MARIUS SORIN SCURTU DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ABSTRACT ... REGARDING THE... · (Alveus) covering...

UNIVERSITATY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

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MARIUS SORIN SCURTU

DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

ABSTRACT

PROBLEMS REGARDING THE STEREOTOPOGRAPHY

OF ANCETSRAL NEURONAL STRUCTURES

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR

Prof. Univ. Dr. Gheorghe S. Drăgoi, Md, Phd

Titular Member of Medical Science Academy of Romania

2010

1

SYNTHESIS OF MAIN PARTS OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION

I - MOTIVATION, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 2

II - PRESENTATION OF PERSONAL RESEARCH 3

A. MACROANATOMIC ANALISYS OF HIPPOCAMPUS 3

1. Hippocampus location analysis 3

2. Analysis of hippocampus raports 3

3. Analysis of the hippocampus in child 4

B. THE MICROANATOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPUS 5

C. DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONAL HIPPOCAMPUS 5

D. CONCLUSION 6

III - IMAGING ANCESTRAL NEURAL STRUCTURES 7

IV – BIBLIOGRAPHY 11

2

SYNTHESIS OF MAIN PARTS OF THE DOCTORAL

DISSERTATION

The dissertation is divided into two parts: one part of general considerations and

one part of personal research. In general part, I record the information from the

literature regarding the development of neural and vascular structures of the brain,

cerebrospinal fluid and features in blood flow regulation in the central neural system, in

normal and pathological conditions. In the special part, I conducted a microanatomic

study over some issues regarding neural ancient structures and have exposed

motivation, objectives and purpose of research, personal observations results and their

discussion.

The dissertation contains a number of 62 images of which 37 are personal photos

and 21 processing graphics. References used to develop this thesis contains 189 subjects

consisting of books and articles published in magazines or over the internet.

I - MOTIVATION, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Interest in the study of hippocampus increased in recent decades, following its

implementation in memory and memorization processes, severely altered by

Alzheimer's disease, alcohol, or either by drugs or ischemia.

Heterogeneity of terminology, gaps in knowledge of microanatomic structures

and not least some anatomofunctional correlations uncertainties had generated

difficulties in understanding and integrating in time and space the hippocampus. Aim is

to draw attention to the problems of structural and functional anatomy of the

hippocampus, whose role is still unknown in processing the information involved in

memory, in making memorials and/or recognition of previously known phenomena.

Study objectives are related to the identification of anatomical macro- and mesoscopic

structural elements of the hippocampus, processing of tissue fragments to assess the

microanatomic spatial relationships of structural neurons and dynamic analysis of the

structures evolution in ontogenesis.

3

II - PRESENTATION OF PERSONAL RESEARCH

A. MACROANATOMIC ANALISYS OF HIPPOCAMPUS

1. Hippocampus location analysis

Hippocampus location analysis has imposed its view by opening the lateral

ventricle inferior extension (Cornu temporalis). He appears on the lower horn of the

medial wall of lateral ventricle, as a cone projection, bent in a "horn" shape with the

concavity directed antero-medially. It’s anterior part (Pes hippocampi), short and 15-17

mm wide, is visible in the earlier portion of the temporal horn of lateral ventricle

(Figure no. 1). It is crossed, in adults, by notches that causes the formation of

fingerings (Digitationes hippocampi). They were not identified in the fetus.

2. Analysis of hippocampus raports

Analysis and evaluation of relationships between hippocampus elements -

hippocampus itself, dentatus gyrus and fimbria hippocampi - were made by studying the

frontal, horizontal and sculptural sections, made on the brain of a man. The front part of

the proper hippocampus, 7-11 mm wide, is visible to the crossroads of the lateral

ventricle and joining toward medial with fimbria hippocampi (Figure no. 1). From the

analysis of serial frontal sections, it is noted the presence of a layer of white substance

(Alveus) covering Ammon's horn (Figure no. 3). When examining the brain, dissected

by the sculptural method, we notice the presence of a white strip (Fimbria hippocampi)

attached to the Ammon's horn, flat from top to bottom and front to fringes on the lower

face. Upper face of the fimbria form the lower lip of “Bichat's slot” (Fig. 2 and 3). The

lower face of fimbria appears in the mid-third adhering on Ammon's horn. On every

part of it is free and is projected in the lower horn of lateral ventricle. On the external

side, the fimbria had a leaf of pia mater attached to it that invaginate to form choroid

plexus of lateral ventricle (Figure no. 3B). Toward anterior, the fimbria ends at the

union of Ammon’s horn with uncus, and posterior continue with the body of fornix

(Figure no. 1B). Along with fimbria hippocampi, we identified a gray band (Gyrus

dentatus), located between fimbria and parahippocampal gyrus. It has a width of 3-4

mm and toward lateral up to 10 - 13 transverse folds. Upper face of dentat gyrus is

4

covered by fimbria hippocampi who had to be lefted to view. The internal margin is free

at exterior, and external margin is adhering the gray substance of Ammon's horn

(Figure no. 3B). Raports of gyrus dentatus determine his division in three areas:

anterior, middle and posterior. The anterior part appears as a anterior termination of

dentat gyrus, has a gray color and is compared with uncus. He goes in the deep of uncus

ditch, moat and surrounding it, reflecting at right angle to cross perpendicular to the

internal face of uncus, ending on it’s top, to where it unites with the ventricular wall.

