Greek were killed or driven outof their homelands. Parallel to this, there also was a substantial immigration of Turks from formerOttoman territory.

At present the population growth is 1.3% per year, which is neither high nor low. The fertilityrate is 2.2 children per mother, which is only marginally higher than the critical level of what isneeded to keep a stable population. Birthrate is 3 times the death rate, but with a median age of28, Turkey seems to close in on European countries and may well drop to zero growth relativelysoon. Emigration used to be of great importance, but today the direction of migrations has turned,and Turkey now sees a net immigration of 45,000 people a year.

Population projections stipulate more than 100 million inhabitants by the middle of thecentury, but the factors mentioned above may well make it stabilize at around 90 million.

Religion and Secularity

99% of the Turkish population is Moslem. The remaining is composed of Orthodox Christians,Gregorian Christians, Catholic, Suryani and Protestant Christians, and Jews. Although most ofthe population is Moslem, Turkey is a secular country and everyone has freedom of religion andbeliefs. No one can be forced to participate in religious ceremonies or rites against their will andno blame can be attached to anyone because of their beliefs.

The 600 years Islamic reigned Ottoman empire collapsed in the 1920's and after theindependence war leaded by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk the principle of secularism introduced to theTurkish people.

Turkey is the only country among the Islamic countries which has included secularism in herConstitution and practices it. With the abolition of the Caliphate and the Ministry of Shariah(Islamic Law) and Foundations, on 3 March 1924 during the Republic period, significant stepswere taken on the course to secularism and by providing the unification of education and later theunification of the judiciary. These steps were followed by other steps such as the Hat Reform,closure of the Sects and Convents, changing the weekly holiday from Friday to Sunday and theadoption of the Latin alphabet and the Gregorian calendar. Finally, with an amendment put intopractice with Law No. 3115 dated 5 February 1937, "secularism" became a constitutionalprinciple. Although the concept of "secularism" was included in the Constitution of the Republicof Turkey in 1937, the principle of secularism had existed "de facto" since the foundation of theRepublic.

Islam

The Islam religion mainly has three different styles ,in Turkey. The style where most of the


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people (nearly %80) believe in is the "Sunni" belief which is a mild type of Islam. The secondtype is the "Alevi" belief. This style has different peculiarities in its self and the main differencefrom the Sunni belief is the special value of Caliph Ali and his followers. Nearly 18% percent ofthe Moslems are Alevis. The third main style is the "Sii" belief that is similar to the Alevi beliefin many thoughts but could be seen as stricter style.

Although it is not a style of belief but a sect, "Beltasilik" is also widely believed among theMoslems in Turkey. It could be seen as a similar style of Alevi belief. Islam...

Christians

According the current numbers the main Christian population in Turkey is the Armeniancommunity. The Armenians do divide in three styles. The Catholic , Protestant and GregorianArmenians. The main community is the Gregorian church which is directed by the ArmenianPatriarch in Istanbul. The Patrick Mutafyan who is elected in 1998, is connected to the mainGregorian Church Echmiadzin in Armenia.

The second Christian Population is the Greek Orthodox Community. There are five mainOrthodox church communities in the world. They are Istanbul, Rome, skenderiye, Antioch, andJerusalem. The Patriarch in Istanbul is seen as the major within these five and uses the"ecumenical" name which means home in Greek and covers the whole world. The Istanbul GreekOrthodox Patriarch is leading the Orthodox churches in the United States, South America,Australia, Crete and 12 island of Greece. The Patrick is Bartalemeos who is elected in 1991. In1999, The president of the United States Bill Clinton and his family has visited the Patriarch.

The third Christian Community is the Suryani Community. Their center is Syria and mostly

they live in the areas of Mardin and Urfa which is near to the Syrian Border. They have manychurches and monasteries in the area which is also very much worth to see in means of historicalvalue.

The fourth Christian Community is the Catholic Community. They are connected to Church inIstanbul leaded by apostolic Vikerya which is assigned by the Pope in Vatican.

Additionally there are also some Protestants and missioner groups spread all over Turkey.

In total there are about 300 hundred churches in Turkey that belong to these communities.

Population: 65,666,677 (July 2000 est.)

Age structure:

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0-14 years: 29% (male 9,722,217; female 9,375,920)15-64 years: 65% (male 21,671,638; female 20,966,110)65 years and over: 6% (male 1,811,599; female 2,119,193) (2000 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.27% (2000 est.)

Birth rate: 18.65 births/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Death rate: 5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2000 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2000 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 48.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2000 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 70.97 yearsmale: 68.63 yearsfemale: 73.41 years (2000 est.)

Total fertility rate: 2.16 children born/woman (2000 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Turk(s)

adjective: Turkish

Ethnic groups: Turkish 85-90%, Kurdish 10-15% (note that these figures are not official)

Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2%

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 82.3%male: 91.7%female: 72.4% (1995 est.)

Ethnic & Religious Minorities in Turkey

The question of ethnic groups living in Turkey is a highly debated and difficult issue. Figurespublished in several different references prove this difficulty by varying greatly.


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The Oghuz tribes, which used to constitute the majority of the reigning fraction of Turkicpeople in Anatolia, gained dominance in the region not by their high populations but theirsuperiority in warfare. So, initially Turkic people lived as a minority in many regions that theyfirst captured. Anatolia, which was formerly a part of the Roman empires, was (and still is)especially an ethnically very mixed region. It is, therefore, impossible to speak about a pure

Turkish race in the tangled ethnic mix of Anatolia.Moreover, many non-Turkic minorities have accepted the Turkish as their national identity

and Turkish language as their native language in the past centuries. In Turkey, it is not surprisingto notice blond and blue-eyed individuals within the dominant black-haired, Mediterranean-looking mass.

In this context, the genuinely Turkic people are individuals named as Central Asian Turks ,most of whom have possibly come to the region by Mongol invasion long after the initial Oghuztribes conquered and melted in the local population.

Proving the difficulty of classifying ethnicities living in Turkey, there are as many

classifications as the number of scientific attempts to make these classifications. Turkey is not aunique example for that and many European countries bear a great ethnic diversity. So, theimmense diversity observed in the published figures for the percentages of Turkish people livingin Turkey (ranging from 80 to 97%) totally depends on the method used to classify theethnicities. Complicating the matter even more is the fact that the last official and country-wideclassification of ethnical identities of Turkey was performed in 1965 and many of the figurespublished after that time are very loose estimates.

It is necessary to take into account all these difficulties and be cautious while evaluating theethnic groups. A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows (based on theclassification of P.A. Andrews , however this book is more like a review and depends on otherpeople's publications).

Recent Trends in Situation of Minorities

Modern Turkey was founded by Kemal Ataturk as a secular and thus non-religious state,without a state religion, nor discrimination of ethnic or religious minorities. Nevertheless thereare many reports from very authoritative sources on persistent yet declining discriminations:

Turkish imams get salaries from the state, whereas Turkish non-Islamic clerics are not paidat all;

Imams can be trained freely at the numerous religious schools troughout the country;minority religions cannot re-open schools for training of their local clerics due tolegislation and international treaties dating back to the end of Turkish war ofinderpendence;

The Turkish state sends out paid imams, working under authority from the Ministry ofReligious Affairs (Diyanet) to other EU countries on demand from local populations;

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The genocide of Armenians, Greeks, Syrians, and Assyrians during the 1915-1918 periodand after is massively denied; (Turkish point is that as a period of civil war it should beleft to historians to review.)

Turkey has only recently recognised Kurdish as a minority language together withseveral other smaller ethnic group languages. However only a few private schoolsteaching Kurdish have recently opened; Kurdish language TV broadcasts are still limitedto a few hours a week on government-owned stations while the private national channelsshow no interest;

Non-Muslim minority numbers are said to be falling rapidly, mainly as a result of aging, (toIsrael, Greece and United States) and an overall Islamic influence on society fueled bybordering countries such as Iran.

