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The

Macrominerals



INTRODUCTION

Minerals are simple inorganic Minerals are simple inorganicelements that are nonelements that are non--caloric and caloric and remain as ash, when the food or remain as ash, when the food or

organic compound where they areorganic compound where they are found is completely burnt. found is completely burnt.



The Essential Macrominerals

} There are seven macrominerals sometimes calledmajor minerals are essential to human beings.

The following are examples of macrominerals:

a) Calcium

b) Phosphorus

c) Magnesium

d) Potassium

e) Sodium

f) Chlorine

g) Surfur



Calcium

A. Distribution of CalciumOf the total body weight, approximately 1.5-22% is calcium

(approx.22gm/kg fat free body weight.)

B. Functions of calcium} Bone and teeth formation

}Muscular construction

}Blood coagulation

} Nerve transmission

} Enzyme activation and catalysts for biological reactions

}Other potential functions



C. Utilization of calcium

} A bsorption

}Metabolism

}Excretion

D. Food Sources

Calcium is present in a no. of food, but theassimilation varies depending on the kind of foods.



E. Effects of deficiency

Lack of calcium in the body causes retarded growth anddevelopment among growing children.

Osteomalacia (adult rickets)- The disorder of adult.

R ickets- The deficiency dse.

Tetany- Is another deficiency disorder characterized by uncontrolled reaction of muscle tissue and increasedexcitability of the nerves due to lack of circulating ionized

calcium.



Osteoporosis

- Is not same as osteomalacia .

F. Effects of excess calcium intake

A high intake of vitamin D and a high ratio

of phosphorus to calcium may lead to

Hypercalcemia .



Phosphorus

A. Distribution of Phosphorus

The normal person has 1 % phosphorus of his body weight. A bout 85% found in bones &teeth w/ calcium. The 15% remains has protein,carbohydrates and fats, along w/ calcium, sodiumand magnesium ions.

.

Functions of P

hosphorus} Structural components as described

(parts of bones & teeth).

} Regulatory: phosphorus participates in many metabolicprocesses.



C. Utilization of Phosphorus

Phosphorus in the intestines is free phosphate

w/ the help of the enzyme phosphates.

D. Food Sources & RNI

A diet adequate in calcium & protein usually hasadequate phosphorus.

The foods that rich of proteins are the ff.}Cheese, Milk & Dairy products, Meat, Poultry, Fish,

Eggs, Nuts & Dried beans are excellent sources of phosphorus.



E. Effects of Deficiency

Severe hypophosphatemia can cause skeletal

myopathy & cardiomyopathy.

F. Effects of Excess

A cute, severe hyperphosphatemia induced by IV

infusion of phosphate can cause hypocalcemia severe

enough to result in tetany or death.



Potassium (K)

A. D

istribution of PotassiumPotassium is the principal action present w/in the cells

or in the intracellular fluids.

I

t also present in small amt. in the extracellular fluids.NOTE: The chemical symbol for potassium is K (due to itslatin name Kalium.

B. Functions of Potassium

}Potassium maintains fluids & electrolyte balance

} A lso important for carbohydrates & protein metabolism



C. Utilization of PotassiumPotassium is absorbed in the intestines.

It can also secreted as a component of digestive juices, w/c

Is later reabsorbed.

D. Food Sources & Recommended NutrientIntakes

There is considerable variation existing in the literature onthe potassium level of foods.

E. Effects of Deficiency & Excess

* HY PO

K AL

KEMI A

(low serum potassium)

*HY PERK ALKEMI A

(elevated serum potassium)



Sulfur

A. Distribution of SulfurSulfur occurs in almost every protein cell & comprises

about 0.25% of body weight. It concentrated in the cytoplasm,

and can found in Hair, Skin & Nails.Below is a list of some substances containing sulfur:

1. Sulfur containing A mino A cid

2. Organic Compound

3. Glycoproteins

4. Detoxification Product

5. Keratin Protein of Hair, Skin fur & Nails



B. Utilization of Sulfur

Inorganic sulfate is absorbed in the intestine as such &

goes directly into the portal circulation.

C. Food Sources & R NI

Protein contains 1% sulfur so that a diet

adequate in protein will contain enough sulfur.

* CYSTINE - synthesized from methionine.

