Mark Waldron CIGRE A3 -...
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Planning, Specification & Testing of Controlled Switching Systems
Mark Waldron CIGRE A3.07
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Summary Planning.
– Aim, suitability of controlled switching, benefits & risks, pre-existing constraints.
Specification. – Performance, operating environment,
component vs system performance, integration, life management.
Testing. – Circuit-breaker capabilities, controllers,
sensors & auxilliaries, total functionality.
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Planning - Overview
Maintain/achieve adequate performance Optimised lifetime cost of installation Define the “problem” - transient control Suitability of controlled switching - ideal Availability of alternatives - pros & cons Pre-existing constraints Risk assessment - real systems including
P(failure) & consequences
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Planning - Alternatives to CS
Avoidance - can the scheme be avoided? Power system modification/re-enforcement Dynamic resistance/inductance Fixed inductance Surge arresters Re-enforcement of secondary systems
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Planning - Risk Assessment
Non-ideal systems have P(failure) Nature & consequence of failure depend
on application Safety risks followed by commercial risks Levels of redundancy to achieved
acceptable levels of risk Structured design approach e.g. IEC 61508
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Planning - Decision tree Power grid configuration
Goal
Controlledswitching
Solution 2 Solution 3 Solution n...
Determinationof window
Specify breaker controller system
Do measurements
Check what is achievable and reconsider
Characteristicsavailable?
Use of existingbreaker
Requirement met?(ideal controller)
Specify breakercontroller system
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
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Specification - Overview Controlled switching installations must be
considered as a whole - breaker + controller + auxiliaries
Interaction between functionalities Operating environment - electrical, climatic,
regime . . . . . Performance ⇒ System ⇒ Components Support & lifetime management - not fit &
forget
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Specification - Power System
Nature of the power system: – Frequency – Earthing – Connection arrangements – Reference signals – Normal & abnormal system conditions
Actual duty on switching device - non-idealised case
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Specification - Accuracy & Consistency Ideal making target + acceptable tolerance Temperature range ⇒ Compensation? Drive & insulation operating range ⇒
Compensation? Auxiliary voltage Electrical environment Maximum/minimum idle time Reference signals - accuracy & availability Adaption routines
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Specification - Reliability & Failure Performance
Failure mode, P() & effects considered Failure to operate on command Incorrect operation - no warning Operate without command Inability to operate (within tolerance) Loss of reference &/or supply Rigorous assessment - IEC 61508?
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Specification - Installation Philosophy & Interfaces
Permissive or definite operation Redundancy - protection philosophy? HMI - local and/or remote Integration with basic protection & control Self diagnostics & self verification Complexity Communication, protocols etc
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Specification - Lifetime Issues
Commissioning Maintenance for continued accuracy Adaptability - self adjustment on basis of
operation Software/hardware support Component interactions throughout
lifetime
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Specification - Non-standard duties
Application of controlled switching can “create” additional duties
Non-simultaneous poles affect asymmetric making and breaking
Extreme case but should be considered Pole spread on closing (ms)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
τ = 45ms 2.55 2.62 2.69 2.76 2.82 2.87 2.92 2.95 2.98 3 3.01
τ = 60ms 2.61 2.69 2.77 2.83 2.9 2.95 2.99 3.03 3.06 3.09 3.09
τ = 90ms 2.68 2.76 2.84 2.91 2.98 3.03 3.08 3.11 3.14 3.16 3.17
τ = 120ms 2.72 2.8 2.88 2.95 3.02 3.07 3.12 3.16 3.19 3.2 3.21
τ = infi-nite
2.83 2.92 3.01 3.08 3.15 3.21 3.26 3.3 3.32 3.34 3.35
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Testing - Overview
Circuit-breaker characteristics Controller characteristics Sensor characteristics Auxiliary performance Taken together ⇒ System Performance
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Testing
Circuit breaker Controller Sensors
Typetest ?
Influence of externalparameters
Controlled switching test
Compatibility test ofbreaker/controller/sensor
Testperformed
with completesystem ?
Functional performancetest of complete system
Commissioning test
Routinetests
N
N
Y
Y
Typetest ?
Functionalperformance test
EMC tests
Mechanicaltests
N
Y
Routinetests
Environmentaltests
Typetest ?
Typetests
N
Y
Routinetests
or
End
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Testing - Controller
Functional performance - scatter, compensation, adaption, alarms & signalling, self diagnostics, communication
Hardware conformance - EMC, mechanical & environmental - existing standards.
