Mark Hassall Et Alli_Rome and the Eastern Provinces at the End of the Second Century B.C.

7/28/2019 Mark Hassall Et Alli_Rome and the Eastern Provinces at the End of the Second Century B.C.

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Rome and the Eastern Provinces at the End of the Second Century B.C.

Author(s): Mark Hassall, Michael Crawford, Joyce ReynoldsSource: The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 64 (1974), pp. 195-220Published by: Society for the Promotion of Roman StudiesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/299269

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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECONDCENTURY B.C.The so-called 'Piracy Law' and a new inscription from Cnidos

Fouilles de Delphes III, 4, no. 37;1 AJA I972, 64-5 2By MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORD and JOYCE REYNOLDS

(Plates xi-xiv)A new inscription discoveredby some workmen at Cnidos during excavations conducted byProfessorIris Love preservesconsiderableportionsof a Roman law in a Greektranslation, n dateand content closely related to (perhaps denticalwith) the text found at Delphi, commonlyknownas the 'Piracy Law'. We give below the Cnidos text and a revision of the Delphi text which isnecessitatedby the new information, ogetherwith a brief commentarydesignedto bring out whatseemto us to be the major mplications or Romanhistorians.The original ranscriptionof the Cnidostext was made by Hassall,but all three authors have checked andimprovedthe readings,both fromphotographs akenby him and by ProfessorLove, and from the stones; the revision of the Delphitext, begun by Hassall, is in the event largelythe workof Crawford. Archaeologicalnformation scontributedby Hassall; to the commentarywe have all three made our contributions. The finalintegrationof these and of our concludingremarks s due to Crawford.We must acknowledge generous help at Cnidos from Professor Love, together with muchencouragementn the preparationof this publication,at Delphi from ProfessorAmandry,MonsieurCroissantand Mrs. Zaphiropoulou, nd in Cambridge rom a considerablenumberof colleagueswhojoinedin discussion of the newtext. Ourdebt is especiallyheavyto Mr. J. A. Crook,whosescepticismhas been a healthycheckon our enthusiasm. We also gratefullyacknowledge inancialhelp from theFacultyof Classicsand Newnham College, Cambridge.

INTRODUCTIONThe three fine-grainedlimestone blocks, numbered I, 2 and 3 in the accompanyingsketch(Fig. 7), which carrythe text of the Cnidos inscription,had originallyformedpart of a Hellenisticwall and were re-used in the walling of a small rectangularplunge bath, probablyof the Byzantineperiod. This lies immediatelyto the West of the so-called Agoraon the North side of the triremeharbourand was excavated n the summerof I97o.3There arealtogether he remainsof fiveinscribedcolumns. BlockI carriescolumnsI, II and IIIand the left edge of column IV. It is c. I52 cm wide, was originallyc. 85 cm high and is c. 30 cmthick. Block 2 is c. II5 cm wide, c. 85 cm high and c. 34 cm thick; it carriesthe rest of column IVand columnV. Block3 is c. I26 cmwide, c. 82 cmhigh andc. 33 cm thick. On it have been inscribedthe ends of 7 lines (perhapsthe ends of the last lines of column V) and alongwhat is now its upperedge has been roughlypeckedthe name Artemidoros. The rest of the surfacewas never inscribed.The lowerpartof the inscribedsurfaceof Block I was found, on excavation,to be concealedbyan externalstep which enabledthe bather to step over Block I onto a correspondingstep on theinside. Againstthe oppositewall of the bath was a second internalstep, one of whose ends originallycoveredthe bottomright-handpartof columnV. The cement used to set these steps in positionwasextremely hard and after their removalproved difficult to clean from the inscribed surfaces. Inadditionthe left-hand side and all the top of Block I, and the top of Block2 as well as the whole ofits right-handside were badlyweathered.Thestateof the textColumnI. The lowerhalfof this does not seem to havebeen inscribed; on the upper half only oneor two letters can be discerned. In view of the gap at the bottom of the column it is clearthat thetext is not continuous with that on columns II-V, though it may be related to it. At Delphi, forinstance, the ' PiracyLaw' proper s preceded by a letter of introduction.Column II. The top of this column is badly worn. The lines are more or less the same length

1 To the bibliography there cited (read H. Pomtow, Hinrichs, 'Die lateinische Tafel von Bantia und dieKlio xvii, 192I, 17I) add P. Foucart, yS I906, 569 "Lex de Piratis "', Hermes 1970, 471.(brief mention in connection with discussion of 2 Column IV = p. 15, fig. 6.campaigns against pirates of 74-71); A. Wilhelm, 3 The size of the blocks compares with those of theJOiAI I914, 98 (brief mention in connection with blocks forming the seaward wall of the magazine thatdiscussion of demands for military assistance by flanks the trireme harbour on the North side andRome); M. Cary, CR 1924, 60; J. Dobiis, Listy Fil. backs onto the Agora. There is a chance that the1924, I3 and 94; 1925, 65 (see n. 25 below); blocks were robbed from the upper course of thisJ. Carcopino, ' Sur la loi romaine du monument de wall.Paul Emile', Mdlanges Glotz (1932) i, 117; F. T.


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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORD AND JOYCE REYNOLDSthroughout,c. 48 cm long; they rangefrom 26 to 34 letters per line, with an averageof 29*5. Thereis probablya vacatbelow the last line transcribed.Column III. The top of the column is againbadlyworn and the last four lines have also suffered.The lines areup to c. 51 cm long; ordinary ines (that is, not first and last lines of paragraphs) angefrom 29 to 37 letters per line, with an averageof 33. The opening of each paragraphs markedbyoutspacinga couple of letters to the left. There is certainlya vacat below the last line transcribed.Column IV. This is the best preservedof the columns. At the top is the lower partof a line ofletters, the upperpartof which must have been cut on a blocklying above. The lines vary fromupto c. 57 cm at the top of the stone to up to c. 6I cm at the bottom, as if the draftsmanwas trying tosqueeze more of the text onto the stone towardsthe bottom of the column (compareon column Vbelow). Ordinary ines rangefrom 31 to 44 letters per line, with an averageof 36*5 and with moreletters per line towardsthe bottom of the column. The opening of each paragraph s markedbyoutspacinga couple of letters to the left.ColumnV. The top andright-handside of this columnhavebeen largelywornaway. If columnV isas wide as column IV it will have occupied all the space to the right edge of Block 2, some 6o cmfrom the beginningsof the lines. Of this 60 cm the last i I cm or so can never be recoveredbecauseof damageto the end of the block(see Fig. 7); to the left of this area a thin strip is coveredby theend of Block3 and a few extra letters doubtlesssurvivehere. If the length of the lines in column Vincreases owards he bottomof the stone,as in columnIV, the lower ines couldoverflowonto anotherblockand in factthey appear o be representedby the ends of seven lines on Block3. The longestlineon column V would then be c. 68 cm.

1, 3ll . . vI I ,

-. ... .

BATH \

^ [~S7-EP -t \ =-.... .. ...-s r : P \ PP ES ENT POS'ITIONBLOCKS AS REUSED)F

OIGINAL LAY-OUTF' TEXOFIG. 7. THE CNIDOSNSCRIPTION: SKETCH SHOWINGRRANGEMENTBAVY LINE)OF BLOCKS

^- :_.*':_===*S..~ __ . ??_ _;._- :_: ._.=J.;it

ORIGINAL LAY-OUTOF TEXTFIG. 7. THE CNIDOS INSCRIPTION: SKETCH SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF BLOCKS

Drawn by Mark Hassall. Copyright reservedLetter-formsThe letters have been cut without the aid of rule and compassand laid out in lines which oftendeviate from the horizontal. They vary from about i5 mm to about i9 mm in height, with theexception of 8, 0, and some examplesof Q, which are smallerthan other letters, and ct),which isoften taller. They are set as close to one another as is practical,and letters like T or Y ' overlapothers such as A or A.The text has been carelessly copied. There are omissions of individualletters (V, 29 iXxp(:),V, 33 AyEi(v)) or words (II, 24 presumably (TroS)aCro0sTrr&rou). Conversely, superfluous

196


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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.letters (III, 22 6


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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORDAND JOYCE REYNOLDSwhich places it before the Social War; it also lists kings (III, 38-4I) who are to receive letters,includingthe kingof Cyrene,wherethere was no king after96 B.C.; in describing he kingof Cyprusas 8iaKxcrrEXcv,t displaysa preciseawareness unlikeDelphi)of anabnormal ituation n Cypruswhichfits only, within this general period, I04/3 to IOI/O B.C.4 The Cnidos law also refers to the conquestsof T. Didius, as does the Delphi text.(2) that much of the subject-matterof Cnidos, columns III and IV, coincidespreciselywith thatofDelphi, block B, while we make below a case fora furthersmalloverlapbetweenCnidos,columnIVand Delphi, blockC. To supposetwo contemporaryaws with overlapping ubject-matter eemsoddand it is worth drawingattention to the fact that, by contrast,althoughthe Delphi and Cnidos textshave much in common with the Lex repetundarum, he Lex Latina Tabulae Bantinae and theFragmentumTarentinum,precise and extensive overlapsdo not occur with any of them.(3) that the numberof Roman awsof the appropriatedate which arelikelyto have been inscribed nthe Eastern provincescan hardlyhave been large; but we know that the Delphi law contained aprovision for publication in those provinces. Other laws may of course have contained similarprovisions. (There seems no reasonother than such a provisionfor the bulk of the inscription atCnidos.)Againstidentificationone must say:(i) that despite the overlapsthere are largeareas of text at Cnidosto which nothing correspondsatDelphi and vice versa. Not all of these are significant: thus we know that we do not possess thebeginningof the Cnidostext, so cannotexpectto findat Cnidosanythingthat corresponds o what ispreservedof Delphi, blockA; we knowthatwe have lost an unknownnumberof lines betweeneachof the Cnidos columns(if the identityof the two texts is accepted his can be calculatedas c. 60 lines),so there s nothing surprising n the existence of someareasof Delphi, blocksB and C to whichnothingextant at Cnidoscorresponds; the Delphi text too is incomplete,so the converse s also true.The difficultyarisesover Delphi, blockC. This beginswith a fragmentary lauseon the face ofit concernedwith the powersof aprovincialQuaestorbetweenhandingoverhis provinceandarrivingbackin Romeand if this is so correspondso the end of Cnidos,columnIV andthe lost upperpartofCnidos,columnV; afterthe sectiondealingwith the Quaestor here followsthe notorious usiurandumin legemon the basis of which the Delphi lawis normallyreferred o L. AppuleiusSaturninusand/oran associate or associates. Of the iusiurandumn legemrhereis no traceat Cnidos,but we reckonthatalmostall of what appearson Delphi, block C could have been inscribedon the lost areaof Cnidos,column V, given that the line length of this column is considerably onger than that of the othercolumns (itself suggestingthat we are nearingthe end of the law in this column). Delphi, block Cends with arrangementsor the prosecutionof those who breakthe provisionsof the iusiurandumnlegem;the contentof Cnidos,column V is not absolutelyclear,but it is certainlyconcernedwith trialprocedure,and it is thereforea reasonable onjecture hat its contentmayhavefollowedwhatwe haveat Delphi (for a possibletiny overlapsee on C, 8 if.). But Delphi, block C is rightlysupposedto beat the bottomof the areaavailable or the 'Piracy Law' on the monumentof L. Aemilius Paullus.5