The posterior part of the dentat gyrus is visible in the corpus callosum, where continue

with longitudinal supracalouse tions. Equally, we have identified hippocampus ditch

that separates the gyrus dentatus from gyrus parahippocampalis. We noticed that the

entry into this ditch is very narrow, and its two lips are fused together by the presence of

an extension of pia mater that goes into the ditch. Upper lip of the ditch is formed by the

inferior face of dentat gyrus, and the inferior lip of Ammon's horn and subiculum

(Figure no. 3). Toward posterior, the hippocampus ditch surround splenium corpus

callosum and continue with sulcus corporis callosi (Figure no. 5G).

3. Analysis of the hippocampus in child

From the analysis of the medial face of the left cerebral hemisphere, taken from

a fetus of 12 weeks, is easily observed "a curled appearance" of it. Draw attention in

particular, two parallel folds parallel with each other and with the superior and medial

margin of the cerebral hemisphere. They made a reliefs whose shape and direction can

be measured by sections or by dissection. These folds, which will make projections in

lateral ventricle, arise above the interventricular orifice of Monro (Figure no. 5G) and

is moving on curvilinear paths towards the lower end of the temporal lobe. "superior

fold" nominated as arched fold is separate by inferior fold or lateral choroidian fold, by

a third fold - "marginal arch ". "Arched fold" continue with parahippocampal gyrus and

in-depth with the hippocampus. "Marginal arch" contain its derivatives: fornix, fimbria

hippocampi, gyrus dentatus, the corpus callosum and longitudinal ridged (Lancisi).

There is equally remark, an archform band, a circumvolution bordered superior by

caloso-marginal ditch, nominated as the cingulate gyrus, which continues through the

gyrus cingulate isthmus with gyrus parahippocampalis (Figure no. 5G). The first skatch

of the corpus callosum is visible in front of the cerebral hemisphere (Figure no. 5E).

5

B. THE MICROANATOMIC ANALYSIS OF HIPPOCAMPUS

From the analysis of serial sections through the hippocampus stands

microanatomical relations between the gyrus dentatus, subiculum and hippocampus

proprii (Figure no. 3). From the examination with the 4X and 10X objectives, we

identified the constitutive layers of the dental gyrus: multiforme, granular and

molecular (Fig. 6 and 7A). When examining with the 40X objective can be easily

recognize "granular cells", "stellate cells" and numerous "progenitor cells" in mitosis

(Fig. 7C and 8D). The process of apoptosis is present and contemporary with the

angiogenesis phenomenon (Figure no. 8).

On serial sections through Ammon’s horn are easily identifiable the layers of his

structure: molecular, pyramidal and oriens. Pyramidal layer cells have basal dendrites

and oriented to hippocampus surface. When examining with the 20 objective, the

pyramidal layer structure is heterogeneous, by coexistence of cell in division with cells

in apoptosis (Figure no. 9A). Pyramidal cells, in telophase had neurilema joined

toghether, hypertrophic nuclei with hyperchromatic nucleolus and cromatofil corpuscles

form semilunar perinuclear conglomerates (Fig. 9A-F).

C. DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEM OF FUNCTIONAL

HIPPOCAMPUS

Research on the functional neuroanatomy of hippocampus focused on

knowledge citoarhitectural and remodeling structures, mechanisms of synaptic

transmission, involvment in pathology and / or memorization and memory processes.

Hippocampus is a decisive structure for memorizing process and forming the

semantic memory (Duvernoy, 1998) and is susceptible to be altered by a wide variety of

neurological diseases: hypoxia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia

(Insausti and Amaral, 2004). Hippocampus lesions are associated with memory

deficits, but this hippocampus function is still obscure. From functional point of view,

attention was focused on memory encoding and disfunctions in Alzheimer's disease. Is

well known the hippocampus role in long-term memory encoding, but the excesive

concern on hippocampus memory function would be a mistake. Issues related memory

by hippocampus lesions were recorded since 1898. However, memory impairment

associated with the Alzeheimer disease reflect hippocampus disfunction (Carlesiom and

6

Oscar-Berman, 1992). Hippocampus is currently considered the main structure

responsible for effects of endocanbinoides on memory: drops potency and long-term

depression observed in hippocampus neurons (Misner and Sulivan, 1999) by

endocanabinoides by stimulating hippocampus neurons, suggesting an important role in

the physiological control of memory (Stella, Schweitzer, Piomelli, 1997).