Software reliability - especially for Safety Critical Systems
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Testing - Circuit-breaker Key parameters:
– RDDS – Mechanical scatter, variations & idle time – RRDS (can be derived from C & L switching)
Permit definition of optimum target point for any duty - closing or opening
Direct measurement of optimum target point for particular case
Controlled switching test
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Testing - Voltage zero making
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 3600,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
T T arget Target Pointnominal instant of contact touch
∆t making
k + k0 ∆
k - k0 ∆
Volta
ge a
cros
s ci
rcui
t bre
aker
(abs
olut
e va
lue)
[pu]
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Testing - Voltage peak making
0 300,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
T Target Target Pointnominal instant of contact touch
∆t making
60 90 150120 180
∆t mech
k + k0 ∆
k - k0 ∆
Volta
ge a
cros
s ci
rcui
t bre
aker
(abs
olut
e va
lue)
[pu]
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Testing - Basic derivation of RDDS vo
ltage
∆T close
∆T make
∆T pre-strike
contacttouch
makinginstant
closecommand
time
pre-strike-characteristicof the circuit-breaker
U making
∆T close target
time
conta
ct tra
vel
position of contact touch
∆T making (U=0)
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Testing - RDDS test sequence
4 making tests per setting 15 degree steps Pre-strike voltage & pre-strike time
measured Polarities considered separately Influence of contact burn-off to be verified
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Testing - Typical RDDS test result RDDS at both polarities
-1
-0.9
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.0
Pre-arc (ms)
Break
down
volta
ge [p
u]
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Testing - RDDS variations Variation of the beginingof the movement
Variation of dielectric strength
Variation of contact velocity
3σ=1ms
3σ=15%
3σ=5%
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Testing - Close target vs making voltage
-180 -90 0 90 180
Umaking (p.u.) ∆Ttarget
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
t i-min
t i-max
Σ ∆
Σ ∆
U making-max
optimumclose target
close target in reference to voltage zero (deg)
-5 deg
27 deg
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Testing - Close target vs making instant Ab
s. v
alue
of
the
time
betw
een
mak
ing
inst
ant a
nd v
olta
ge z
ero
(ms)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-90 0 90
voltage û=1.0 p.u.voltage û=1.5 p.u.
Mechanical contact touch in ref. to voltage zero (deg)
∆Ttotal
t making (U=0)
(+/-1ms)
( û=1,5 pu)
∆
∆Ttotal
( û=1,0 pu)
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Testing - Mechanical variations
Basic mechanical testing (IEC 62271-100) Tests over expected range of:
– Ambient temperature – Drive condition – Control voltage – Idle time – Phase spacing (mechanical linkage only)
Determines need for compensation
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Testing - Idle time test C - 1min - O - 1min - C - 1min - O (C/O
interchangeable) Idles of:
– 1 hour – 8 hours – 16 hours – 64 hours – 104 hours – 232 hours – 720 hours
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Testing - Typical relationships
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
70 80 90 100 110 120
Control voltage (%)
∆t cl
ose (
ms)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
-50 -30 -10 10 30 50
Ambient temperature (°C)
∆t cl
ose (
ms)
40
41
42
43
44
0.01 0.1 1 10 100Idle time (h)
Clos
e tim
e (m
s)
Test resultsDt= 2 (1-exp(-t/3.5))+ 41
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Testing - Controlled closing test Test on full circuit-breaker Verify actual performance for voltage peak &
voltage zero switching Realistic power frequency condition,
earthing factors etc Extremes of variable parameters considered
either directly or indirectly 4 test series - 6 operations per test series at
each voltage zero and each voltage peak. 96 tests in total
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Testing - Controlled closing test Operating conditions
Directly considered(extreme values must be di-rectly applied in the tests)
SF6 gaspressure Lockout Rated
Driveenergy
Lockout Rated
a) Operating conditions applied in the testsMinimum Maximum
Indirectly considered(extreme values considered by
means of close/open target)
Controlvoltage
∆T1-min ∆T1-max
Ambienttemperature
∆T2-min ∆T2-max
Idle time ∆T3-min ∆T3-max
Extreme variations of close/open timesfor testing ∆tmin =∑
=−∆
3
1min
iiT ∆tmax =∑
=−∆
3
1max
iiT
b) Operating conditions that can be represented by variations of the close/open targets (refer to Figure 4-7).
∆Τi-min = (minimum close/open time variation from the respective characteristic curve)∆Τi-max = (maximum close/open time variation from the respective characteristic curve)Remark: parameters compensated by the controller shall not be considered.
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Testing - Controlled closing test
Test series Close at voltage zero Close at voltage peak1 Lockout SF6 pressure,
rated drive energy:ttarget_zero = ttarget_zero_rated + ∆tmin
Lockout SF6 pressure,rated drive energy:
ttarget_peak = ttarget_peak_rated + ∆tmin
2 Rated SF6 pressure,lockout drive energy:
ttarget_zero = ttarget_zero_rated + ∆tmax
Rated SF6 pressure,Lockout drive energy:
ttarget_peak = ttarget_peak_rated + ∆tmax
3(most critical case)
Lockout SF6 pressure,Lockout drive energy:
ttarget_zero = ttarget_zero_rated + ∆tmin
Lockout SF6 pressure,lockout drive energy:
ttarget_peak = ttarget_peak_rated + ∆tmin
4 Rated SF6 pressure,rated drive energy:
ttarget_zero = ttarget_zero_rated + ∆tmax
Rated SF6 pressure,rated drive energy:
ttarget_peak = ttarget_peak_rated + ∆tmax
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Testing - Complete system checks
Compatibility Functional performance check - like
controlled closing test System assembled & tested as early as
possible Commissioning procedure is critical to
account for system aspects Regular review
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Concluding remarks
Consider controlled switching system Performance reliant on component
parameters & testing + compatibility Reliability & failure performance/effect
dictate levels of redundancy Lifetime management of the system -
component & system changes