4Ptolemy X Alexander I left Cyprus for Alexandriain 107. Soon after, his brother Ptolemy IX Soter IIpassed through Cyprus on his way to Syria, but atleast one Cypriot mint continued to strike forPtolemy X down to I05/4, and no Cypriot mintstarted to strike for Ptolemy IX until o00/99. Itseems to follow that Ptolemy IX, although hereturned to Cyprus from Syria soon after 107, did notcontrol the island until well after his Syrian adventureof I03-I02 was over (see E. Will, Histoirepolitique ii,370-I; 376-7); anyone mentioning the king ofCyprus between I04 and ioo might well have doubtsabout his identity and express them by the formulafound in the Cnidos text. (We are grateful for thenumismatic information to Dr. 0. M0rkholm.)5The Delphi law occupies three blocks of approxi-mately equal size on the front face of the monumentof L. Aemilius Paullus. It is in the highest degreeimprobable that it ever occupied more than this.The relevant layers of the monument, together withthe corresponding blocks of the inscription, are asfollows:Layer V Proxeny decreeLayer IV Block ALayer III Block BLayer II Block CLayer I Proxeny decreeOf these layers, V, II and I are almost completely

preserved, with the bulk of the front face and the twoside faces extant. The degree of taper of the monu-ment appears to make it certain that no more thantwo layers ever intervened between Layer V andLayer II. Layer III = Block B was seen by Colinand others from its content to precede Layer IIBlock C, and this is confirmed by the text fromCnidos. Layer IV = Block A presumably layimmediately above Layer III = Block B.It is moreover impossible that any of the Delphilaw ever lay below Layer II = Block C. The right-hand face of Layer II bears an inscription whichcontinues down onto Layer I, the front face of whichis occupied by two copies of a proxeny decree. (Itis also relevant that there are two uninscribed lacunaetowards the bottom of Block C and a tendencytowards crowding of the letters.) The left-hand faceof Layer II is occupied by an inscription and bothsides of Layer III are blank. The only place whereany more of the Delphi law may be postulated is onthe left-hand or right-hand face of Layer IV = BlockA. But the date of the inscription on the front face ofLayer I is later than the date of the law; if one is toinvoke this inscription on Layer I to explain aplacing of some of the law on the side of Layer IV,one has to suppose that the law was inscribed sometime after it was passed, perhaps not a very plausiblehypothesis.

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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.If the two laws are identical, it is necessaryto suppose that much was never inscribed at Delphi.(2) that where the two documentsoverlapthe language s different n many respects,so that at theleast we must supposethat we have two differenttranslations. We must also makeit clear that thedifferences are more than merely verbal (see n. 4 on the special knowledge displayed at Cnidosof the situationin Cyprus,p. 2Ix on the differentwaysof tacklingsc. dolomaloat Delphi and Cnidos,p. 212 on a slightly differentarrangement f two clauses).

COL UM NS Z Z V Vf r /S -? - r11 --_

__ L f_i Y=X STIN -- -- --

~ - =~~- 3 - -~ -I3.B L.OCKS - .! +6---

T Ex7I7I DELPHI A TXT mr DE LPHI AS U RvfPVIVsi , B, 3 PRZLMDi / B,

t ,,t C E,, ,, C

FIG. 8. PROPOSED COMBINATION OF CNIDOS AND DELPHI TEXTS

The correlation of the two texts has been calculated as follows:(I) Of the first 9 lines of Delphi, A, none can be represented on Cnidos, II; assuming that Delphi, A is twolines longer than B (B is three lines longer than C), then 27 of its lines are left to be accounted for.(a) Since 41 lines of Cnidos, IV are equal to about 12 lines of Delphi, B and C, 27 lines of Delphi, A willequal about 9I lines as long as those of Cnidos IV.(3) The 60 missing lines and 12 of the preserved lines of Cnidos, III correspond in length to 66 lines as longas those of Cnidos, IV; and the 3I preserved lines of Cnidos, II correspond in length to 25 lines as long as thoseof Cnidos, IV. The relevant parts of Cnidos, II and III thus will also total 91 lines of the stated length.(4) Since 66 + 25 = 91, the preserved portion of Delphi, A (fragments of the first few lines) will end roughlywhere the preserved portion of Cnidos, II begins. Its position as indicated on the above diagram is no morethan a guess.

Drawn by Mark Hassall. Copyright reserved

We arenot of courseat all well informedon Romanchanceryprocedure,but it has been naturalto assume that this kind of document would be translated n Rome by public officials in the statearchive.6 If the identity of the Delphi and Cnidos documentsis acceptedwe must thereforeadmitthat this was not invariably he case.Certainlywhere two or morecopiesof a SC or Epistulaaredemonstrablypreserved, he wordingis normallythe same, althoughthe amount of the text actually inscribed may vary: the iudiciumfollowing on the SC de agro Pergameno s introducedby a letter and mentionedin indirect speeche R. K. Sherk, Roman documents rom the Greek East (hereafter Sherk), pp. I8-I9.

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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORDAND JOYCE REYNOLDSin the Adramyttiumcopy, but standsby itself in direct speech in the Smyrna copy 7; but since thelatter was inscribed much later, it is not surprisingthat the iudiciumtself, perhapssent for fromRome,was inscribedwithout a letter; otherwisethe two texts arethe same,apartfrom casualerrors.Similarlythe Phrygian copy (Sherk I3) of the SC Popillianum(Sherk ii) does not include the lastsentence, perhapsbecausethis appears o relate to Asia rather than to Phrygia;8 otherwisethe twocopiesareidentical. The PrieneandMiletus copiesof the letter to the KoinonAsiae (Sherk52)differonly in spelling and in the absence of the wordEppcoo-eeat Priene. The letter of Paullus FabiusMaximus on the calendar Sherk65),on the otherhand,although t occurs n copies verbally denticalapartfrom small errorsof engravingat Priene,ApameiaandMaeonia,wasnot all inscribed at Priene;partof the letter,occurring n both the Latin versionand the GreekversionatApameia,wasomitted.9This letter is also interesting, n that it is likelythatthe Greekversion waseither the primaryversion,composedin Asia, or at the very least a translationmade by a Greek,probably n Asia.0lThree points come to mind: in the first place, the Delphi law made specific provision forpublication; in the secondplace,it is only knownto havemadeprovisionforpublication n Asia-thecopy at Delphi itself perhapswas neithermandatorynor speciallytranslatedand (unsurprisingly, nview of what we have seen) did not include everything;11 thirdly, if a governor'sletter could becomposed n Greek,why could not the lawfrom Cnidosbe translated n Asia? Some evidencesuggeststhatboth the Delphiandthe Cnidos exts werepreparedby Greeks see p. 2IO on themisunderstandingby both translatorsof sc. dolomalo),thoughit is a paradox hat the Greekseems sometimes so inept.

What, then, if we can acceptthat we have two copies of the same law, is the relationshipof theDelphi copy to the Cnidos copy? Of Delphi, block B, about one-half is representedat Cnidos,correspondingo aboutone and one-thirdcolumns,on columns III-IV. The missing text at Cnidosthereforedoubtlesscoveredabout6o linespercolumn,as opposedto a maximumof 46 lines preservedon anycolumn; this missingtext lay above the text which we now possess; for thereis a vacatat thebottom of column III and, probably,column II, and the lower partof a line of letters at the top ofcolumn IV.A text of the lengthof the Delphi text will havereachedon the diagramabove(Fig. 8) to the pointmarkedX near the beginningof the preservedportionof the Cnidostext and to the point markedYpart of the way down column V of the Cnidos text. So far, so good. For nothing is preservedofDelphi, block A except for fragmentsof the first few lines, the correlateof which at Cnidoswill havefallenoutsidethe areawherecolumnII is legible; andthe end of Delphi, block C correspondso justabout the point where column V of the Cnidostext becomeslegible (for a possible tiny overlapseeon C, 8 ff.). But in order o fill the linesmissingabovecolumn II of the preservedCnidostext, we mustsuppose the preambleof the law to have been inscribed at Cnidos (comparen. i6) and/or a longletter of introduction(if this is not to be sought on column I), possibly even a heading. At Delphithe preambleof the lawdoes not appearand thereis a shortletter of introductionof about5 lines, theequivalentof some 15 lines at Cnidos. We must alsoacceptthat there is a partof column V at Cnidos,for the correlateof which there is no obviousplace at Delphi (see above).