Refugees and Asylum-seekers

According to figures provided by Ankara office of theTurkey, as of 2005 total of 32,832people are recorded as having made a valid asylum application in Turkey since 1998. As of 2005,3900 Iranians and 2200 Iraqis, 400 Somalians and 300 Afghans are still in the country, while anadditional 1400 Chechens, who are in a "refugee-like situation", are deemed of concern. .These refugees are spread out to satellite cities with notable populations. Country specificgroupings include Somalis in Konya, Iranis in Kayseri and Konya, Isparta, and Van, Iraqis inIstanbul, Corum, Amasaya, Sivas and Afghans in Van, and Agri.

These numbers greatly increased in the following years especially in regards to Afghans andIraqis. As of January 2010, 25, 580 refugees and asylum seekers remain in the country. Of these,5090 Iranians, 8940 Iraqis, 3850 Afghan and 2700 "other" (including Somalians, Sri Lankans,

Pakistanis, Chinese, Uzbeks, Palestinians and others) are still in the country. With the numberexpected to rise to 8710 Iranians, 9560 Afghans, 7860 other while the Iraqis are expected todecrease to 7890 by December 2011. Notable here is that Afghans are expected to make up thelargest refugee population in Turkey in the near future.

UNHCR has four offices in Turkey; namely Ankara, stanbul, Van and Silopi. The Vanoffice up until 2009 handled all Applicants which enter through the Eastern border, whichgenerally included all Iranians and Afghans who entered illegally.

In 1923 more than half a million ethnic Turks arrived from Greece as part of the populationexchange between Greece and Turkey. After 1925, Turkey continued to accept Turkic speaking

Muslims as immigrants and did not discourage the emigration of members of non-Turkicminorities. More than 90 percent of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries. Between1935 and 1940, for example, approximately 124,000 Bulgarians and Romanians of Turkish originimmigrated to Turkey, and between 1954 and 1956 about 35,000 Muslim Slavs immigrated fromYugoslavia. In the fifty-five-year period ending in 1980, Turkey admitted approximately 1.3million immigrants; 36 percent came from Bulgaria, 25 percent from Greece, 22.1 percent fromYugoslavia, and 8.9 percent from Romania. These Balkan immigrants, as well as smallernumbers of Turkic immigrants from Cyprus and the Soviet Union, were granted full citizenship


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upon their arrival in Turkey. The immigrants were settled primarily in the Marmara and Aegeanregions (78 percent) and in central Anatolia (11.7 percent).

The most recent immigration influx was that of Bulgarian Turks and Bosnian Muslims. In1989 an estimated 320,000 Bulgarian Turks fled to Turkey to escape a campaign . Following thecollapse of Bulgaria's communist government that same year, the number of Bulgarian Turksseeking refuge in Turkey declined to under 1,000 per month. In fact, the number of BulgarianTurks who voluntarily repatriated -125,000- exceeded new arrivals. By March 1994, a total of245,000 Bulgarian Turks had been granted Turkish citizenship. However, Turkey no longerregards Bulgarian Turks as refugees. Beginning in 1994, new entrants to Turkey have beendetained and deported. As of December 31, 1994, an estimated 20,000 Bosnians were living inTurkey, mostly in the Istanbul area. About 2,600 were living in camps; the rest were dispersed inprivate residences.

In 1994 the government claimed that as many as 2 million Iranians were living in Turkey, afigure that most international organizations consider to be grossly exaggerated. Turkey is one ofthe few countries that Iranians may enter without first obtaining a visa; authorities believe that the

relative ease of travel from Iran to Turkey encourages many Iranians to visit Turkey as tourists,or to use Turkey as a way station to obtain visas for the countries of Europe and North America.Consequently, as many as 2 million Iranians actually may transit Turkey -including multiplereentries for many individuals- in a given year. Specialized agencies of the European Union andthe United Nations that deal with issues of migrants and refugees believe a more realistic figureof the number of Iranians who live in Turkey, and do not have a residence in Iran or elsewhere, iscloser to 50,000. Despite a negative public opinion in Armenia, by 2010, there were between22,000 and 25,000 Armenian citizens living illegally in Istanbul alone, according to Turkishofficials.

Family Life and Structure in Turkey:

Turkey has a young age structure: 10 percent of the population is under five years of age and32 percent below the age of fifteen. The percentage of the population sixty-five and over,however, constitutes only 6 percent of the total. Life expectancy is sixty-six years for men and

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seventy-one years for women. The literacy rate in 1998 was 94 percent for men, and 74 percentfor women, but few adults have progressed beyond primary school.

Households; Households in Turkey hold an average of 4.3 persons. In urban areas, this figure

drops to an average of four persons; in rural areas, it rises to 4.9. Only 5 percent of Turkishhouseholds are single-person households, while two in every five households have five or moremembers

Today, about 70 percent of Turkish households are nuclear, with at least one child and bothparents, and 20 percent of households are extendedfamilies, married couple living with other kin,mostly the parent(s) or other relatives of the husband. Even when a household is classified asnuclear, most often close extended family members will be living in very nearby. About 5 percentof households can be defined as dispersedfamilies, in which single parents or some kinfolkliving together. Polygamous households are statistically negligible, but remain despite theirillegality.

Marriage; Since the enactment of the republic's 1926 Civil Code, municipal authorities performmarriages in a secular ceremony. Marriages carried out only by religious authorities areconsidered legally invalid, so people who want to be united in a religious marriage must do soafter their official service. Nevertheless, despite this clear requirement, it is estimated thatreligious marriages (those not accompanied by civil ceremonies) often take place, especially inthe eastern and southeastern parts of Anatolia. Therefore, the number of marriages appears lowerthan it actually is because religious marriages are not included in official statistics.

Even taking only the official statistics into account, however, marriage is almost universal in

Turkey. By the time women have reached their early thirties, 93 percent are or have beenmarried, and by the end of their reproductive years, only 2 percent of women have never married.The 1998 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey found 15 percent of women aged fifteen tonineteen to be married/divorce rates are very low. The crude divorce rate of Turkey is less thanone per thousand per year, quite low when compared to international divorce rates, and muchlower than those of Europe. In 1999, the crude divorce rate was 0.49 per thousand .

The diversity of marriage ceremonies and customs reflect the regional, urban, rural, ethnic,and socioeconomic differences within the country. In rural areas (35%) and small towns (30%),the girl's family receives a dowry from the groom's family. Newcomers to metropolitan areas(25%) are not always able to give a dowry to the bride's family. Among the establishedpopulation in metropolitan areas (10%), many couples marry later, after they complete theireducation. Parents give their children substantial presents and may assist them financially, at leastin early married life. There are many colorful varieties of weddings, but most couples marry withthe bride wearing a white wedding dress, and the groom a dark suit.

Fertility; Turkish families greatly value children, and the desire to have children is universal.Traditionally, families prefer boys over girls. Women at the start of the twenty-first century gavebirth to an average of 2.6 children. Childbearing occurs often between the ages of fifteen andnineteen, with the highest fertility rate among women between twenty and twenty-four. There


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are, however, wide variations in fertility levels among regions, with the highest rate in the east(4.2 children per woman) and lowest in the west (2.0 children). Women living in the east marrynearly two years earlier than those living in the west. Fertility also varies widely with urban andrural residence, with women living in rural areas having an average of almost one child more thanthose living in urban areas. Education levels affect fertility levels, with those lacking a primary

education having an average of almost one child more than women who have primary education,and 2.2 children more than those with at least a secondary-level education Overall, when askedhow many children they would choose to have if they could live their lives over, women gave anaverage ideal family size of 2.5 children, which is very close to actual fertility rates.

