Market trends & developments for CO2 in Commercial ... · EJECTOR “Fluid-dynamic” work...
Transcript of Market trends & developments for CO2 in Commercial ... · EJECTOR “Fluid-dynamic” work...
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Market trends & developments for CO2 in
Commercial Refrigeration in Europe
ATMOsphere Europe 2012 Conference, Brussels
Speakers: Christoph Brouwers / Lothar Serwas
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AGENDA
CO2 projects & systems evolution at
Carrier Commercial Refrigeration
CO2 high-efficiency solutions for
warmer climates
Integrated systems, managing
thermal energy flows of buildings
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HybridCO2OL (Projects) CO2OLtec (Projects) CO2 Systems (subcritical & transcritical)
CO2 IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
Project & systems evolution at Carrier
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HybridCO2OL (Projects) CO2OLtec (Projects) CO2 Systems (subcritical & transcritical)
CO2 IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
Project & systems evolution at Carrier
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HybridCO2OL (Projects) CO2OLtec (Projects) CO2 Systems (subcritical & transcritical)
CO2 IN COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION
Project & systems evolution at Carrier
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CO2 Systems (sub- & transcritical)
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CO2 HIGH EFFICIENCY
Viable solutions of increasing transcritical CO2
system efficiencies in warmer climates
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annual_Average_Temperature_Map.jpg#filelinks
Demonstrable market acceptance
of CO2 DX systems:
Attractive energy performance at
average annual temperatures up to
+15 °C in line with EPEE statement
and energy data recording
CO2 DX systems next generation:
Different technology options
showing the path to achieve
attractive energy performance
across whole Europe
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POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
Standard CO2 booster
(MT part of system)
Expander Economizer
Ejector
Mechanical
Subcooler
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FACTORS FOR EVALUATION
Efficiency
Potential of efficiency improvement
Safety & reliability
Reliable and safe operation are mandatory
Environmental impact
Low GWP of refrigerant used combined
with high efficiency ensures best TEWI
Modularity
Easy integration into existing design
Total life cycle cost
Initial investment, energy & service costs
* Analysis conducted by Carrier
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ECONOMIZER (PARALLEL COMPRESSION)
Conventional 2-stage cycle,
various implementations exist
Advantages:
Known technology
No new components
No fundamental change of CO2 booster concept
Disadvantages:
Part load operation
Oil return
Efficiency potential lower than other solutions
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EXPANDER
Mechanical work extraction from expansion process
Advantages:
Theoretically high efficiency potential
Disadvantages:
New technical territory
Part load operation
Oil return
Expander work demand/supply management
Reliability (moving parts, design)
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EJECTOR
“Fluid-dynamic” work extraction from expansion process
Advantages:
High efficiency potential
Few new moving parts
Few additional parts in system
Ejector (theoretically) similar to expansion valve
Disadvantages:
New technical territory
Part load operation
Oil return
Reliability (compressor may run outside operating envelope)
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MECHANICAL SUBCOOLER
External chiller / CDU cools CO2 after gas
cooler below ambient temperature
Advantages:
Option to use hydrocarbon refrigerant for
“all natural” solution
Known technology
No new components
High efficiency potential
Potential of space heating & cooling implementation
Disadvantages:
Additional space required for installation
Individual customers may not accept hydrocarbon refrigerant
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PERFORMANCE COMPARISON Performance comparison
Simulations and tests conducted at Carrier
laboratories to assess efficiency
Ongoing research at Carrier
Aim to improve all solutions to fulfill expectations for
highest quality standards and superior performance
Current status
Mechanical subcooler offers the greatest potential,
based on components available today
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VIABLE SOLUTIONS – WHAT TO CHOOSE?
One solution might not fit all
Further to laboratory tests
and simulations. Carrier
conducts field tests on
selected solutions
Outlook
To develop a set of standard
solutions based on customer
input, field experience and
upcoming EU regulations
Expander Economizer
Ejector
Mechanical
Subcooler
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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Managing thermal energy flows of buildings
Total thermal supply from one
system avoiding use of fossil fuels
Range of modular system
components & dynamic controls
architecture constitute key elements
refrigeration
domestic hot water
comfort “cold aisle” heating
space heating
Summer operation Winter operation
space cooling
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Energy Costs Electricity and Fossil Fuels (Gas)(typical hypermarket project; 0,15 €/kWh electric; 0,08 €/kWh thermal)
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R404A HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec
cost thermal [%]
cost electric [%]
- 3%- 6%
- 33%- 35%
With gas heating Integral
HybridCO2OL® HybridCO2OL® CO2OLtec® CO2OLtec®
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Managing thermal energy flows of buildings
* Analysis conducted by Carrier
*
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Equivalent CO2 Emissions(typical hypermarket project; avrg.leakage rate 10%/a; emission factor el. 0,477 kg CO2/ kWh (weighted average EMEA); emission factor th. 0,25 kg/kWh)
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R404A HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec HybridCO2OL CO2OLtec
Emissions leakages [%]
Emissions thermal [%]
Emissions electric [%] - 26%
- 40%- 44%
- 58%
With gas heating Integral
HybridCO2OL® HybridCO2OL® CO2OLtec® CO2OLtec®
INTEGRATED SYSTEMS
Managing thermal energy flows of buildings
* Analysis conducted by Carrier
*
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Company restricted information 18
Thank you for your attention!
Carrier has the right refrigerant for every application, but every
application will not have the same refrigerant solution.