THE TEXTThe text offeredbelow is often uncertain,as we have shown by underdottingof letters, and atmany pointsunsatisfactory.It is the result of muchporingoverthe stones andoverphotographs oursqueezeswere unsuccessful),which we have undertakenboth individuallyandjointly. There is no

doubt that some improvement s possible, but we do not think it properto delay publicationof soimportanta discovery. We have done our best, do not claim perfectionand believe that by makingour transcriptavailable o others, with due warningof its shortcomings,we are takingthe shortestroute to the solution of its problems. We add that we believe advance to be made difficult byanomalies n the translation rom Latin to Greek,demonstrableat some points (see pp. 2Io and 213),and by carelessness n the transferenceof the text to the stones (see pp. I97 and 2II on cutting inrasura,which strongly suggests correction of errors). We have tried to resist the temptation toexplainon thesegroundswhat we have failed to understand; foralthough n someplacessuchgroundsmust surelybe invoked,we feel that it is only after more considerationby morescholarsable to drawon differentexpertisethat they shouldbe invoked.

7Sherk 12 (an inadequateguide to the texts of the for trials; Delphi had much experience n inscribingtwo copies). Romandocumentsand doubtless saw little point in8 See T. Drew-Bear,Historia1972, 85-6. inscribingall this. We find it hard to think of any9See also U. Laffi, Studi classici ed orientali otherprincipleof selection; local relevancecannotbeI967, 5- invoked to explainwhat appearsat Delphi or most10R. K. Sherk,pp. zo7-8. of what appearsat Cnidos(see above).1The partomitted relatesto detailsof procedure

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CNIDOS: VIEW OF PLUNGE-BATH, SHOWING COLUMNS II AND III OF THE INSCRIPTION (see pPhotograph by Miark Hassall. Copyright reserved


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JRS vol. LXIV (I974)

CNIDOS INSCRIPTION: COLUMN II (see p. 20o)Photograph by Mark Hassall. Copyright reserved

PLATE XII


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CNIDOS INSCRIPTION: COLUMN III AND RIGHT EDGE OF COLUMN IV (ON LEFT) AND LEFT EDGE OF COLUMN IV (ON RIPhotographs by Mark Hassall. Copyright reserved


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CNIDOS INSCRIPTION: COLUMN IV, CENTRAL PART (ON LEFT); COLUMN IV, RIGHT EDGE, AND COLUMN V, LEFT EDGE (IN CENTRE);(see pp. 204, 2o6)

Photographs by Mark Hassall. Copyright reserved


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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. 201DELPHI COPY, A

[.............................................. K]VOV vac.[........................................ rrp6]s TrV S6i-[ov....................................... a yvco-[KEvoaI? E1iriTE......................... ]TOVY5iou yv-5 [cpri .....................................] TroOrrcovCrr[.................................... ]ap Kai AY-[...................................]AI EYrEa]uTov Kara[...................................... c]-rpocr'ry6v 6taSE-[XO6Evov.............. ...........-.]vios o [p]10 [.................................. AN avAYT[.....[.................................. X] cao[v ............[. ............................] [......] ................

CNIDOS COPY, COLUMN II(Twolinescompletelyllegible)

[. ]A [. .. .] 8' [u,ou]Pwopai[cov.[ [.] ... .]Tas 'rOV[..c.4..]M [ .. ... ]NErTO[... .. ]HTA! rKT6o5 irrTS6o-ro [.. c. 7.. ]OA [.]UAAA!Q [..][..]TroIeTIV'VEU60ov ovripou [ol TE]o-rat Pcw[cpalcov [di] TEaC[ljlx]aXot6vo a-T[o]$ AcT[ivovuooi]Ocp TE TC V rOvEovoit-VEsEv (piAla &illox 'PPcopaicovEIaiv10 Iwrc u. T' [[a][o]XAaiS roIao;ecriaSvvcov-Tai Ki. T.o[v] 6 [i]Kiaccovruvx.iVcoov vac.vw.aTotacp.Xov]TE0S 'SopTiTcT.aS Kaga'.v6[p]otv i iiptacrcxrposTr6vrpcTrr-yov [i Oe]VTIto]TpaT'rpov h &avOTorrovrTOv15 TrlvM [oa


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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORD AND JOYCE REYNOLDSCOLUMN III

[ppovTrTia&rcav ... ...[Perhaps c. 60 lines lost][. .c. 8. .]EIAE pamccnecoSOvCOvEO .. c. 4 ..]. c 4. .]! E1STr .KaCTOV r[. . . ..]N A [..c. 6..][. .]MHlHlsTOY[.]ozfTlK[.] M.A]Nn.[. .c. 6..]E.mTO!.E1E!*.. ]EII\Kcm MapKos![..c.C6..]5 K&TCrVcrTPCrrlnYs KUpCcrp Trpo il pcov y' vcbv-cov OI)3pPacovEKTr6TfS5 []rrocPXEioasEKoC.TO-E[.]Q Yn[ ....]N][. .c .. 4..]Ej^T6 .oI.iTCO..]..C r .AY[..c 9..]]XIPH.A1EI ":Scos 6coi:Trovrlpoi[...] EK [..c5.15..]NHA!0[.]0[. c. 3.]10 ?KTOsT[ffs] crapXE[caS S OnTrv ?TraCpxe?aCS-Oea TroUTOVTOVrv v6Oov EtvaC SE- f SErCtcsEi PhA &wr6C,XvyKXrTOuvcbprs15wopEmE'-ait pirT TrpocyeTrco E?ip' SacrropEiacS Ev?-KEV f1 SrPOCicov XOapiv wrpcyp&6rcov rTOOS re -15 aurroi KCOXuvETro6lbcS &veuv 6Oou wTovilpovo'TtvE5Sf oi a TE vel OTarV OVUTOVOVv6-pov 6 Silpos Kupboi-i pacraie? pcaai3AeUcrv 68i-IoilS rETrpos ov0 (plcAaacrvpicxia T-CO rl-JCOIPcoTaiCcovIcr-rlv )6povs wTpoC60Sou20 T-rarTpCTrlCOTaS? T-reAcoaIJvVrorT-rOtOIColOvK Tcb"rirTa vac.

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DELPHI COPY, B

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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.5 [.........................................................-"Y]wrra os, 6s &v

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MARKHASSALL,MICHAELCRAWFORDNDJOYCEREYNOLDS['rrp]6So0S &vTOI 86iCoTCo[t 'PCoalaicov.........................................c- ... ]2 05ToS [6 a-r-]p........ ..................................................]Y oC os [6 oT-][pa]M [y6s .................................................................

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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORDAND JOYCE REYNOLDS06Tn Koid irToV iAAcov yypaTrTat. - "Ocra xpracra KorcT TO TOVTOVv6opov&ararTli60j,?aV TauTa T-r XpripaTca, orav arrrac-lTri Ev & arl,V av aralTie , 6 au-]rTOo-rp [ocri]y6s, wrps 6v TrEpiTOUTroUwrp6sTiv &p)(xvTpo'aXX9 i, [KpTv] KpXTiplovOV[TCO6]Tco,oCov av [aOrcr opaivrnTai,ro]Tov Trap'oi &varrT[rQOi Kora TOU-]30 [rov] T6v v6pov TCI 86plcoi8[tia'uaEov&irpoqaacrofr]cos*5r6s T[E..................

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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.TCOSel'ro008&o i &TW-rOKaaTrCYit TOij' i[cv T-rTOTOOUpro XpT]rooElST6O rL6o10ov wrpOsTOV ToCiloav&TOKOC[TacO(rja'rrcoT. c.5 .. ]T6 8E fj-45 pIoau...]EIN col 860t-raT a'Tro8o6rToc[I. ...] TOV[. ..]X[.]HMATO[...