Maternal and child health; For many years Turkey has been troubled by infant and childmortality rates that are higher than might be expected, given the economic and demographicfigures of the country and other development criteria. The infant mortality rate (a reflection ofoverall child health in a society) is about forty per thousand, and among children under five, themortality rate was about forth-eight per thousand in the late 1990s. Infant and child mortalityrates declined in the past decade. However, the infant mortality rate in the rural areas is about 1.6times higher than in urban areas. Infant mortality rates are lower than the national average in the

western and southern regions, close to the national average in the central and northern regions,and nearly 1.5 times higher than the national average in the eastern region. Among other factors,children's chances of survival are closely related to the parent's levels of education

Medical care is another important factor in the reduction of mortality rates, which dropsignificantly if the mother has received both antenatal and delivery care from healthprofessionals. If she has received neither, under-five mortality can be as high as 116 per thousandand infant mortality as high as 95 per thousand. About three-fourths of births now occur in healthfacilities, although this figure varies from around 44 percent in the east to 87 percent in the west.About 80 percent of all births are assisted by either a doctor or a qualified midwife-nurse. Infantsborn less than two years after a sibling have a considerably higher chance of dying. For these

children, mortality risks are 2.8 times higher than for children born after an interval of four yearsor more.

Almost all babies are breastfed. The median duration of breastfeeding is twelve months. Mostchildren are also given supplementary foods and liquids at an early age, which medicalauthorities consider not only unnecessary, but a potential source of infection. Twenty percent ofchildren under age five are short for their age; this is more prevalent in rural areas, in the east,and among children of uneducated mothers.

Population

Date Population %

Dec. 31, 2007 70,586,256

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Dec. 31, 2008 71,517,100 +1.32%

Dec. 31, 2009 72,561,312 +1.46%

Dec. 31, 2010 73,722,988 +1.60%

Dec. 31, 2011 74,724,269 +1.36%

Registered Births

Birth statistics of Turkey have been started to get from The Central Population AdministrativeSystem (MERNIS) data base after MERNIS had on-line application in 2001. Birth statistics areupdated continually because MERNIS has dynamic structure. In 2010 Turkey had a crude birthrate of 17.2 per 1000, in 2011 16.7, down from 20.3 in 2001. The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2010was 2.05 children per woman, in 2011 2.02.

Population

(01.01.)

Live births Deaths

Crude

birth rate

(per 1000)

Total

fertility

rate (TFR)

2001 1 323 195 175 137 20.32.37

2002 1 229 417 175 434 18.62.17

2003 1 198 763 184 330 17.92.09

2004 1 222 242 187 086 18.02.11

2005 1 243 513 197 520 18.12.12

2006 1 254 157 210 146 18.12.12

2007 1 287 784 212 731 18.32.16

2008 70 586 256 1 292 839 215 562 18.22.15

2009 71 517 100 1 261 299 368 390 17.52.08

2010 72 561 312 1 253 309 365 190 17.22.05

2011 73 722 988 1 237 172 16.72.02

Religion

There are no statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According tothe government, 99.8% of the Turkish population is Muslim, mostly Sunni, some 10 to 15million are Alevis. The remaining 0.2% is other - mostly Christians and Jews. The Poll 2005reported that in a poll 96% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while1% responded that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". survey, 53%of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives". Based on the Gallup Poll2006-08, Turkey was defined asMore religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe


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religion is important62% of women wear the headscarf or hijab in Turkey. 33% of male Muslimcitizens regularly attend Friday prayers.

The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, attimes, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the OttomanEmpire irrespective of their ethnicity. The question of etnicity in modern Turkey is a highlydebated and difficult issue. Figures published in several different sources prove this difficulty byvarying greatly.

It is necessary to take into account all these difficulties and be cautious while evaluating theethnic groups. A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:

Turks

Although numerous modern genetic studies have indicated that the historical Anatolian groupsare the primary source of the present-day Turkish population that first lived in aTurkishpeople region extending from Central to Siberia and were palpable after the 6th Century

BC.Seventh century Chinese sources preserve the origins of the Turks stating that they were abranch and living near the "West Sea", perhaps the Caspian sia. Modern sources tends toindicate that the Turks' ancestors lived within the state of the Hsiung-nu in theTransbaikalarea and that they later, during the fifth century, migrated to the southern Altay.

The word Trkwas used only referring to Anatolian villagers back in the 19th century. TheOttoman elite identified themselves as Ottomans, not usually as Turks In the late 19th century,as European ideas of nationalism were adopted by the Ottoman elite, and as it became clear thatthe Turkish-speakers of Anatolia were the most loyal supporters of Ottoman rule, the term Trktook on a much more positive connotation. During Ottoman times, the millet system definedcommunities on a religious basis, and a residue of this remains in that Turkish villagers willcommonly consider as Turks only those who profess the Sunni faith, and will consider Turkish-speaking Jews, Christians, or even Alevis to be non-Turks. On the other hand, Kurdish-speakingor Arabic-speaking Sunnis of eastern Anatolia are sometimes considered to be Turks. Theimprecision of the appellation Trkcan also be seen with other ethnic names, such asKrt(Kurd), which is often applied by western Anatolians to anyone east of Adana, even those whospeak only Turkish. Thus, the category Trk, like other ethnic categories popularly used inTurkey, does not have a uniform usage. In recent years, centrist Turkish politicians haveattempted to redefine this category in a more multi-cultural way, emphasizing that a Trkisanyone who is a citizen of the Republic of Turkey.

Ethnic Turks are the majority in Turkey, numbering 55.5 to 60 million.

Kurds

The Kurdish identity remains the strongest of the many minorities in modern Turkey. This isperhaps due to the mountainous terrain of the south-east of the country, where they predominateand represent a majority. They inhabit all major towns and cities across Turkey, however. Noaccurate up-to-date figures are available for the Kurdish population, because the Turkishgovernment has outlawed ethnic or racial censuses. An estimate by the CIA Workbook placetheir proportion of the population at approximately 18%. Another estimate, according to , anethnic Turk, in his bookThe Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish

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Kurds to Germany, based on the 1990 Turkish Census and 1993 Turkish Demographic HealthSurvey, is 17.8%. Other estimates include 15.7% of the population according to the newspaperMilliyet, and 23% by Kurdologist David McDowall

The Minority Rights Group report of 1985 (by Martin Short and Anthony McDermott) gavean estimate of 15% Kurds in the population of Turkey in 1980, i.e. 8,455,000 out of 44,500,000,with the preceding comment 'Nothing, apart from the actual 'borders' of Kurdistan, generates asmuch heat in the Kurdish question as the estimate of the Kurdish population. Kurdish nationalistsare tempted to exaggerate it, and governments of the region to understate it. In Turkey only thoseKurds who do not speak Turkish are officially counted for census purposes as Kurds, yielding avery low figure. Consequently, there are no reliable data on their total numbers. In 1995 estimatesof the number of Kurds in Turkey is about 8.5 million out of 61.2 million, which means 13%.Kurdish national identity is far from being limited to the Kurmanji language community, as manyKurds whose parents migrated towards Istanbul or other large non-Kurdish cities mostly speakTurkish, which is one of the languages used by the Kurdish nationalist publications.

Arabs

There are an estimated 800,000-1 million Arabs living near the border with Syria, particularlyin the province of Hatay.

Azerbaijanis

According to some sources, there are about 800,000; however, this figure may differsubstantially from the real one. Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of

Azerbaijanis.They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of I

drand second

largest ethnic group in Kars.

Chechens

Towards the end of the Russian war (17631864) many Chencesed fled their homelandsin the caucasus and settled in the Ottoman Empire.

Circassians

Towards the end of the Russian (17631864) many Circassians fled their homelands in

the Caucasus and settled in the Ottoman Empire.