D - CONCLUSION

1. Hippocampus, by his arheocortex composition, is an ancestral interface with the

paleo-and neocortex.

2. Studies on the functional anatomy of the hippocampus in the last decades have been

caused by its implementation in memorization and memory processes.

3. Remodeling capacity by structure regenesis give to gyrus dentatus quality of

residency of neural stem cells.

4. Microanatomical lack of data related to structural changes in general and forensic

pathology requires increased attention to this anatomical structure, easily to identify and

process.

7

III - IMAGING ANCESTRAL NEURAL STRUCTURES

8

Fig. 2 Form and mesoscopic structure of the hippocampus are assessed on serial sections in successive frontal plane from posterior (A) to anterior (D). There is variability in the relationship between location and hippocampus, girus parahipocampalis, Bichat gap, sulcus hippocampalis and sulcus colateralis

Macrophotos made with Canon T20 Fotoanalog System, Kodak 200 ISO film, autotelefoto 1:2.8 lens (Collection Prof. Univ. Dr. G.S. Drăgoi).

B

C

D

D

C

B

A

9

3 11

Sectional Imaging of the Hippocampus, strips of frontal sections (A-D)

1. Fimbria hippocampi 2. Gyrus dentatus 3. Ventriculus lateralis et

plexus choroideus

4. Cornu Ammon 5. Sulcus hippocampalis 6. Bichat gap 7. Subiculum 8. Gyrus parahippocampalis 9. Sulcus collateralis 10. Optic bandeleta 11. Eminentia collateralis 12. Digitationis hippocampi

Sculptural imagery, of hippocampus, selected from Fig. 1 (E)

8. Pes hippocampi et digitationes hippocampi

5. Fimbria hippocampi

12. Crus fornicis

14. Tenia fornicis

13. Corpus fornicis

17. Corpus mammilare

A

1 3

4 2

5

6

7

8

9 6

5

9

8

10

6 5

8

9

5

8

12

E

9

Alveus 1

CA1

CA2 CA3

CA4

2

3

B

5 6 7

Parasubiculum

Fimbria

hippocampi

Subiculum

Presubiculum Sulcus

Ventriculus

lateralis

Aria entorhinalis

Fig. 6 Microanatomic architecture of the hippocampus. CA1 - CA4 - regions of the Ammon’s horn. Strata Cornu Ammonis: 1. Stratum oriens; 2. Pyramidal Stratum 3. Stratum molecular and stratum lacunosum; 4. Hilus faciae, dentat gyrus strata 5. Stratum multiforme 6. Stratum granulare; 7. Stratum moleculare;

Crezil violet staining, 2D Reconstruction, Oc. 7, Ob 4 (B), 10 (A) x 28 (B) x 70 (A)

Image acquisition with Fotonomicroscope Nikon Eclipse 600 in Research Laboratories and Structural Forensic Anthropology Nucleum of Scientific Research of the Academy of Medical Sciences - Craiova Branch.

A

CA1

CA2 CA3

CA4

Ventriculus

lateralis

Fimbria hippocam

Sulcus

hippocampalis Gyrus dentatus

Cornu Ammonis

2

1

3 4

5 6 7

10

Fig. 9. Cornus Ammonis. A. On 20X objective examination, pyramidal layer structure is heterogeneous becouse the coexistence of cell in division with cell in apoptosis. B. pyramidal cells in telophase with neuroleme reassigned, hypertrophic nuclei with central hyperchromatic nucleus, cytoplasmic nucleotide ratio for the core, cromatofil corpuscles (Nissl) form perinucleare semilunar conglomerates. C. In the vicinity of newly formed pyramidal cells is remarked the presence of two cells with nulcei ready for fragmentation (apoptosis). D. pyramidal cell dendrites are long and oriented towards stratum radiatum. E. bipolar location of cromatofil corpuscles in pyramidal cells neuroplasma. F. pyramidal cells in different stages of apoptosis.

Crezil violet staining, Oc. 7, Ob 4 (A), 20 (D), 40 (B, C, E, F) x 28 (A) x 140 (D) x 280 (B, C, E, F)

Image acquisition with Fotonomicroscope Nikon Eclipse 600 in Research Laboratories and Structural Forensic Anthropology Nucleum of Scientific Research of the Academy of Medical Sciences - Craiova Branch.

A

B C

D

E

F

11

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