TRANSLATIONA. ...] common(? eague)[.. ?..] to the People[.. ?..] in order hat[youmayknowthat ?theRomanPeople has] decided [.. ?..] plebiscite [.. ?..] of these (?to him, ?to it) [.. ?..] Pamphylia andLy[kaonia?.. ?..] and if (?or)him [.. ?..] Praetor[.. ?..] let the law be as if [.. ?..] whatever[. . ? .] less [...Col. II ....] the RomanPeople [.. ?..] as ?hewas giving back(? it was being given back) [.. ?..]to do without malice or ill-will [?and] n orderthat the citizens of Rome and the allies of the Latinname and equallythose of the nations who are in the friendshipof the RomanPeople may be ableto sail the seas in safety and obtain what is right.The Consuls in officewho are or shall be required, n accordancewith law or plebiscite, to actor providefor action in order that (certain)soldiersmay be returned to the Praetor,PropraetororProconsulwho is governing he provinceof Macedonia,andin orderthatthey maybe handedovertohim, these Consulsare not to send these soldiersto Macedonia,to the province,nor to providefortheir transportand handingover; and it is to be allowedthem to act in this way without incurringpersonal iability. And concerning hose matters n which ?thesame Consulsareor shall be required,in accordancewith lawor plebiscite,to bringbeforethe Senatea motionon the amount of corn to begiven to these soldierswhen they are stationedin Macedonia,how much, that is, the Senate shalldecide to contractfor, in order that the contractmay be let, the Consulsarenot to bringthis beforethe Senate nor [providefor] letting the contract[...Col. III. ...] of a king, of nations [.. ?..] and to each ?man [..?..] decision [..?..] MarcusP[orcius]Cato, praetor,secured three days before the Nones of February,outside the provinceeachman [.. ?..] let him not do [.. ?..] with malice or ill-will out of [. . ?..] outside the province,ofwhich provincehe is or shallbe required, n accordancewith this law, to be (governor),he is not togo with malice or ill-will exceptby decree of the Senate,nor to lead troopsout unless for transitor onpublic businessand he is to restrainhis suite.The peoplesand nationswho, at the time when the RomanPeople confirms his law, contributetax or revenueor soldiers o akingorkingsorpeopleswhohavefriendshipandalliancewith the RomanPeople, are not affected(in this matter)by this law.The Praetoror Proconsulwho governsthe provinceof Asia governsLykaonia,and the provinceof Lykaonia s under his government, ust as before the passageof this law, and he is not affected(inthis matter)by this law.The senior Consul is to send lettersto the peoplesand states as he thinksfit, announcingthat theRomanPeople [hastakensteps to ensure]that the citizensof Rome andthe Latin alliesand those ofthe nationsoutside(Italy)who arein the friendshipof the RomanPeoplemaybe ableto sail the seasin safety; and has made Ciliciafor this reasona praetorianprovinceby this law; andlikewise he isto writeto the king ?holdingpowerin Cyprusandto the king rulingin Alexandriaand Egypt andtothe king ruling in Cyreneand to the king[s ...B, 1.8 (11. -8 overlapcol. III, 11. 4-4). ...] andto the kingrulingin the island of Cyprusand to theking [ruling]in Alexandriaand Egypt [and to the king] ruling in Cyreneand to the kings ruling inSyria[whoall] havefriendshipand alliance[with the RomanPeople and] is to [makeclear]that it isalsorightthat they should take actionto preventanypiratefrom [usingas a baseof operations] heirkingdom,land or territories andthat no officialsor garrisoncommanders]appointedby them shouldharbour he piratesand to take action, as far as is in their power, to ensurethat the RomanPeople[shallhave in them zealous contributors o the safety of all]. The letters being sent to the kings inaccordancewith this law [he is to give] to the [Rho]dianambassadors .... The Consul]who isconcernedwith these matters s to takethoughtfor [their]safety [in conformitywith lawand ?whats]right. [?If ambassadorsabout this matter] are presented and it is necessary(to ?) as they ?choosehe is to [?bring he matter beforethe Senatelikewise]andthe Senateis to deliberate[asit thinksbestin the public interestand according o] its conscience. Whateverthe Senate decreesconcerning hismatter[every]magistrateand promagistrateis to takethoughtand see to it as it seems best to him]that the decreeis put into effect.The Consulto whom (the relatio)falls, whoever[?asks] hat [?hereply] to the embassies, is togive an audiencewith the Senateextraordinem[to the ambassadors] f the RhodianPeople,whoeverarein Rome, andis to bringthem into the Senateextra ordinem. . ?..] and to see to it that a decree

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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORD AND JOYCE REYNOLDSof the Senate [is passed when] he has broughtthem, in accordancewith this law, whetherit is a lawor plebiscite; and this he may do without [fearof punishment].The Praetor,[Propraetor r Proconsul o whom]the provinceof Asia [falls]in the consulshipofC. Marius and L. Valerius[is to send] letters to the peoples [andstates and] kings namedaboveandequally [to those to whom] the Consul [askshim] to write in accordancewith this law [as he thinksbest]. He is to send a copy of this law to the cities and states to whom [he is required]to send inaccordancewith this law [letters,taking care, as far as] he is able, that whatever etters he sends inaccordancewith this law, and to whomsoeverhe sends them, they are delivered n accordancewiththis law. [Accordingto the customs of each of those] to whom letters are sent in accordancewiththis lawthe letters[areto be] engravedon a bronzeplaque[orelse on a marbleslabor]on a whitenedboard, in orderthat they may be clearlyexposed in the cities [in a temple] or marketplace, (in aposition)in which [anyonewho wishes] may stand and read [ateye-level]. He is to write in this way[and no other] in order that [the kings and the peoples] over whom they rule may carryout theseinstructions. Whoever [governsthe province]in accordancewith this law is to take thought that[this is put into effect].(L. 27-34 overlapCol. IV, 11.6-25.)Col. IV, 1. 5. ... The Praetor],Propraetoror Proconsulwho governsor [shall] governthe provinceof Macedonia n accordancewith law or plebiscite or by decreeof the Senateis to go, as quicklyaspossible, to the Caeneic Chersonnese which Ti[tus Didius] took by force in his campaignand,theCaeneicChersonnesebeing his province,he is to governthis provincetogetherwith Macedoniaandis to act as seems best to him in orderthat whoevershall be requiredto collectthe publicrevenuesin this area shall, in accordancewith this law, collect them. He is to be in these parts each yearfor not less than sixty days beforehis successor takes over from him and he is to take steps as besthe may be able in order that those who have friendshipand alliance with the Roman People maynot be expelledfromtheirterritories, hatno one maybe anobstacleto them and thatthey maysufferno wrong and in order that this Praetoror Proconsulwho governsthe provinceof Macedoniamay,before leaving his provincein accordancewith the decree of the Senate relatingto him (?confirm)the boundariesof the Caeneic Chersonneseor (?)as seems best to him, as quicklyas possible.If the Praetorto whom the provinceof Asia or Macedonia has fallen resigns from or [.. ?..]his province legally [.. ?..] he is to havepowerin all matters,animadversionemfacere,o punish, tohold court,to judge, ?toassignarbitrators nd foreignjudges, (to ?authorise) .. ?..] of sureties andproperty, and manumissions in the same way as when he exercised jurisdiction in his office asgovernor; and this Proconsul s [not to be liable to be calledto account]until he returnsto Rome.If the Quaestoror Proquaestoro whom the provinceof Asia or Macedoniahas fallenresignsor[.. ?..] his office [he is ?to take thoughtfor] public monies equally [...C, 1.5 (11. -4, overlapCol. IV, 11. 6-42). ...] and fine[.. ?.. as]when he was in office; and he is notto be liable to be called to account until he returnsto Rome. [.. ?..] He is to do whateverhe isrequiredto do in accordancewith this law and no magistrate[or promagistratemay intervene insuch a way that] whatis [laid down]does not [takeplace ?inthose circumstancesn which] it shouldtakeplacein accordancewith this law.The Praetor[or Proconsulwho] has either Asia or Macedoniaas his provinceshall, within theten daysimmediatelyafterhe learnsthatthis law [hasbeen confirmedby the People]in the assembly,takean oath to do everything hat he is requiredto do in this law and shallnot do anythingcontrary[to its provisions]with malice or ill-will.The magistratesnow in office,exceptingthe tribunes andgovernors,shall take an oath withinthefive days[immediatelyafter]the confirmation f this lawby the Peopleand allwho shallsubsequentlyhold a magistracyexcept governorsshall, those of them who are in Rome, [takean oath] within thefive daysimmediatelyafterthey takeup office,swearingby Jupiterand the AncestralGods to do allthe things that have been laid down in this law and to see to it that they areput into effect and notto do anythingcontrary o this law nor to act so that anyoneelse does so nor to act otherwisethan asprescribed n this law in order that it may be put into effect. No-one is to do anything contraryto this law with malice or ill-will; whateveranyoneis requiredto do in accordancewith this law,let him do it. Let no one act in such a way that this law is fraudulentlynot enforcedwith malice orill-will, and let no one act or issue an edict so that what is required n accordancewith this law doesnot takeplace. Those who arerequired o act or swear,let them act and swearso that nothingtakesplaceto a lesserextent or otherwisethanis prescribed n this law; anyonewho acts or issues an edictcontrary o this law, whateverhe does not do in accordancewith this law or if he does not swearinaccordancewiththis law,let it not be possiblefor him to go [un]punishedand let therebe no hindranceif anyonewishes to indict him. If anyone does anything contrary o this law, whethersomeone isrequiredto do somethingor to swear in accordancewith this law and fails to act or swear, or ifanyone diminishesthe effect of this law or acts contraryto it except as is prescribedin this law,whether he acts or issues an edict or breaksthe law (in any other way) with malice or ill-will, lethim be fined 200,000 sestertii for each offence; and if anyone fails to do something except as is

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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.prescribed n this law (?ordoes something)otherwise than (?is prescribed n this law) and whateveranyonedoes otherwisethan is laid down in this law, he must pay this sum to the people. As for thissum, anyone who wishes, who is a free born member of this state, let him institute proceedingsagainstand bringto court those againstwhom it is allowedin accordancewith this law to proposeafine and whom it is possible to bring to court, and let him registerthe name with the man who isresponsiblefor these matters. And no magistrateor pro-magistrates so to act that the matterdoesnot come to court noris he to preventthis sum beingmade the subjectof legal proceedingsandbeingsuedfor, nor is he to preventthe courtfromsitting and the sum frombeingpaidover. If anyonedoesanythingcontrary o this (procedure)or hindersit or issues an edict (against t), he is likewiseto befined for eachoffence as if he had acted contrary o this law or as if he was required o do somethingin accordancewith this law andfailed to do it; and he is to be finedin the sameway as is prescribedfor the other cases. Whateversum is sued for in accordancewith this law, if this sum, when it is suedfor, from whomsoever t is sued for, is not [paid],the samePraetor, o whomthe casewas broughtinthe beginning, is to assign [a iudex or] iudicium, or as much [as seems right to him to be paidPforthwith]o the people in accordancewith this law from whomsoever t is sued for; and he [...]?matter ....] iudices ...Col. V, 1.5 ... ?concerning]his matter[..?..] this [.. ?..] neither[..?..] of the things [.. ?..]?of each thing [..?..] forty-five [..?..] of three hundred,of that man to whom of this [..?..]?thirty[.. ?..] forty-five[.. ?..] each man [.. ?..] one man each from ?these(?this) [.. ?..] untilthe fifteen remaining[.. ?..] on behalf of that ?man the magistratewhom in his place each man[.. ?..] up to this point until [.. ?.. concerning his] matter to those men ?hasgiven [. . ?..] thosemen mayjudge underoath [. . ?. .] in order that this matter [.. ?..] to him concerning his matter[.. ?..] ?it (?he)maybejudgedandjust as to him the majorityconcerning his matter hasannouncedits judgment [.. ?..] let him make ?in regardto this matter [.. ?..] to summon up to twenty let[?power]be given [.. ?. .] not otherwise hose to whom [.. ?..] to witness this matterthan asjust as ifthe name of that ?man[.. ?..] about to be going, having been announced[.. ?..] and he may beallowedto give evidence whoeverin accordancewith ?thislaw shall have been acquittedso as to be[.. ?..] froma preliminaryudgmentconcerning njustice [. . ?..] concerning his matter n respectofwhich ?thus[.. ?..] he shall be in accordancewith this lawhe is notto be liable[.. ?..] concerning hismatter in accordancewith this law [.. ?..] and he is not to be in accordancewith this law [.. ?..]each man, of these things, whence [.. ?..] this [.. ?..] in accordancewith this law he shall becondemned(?in relationto) this thing [.. ?. .]the court has completed ?thistrial, out of the thingsbelonging (?being)[.. ?..] he is to collect, hand over [.. ?. .] thus he has collected or handedover,he is to handover the half of this ?propertyo the Treasury,to the Quaestor,[.. ?..] and the otherhalf to [.. ?..] to whom it is to be given or restored[...