Georgians

There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey according to thenewspaper Milliyet.


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Laz

Most Laz today live in Turkey but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey.Their number today is estimated to be around 250,000 and 500000. Only a minority arebilingual in Turkish and their native Laz language which belongs to the South group. Thenumber of the Laz speakers is decreasing, and is now limited chiefly to the Rize and Artvinareas. The historical term Lazistan -formerly referring to a narrow tract of land along the B lacksea inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups- has been banned from officialuse and replaced withDou Karadeniz. The Muslimpopulation of Russia near the war zoneswas subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in Batum fled to the Ottoman Empire,settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east ofSamsun.

Economy of TurkeyThe economy of Turkey is defined as an emerging market economy by the IMF and is largely

developed, making Turkey one of the world's newly industrialized countries. The country isamong the world's leading producers of agricultural products; textiles; motor vehicles, ships andother transportation equipment; construction materials; consumer electronics and homeappliances. In recent years, Turkey had a rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays amajor role in industry, banking, transport, and communications.

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Macro-economic trends

Turkey has the world's 15th largest GDP-PPP and 17th largest Nominal GDP. The country is afounding member of the OECD (1961) and the G-20 major economies (1999). Since December

31, 1995, Turkey is also a part of the EU Customs Union. The CIA classifies Turkey as adeveloped country. Turkey is often classified as a newly industrialized country by economistsand political scientists; while Merrill Lynch, the World Bank and The Economist magazinedescribe Turkey as an emerging market economy.

The World Bank classifies Turkey as an upper-middle income country in terms of thecountry's per capita GDP in 2007. Mean graduate pay was $10.02 per manhour in 2010.According to a survey by Forbes magazine, Istanbul, Turkey's financial capital, had a total of 28billionaires as of March 2010 (down from 34 in 2008), ranking 4th in the world behind NewYork City (60 billionaires), Moscow (50 billionaires), and London (32 billionaires). In 2009, theTurkish Government introduced various economic stimulus measures to reduce the impact of the

20072012 global financial crisis such as temporary tax cuts on automobiles, home appliancesand housing. As a result, the production of durable consumer goods increased by 7.2%, despite adecrease in automotive production.

The Turkish Stock Market and credit rating agencies have responded positively. According toThe Economist, share prices in Turkey nearly doubled over the course of 2009. On 8 January2010, International credit rating agency Moody's upgraded Turkey's rating with a notch. In 2012,Fitch upgraded Turkey's credit rating to investment grade (long-term foreign currency IssuerDefault Rating (IDR) was upgraded to BBB- (from BB+) and long-term local currency IDR wasupgraded to BBB (from BB+)) after an 18 year gap.

Main Economic Sectors

Agricultural sector

Atatrk Dam is the largest of the 22 dams in the Southeastern Anatolia Project. The programincludes 22 dams, 19 hydraulic power plants, and the irrigation of 1.82 million hectares of land.The total cost of the project is estimated at $32 billion. The total installed capacity of power


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plants is 7476 MW and projected annual energy production reaches 27 TWh. As of March 2007,Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnut, cherry, fig, apricot, quince and pomegranate;the second largest producer of watermelon, cucumber and chickpea; the third largest producer oftomato, eggplant, green pepper, lentil and pistachio; the fourth largest producer of onion andolive; the fifth largest producer of sugar beet; the sixth largest producer of tobacco, tea and apple;

the seventh largest producer of cotton and barley; the eighth largest producer of almond; the ninthlargest producer of wheat, rye and grapefruit, and the tenth largest producer of lemon. Turkey hasbeen self-sufficient in food production since the 1980s. In the year 1989, the total production ofwheat was 16.2 million tonnes, and barley 3.44 million tonnes. The agricultural output has beengrowing at a respectable rate. However, since the 1980s, agriculture has been in a state of declinein terms of its share in the total economy.

The country's large agricultural sector accounted for 29.5% of the employment in 2009.Historically, Turkey's farmers have been fairly fragmented. According to the 1990 Census, "85%of agricultural holdings were under 10 hectares and 57% of these were fragmented into four ormore non-contiguous plots." Many old agricultural attitudes remain widespread, but thesetraditions are expected to change with the EU accession process. Turkey is dismantling the

incentive system. Fertilizer and pesticide subsidies have been curtailed and remaining pricesupports have been gradually converted to floor prices. The government has also initiated manyplanned projects, such as the Southeastern Anatolia Project (G.A.P project). The programincludes 22 dams, 19 hydraulic power plants, and the irrigation of 1.82 million hectares of land.The total cost of the project is estimated at $32 billion. The total installed capacity of powerplants is 7476 MW and projected annual energy production reaches 27 billion kWh. The physicalrealization of G.A.P. was 72.6% as of 2010.

The livestock industry, compared to the initial years of the Republic, showed littleimprovement in productivity, and the later years of the decade saw stagnation. However,livestock products, including meat, milk, wool, and eggs, contributed to more than of the value

of agricultural output. Fishing is another important part of the economy; in 2005 Turkish fisheriesharvested 545,673 tons of fish and aquaculture.

Transport

As of 2009, there were 102 airports (90 with paved runways and 12 with unpaved runways) inTurkey, including the eight international airports in Istanbul, Ankara, zmir, Trabzon, Dalaman,Milas-Bodrum and Antalya. There were also 21 heliports in the country during the same year. In2010, there were 102 million airline passengers in Turkey. The number of airline passengers isexpected to reach 120 million in 2011. The rail network was 10,991 km in 2008, (22nd in the

World) including 2,133 km of electrified track. The Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. The first line, which has a length of 533 km from Istanbul (Turkey'slargest metropolis) via Eskiehir to Ankara (the capital) is under construction and will reduce thetravelling time from 67 hours to 3 hours and 10 minutes. The Ankara-Eskiehir section of theline, which has a length of 245 km and a projected travel time of 65 minutes, is completed. Trialsbegan on April 23, 2007, and revenue earning service began on March 13, 2009. The Eskiehir-Istanbul section of the line is scheduled to be completed by 2012, and includes the Marmaraytunnel which will enter service in 2013 and establish the first direct railway connection between

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Europe and Anatolia. Second high-speed rail line, which has length of 212 km between Ankaraand Konya become operational in 2011.

As of 2010, the country had a roadway network of 426,951 km, including 2,080 km ofexpressways and 16,784 km of divided highways. As of 2010, the Turkish merchant marineincluded 1199 ships (604 registered at home), ranking 7th in the world. Turkey's coastline has1,200 km of navigable waterways. In 2008, 7,555 kilometers (4,694 mi) of natural gas pipelinesand 3,636 kilometers (2,259 mi) of petroleum pipelines spanned the country's territory.

Tourism Sector

Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest developing sectors in Turkey. According totravel agencies TUI AG and Thomas Cook, 11 of the 100 best hotels of the world are located inTurkey. In 2005, there were 24,124,501 visitors to the country, who contributed $18.2 billion toTurkey's revenues, with an average expenditure of $679 per tourist. In 2008, the number ofvisitors rose to 30,929,192, who contributed $21.9 billion to Turkey's revenues. Over the years,Turkey has emerged as a popular tourist destination for many Europeans, competing with Greece,Italy and Spain. Resorts in provinces such as Antalya and Mula (which are located on theTurkish Riviera) have become very popular among tourists.

Natural Resources

Minerals; Turkey is the tenth ranked producer of minerals in the world in terms of diversity.Around 60 different minerals are currently produced in Turkey. The richest mineral deposits inthe country are boron salts, Turkeys reserves amount to 72% of the world's total. According tothe CIA World Factbook, other natural resources include coal, iron ore, copper, chromium,uranium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestine (strontium), emery, feldspar,limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower, andgeothermal power.

