Mark van der Zande -...

Mark van der Zande

KROHNE

Magnetic Resonance

Multiphase FLowmeter

MARK VAN DER ZANDE Product Manager, KROHNE

• M.Sc. Physics at Eindhoven University, NL. • PhD. at Delft University, NL.

(Multiphase Flow / Petroleum Engineering)

• 15 years experience in Research and Development of professional instrumentation (Multiphase Flowmeters, Medical scanners)

• Product Manager M-PHASE 5000 at KROHNE • Based in Dordrecht, The Netherlands

(Development and Manufacturing center)

1. Multiphase flow in upstream oil industry

2. Magnetic resonance

3. Flow measurement

4. Performance

5. Conclusions

• Oil wells produce a mixture of oil, gas and water.

• Multiple wells producing to one main production line

• Separation takes place on comingled flow

• Information is needed on flow performance of individual wells:

- Production allocation

- Production optimization

- Well testing

NFOGM handbook of MPFM

Multiphase Flow Measurement in Oil Production


Test separator:

• Individual well can be

selected

Note:

• Bulky configuration

- Large space claim

- Long stabilization time

• Regular maintenance

needed

- Valves

- Calibration of flowmeters

• Limited rangeability

regarding production rate:

- Variations from well to well

- Variations over lifetime


Multiphase Flowmeter


Multiphase flowmeter:

• Replaces test separator

• Simultaneous measurement of

oil, as and water flowrate

• Save on:

- Space

- Weight

- Cost

- Test time


Multiphase Flowmeter


Multiphase flowmeter:

• Installation close to the well

head possible

• Continuously monitoring of

production rate:

- Well testing

- Flow assurance

- Production allocation

- Production optimization


• Complex flow, several different flow regimes

• Unsteady flow conditions possible

• Oil / Water / Gas ratio can fluctuate

Multiphase Flow






Multiphase Flow

Challenge for flow measurement





Multiphase Flow

Inline: • Combination various

measurement principles: - Venturi

- Gamma-ray

- Capacitance/conductance

• Model - Empirical relations

• Some require mixing

Multiphase Flow various existing types

M-PHASE 5000

Multiphase Flow KROHNE M-PHASE 5000

Inline: • Single measurement principle; Magnetic Resonance

• No radioactive source

• Large dynamic range (1:60); full bore design

• Fully automated inline fluid characterization



3. Flow measurement

4. Performance

5. Conclusions

Various Nobel prizes have been awarded related to magnetic resonance:

1943, O. Stern: magnetic moment of a proton

1944, I. Rabi: magnetic resonance (MR) of a proton

1952, F. Bloch, E. Purcell: MR in liquids and solids

1991, R. Ernst: MR spectroscopy (chemistry)

2002, K. Wüthrich, Fenn, Tanaka: MR spectroscopy for resolving 3D structures

2003, P. Lauterbur, P. Mansfield: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Medical)

Various instruments have been based on magnetic resonance, e.g.:

Magnetic Resonance

www.nobelprize.org

Table top MR analyzer www.oxford-instruments.com

MRI medical scanner www.philips.com

magnet

receive RF signal

• Makes use of very fundamental physical property of atoms, and allows you to ‘count’ hydrogen atoms

• The principle: - Oil, water and gas contain hydrogen atoms

- In a magnetic field the nucleus of the hydrogen atom (proton):

– aligns with the applied magnetic field – precesses around magnetic field lines (frequency proportional to

magnetic field strength).

- When irradiated with radio waves of the same frequency, the protons resonate (react to the RF signal)

- The protons absorb and re-emit the radio energy of the same frequency. The emitted signal (echo) is proportional to the number of protons

oil water gas

send RF signal

Magnetic Resonance

Hydrogen

Magnetic Field

Radio Frequency pulses

Magnetic Resonance Requires:

magnet

oil water gas

RF signal



3. Flow measurement

4. Performance

5. Conclusions

Pre-magnetization section

Motor to vary pre-magnetization length

Main magnet with RF and gradient coil

Electronics housing in flame proof boxes

Flow

• Full bore pipe, horizontal configuration, length approx. 3.5m. • Internal tube size 4” (standard) and 3” and 2” • Ambient operating temperature: -40°C to + 65°C, process temperature: 93 °C • Maximum process pressure: 258 bar (for 1500#) • All electronics mounted directly on the flowmeter in two flame-proof boxes

‘Convective decay’ method

Excited protons are leaving the coil due to flow

Measure the decrease in amplitude of the echoes

v = Lc/tS=0

Lc

Measurement of fluid velocity

Main magnet on oil measurement

All magnets on oil and water measurement

• From the ratio between the measured signals, the oil and water fractions can be determined

Make use of the fact that oil and water magnetize at a different rate (time constant)

Measurement of oil and water fraction

Measurement of multiphase flow



3. Flow measurement

4. Performance

5. Conclusions

SwRI (TX, USA) Donau Shell (NL)

Xcaliber (NL) DNV – GL (NL)

Overview multiphase test locations

Parameter range of tests: Pressure: 3-90 barg

Temperature: 25-40 oC

Salinity: 0-250 g/l

Viscosity: 1-45 cSt

Performed tests overview test points

Good accuracy both in liquid

and gas flow rate:

• Accuracy achieved over large

dynamic range

• Good accuracy for both

liquid and gas flow rates for

GVF < 95%:

- 3-5% MV on liquid

- 8-10% MV on gas

Performed tests DNV-GL

Gas Oil Water Velocity [m/s]

24 m3/h Oil, 6 m3/h Water, 8 Am3/h Gas, 4”pipe, P = 30 bar, T = 25 °C

Performed tests DNV-GL

The multiphase flow meter co-developed by Krohne and Shell and deployed at NAM Rotterdam

Field test; The Netherlands

Multiphase flow from well

M-PHASE 5000 To Test Separator

Inline fluid characterization

Measurement magnetic resonance fluid properties in the field

• Block in fluids static sample

• Fully automated fluid characterization

Benefits:

• More accurate input data:

• No conversion from lab conditions to field conditions needed

• No need to take samples

• No sample handling needed

• Savings on operation cost of the flowmeter

• Note: offline fluid characterization is optional as well

Inline fluid characterization



3. Flow measurement

4. Performance

5. Conclusions

One single measuring principle, direct ‘molecular’ measurement

No radioactive source

Fully automated inline fluid characterization

Full bore design; no pressure drop, no wear

Large turn-down ratio on velocity (1:60)

Suited for oil producing wells:

GVF < 95%

High sensitivity at high WLR (up to 100%)

Suited for high viscosities (3-550 cP)

Suited for high salinity of water (up to saturation)

Enables enhanced reservoir management

Conclusions

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