COMMENTARY12A, i, K]oiv6v, Colin I930, not noting vacat; OIAION,Cuq, CRAI I924, 285.4-5, Tr]o68ioV yv[cb]/[vn],Colin 1930.5, a*rco[v], Colin 1930.6, Pamphylia, appearinghere, throws a ratherinterestinglight on the mention by Posidonius(FGH 87, fr. 36 = Edelstein-Kidd,fr. 253) of Q. Oppius as oTparry6s f Pamphylia,given the clearstatement in III, 22-7 that Lycaoniawas by the time of this law a Romanprovince; Pamphyliawasperhapsalso under Roman rule by now. Au/[KOaovfa]hould perhapsbe restoredhere ratherthanAu/[Kia],(so allhitherto); the indiscriminate avagesof C.Verrescannotbe takenasevidence hatLyciaor any other placewas under Romanrule, contraS. Jameson,RE Supp. xiii, 277.8-9, compare he referenceto the supersessionof a governor n IV, 26-8.I I, some part of wTp&oaEmvs also possible.I2, not noted by Colin.II, i- i. These constitutethe end of a paragraph ontainingmaterialsome of which we learn later(III, 3I-5) is to be mentionedin a consular etter to selectedpeoplesandstates. It is clearlyrelevantto the Ciliciansituation,andwe suggesttherefore hatwe have the end of a paragraph oncernedwiththe annexation of the area of Cilicia recently conquered by M. Antonius and its organizationas aprovince. Since the paragraph ontainsa provisionfor safe transitby sea, it is reasonable o supposethat the fragmentary nd lost lines immediatelypreceding ine 6 containedregulations or the militaryand especiallynavalprotectionof the areaagainst pirates. We can offer no convincingrestorationoflines I-5; the readingthereafter s aided by the correspondencewith III, 31-5.

12 The Delphi text is hereafter referred to by the notation A, i (= Block A, line i) and so on, the Cnidostext by II, i (= Column II, line i) and so on.

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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORDAND JOYCE REYNOLDS6, the translationat Delphi and Cnidosof the Latin phrase sc(iens)dolo malo leaves much to bedesired;13 at C, 10, 15 and i6 the translatorhas apparently aken sc(iens)as s(in)e and translatedaccordingly; at III, I5 he has apparentlyhad a marginalnote to say that sc. is to be read as sciens,but has translatedboth sciensand s(in)e. At III, 8-9 the translation s correct,at C, 2I correctbutincomplete. Whathashappenedhere? If sc. dolomalostood in the Latin text, anegative s presumablyneeded for nroiEiv.7-8, for explicitmentionof Latins, but not Italianallies, see H. StuartJones,JRS 1926, I68-9,following Colin.II, for -r&vSiKaicovrvyX&v?vompare Sherk 18, lines 64 and I20.I2, here begins a new clause, what follows shows that the subject is now Macedonianaffairs.It appearsto be envisaged that a law or plebiscite requires certain Consuls to send soldiers toMacedonia presumably einforcementsvoted beforethe Thracianvictoryof T. Didius, perhapsmenoriginallydiverted for anothercampaignsuch as the Cimbric War; on legions in this period, seeP. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower 30-I), to initiate debate in the Senate on the amountof food thatmust be providedfor them, and to let out the contractfor its provision(the Censors of I02 will haveleft office n mid-ioi). The paragraph nderdiscussion abolishes his wholeprocedure; thatperhapsimplies the possibility of dischargingveterans, which will doubtless have been welcome, despiteperhaps exacerbatingproblems of settlement (on which see M. H. Crawford,RomanRepublicancoinage ii, 629-30).The Greekis awkward hroughout; our understandingof it is expressedin our translation.I3, both the Delphi and the Cnidos texts persistentlyrefer to themselves as laws, and that isclearlywhatthey are(with III, 16-17, 25-6 and C, x1 compareFIRA i, 6, line 23; 7, line I2); buttheCnidostext at two points(hereandline 25 below)refers to another awas a lexplebisve citum,andtheDelphi text at two points, and the Cnidos text at one point, refer to themselves in the same way(B, 19; B, 27-8 = IV, 6). After the Lex Hortensia, a lex and a plebiscitum ad equal force, andthere appears o be no significance n the variationsof terminology(compareFIRA i, 7, line 74, exlege, quamL. CalpurniusL.f. tr. pl. rogavit,with 8, line 6, ex] legeplebivescito,quodC. SemproniusTi.f. tr.pl. rog(avit); note also the random erminology n the Lex LatinaTabulaeBantinae,FIRA 6).Translations of gubernatorialtitulature are erratic; the full formula should doubtless be

crTpoaryos6, avTomrp&rryoos c euraros (II, 14-15-Macedonia; B, 20 (restored)-Asia; B, 25 = IV,5-Macedonia); but crrpcrry0Tos dvOrrrcaosccurs (III, 22-Asia; IV, 25-Macedonia; either4&vrnacrp&TrTyosr &v0OCrross missing from C, 8-Asia and Macedonia); o-rpaTryo6Sccurs alone atIV, 3I-Asia and Macedonia. (In III, 5 and C, 29 the -rparryo6ss apparentlyurban; A, 8 isfragmentary.)22-3, oveu &aaacbiac-ros ISfouseems to correspond to sinefraude sua, new in this sense, as far aswe know.28-3I, ourtext providesa remarkably lear statement of the procedure or letting contractsformilitarysupplies, cf. Cl. Nicolet, Ordre questre320.III, x, before]eiasnot much survives except a bottom serif, so that the letter could incorporateanuprightor a slantingstroke; [1roi,]-Tieass tempting, but there aretechnicallyother possibilities; wearepuzzled by the apparentsuccessionof two genitive singulars and a genitive plural.2, some partof yvcbirneems possible at the end.4-5, we areconvincedthat the first letterof the nomenncorporateswo uprightsandthe whole ispresumablyM. Porcius Cato; he appearsto be a Praetor. The various possibilities are: (i) anunattested son called Marcus of C. Porcius Cato, cos. 114 (RE Porcius 5)-very unlikely; (ii) M.Porcius Cato Salonianus(RE Porcius 15), praetor n an uncertainyear-unlikely (his son, fatherofUticensis, died praeturam etensbefore 91); (iii) M. Porcius Cato (RE Porcius Ii), Praetor in anuncertainyear (Gellius xiii, 20 (19), i2-incidentally providing no evidence that Cato went on togovernTransalpineGaul), son of M. PorciusCato, cos. i 8.5-6, the date,3rdFebruary,hasto us no general ignificance; nor is it immediatelyclear whetherit relates to what goes beforeor to what follows. Since there is no outspacinguntil line i6, we havepresumablya single paragraph; he end of it containsgeneralregulations orbiddingany governorofa provinceaccording o this law to leave that provinceexceptwith the permissionof the Senate, andto leadtroopsout of it exceptfor transit orreipublicae ausa; it alsoinstructs him to see thatthe sameregulationsapplyto his subordinates. An imperative, .g. AarTCO, r co-re s neededbefore rropEvOEaai.We have in fact hereone of the plurimae egesveteresof Cicero,in Pis. 5o, which forbadeamongotherthings exire de provincia,educere xercitum efore the Lex Cornelia(see also II Verr. i, 72-3; adfam. xv, i, I; D. i, 17, 15; for a governor's powers on his way back to Rome see on IV, 31-9 below).It perhapsfollows that the date, 3rd February,relates to action by M. PorciusCato.

18 For sc(iens) taken as s(in)e see SEG iii, p. 82, n.; the observation on the translation of sciens and s(in)e is dueto Professor H. B. Mattingly.