Petroleum and natural gas; Turkey is an oil and natural gas producer, but the level of productionby the state-owned TPAO isn't large enough to make the country self-sufficient, which makesTurkey a net importer of both oil and gas. However, the recent discovery of new oil and naturalgas fields in the country, particularly off the Black Sea coast of northern Anatolia; as well as inEastern Thrace, the Gulf of skenderun and in the provinces of the Southeastern Anatolia Region

near the borders with Syria and Iraq; will help Turkey to reach a higher degree of self-sufficiencyin energy production.

The pipeline network in Turkey included 1,738 kilometers (1,080 mi) for crude oil, 2,321kilometers (1,442 mi) for petroleum products, and 708 kilometers (440 mi) for natural gas in1999. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, the second longest oil pipeline in the world, wasinaugurated on May 10, 2005. The pipeline delivers crude oil from the Caspian Sea basin to theport of Ceyhan on Turkey's Mediterranean coast, from where it is distributed with oil tankers to


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the world's markets. The planned Nabucco Pipeline will also pass from Turkey and provide theEuropean Union member states with natural gas from the Caspian Sea basin. The Blue Stream, amajor trans-Black Sea gas pipeline, is operational since November 17, 2005, and delivers naturalgas from Russia to Turkey. The TabrizAnkara pipeline is a 2,577 kilometers (1,601 mi) longnatural gas pipeline, which runs from Tabriz in northwestern Iran to Ankara in Turkey. The

pipeline was commissioned on July 26, 2001. In Erzurum, the South Caucasus Pipeline, whichwas commissioned on May 21, 2006, is linked to the Iran-Turkey pipeline. In the future, thesetwo pipelines will be among the main supply routes for the planned Nabucco Pipeline fromTurkey to Europe.

Nuclear Energy; To cover the increasing energy needs of its population and ensure the continuedraising of its living standard, Turkey plans to build several nuclear power plants. Following theconstruction of experimental reactors, proposals to build large scale nuclear power plants werepresented as early as in the 1950s by TAEK, but plans were repeatedly canceled even after bidswere made by interested manufacturers because of high costs and safety concerns. Turkey has

always chosen Candu nuclear reactors because they burn natural uranium which is cheap andavailable locally and because they can be refueled online. This has caused uneasy feelings amongTurkey's neighbors because they are ideal for producing weapons-grade plutonium. Turkey's firstnuclear power plants are expected to be built in Mersin's Akkuyu district on the Mediterraneancoast; in Sinop's nceburun district on the Black Sea coast; and in Krklareli's neada district onthe Black Sea coast.

Geothermal energy; Turkey has the fifth highest direct utilization and capacity of geothermalpower in the world.

Energy security; Turkey is a partner country of the EU INOGATE energy programme, which hasfour key topics: enhancing energy security, convergence of member state energy markets on thebasis of EU internal energy market principles, supporting sustainable energy development, andattracting investment for energy projects of common and regional interest.

Environment; With the establishment of the Turkish Environment Ministry on August 9, 1991(which later merged with the Ministry of Forestry on May 1, 2003, and became the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forestry) Turkey began to make significant progress addressing some of its

most pressing environmental problems. The most dramatic improvements were significantreductions of air pollution in Istanbul and Ankara. The most pressing needs are for watertreatment plants, waste water treatment facilities, solid waste management and conservation ofbiodiversity. And not that Turkey is the most forested country in the Middle East with about 30%of its lands being covered by forests.

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The Turkish Economy in 20052009

The global economic crisis beginning in the second quarter of 2007 affected the Turkisheconomy mainly through three channels. These channels can be summarized as a contraction inforeign trade, a tightness in the finance and liquidity conditions, and a deterioration inexpectations. In addition to foreign demand, the global crisis also negatively affected domesticdemand severely. Because EU countries, constituting nearly half of Turkish exports, felt theeffects of crisis intensively, exports, and thus domestic production, declined significantly in realterms. Since over 90 percent of total Turkish export is composed of manufacturing goods, it canbe seen that the rapid reduction in exports has an important share in high-rate productioncontraction recorded in industry sector-added value. With the effect of an accelerated increase inthe import dependency of domestic production and export in the recent years, contraction inimports became deeper. Decline in prices of crude oil and commodities in international marketsalso reduced the value of Turkish imports during this crisis period. In 2009, as compared with theprevious year, the foreign trade balance fell more than 50 percent, from 53 to 25 billion USdollars and the current account deficit fell to 14.2 billion US dollars from a record high of 42billion US dollars in 2008. Another channel through which the global economic crisis affected

Turkey is the increased pressure on the financing and liquidity conditions in both the domesticand global markets. During the 20022007 period, excessive/abundant global liquidity eased thecredit conditions and consequently high growth rates were attained in the entire world.

The Turkish economy, structurally suffering from insufficient domestic savings (savingsshortage), reached high growth rates by attracting significant foreign capital as a result ofstructural reforms, privatization of state economic enterprises (SEEs), macroeconomic andpolitical stability, and fiscal discipline. In addition, the Turkish Lira, as other developingcountries currencies, significantly appreciated relative to the US dollar parallel to increases in

global asset prices as a result of loose monetary and financial policies in developed countries.These developments further increased the current account deficit by encouraging imports, and theTurkish private sector relied heavily on cheaper foreign debt and other foreign financingresources. Under these conditions, decreases in capital inflows to Turkey as a result of globalcrisis obstructed the finance of growth. Also in this period, because of the contraction in domesticloans, firms had difficulty in gaining access to financing.

The uncertain environment caused by the crisis, affected negatively the anticipatoryexpectations of economic units by damaging the confidence in markets, and this situation causedthe adjournment of consumption and investment decisions and the significant deceleration of

economic activity. As a result of these developments, the GDP growth rate realized as negative4.7 percent in 2009. Economic contraction both in developed and developing countries, as well asin emerging markets, followed by the global crisis caused further increases in unemploymentrates which were already high. The seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate of 10.8 percent in2005 increased to 13.4 percent in 2008 and declined to 13.0 percent in 2009 as of each year end.Besides the existing structural problems in domestic labor markets, crisis-induced uncertaintieshindered new job creation. In order to mitigate the negative effects of crisis on the economy, bytaking into consideration the suggestions of private sector agents, some support packages were


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put in place to stimulate domestic demand and to fight against the unemployment. With the effectof the support packages, an important deterioration in public finance occurred in 2009. Thisdeterioration, to a large extent, arose from the reduction in tax and social security premiumrevenues caused by the rapid decline in consumption, imports, and employment.

These developments caused an increase in the ratio of EU-defined general governmentnominal debt stock-to-GDP, which decreased permanently from 73.7 percent in 2002 after the2001 economic crisis to 39.5 percent in 2008 and then, due to the aforementioned measures tostimulate the economy after the global crisis, rose to 45.5 percent at the end of 2009. Besides thesharp decline in global demand and reduction in energy and commodity prices in the wake ofglobal crisis, the contraction in domestic demand brought the reduction in inflation andinflationary expectations. This conjuncture established grounds for the Central Bank of theRepublic of Turkey (CBRT) to lower policy interest rates rapidly. As a result, short-term marketinterest rates and government debt securities interest rates declined to their lowest levels.

The effect of global crisis on the Turkish banking system remained very limited. Afterstructural and legal reforms put in effect following the 2001 economic crisis to establish a soundbanking system, Turkish banks strengthened their capital bases, and by incorporating active riskmeasurement and management techniques, the asset quality of the sector steadily improved. Bankcredits to the private sector, especially consumer and mortgage credits to households, haveincreased to 256 billion US dollars from 28 billion in 2001 and 114 billion in 2005. Total netcredits account for 38 and 48 percent of the total banking sector assets in 2005 and 2009respectively. The capital adequacy ratio for the banking system as a whole during the 20052009period remained at 20 percent on average.

