Markedness, Faithfulness, Vowel Quality and Syllable Structure
Markedness Hierarchies Cheat Sheet
Transcript of Markedness Hierarchies Cheat Sheet
7/30/2019 Markedness Hierarchies Cheat Sheet
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Markedness Hierarchies
Based on Cynthia Long Westfall’s ‘The Analysis of Prominence in Hellenistic Greek’
Prepared By Nick Elder
Markedness in Aspect/Tense
Aorist Unmarked Default tense
Imperfect Distant, indefinite action
Present Close, indefinite action
Perfect Definite, contoured
Pluperfect Marked Rare, definite, contoured
Markedness and Mood Markedness and Voice
Markedness and Case Markedness and Person
Accusative Unmarked Object/with respect to
Nominative Subject
Genitive Restrictive
Dative Relation
Vocative Marked Direct Address
Hierarchical Categorization of Intersentential Conjunction
EMPHATIC Conjunction/Particle Gloss Mkd Unmkd
Adversative/ δέ ‘but’, ‘on the other hand’ ✔
Discontinuity ἀλλά ‘but’
πλήν ‘but’, ‘yet’, ‘however’
µὲν, οὖν, µενοὖν ‘contrary’, ‘rather’
µέντοι ‘but’, ‘nevertheless’, ‘however’
τουναντίον ‘on the contrary’ ✔
Inferential/ οὕτω(ς) ‘thus’, ‘so’ ✔
Summative οὖν ‘so then’, ‘therefore’
διὰ τοῦτο ‘through this’, ‘therefore’ ὥστε ‘so that’ (theme)
διό ‘therefore’
ὅθεν ‘and so’, ‘therefore’
τοίνυν ‘for that very reason then’
τοιγαροῦν ‘for that very reason then’ ✔
Addition πάλιν ‘again’, ‘once more’ ✔
εἶτε ‘and then’
εὐθύς ‘mmediately’
εὐθέως ‘immediately’ ✔
CONTINUITY
Addition/pos καί ‘and’ ✔
Asyndeton No signal (inference)
κάγω ‘and I’ ✔
Addition/neg ούδέ ‘and not’ ✔
µηδέ ‘and not’ ✔
DE-EMPHATIC
γάρ ‘for’ ✔
µέν ‘on the one hand’ ✔
Other Markers of Prominence: Emphatic lexemes (ἰδοὺ, ἴδε, ἄγε), nearness in time/space (νῦν. νύνι, ἄρτι), interrogatives,
contrast/comparison, elaboration/comment, extra words (participial phrase, unnecessary pronouns), concentration of participants,
summaries/conclusions, patterns/repitition
Indicative Unmarked Default
Imperative 3r , 2n pers pl.
Subjunctive 1st
person pl/ command
Optative Marked Rare, emphatic
Active Unmarked Default
Passive Focus on Recipient
Middle Marked Stressed Involvement
3r sing, Unmarked General, remote. Inclusive
3rd
plural General, remote
2nd sing. Present, other
2n
plural Present, others
1st sing Self
1st plural Marked Self and other(s) present
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Salience in Semantic Categories
More Salient Less Salient
Human
AnimateConcrete
Thing-like, solid, discrete
Well-defined, tightly organized
Contoured, surrounded, bounded, enclosed
Localized
With distinguishable parts Near
Above, in front
Greater contrast
Stable
symmetric
Non-human
InanimateAbstract
Unformed, diffuse, shapeless, unbroken
Less definite, unstructured, loosely organized
Boundless
Unlocalized
Without distinguishable parts
Far Below, behind
Lesser contrast
Unstable
irregular