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ROME AND THE EASTERNPROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.10, two letters havebeen over-cut, Hratherbadlyover A in the wordwe have interpretedas ?isand E: ver N in the second appearanceof ~n-apXeias.he versions we have printed seem to us thefinalones, eventhoughthe sensethey give is very awkward, outside the provinceof which provincehe is or shall be required o be (governor)n accordancewith this law'. afr6v is most naturally akenasthe governor,we think.i6-2I, though awkwardlyphrased,these lines seem to preservethe rights of allied peoples and

kings over their dependants,presumably n the areasnewly annexedor in the areasnearby(for thepossibilityof an areaowing allegiance o more than one king, compare he reference o kingsof Syriain B, 9). Lines 20o- appear o translateeius hac legenihilumestrogatum.22-7, even moreawkwardlyphrased,these lines are designedto clarifythe position of Lycaoniain relationto Asia-it is itself described as an -rrapXeia,ut it is to belong in the future as beforetowhoeverhas the TrrapXEfaf Asia (the dualuse of &-rrapXdEaeems to reflectthe ambiguitywhich hasemergedin Latin by this date betweenthe originalsense of provinciaas a sphereof activity and thelater territorialsense; a partof a province,here described as an T-rapXeia,s later called a 8loiKrculs-forLycaonia ee Cicero.adAtt. v, 2I, 9). The provision s presumablyncluded as a resultof a certainvaguenessin the (lost) territorialdescriptionof the new provinceof Cilicia, which could as a resulthave been held to include all or partof Lycaonia.That Lycaoniahad been annexedby the time of this lawwas not previouslyknown; it was givenalongwith Cilicia to the sons of AriarathesV of Cappadociaas a reward or his giving his life in thewaragainstAristonicus Justinxxxvii, I, 2); it wasperhapsremovedby Rome whenthe lastsurvivingson (AriarathesVI-the otherfiveweremurderedby theirmother)wasmurderedby MithridatesVI;if this is so, the parallelof Phrygia Maior, given to Mithridates V and removed on his death, isinstructive; it beginsto look as if Romeregarded uchgifts aslimitedto the lifetimeof thebeneficiary,and a rathernew light is thrownon Romanattitudesto empirein the late second century. Lycaoniais not otherwiseattestedas underRomanruleuntil 57 (D. Magie,Romanrulein Asia Minor376 and383-4; but note Sall., Hist. v, I4 M). It is not clear what happenedto Cilicia betweenthe deathofAriarathesVI and the date of this law.22, 0O for 0 is clearlya carelessslip.25, TTPQTON,apis; understand rrrapxritefore KoOobs.28-41, here begin the instructions to a Consul who is 6 -rpcooso Yevovos (obviously correspond-ing to 6s &v rrpcoTos evrTrain B, 5), the senior Consul, who is to write to such allies as he thinks fitto explainthe Roman will to end piracyand the creationof Cilicia as a praetorianprovince,and toa list of specifiedkings demandingco-operationagainstthe pirates. One problemis whether thesenior Consulis the one who holds thefasceswhen the law is passedor the one who holds thefascesfirst in the yearafter the law is passed; the formerview, that of Colin I930 (abandoninghis earlierview in BCH I924, 74), is perhaps preferable,since there is some evidence that in the pre-Sullanperiod, as later, the Consulelected first held thefasces first (L. R. Taylor and T. R. S. Broughton,' The order of the two Consuls'names n the yearly ists ', MAAR I949, 7-9; id., 'The order of theConsuls' names in official Republicanlists ', Historia I968, I67). If we areright in supposingthatthe lawwas passedin late ioi afterthe electionsof the Consuls for IOO,he manwho was to hold thefascesfirstwould havebeenknown. Colin'sargument, hat therewas no point in waitingforthe newyear, is in any case a strongone.3I, a past infinitiveexpressingdecision seems to be needed and vswvvo,lKivats a natural wordto expect, but it is not what was cut; since the stone is badly encrustedat this point most lettersareobscure and severalmay have been correctedby over-cutting.

3I-5, see above on II, 6-Iu.35-7 arerelevant o the longstandingcontroversy verthe date of annexationof Cilicia(the prob-lem is well posed by R. Syme, AnatolianStudiespresentedo Buckler299 f.). In one sense it can bearguedthat a praetorianprovinceof Cilicia (compareStraboxiv, 684) was created in 102 when thepraetorMarcusAntoniuswas sent out againstpirateswith Cilicia as his sphereof operations Cic., deOrat. , I8, 82; Livy, Ep. lxviii). UnderII, i-x we have suggestedthat a section nearthe beginningof this lawwas concernedwith Cilicia; andunderIII, 22-7 that the assertionof Lykaonia's ontinuedcontrolby the governorof Asia impliesa lost territorialdescriptionof Cilicia,vaguein respectof thestatus of Lykaonia; here we have a statement that the Romans have created a praetorianprovinceof Cilicia ' for this reason(i.e. to keep the seas safe) by this law '. At first sight that seems to meanfresh action since 102, and, plausibly, the territorialannexationof Cilicia by this law; but thededuction,though veryattractive, s not, we believe,absolutely mposed. Antonius did not returntoRomebefore late Ioo (see n. 32) and the arrangements nownto havebeen made by this law could,in theory,all be referred o his sphereof operations, houghthis mayhavebeen newly defined. Thisregrettablynegativeconclusion is perhapsfavouredby the specificlimitationof the reference o thepowersof retiring governorsand quaestorsin IV, 32 ff. to officialswho have served in Asia andMacedonia; but it is equallypossiblethat a sectiondealingspecificallywith Cilicia,to which III, 35-7must referback,conferredcertainpowerson its governor,which werethen extendedto governorsof

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MARKHASSALL,MICHAELCRAWFORDNDJOYCEREYNOLDSAsia or Macedonia n IV, 32 ff.; it is alsopossiblethatwhen M. Antoniuswasgiven Cilicia in io2 hewas also given the powersin question.38-4I, the list of kings is the same as far as it goes as that in Delphi, B, 8-9; the Cnidos trans-latorpossesses specialknowledgeof conditionsin Cyprus,see p. I98.B, I-9, here andelsewherewhereDelphi and Cnidosoverlap,we haveprintedonly minimal restora-tions for Delphi.I, ZKQTEAY, omtow; XSKQ.SAi, Colin I924; SKQ.YA,Colin I930; tracesvisible are com-patiblewith reading adopted,for which see III, I3-14.3, [TOOTrcp]C v6pcoi Oeiv ... ], Colin I930; a slight variation in order between Delphi andCnidos must be supposed here-at Delphi the phrase o6Tavoe-roOrv6T ov 6 8fiposKupcbolTr itsequivalentdoubtlessfalls, and helps to fill the gap, beforeiv TOxTCoi CA6VcoxKT\.4, TCOIeT, omtow; 85T,Colin; X El, apis,thoughthe preceding racesof letters seemcompatiblewith 8itcar?Xei; this readingcan now be seen to be necessary.[[wrrapXeia]uKaovias,Pomtow, derided by Colin; this reading is clearly right.6, EEI,Pomtow and Colin, rightly; we have perhapsOTI ith a future indicative.8, .. .E, Pomtow,perhapsrightly(see III, 37 for rwapXe(av).II, OtoSixcovTai,Pomtow, rightly; Oro8icov-rai, Colin.I2-13, Colin raises the possibility that the Rhodians are being used as messengers,ratherthanreceiving copies of the consular etters for their own information.I3, perhaps[&ro66T]co Y[wcrro]s;QY,Pomtow. Unlike Colin,we do not restorewhatprecedes.I4-30, the general sense of these lines seems to be that if the letter-writing process comesup (again),the Senateis to dealwith it; every magistrateandpromagistrates to co-operate. In thefuture,a Consul s to give priority n access to the Senate to the Rhodians. Ourunderstandingof thewhole passageis expressedin the translation; some detailedcomments follow.14-15, we confess to being baffledby 8Eaeri bs&vrpoaipCVT-rand worriedby the absence of anear-bysubject for &KpEpbrco;possibility might be somethinglike, ' [If ???ambassadorsboutthismatter???] re presentedand it is necessary(to ???)as they choose,etc.'15, [Trpoe]KqepkTco,olin. Too long.I6-I8, i &v yk[v]rrraTaa [Tr]e cv (6 Katp6s)al]/-rf, Colin I930; AM, lapis; 'Pdimi, ColinI924, rightly; 'PTcop, olin 1930; cayKaWrTos,apis. ikr6[s Trfs]s some three lettersshortforline I7.At the end of line I6 Pomtowprints OZAAF,Colin O2A.E; the stone bearsOXANTE;t is hardto see what can follow except a verb to govern 6'rcos, nd it appearsthat the subject of this verbcannot be the same as oi-os. We might translate (though with considerable unease), ' The Consul,to whom (the relatio)falls, whoeverasks that he ...' For embassiesextraordinemee n. 27.19, tvay?vrnrai[T yvcoapvov, w&ireivTroCsirpEopevwr&s, ETrE, Colin; but see lines 27-8 below.[..]NOX, lapis; -ro[T-r]6r AT, lapis, apparently so Colin, from an old squeeze and an old copy;OT. T is now visible); note I for Z.20, we restoreherethe full rangeof possible governors seeon II, I3); the view of Colin I924thatITporr[rilySdvOer-crros,O&v&rro6ixei selsMaKeSoviav al ]iS 'Aafav bTrapXEfov,afcotMapicolKai AvKficoiOaoEspficoeT ph Ki] krra[px]efak[y?]/vTro envisages the possibility of Marius or Valerius governingAsia is contestable on other grounds (see E. Cuq, CRAI I924, 290-1, going on to reject also the dateof ioi for the law) and abandonedby Colin 1930 (though revived by J. Carcopino,Mdl. Glotz i,I27-8). The whole line is remarkablyhard to restore; there is room in the main gap for some 33letters (H. Stuart-Jones,JRS I926, i6o), hence for some 5 letters between&vOenrarosnd eis; onepossibility is to print 6crTtsnd assume anacoluthon: confrontedby ' Praetorprove praetoreproveconsulequi in AsiamprovinciamC. Mario L. Valeriocoss. designatusest ', the translator ttempted oconvey the sense of designatusby iwapX?ia yEvTwro,ut forgot that his relative particle was in thewrongcase; amuchbetterpossibilityistoprint eTrivi, hichmakessenseat the expenseof elegance notin any case a concern of our translator), [,rIvi e]IS 'Aaciv lrrapXfXav ....4rroa[pX]dia ?[yi VeTro(a solution adumbratedby F. T. Hinrichs,Hermes 970, 488, n. i). The restorationof J. Carcopino,I.c. 129 deservesrecord,(KAIQI)rAII21MAPIQI,houghno satisfactorycompanion or the maingap canbe found. :rTpacr[riy6srraTro fi d&v0nrcrro, s &v rrope&nTal e]is 'Aciav .....(&irei6hi 4vT) ITra[pX]efq,Colin 1930.20-7, we have here provisionsfor the publicationof the law in Asia; the governor s to write tothe states andkings mentionedabove(III, 29-30; 38-4I; cf. B, 5-6; 8-Io) and to anyoneelse theConsul mentionedin III, 28 - B, 5 thinks fit, apparentlyactingas universalpostmanfor him, and,in the case of the kings, perhaps reduplicating he effortsof the Rhodians(see on i2-i3); he is toenclose a copy of the law which the recipientsareto display. The objectof all this is to see to theenforcementof the law, to which future governorsof the provincealso areto attend.21, ~8io [us piXovsKacdvupiXous. . .], Colin.23-4, d&rooaT-rEX[vet, ppovTricovKaf,Colin; but an object is needed for TroaorTAeXv,nd wesuggestyp&uoca-ra;ne 6-rcoss otiose.