Expectations about the world economy have a critical importance for Turkey when theopenness of its economy and the importance of foreign financing resources for the finance ofgrowth are taken into consideration. A rapid recovery in the world economy and capital inflowsin the next period will accelerate the recovery period of the Turkish economy from the globalcrisis.

In summary, the Turkish economy recorded a rapid growth performance until its slowdownstarted in the second quarter of 2007, accelerated downward from the second half of 2008 when

the effects of the global crisis began to be perceived, and then gave way to contraction. While theaverage annual growth rate of the Turkish economy was 6.9 percent in the 20052007 period, theeconomy grew by 0.7 percent in 2008 and contracted by 4.7 percent in 2009. Thus, comparisonof the performance of HPCs in 20052007 to that in 20082009 will effectively assess the abilityof these companies to maintain performance in a period of financial crisis.

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Period 20082009 Results

The second test period of 20082009 is a good test period of superior performance by HPCsbecause it represents a contrasting period of slight growth following a rapid decline in theTurkish market cycle from the 20052007 period. Our expectation was that the HPCs wouldcontinue to outperform the ISE ordinary companies in this period, given that the overall marketconditions in Turkey have deteriorated. The following observations may be made:

1) For this period, the overall industry analysis shows similar results in favor of the HPCs,especially in the asset turnover and profit margin drivers and the growth in revenue, return onassets, return on equity, and cash flow return on total assets measures. Overall, 2 of the 4 driversand 4 of the 5 measures have differences that are significant at least at the .069 level or better.The only exceptions are the drivers of debt to equity and cash flow yield where the differencesare in favor of ordinary companies but not statistically significant at the .05 level. These resultsindicate that HPCs are maintaining their superior position with regard to performance measures

and drivers with almost no variations.

2) HPCs continue to have higher debt to equity ratios and thus higher financial risk but continueto have superior return on equity. They also generate superior cash flow returns. These resultsstrongly support the proposition that HPCs maintain superior performance with regard to assetmanagement and profitability drivers through changing market conditions.

Limitations and Future Research

This exploratory study, which we consider part of on-going research in the area of strategyand financial performance measurement, has several limitations, some of which we expect tostudy in future research. First, we were limited to the small sample size. This was due to ourlimiting our sample to ISE companies. If we expand our sample size sufficiently to non-publiccompanies, we expect to find similar results to this study. Second, we were not able to expandthis study to the industry level, because no industry had enough HPCs to produce significantresults. If we expand the sample size, we expect to find similar results at the industry level aswell. Future research may compare Turkish HPCs to other developing countries across allperformance drivers and measures.

Natural Factors of Turkey Turkey is situated inAnatolia and the Balkans, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgariaand Georgia, and bordering theAegean Sea and theMediterranean Sea, between Greece andSyria. The geographic coordinates of the country lie at: 3900N 3500E

The area of Turkey is 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi); land: 770,760 km2 (297,592 sq mi), water:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Balkanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Turkey&params=39_00_N_35_00_E_type:countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Balkanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Turkey&params=39_00_N_35_00_E_type:countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey


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9,820 km2 (3,792 sq mi).

Turkey extends more than 1,600 km (994 mi) from west to east but generally less than 800 km(497 mi) from north to south. Total land area is about 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi), of which756,816 km2 (292,208 sq mi) are in Asia and 23,764 km2 (9,175 sq mi) in Europe (Thrace).

Anatolia (Turkish:Anadolu) is a large, roughly rectangular peninsula situated bridge likebetween Europe and Asia. The Anatolian part of Turkey accounts for 97% of the country's area.It is also known as Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey or theAnatolian Plateau. The term Anatolia ismost frequently used in specific reference to the large, semiarid central plateau, which is rimmedby hills and mountains that in many places limit access to the fertile, densely settled coastalregions.

The European portion of Turkey, known asThrace (Turkish: Trakya), encompasses 3% of thetotal area but is home to more than 10% of the total population. Istanbul, the largest city ofEurope and Turkey, has a population of 11,372,613. Thrace is separated from the Asian portionof Turkey by the Bosporus (Turkish:stanbul Boaz), theSea of Marmara (Turkish:Marmara

Denizi), and the Dardanelles (Turkish: anakkale Boaz).Bridging East and West, Turkey is a vast country with geographical importance. Below is an

account of some of the stunning natural beauty and natural factors that continue to draw visitorsto Turkey.

The varied landscape of Turkey offers investors a wide choice of areas in which to put theirmoney. Turkey is a present-day marvel while remnants of early civilizations with a modern,westward-looking republic.

Turkey is known for its unique and very diverse natural features. Turquoise water laps thebeaches of the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts as they bask in the hot summer sunshine. While

the Black Sea coast is far less explored but wetter and richer in vegetation, at the moment thisarea is largely devoted to agriculture and is rarely explored by tourists.

Climate

The coastal areas ofTurkey bordering the Aegean Sea and theMediterranean Sea have atemperateMediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. Thecoastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperateOceanic climate with warm,wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatestamount of precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitationthroughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimeters annually which is

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate


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the highest precipitation in the country.

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering theSea of Marmara (including Istanbul), whichconnects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperateMediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately drysummers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea ofMarmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days.Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastalareas of the Mediterranean Sea.

Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast preventmaritime influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior ofTurkey a continental climate with sharply contrastingseasons.

Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of 30 C to 40 C (22 F to40 F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of theyear. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1 C (34 F). Summers are hot and dry, with

temperatures generally above 30 C (86 F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400millimetres (15 in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are theKonya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres(12 in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest .[1

Landforms

Turkey's terrain is structurally complex. A central massif composed of uplifted blocks anddownfolded troughs, covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau withrough terrain, is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east. Truelowland is confined to theErgene Plain inThrace, extending along rivers that discharge into theAegean Sea or theSea of Marmara, and to a few narrow coastal strips along theBlack Sea and

Mediterranean Seacoasts.[citation needed]

Nearly 85% of the land is at an elevation of at least 450 meters; the average and medianaltitude of the country is 1,332 and 1,128 meters, respectively. In Asiatic Turkey, flat or gentlysloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kzl River, the coastal plains ofAntalya and Adana, and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Bykmenderes River, andsome interior high plains in Anatolia, mainly around Tuz Gl (Salt Lake) andKonya Ovasi(Konya Basin). Moderately sloping terrain is limited almost entirely outside Thrace to the hills ofthe Arabian Platform along the border with Syria.

More than 80% of the land surface is rough, broken, and mountainous, and therefore is oflimited agricultural value (see Agriculture, ch. 3). The terrain's ruggedness is accentuated in theeastern part of the country, where the two mountain ranges converge into a lofty region with amedian elevation of more than 1,500 meters, which reaches its highest point along the borderswith Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Turkey's highest peak, Mount Ararat (Ar Da) 5,137meters high is situated near the point where the boundaries of the four countries meet.

Regions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ergene_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ergene_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeander_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konya_Ovasi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konya_Ovasi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ergene_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maeander_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tuzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konya_Ovasi&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat


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Black Sea Region;The Black Sea region has a steep, rocky coast with rivers thatcascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. A few larger rivers, those cuttingback through the Pontic Mountains (Dou Karadeniz Dalar), have tributaries thatflow in broad, elevated basins. Access inland from the coast is limited to a fewnarrow valleys because mountain ridges, with elevations of 1,525 to 1,800 meters inthe west and 3,000 to 4,000 meters in the east in Kakar Mountains, form an almost

unbroken wall separating the coast from the interior. The higher slopes facingnorthwest tend to be densely forested. Because of these natural conditions, theBlack Sea coast historically has been isolated from Anatolia.

Marmara Region; The European portion of Turkey consists mainly of rolling plateau countrywell suited to agriculture. It receives about 520 millimeters of rainfall annually.