D. Effects of Deficiency or Excess

A hereditary detect in tubular reabsorbed of amino

acid cystine may lead to excessive excretion in the urinecausing cystinuria & repeated production of cystine in the

kidney causes production of cystine kidney stones.



Sodium

A. Distribution of Sodium

Sodium is a monovalent cation 50% of w/c is found in the

Extracellular fluid, the vascular fluids w/in the blood vessels,

A rteries, veins, capillaries & the intercellular fluids surrounding

the cells.10% - found in the cells

40% - found in the skeletal bound the surface of bone crystals

B. Function of Sodium

Sodium is responsible for maintaining fluid balance.

A nd also responsible for maintaining acid-base balance.

It also allows the passage of materials like glucose.



C. Utilization of Sodium

about 7 15 gm salt are ingested daily in the filipino

Diet. Sodium is absorbed in the stomach to a small, but most of it is absorbedfrom the small intestine. The absorption of sodium requires energy.

D. Food Sources

Sodium is present in natural foods in varying amt. & incompounds needed to process foods.

*Foods that have good sources are: Carrots, spinach & celery.

E.

RecommendedN

utrient Intakes A llowance & requirements for sodium have not been

determined yet, but it should equal the amt. needed by thebody for growth, sweat & secretion, urine, stools & non-

sweat losses from the skin.



F. Effects of Deficiency or Excess

A deficiency of sodium ( hyponatremia )

can occur in:

1. dehydration as in heat exhaustion

2. after surgical procedures w/ mark loss of blood

3. after mark vomiting & diarrhea4. after long term & vigorous treatment w/

very restricted



Chlorine

A. Distribution of ChlorineChlorine is a major anion in the extracellular fluids. The

cerebrospinal f luid has highest concentration of chloride.

B. Function of Chlorine

Chlorine functions always in combination w/ sodium or w/potassium, in helping to maintain f luid & electrolyte balance & acidbalance.

C. Utilization of Chlorine

Chlorine is almost completely absorbed in the intestine &

excreted by the kidney.

The so- called chloride shift in the physiology helps maintainacid base balance.



D. Food Sources & R NI

The major source of chlorine is table salt ( NaCl).

Generally when sodium intake is adequate, chlorine will alsobe provided for to the diet. There is still no established

requirement for chlorine.

E. Effects of Deficiency

A lkalosis results when there is an excessive loss of chloride

ions from the gastric secretion during continued vomiting,

diarrhea or tube drainage. The chloride ions are replaced by the bicarbonate ions when such secretions are lost.



Magnesium

A. Distribution of Magnesium A bout 50% of the magnesium in the body is present in

the bones in combination w/ phosphate & calcium, the remaining isalmost entirely inside the body cells w/ only about 1% in extracellularfluid.

B. Functions of MagnesiumMagnesium, w/c is concentrated in the mitochondria of the

cell, is an essential part of many enzyme system responsible fortransfer of energy.

It is the key core of the chlorophyll molecule,

It also essential in cellular metabolism & it is necessary topromote the conduction of nerve impulses & to allow normalmuscular contraction.



Magnesium may also increase the stability of calcium in

the tooth enamel.Magnesium is related to cortisone in the regulation of

blood phosphorus level.it also influences the secretion of thyroxin & the maintenance of normal basal metabolic rate.

C. Utilization of MagnesiumMagnesium is absorbed in the small intestine.

the total intake of magnesium, about 43% is absorbed.

D. Food SourcesMagnesium is relatively widespread in foods, but it is

abundant in nuts, soybeans, meat, milk, cocoa, seafood, whole grains, dried beans & green peas or peas.



E. Recommended Nutrient Intakes

The daily recommended intake for magnesium for adults 19

yrs. & over, 235 mg/day for females.

F. Effects of Deficiency or Excess

Magnesium deficiency ( HYPOM A GNESEMIC TET A NY )

Has been observed among infants & children suffering fromkwashiorkor & in dse. Characterized by intestinal mal -absorption , prolonged diarrhea or vomiting.

A ldosteronism & hyperparathyroidism can also lead to

magnesium deficiency.Hypermagnesemia or toxity of magnesium result in

hypotension, arrythmia or even cardiac arrest, ECG changes ,

Decrease tendon reflex & coma.



* THE END*

BY: PRINCESS ALEXANDRIA R. ROMERO

AND

MARK JA Y SON A. Y ANGA

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