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ROME AND THE EASTERNPROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C. 21325, kvTratSrr6AeciK[TieO],Pomtow.26, [KailA]cos, Colin-we areunable to understandhow the resultingsentencecanmakesense;rTUTra .....] OY, Colin I924; TaO-ra [ ......]OY, Colin I930; the TrcTrafollowing is otiose.26, for the provisionsfor publication,see Valerius Probus 10; Sherk I6, lines I2-I4; FIRA i,7, line 66; Frag.Tar. (Epigraphica 1947, 3), line I4; FIRA i, 13, line I7; 24, chs. 51 and 63; 25,line 3; CIL xiv, 2795 add. ContrastSuetonius,Cal. 41.27, 6oot, Colin(offeringno restorationof the following gap); forthe significanceof ourtext seep. 2I9; rTp[arly6s 8'ocbcaircoSncrros ..], Colin.28, EIHI, lapis [...T-rCv -r6vTrovh-r(v (v MaiK]Eovfai,Colin; ]NIKHN,Pomtow; [...O pa]iiKv,Colin; [...Kal]vlKiv should perhaps be read.29, -Ti TreTr&wv[co,o restoration hereafter,Colin; no restoration, hen ppovrn&rj]coe, Colin.30, KapTrreOov[, Colin.3I-2, [Suvorr6v] 6wcosaorr6[s] [6rr]6rovs,Colin.

IV, I-4, we have here something which appearsto correspondto B, 26-7, the conclusion of theregulations or the inscriptionof the document in the area under the jurisdiction of the governorofAsia; at Cnidos(in Asia) the text is moreexpansivethan at Delphi. For lines I-2 we might hazard[rcauTra]ro9tC'r&To]/[aav]nd continue with [Kaci 0oI av] Kcrr&....?.ap]xv KcrXjccriv;KIpIOV is squeezed. (We should like to thankDr. A. W. Bulloch for help here.) Supplementsfor therestof the column seem to us requiredby the sensemore or less asoffered; forthe significanceof ourtext in lines I-4 (= B, 27) see p. 219.5-30, the documentmoveson to Macedonianaffairsandspecifically he newlyannexedThracianconquestsof T. Didius (Sop{rriKross originallya literaryword,but a technical ermin the Hellenisticperiod,Pol. xviii, 51, 4; Did. xix05, 4; forthe dual use of hTrapXEfaee on III, 22-7 above); of thename of T. Didius little survives,but the territoriesmentionedcan be locatedonlyin the area n whichhe operated. The Caeni(Kainoi n RE) are ocated n Thraceby Pliny,NH iv, 40 and47 andPtolemy,Geogr. ii, I , 6, in easternThraceby their attackon Vulso (Livy, xxxviii, 40, 7). They weredefeatedby Attalus II, but were a recurringnuisance (Apollodorus,FGH 244, fr. I8 with commentaryofF. Jacoby; E. V. Hansen, Attalids (Cornell, 1971), 139-40; I54, n. 124; I55, nn. I30-I; OGIS 330;339, line I2; IGRR iv, I34, lines 7-10 (where the appealby besieged Cyzicus to the governorofMacedoniamakes t very likelythat the besiegersareThracians)). In the 50'seasternThracewaspartof Macedonia contraU. Kahrstedt,Beitrdgezur Gesch.derthrak.Chers.50; see Cicero, in Pis. 86;deprov.cons.3-4), land therewas knownin the 6o's as Attalici agri(deleg.agr. ii, 50). The CaineicChersonese s presumably he peninsularunningdown to the Bosporus.The translatorhas inserteda gratuitousTEn lines 8, Io (twice), I and 25 (twice).Note that the governorof Asia, like the governorof Macedoniaa few lines above,is envisagedas holdinghis positionin virtue of this law(see p. 219) orin virtueof a SC (see n. 29). The first itemin the catalogueof the governor's asksis to organize he taxationof the new territory,an interestingindication(to which there are obvious parallels)of Romanpriorities; there is perhapsa suggestionthat publicaniare to be entrusted with the collection of taxes (compareKapwirfcaoaln the SC deAmphiarao,Sherk 23, lines 28, 34 and 67). It is remarkable hat KapTriEoealovernsthe dativehere (clearly influenced by the Latin frui); the indicative KaprrifovrTas an error, the singularO6v7roTs perhaps awkward.The governor s also instructed to spend not less than 60 days of his governorship n the newterritory,a piece of legislativeinterferencewith his apportionmentof his time, to take special carefor the rightsof allies in the area andto give his attention to ensuringtheir territorial ecurity; he isfinallybiddento take action with regard o the boundariesof the Caeneic Chersonese.The grammarof lines 21-2, with (o-rEand Orcos,s confused; the verb governed by iva inline 24 has droppedout, and the positionof cosTiXlcrran line 30 is most odd.27-8, the SC describedas -r6 ['rr'a]rT6v ev6iEVvovelatespresumablyto the governor'sdepar-turefrom his province,andwe supposeit to be the decreearrangingorhis successoraccording o theLex Sempronia the terminology s less thancrystalclear); if we may supposethatthe Lex Semproniaprovidedfor a SC which in turn providedthat a governorwas to departwhen his successorarrived,we have here an anticipationof what has been thought to be a featureof Sullan legislation(Cicero,adfam. iii, 6, 3; see on III, 5-6 for anotheranticipationof the Lex Cornelia; note also the phrasedecederexs.c. in adfam. ii, 13, 3). Lines 31-39 definethe powerswhich a governor herereferred osimply as a Praetorrather hanby the full rangeof possibletitles, see on II, I3) of Asia or Macedoniaretains between the moment of resignationand his arrival back in Rome. The grammarof thispassage s often difficult o follow,the meaningof anumberof wordsis obscure; it seemscertainthatsomethinghas fallen out, perhapsmore than we can guess. In line 33 we suggest v[6pco]yvrrITyfii,perhapstranslating ure(compareDiod. i, 70, v6owcvrrrTayaTs);we do not see the significanceof themiddle as well as the active aorist subjunctive in the phrase r&wfrmiirtCnirr-rTat.n any case agovernor who has resigned, in transit to Rome, retains gouvcra rT&VT-rvpaypi&rov.The list of powers


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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORDAND JOYCE REYNOLDSwhich follows is the nearestthing which has been preserved romthe Republicanperiodto a formaldefinitionof the powersof a governor; it contains a numberof points which call for comment.34, [eTr]ioarpopiivoieoiaE-at=nimadvertere, ot so far as we know previously attested (butcompare Plutarch, Mor. 55b, where EiT1arpoqP=- rebuke); it seems to us possible that KO&geiv doesnot translatea word in the Latin version of the law, but is inserted to explainanimadverterecomparep. I98 for the independenceof mind shown by the Greektranslatorof the law).8mKaco8oTeTveems to translateius dicere for which in a provincialcontext see Cicero, ad Att.v, 15, I; 21, 6; vi, I, 15), compare Josephus, AJ xvi, 172; Sherk 61, line ii; 8IKalo8ooaa inline 37 below. The governor s also evidentlyable iudicare compareCicero,adfam. iii, 6, 4).35, the governor s able to assign Kpl-Tand ~EvoKpi-rafor Si56vai ompareSherk2, lines 55-6;7, line 49 with line 59). It seems likely to us that ~EvoKpiracere means foreign judges, its certainmeaning in one of the two parallels known to us (ABSA xxvi, 1923-25, 163, no. A IO = SEG xi, 491;cf. Bull. Epig. 1926,p. 267), its probablemeaning n the other(IGRRiii, 68I = TAM ii, 508),ratherthanjudges for foreigners(contraLSJ; D. Magie, Romanrule 1383on TAM ii, 508; with J. A. 0.Larsen, CP 1943, 253 on TAM ii, 508; LSJ Supp.; for the two types of judges see T. Thalheim,RE v, 573; A. Plassart,BCH I914, I42-3; for foreignjudges see most recentlyL. Robertin XenionP. I. Zepos Athens, Fribourg,Cologne, 1973), 765). The Romans were accustomedto the idea ofusing foreignjudges; see, for instance,Pausaniasvii, 9, 5 (the affairsof Spartaand Achaea)and IGxii, 5, 722 (Adramyttium honours two Andrians for judging -r &vcarEeEv-rTapln-rPpaUOi rFvaouAOpiiou rvcaouuoiuavcrlopaorriyou).The word evoKpiTraietrays the influence of Rome; for theGreeks normally talk of (eTo&trEpruTrro)IKaacraiwith or without ypapparEOs.The problem then arisesof the identity of the Kprrad-correctlyranslatingarbitrators comparePolybius ix, 33, I2; xviii,6, i; Sherk2 and7, cited above)or iudices or Roman citizens (see J. Triantaphyllopoulos,Akten VIKongr.Epigr.,172 on Kp-rriplovand iudicium) r incorrectlyused for SwKacrTra?e do not regard heinvolvementof a governorwith the trial of a Greekby his fellow-citizensas very likely (note Cicero,II Verr. v, Ioo) and preferone of the first two possibilities, perhapsthe first possibility in view ofthe link with EvoKpi-rai.It appearsfrom Cicero, ad Att. vi, I, I5; 2, 4, that Cicero'spredecessor(or predecessors) nCilicia had prevented the inhabitants from using their own laws and iudicia (used to translate6iKaoarfpia)and that the result of this was to prevent the use of peregrini iudices == sevoKp-rai),seeJ. A. 0. Larsen, ' Foreignjudges in Cicero,ad Atticumvi, i, 15 ' CP I948, I87. See