Densely populated, this area includes the cities ofIstanbul and Edirne. The Bosphorus, whichlinks the Sea of Marmaraand the Black Sea, is about twenty-five kilometers long and averages1.5 kilometers in width but narrows in places to less than 1000 meters. There are two suspensionbridges over the Bosphorus, both its Asian and European banks rise steeply from the water andform a succession of cliffs, coves, and nearly landlocked bays. Most of the shores are denselywooded and are marked by numerous small towns and villages. The Dardanelles Strait, whichlinks the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea, is approximately forty kilometers long andincreases in width toward the south. Unlike the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles has fewer settlementsalong its shores. The Saros Bayis located near the Gallipoli peninsula and is famous for its cleanbeaches. It is a favourite spot among scuba divers for the richness of its underwaterfauna and isbecoming increasingly popular due to its vicinity to Istanbul.

Aegean Region; Located on the western side of Anatolia, the Aegean region has a fertile soil anda typically Mediterranean climate; with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The broad,cultivated valley lowlands contain about half of the country's richest farmlands.

The largest city in the Aegean Region of Turkey iszmir, which is also the country's third largestcity and a major manufacturing center; as well as its second largest port after Istanbul.

Mediterranean Region;Toward the east, the extensive plains around Adana (Cicillianplains orTurkish: ukurova), Turkey's fifth most populous city, consist largely ofreclaimed flood lands. In general, rivers have not cut valleys to the sea in thewestern part of the region. Historically, movement inland from the westernMediterranean coast was difficult. East of Adana, much of the coastal plain haslimestone features such as collapsed caverns and sinkholes. Between Adana andAntalya, theTaurus Mountains rise sharply from the coast to high elevations. Otherthan Adana, Antalya, and Mersin, the Mediterranean coast has few major cities,although it has numerous farming villages.

Central Anatolia Region; Stretching inland from the Aegean coastal plain, the CentralAnatolian occupies the area between the two zones of the folded mountains,extending east to the point where the two ranges converge. The plateau-like,semiarid highlands ofAnatolia are considered the heartland of the country. Theregion varies in elevation from 600 to 1,200 meters from west to east. The twolargest basins on the plateau are the Konya Ovasi and the basin occupied by thelarge salt lake,Tuz Gl. Both basins are characterized by inland drainage. Woodedareas are confined to the northwest and northeast of the plateau. Rain-fed

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cultivation is widespread, with wheat being the principal crop. Irrigated agriculture isrestricted to the areas surrounding rivers and wherever sufficient undergroundwater is available. Important irrigated crops include barley, corn, cotton, variousfruits, grapes, opium poppies, sugar beets, roses, and tobacco. There also isextensive grazing throughout the plateau.

Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia Regions; Eastern Anatolia, where the Pontus and Taurusmountain ranges converge, is rugged country with higher elevations, a more severe climate, andgreater precipitation than are found on the Anatolian Plateau. The region is known as the Anti-Taurus, and the average elevation of its peaks exceeds 3,000 meters. Mount Ararat, at 5,137meters the highest point in Turkey, is located in the Anti-Taurus. Many of the Anti-Taurus peaksapparently are recently extinct volcanoes, to judge from extensive lava flows. Turkey's largestlake, Lake Van, is situated in the mountains at an elevation of 1,546 meters. The headwaters ofthree major rivers arise in the Anti-Taurus: the east-flowing Aras, which pours into theCaspianSea; the south-flowingEuphrates; and the south-flowing Tigris, which eventually joins theEuphrates in Iraq before emptying into the Persian Gulf. Several small streams that empty intothe Black Sea or landlocked Lake Van also originate in these mountains.

In addition to its rugged mountains, the area is known for severe winters with heavy snowfalls.The few valleys and plains in these mountains tend to be fertile and to support diverseagriculture. The main basin is the Mus Valley, west of Lake Van. Narrow valleys also lie at thefoot of the lofty peaks along river corridors.

Southeast Anatolia is south of the Anti-Taurus Mountains. It is a region of rolling hills and abroad plateau surface that extends into Syria. Elevations decrease gradually, from about 800meters in the north to about 500 meters in the south. Traditionally, wheat andbarley were themain crops of the region, but the inauguration of major new irrigation projects in the 1980s hasled to greater agricultural diversity and development.

Technology & Development in Turkey
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Market Overview The size of the strategically located Turkish IT market is forecast toincrease from US$7.9bn in 2012 to US$14.4bn by 2016, making it one of the fastest growing inemerging Europe. A cultural and geographical position as a hub between Europe and the MiddleEast only accentuates the significance of the country's large market size for IT vendors.

Turkish demand for IT is forecast to expand by double digits in 2011, consolidating therecovery in 2010 from the impact of the global economic slowdown. Turkish IT spending isexpected to strengthen throughout 2011, buoyed by a recovery in industrial production anddomestic lending growth. The IT market will grow alongside other sectors as the governmentimplements its programme of privatisation and reform.

The Turkish IT market is projected to achieve a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of16% during 2012-2016. Computer penetration should pass 50% by 2016, while small- andmedium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also represent a large potential market. In recent years, PC

sales have received new momentum as the focus of demand shifts towards the Anatolia regionand this is expected to continue as the rate of PC penetration rises.

Industry Developments In 2011, a new initiative called FATIH (The Movement To IncreaseOpportunities in Technology,) was launched. The project is expected to cost up to TKL2.5bn andshould reach 570,000 classrooms over the next five years. The focus of the project is networkednotebooks, printers, cameras for every classroom, as well as educational content Healthcareshould be a significant area of opportunity for IT vendors over the next few years asorganisations seek efficiency improvements and better quality services. Government departmentshave continued to launch tenders, including a data warehouse for the Social Security Institute andan upgrade of the statistical system for the Ministry of Labour and Social Security.

Competitive Landscape Vendors and services providers believe cloud computing is apromising way to target the huge SME segment. In 2011, leading Turkish internet serviceprovider Koc.net launched an online CRM service for SMEs in partnership with Surado.Meanwhile, Turkcell has launched an internet-based platform for SMEs, which providescustomer relationship management (CRM) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) applications,as well as basics such as email and website services.

Business software leader Oracle reported strong results for the Turkish market in H111. Thecompany reported a number of success stories with local clients such as Turkcell, Aegon,Tekstilbank, Yapi Kredi Bankasi, Petrol Ofisi, Enka and Hisar Scholl Kemerkoy.

Hardware Turkey's computer hardware sales are projected at US$5.7bn in 2012 and areforecast to reach around US$10.6bn in 2016. The market is forecast to remain in positive growthterritory in 2012, with revenue forecast to grow at a 17% CAGR in 2012-2016. The notebooksegment was the main growth driver in 2010, while desktops sales declined as companiesremained cautious about IT spending.

The market fundamentals remain promising, with computer penetration low at about 10%.

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Until a few years ago, demand for computers was mainly confined to large cities such as Istanbul,Izmir and Ankara.

Now, the fastest growth in sales is coming from Anatolia. Demand for laptops is expected tobe the strongest growth area over our forecast period but desktops remain popular with

businesses.

Software The software market in Turkey is projected at US$933mn in 2012 and is forecast toreach US$1.5bn in 2016, with a CAGR of 13%. However, much will depend on the success inbringing down illegal software use, which at 65% is nearly twice the global average. The globaleconomic crisis may have provided a boost to hosted software and outsourcing solutions, whichhave grown in popularity.

There is considerable potential for software market growth but lack of access to credit limitsTurkish SMEs' willingness to spend on applications and solutions that often must be financedfrom operational budgets.

IT Services Turkish spending on all categories of IT services is projected at US$1.3bn in2012. Banks and telcos were among organisations spending on new IT platforms in H111. Anincreased business focus on internal savings as a result of the economic situation could ultimatelydrive higher spending on external IT suppliers such as systems integrators and managed servicesproviders.

The Turkish IT services market is expected to grow at a 14% CAGR over 2012-2016. Whilesupport remains the largest services category, other groups, including outsourcing on non-corefunctions and training services, are growing particularly fast. A pick-up in large projects in keyverticals such as telecoms, manufacturing and finance should provide new corporate sectoropportunities in outsourcing, systems integration and application customisation.

E-Readiness Data indicate that Turkey's e-commerce transactions level doubled in 2007 to54.1mn transactions, up from 21.7mn the previous year.

Although other operators in Turkey are providing ADSL services, they are reliant on theincumbent Trk Telekom's wholesale ADSL product. Wholesale connections are included in itsreported total.

The Telecommunications Authority is keen to foster the growth of alternative broadbandoperators by allowing them to co-locate on Trk Telekom's network, in addition to reselling TrkTelekom's wholesale ADSL product. Competing against Trk Telekom remains difficult, giventhat it owns the bulk of Turkey's fixed-line network infrastructure and is determined to competeaggressively on price.

In 2007, the OECD called for more initiatives to increase public use of ICT, with researchfrom Eurostat showing that Turkey is among the countries in which internet access is low. Theresearch found that only 39% of Turks had computers at home and that Turkey was below the EUaverage in terms of computers per household and internet access.


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Turkey lags behind its EU neighbours on many indicators but not e-government, where muchprogress has been made. In 2005, the Information Society Department, responsible for the overallcoordination of ICT projects, was established within the State Planning Organisation. To increaseparticipation and the level of success, an advisory board with 41 members has also beenestablished. This consulting body gathers representatives from public institutions, non-

governmental organisations and universities.

Risk/Reward Ratings; Turkey's score was 49.8 out of 100.0, unchanged from the previousquarter, with low Risks ratingsrestraining potentially high Rewards. BMI expects business andconsumer IT spending to hold uprelatively well, although continued price erosion in the PCmarket will place pressure on margins. Despiteits static score, Turkey moved into tenth place inour latest RRR table and the country is in a favourableposition to continue to be a regional ITmarket outperformer.

Key Trends & Developments

The Fatih technology for schools programme will provide a significant boost to PC salesoverthe next few years, with a goal to provide tablets to 15mn students with tablet PCs, as wellasother devices such as digital cameras. The project is expected to cost up to US$7.5mnandshould reach 570,000 classrooms over the next five years. The focus of the project isnetworkedcomputers, printers and cameras for every classroom, as well as educational content.

PC sales have received new momentum as the focus of demand shifts towards theAnatoliaregion and this is expected to continue as the rate of PC penetration rises. Thegovernment hasset itself a target of increasing computer ownership to 51% and internet usage to48%. Whilethese targets may be ambitious, the computer penetration rate should increase toaround 73% by2016. The household sector, as well as corporate spending, will drive IT market

growth.

The government will continue to advance its ambitious plan to build an information society.In2012, Science, the Industry and Technology Minister, Nihat Ergun, signed an agreementthatoffered major government incentives to domestic companies in the sector. As a result oftheagreement, the IT sector will become one of the two industries that will receive themostgovernment subsidies over the next ten years, along with the automotive industry.

Culture & Marketing in Turkey

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Culture

Culture is a wide topic its elements include everything of a nations day to day living. Majorelements of culture are as follows:

Language (Spoken/Written Language); Same language can provide difference meaning indifferent culture. One particular language can have several regional formats. For example, inBangladesh & West Bengal we are speaking Bangla but it has a clear distinction. Not only that,inside Bangladesh the people of Chittagong, Sylhet and North Bangle all speaks Bangla but indifferent tone and with different special words.

A marketer must have to know the local language and tone to do marketing well. Otherwise hewill fail to communicate his product or service to the local communities. Translator can be usedin this purpose but its costly and may not be such effective.

Nonverbal communication; Not only verbally but sometimes peopleused nonverbal body language or other means of communications like, Proxemics, Postures,Orientations, Oculesics Chronemics Haptics Kinesics Paralinguistic Appearances, Olfactions.One particular body sign may carry different opposite meaning to the people of differentlanguage. For example we can say that, show thumb to some body means he is neglecting anyeffect or actions of the person to home it is shown on the person who show in Bangladeshi ruralculture. Showing thumb is a negative sign according to Bangladeshi rural culture. But in theWestern society it means all right. A marketer must have to know the local meaning of bodylanguage or postures and gestures that being used by the general people of that community.Otherwise serious mistake can be done and all market promotions may be worthless.

Low versus High Context Cultures; Low-Context cultures: What is said is precisely what ismeantHigh-Context cultures: the context of the message -the message source, his or her standing insociety or in the negotiating group, level of expertise, tone of voice, and body language- are allmeaningful.

Religion and Its Impact on Marketing Practice; Religion is another powerful element ofculture having most powerful impact on consumer behavior which controls buying process &product choice resultant on major impact on marketing as well as international marketing.

For example we can say that beef & pork both is protein provider. But consumers are not sameonly for religious effect. Muslim can not select pork in his menu & a Hindu can not select beef inhis menu. A marketer must have to think about the religion on the local community beforeoffering a product to them. View point of different religions as follows:

i. Protestant Religion stresses hard work and frugalityii. Judaism stresses education and development


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iii. Islam focus on rules for social interactioniv. Hinduism encourages family orientation and dictates strictdietary constraintsv. Buddhism stresses sufferance and avoidance of worldly desires

vi. Business days Business day of a community also be selected based on their religiousbelieves. For example most Muslim countrycelebrate Friday as a holiday because of Jumma prayer on theother hand Christians prefer Sunday as weekly holiday.

vii. Gender roles Role of male female in the family, society as well asin the economy also be selected by following their religiousinstructions. For example according to the Islamic law Men willlead the family women are followers it is well practiced in theMuslim society on the other hand there are some tribal people theirreligious trends to offer female leadership. Women are familyleader as well as wealth holders. In a men leadership society

usually male choice is valuable in case of product selection & viceversa.

viii. Gift giving Giving gift to anybody is a very responsive action ofculture. But choice of selecting gift item also determine by the localpeoples practiced religion. Religious impact on human actionshould not be neglected. Because it plays a vital role in every aspect.

Findings of Cultural Impact on Marketing

Findings

It is quite clear that, culture has a direct impact onconsumer behavior as well as on their choices, buying behavior and so on. As it is impactingbuying process so it has a great impact on international marketing as well.

An international marketer must have to think first which product he is offering for whom andtheir cultural background. Because of different parts of the world possess different culturalbehavior, different tests, choices, norms, values and attitudes.

One marketer must have to promote them according to their choice and believes. In this case

SRC & Ethnocentrism may be two major barriers. So a marketer in international market must beaware of his / her SRC & Ethnocentrism. Every situation must be translated according to localculture.

Local culture should be given first priority in case of taking any marketing action by aninternational marketer.

Recommendations

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In international market a marketer must be SRC free and never affected by ethnocentrism.Think according to your view point but you must have to transform it into local cultural heritage.Never make any comments it is right or wrong or mine is the best in international marketing. Youjust cope with the culture where you are offering your product. Know in-depth of local historyand culture and offer them accordingly to have their attention.

Whatever your culture think about the fact forget it, you just cope with the local thinking up tothe permitted level. That means be French when you are in France.

Cultural Marketing

Culture is the totality of our life style and personality. At a glance is can be said that, culture isthat what we are i.e. our way of dressings, specking, eating, thinking, learning, attitude, believes,values, norms etc all included in our culture. International marketing is the marketing activities of

a company outside their country of origin.Culture has a great impact on international marketing. A marketer must have to study about

the local culture in-depth before offering a product to

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