35-6, &vaSoxcovresumablymeanssureties, thoughit is not clearwhether we have the genitiveplural of &va86Xosr d&vaSoxi; T'racrraight correspondto bona; after the break,]APOAO0EI:ssure; but we are unable to restore or make sense of the whole phrase; &TrreeuOEpcbceS,eaningmanumissions, ollows.Afterit, an infinitive s surelyneeded; at a point in the Delphi text which appears o correspondthere stands]EIN&va9pemv-twonfinitives,the second unhelpful.38, avuvTEOeuvoss neededhere,perhapssimplyto be substituted for 6 dvOUnrTros;r perhapsthewhole phrase oirr6s're6 TparpyS dTarnyo &vOrrrcrrosvwrreOvos... gorrois to be regardedas havingbeen intendedhere.It seems that a Republican governoren route from his provinceto Rome (and, doubtless, viceversa)possessed,surprisingly,powersof a quite differentorder from those possessedby a governorin a similarposition in the regulatedworld of the Empire, despite the difficultiesone might supposeto exist overclashes of imperium; he governorunder the Empire possessediurisdictio oncontentiosa,sedvoluntaria, he right to presideover manumissions(D i, I6, 2 pr.; xl, 2, I7 (see Th. Mommsen,SR. i, 190, n. 2, arguing hat where eiusnowstands,makingnonsenseof the passage,Augustiprovinciaeonce stood); Pliny, Ep.vii, I6, 3-4; 32, i), emancipations D i, 7, 36; i6, 2 pr.)andadoptions ibid.),deal with tutela(D i, 18, 17, by implication; comparexxvi, i, 6, 2), and so on (compareD ii, i, 4);for the generalprincipleunderthe Empiresee also D i, I8, 3 and note ii, 7, 20, extraterritoriumusdicenti mpunenonparetur; for the retention of imperium fter resignationby a legatusCaesaris eeD i, I8, 20-possession of imperiumhere doubtless means retention of the fascesand voluntariaiurisdictio, ompareDio liii, I3, 4 with Th. Mommsen, SR. ii, 257.This law grants a Republican governor, despite resignation, goucaiarr&avrcovTpayp,i'rcov,definedin the confused ist discussedabove; for activity n transit in normalcircumstancescompareCicero,II Verr. , 44, where CicerodescribesVerres'animadversion Achaea on his wayto serveas LegateinCilicia as improbum,ed non inauditum compareibid., 70, a hypotheticalcase at Lampsacus; 88,Dolabella at Miletus; we do not understandwhat Ap. Pulcher or Cicero are doing with mercennariitestes n Asia, Cicero,adfam.iii, 11,3); alsoSuetonius,Aug.3, where C. Octavius s assignedmilitaryactivity on his way to his province, Macedonia.40, we havethe beginningof asectiondealingwith the powersof a quaestorof Asia or Macedoniain the case of resignation; he is to take thought for public moneys (so far IV, 40-2 = (apparently)C, 4-5), to have certainpowersof levying fines, to be avuwTre*vosntil his return to Rome(with the

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ROME AND THE EASTERN PROVINCES AT THE END OF THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.mis-spelling of &vvirTeeOuvosompareIV, 38), and perhapspresent accountsin the Senate (C, 5-6).bs, apis.C, i ff., we give firsta number of commentson points of detail, then consider ines 8-31 as a whole.2-3, &vaq9peiv]/ [Trv T-raC]av, olin; perhaps &vappa6l[v icrr&]/ [68Kcio8oC]{fv.3-4, restoration suggested by IV, 39-40; see Colin 1924, app. crit., for the space available atthe end of line 3; slrafiX0E[v]/[-T]a1jias,Colin I924 and 1930.4, restoration suggested by IV, 40-I.5, ipXEi, apis; oi56os rEANT [...], lapis.6, []v c[uvyKmXircp], olin 1924, a possible suggestion, see n. 29; ]N o[uvp6aca. . .KOa]T&, olinI930, without merit.6-8, the last section before the iusiurandum n legemappears to enjoin on a provincial quaestor theperformance of all his duties according to this law and to forbid any magistrate or promagistrate tohinder him.7, K[a TraooCXU'o woOSbut see III, 23-5) &vols Ta]ura, Colin.8, the gap in the second part of the line is of some I8 letters and an accidental omission must besupposed, see on II, 13; rTpcr[rly6s ?crroTS?q v0Onrro-s],Colin.10, 6 8fijos can be understood as the subject of KEX?Eei,EG iii, p. 82, n.; wroie-rco)after OTI) ndoOreremain odd; but large-scale re-writing should be avoided.

no division before NApXovrEs,ontra Colin.15, TroeTre,apis.i6, the first half of this line appearsto forbid fraudulent non-enforcement of the law, notabrogatio, contra E. Cuq, CRAI I923, 146, compare Frag. Tar., line 25; FIRA i, I8, line 30.19, ia&vrTSs a necessary minimum insertion, as also 6ti6oaain line 20, ;gno*aOco in line 2I, fin line 22, v in line 24.21, v6olcoi aCoTEpT{rfco,lapis.29, the letters after 6crovdv were never in fact inscribed, see Colin I924, app. crit.8 ff., this part of the law is much illuminatedby a comparisonwith the Lex Latina TabulaeBantinae,14 comparisonbest set out in tabular orm:Delphi

8-io Existing governorof Asia and Macedoniato swearto law within ten daysof hearingof lawio-i i Magistrates except tribunes and gover-nors15 o swear to law within five daysofpassingof law1611-I3 Future magistratesexcept governors17 toswearto law within five days of enteringoffice13-15 Oath by Jupiter and Penates

14The importance of the comparison is emphasizedby G. Colin, BCH I924, 91; J. Carcopino, MdlangesGlotz i, I23; also F. T. Hinrichs, Hermes I970, 471;all hold that the law from Delphi was designed toprovide for a great command for Marius (see n. 28).For the text of the Lex Bantina see CIL i2, 582;FIRA i, 6. For a reflection on the coinage of theclimate of opinion that exalted the iusiurandum inlegem see M. H. Crawford, Roman RepublicanCoinage ii, 6o5.165Presumably the correct translation of irTapXot,in view of the consistent use of irrapXEiao translateprovincia (so G. Colin, BCH I924, 9I; H. StuartJones, JRS 1926, 17I-2, misunderstood by J.Carcopino, Mdlanges Glotz i, 123), compare IGRRiii, 714. Latin possesses no word for 'provincialgovernor' in the Republican period, compare theLex Antonia de Termessibus (FIRA i, i i, II, line 6),and we assume that in the Latin text there stood heresomething like (magistratus) qui provinciis praesunt,rather than (with Colin) the normal sequence of titles(see on II, 13), praetor prove praetore prove consule, ofwhich the first element is ambiguous.16The first exclusion in this paragraph perhaps

Bantia

13-15 Magistrates to swear to law within fivedays of hearing of law 1815-17 Future magistrates to swear to law withinfive days of enteringofficeor imperiumI7-I9 Oath by Jupiter and Penates

reflects the fact that all tribunes of the year were inits favour (so H. Stuart Jones, JRS 1926, 172-3);contrast lines II-I3 and 26-28. If this is right, twopoints are worth making: one can calculate that thebeginning of Delphi A is likely to correspond to apoint on Cnidos II somewhat above the point atwhich our text begins; if the whole preamble of thelaw, including the names of ten tribunes, wasinscribed at Cnidos (the preamble was not inscribedat Delphi), that would account for much of the spaceremaining to be filled at the top of the lost portion ofCnidos II (see p. 200). Secondly, the year Iooappears to be ruled out for the law; for Saturninuswas elected only when one successful candidate hadbeen immediately murdered and certainly ended theyear in total isolation from his tribunician colleagues.The second exclusion is doubtless to be explainedby the supposition that it was not thought worthwhile getting an oath from current governors notimmediately involved with the subject of the law.17 Doubtless covered already as ex-magistrates (forthe terminology see n. x5).18 We do not understand how F. T. Hinrichs,Hermes I970, 475 can equate this clause with C, 8-io.

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MARK HASSALL, MICHAEL CRAWFORD AND JOYCE REYNOLDSDelphi

I5-19 Law to be obeyed

I9-23 Penalty to be 200,000 HS23-24 Anyone who wishes who is free, to yetivKcd KpfivE and register name withpersonresponsible2124-26 No magistrate o hinderprocedure26-28 Penaltyto be same28-30 Praetor to providefor trial in case of non-payment30-31 ???

BantiaI9-20 Non-jurors to be excluded from publiclife 1920-22 Jurors to be recorded 2022-30 Senators to swear to law3I-32 ???7- 9 Penaltyto be ? HS9 Any magistrate o demand it9-o0 Praetor to provide for trial

io-

Mark Hassall Et Alli_Rome and the Eastern Provinces at the End of the Second Century B.C.

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Transcript of Mark Hassall Et Alli_Rome and the Eastern Provinces at the End of the Second Century B.C.