Maritime Expansion in Afro-Eurasia, In India, the Portuguese found well-established ports and trading networks. East African gold, ivory, slaves, and timber were traded to Arabia, Persian Gulf countries, and western India. They wanted to be a part of the trade in Malacca was on the straits of Sumatra and Malaya Peninsula. Center of Indian Ocean trade from Southeast Asia and Ming China, controlled by Muslims Portuguese did not have tradable goods that Indians or Asian rulers wanted. The Portuguese took over trade that was already being controlled by other peoples. In other places, the Portuguese just joined in with the existing trade. Siam (Thailand) was attempting to achieve independence from Burma when the Portuguese arrived. The Portuguese made few converts to Catholicism. Portugal began to lose its dominance by Other European powers arrived with ship-based cannon and equal or superior fortifications. Most significant threat came from the Dutch, who had superior shipping and business systems to the Portuguese To protect individual merchants, the Dutch created the joint-stock company. Multiple shares were sold to protect investments if natural disasters or storms destroyed cargo. Small investors could also make a modest profit with little risk. The Dutch led the way to modern commercial capitalism. Banks, stock exchanges, and insurance companies increased efficiency of capital accumulation. The bourgeoisie became the rising social class of Western Europe. bourgeoisie was based on ownership of property rather than inherited titles. In Holland, participation in trade was seen as a noble pursuit. The Dutch East India Company was founded in 1602 by Amsterdam merchants. It was the largest and most powerful of the seventeenth-century commercial enterprises. The monopoly of the Dutch East India Company was maintained through force. Followed the Portuguese model of using military force to achieve economic profit Dutch had more advanced ship designs and construction. Seized Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641 Created the port of Cape Town in 1652 in South Africa The Dutch East India Company profits from the spice trade. .But also, The Indian Ocean trade was driven by silver imported from the Spanish colonies in America. The Portuguese viewed Africa as a source of gold. The Atlantic slave trade was driven largely by the need for labor for sugar plantations. Slaves were mostly procured from west coast of Africa. The king Afonso of Kongo (r. 15061543), converted to Christianity. Slave trade between Africa and Portugal disrupted the traditional treatment of captives of war. Afonso of Kongo complained to the king of Portugal that the Portuguese were no longer interested in conversion just slaves Atlantic slave trade focused on the west coast of Africa, without any major impact on the east coast or the interior. A Comparison of Columbuss and Zheng Hes Voyages China was richer than Spain or Portugal and thus lacked motivation to seek new lands. Columbus and other European explorers were deliberately seeking new lands to colonize. Real voyages of exploration because the Europeans were going to new territory. The Ming were not using their voyages to expand their empire The Ming ended their voyages because they were not profitable. Muslims already everywhere! Africa near Gibraltar (Spain), Alexandria, Constantinople, India, and even Korea and China! Muslims were mainly concerned with OVERLAND PATHS. Portuguese borrowed Arab seafaring designs such as the Caravel. Potuguese/Spanish CaravelArab Dhow (2 mast)Arab Dhow (1 mast) Key Points Chinese Ship (9 masts)! A comparison between the ships of Cheng Ho and Columbus! The Chinese Expand! Cheng Ho = Zheng He The Chinese court shifted their politics and their world view blossomed outward an age of exploration without conquest. The role of the Eunuch! -Era of 6 uninterrupted voyages ( ) under Yung Lo for tributary relations -Yung Lo dies in 1424, anti-maritime forces swell, but a 7th voyage launched in 1433 And then the Great Withdrawal -Long-held bitter feuds between intellectuals and philosophers arose again. o tributary system required China to pay out more than China received. o Every new tributary state worsened the imbalance of Chinese trade. -After Cheng-Ho's last voyage (1433) edicts prohibited Chinese from traveling abroad. -By 1474, Imperial fleet shrunk from 400 warships to 140 vessels; -by 1500 it was a capital crime to build a junk with more than two masts. Key Points Why Didnt the Muslims Take Over in World Dominance? Hindus - some castes forbidden to pass over salt water! - tolerant of Muslim, but Muslins did not welcome Portuguese Muslims 1.They had the technology. But, they did not build a seafaring empire. advanced in astronomy, geography, mathematics, and navigation (the required seafaring sciences) 2.- Consequences May have ruled all of Europe! Ottomans decayed. Three new Muslim dynasties Ottoman Empire, reached its peak in the 17 th century; to the East, Safavids ruled in Persia and Afghanistan Mughals ruled the north and middle India. Three new Muslim dynasties All three dynasties originated from Turkic nomadic cultures. All three empires had a monarchal system of rule. All three empires sustained themselves primarily through agrarian taxation. The Three Great Muslim Empires of the Early Modern Era The Ottoman Empire, 15001650 The center of the Ottoman Empire was Constantinople. Ottoman military power: mostly based on cavalry, infantry, and artillery, One type of Ottoman soldier: Ghazis: nomadic horsemen. Wanted to conquer Christians of Byzantium --> infidels professional army, due to use of gunpowder weapons Ghazis also collected taxes and controlling conquered lands. Over time --> relied more on slaves in the military and the administration. Rise of the Ottoman Ottoman Turks -The Turkic peoples entered Anatolia defeated the Seljuks of eastern Anatolia in 13 th C. defeated the Mamluks in Egypt in Modern Military Administration Recruited Christians into an elite Guard Janissaries New Troops were young Christian slaves converted to Islam Foot soldiers, administrators Loyal to the Sultan THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Ottoman Turks The Ottomans controlled the three holy cities of Islam: Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem all pilgrimage sites Selim I ( ) He brought the Ottoman Empire to its zenith Selim I THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Suleiman the Magnificent ( ) -education, taxation, and criminal law (Kanuns) - poet and goldsmith Allowed local Christian and Jewish people to maintain their own courts Expansion of Empire: Constantinople Suleiman - Took strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary Siege of Vienna in 1529 Sieged Constantinople, 1453 New capital of Ottoman Dynasty Renamed Istanbul Now a dominant force in the Balkans and Anatolia Peninsula Battle between the Turks and Christians, 16th century The Turkish Conquest of Constantinople Under Mehmet II became capital of Ottoman Empire: Istanbul The Bridgeman Art Library THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Social Life - Education -Architecture Sinan, the great architect, was commissioned to build many mosques, hospitals, shops, baths and cemeteries The Suleiman Mosque THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Economic Achievements -both the Ottomans and Safavids used the system of capitulations allowed foreign Christians living in the empire a degree of freedom and exemption from taxes and laws. B/C Ottomans controlled the major trade routes from Asia they regulated Euro consumption of coffee, indigo, silks & food stuffs like potatoes and tomatoes. Spain did not dig that!!! (Remember?) THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Ottoman Decline -3 major reasons: 1.Administrative Corruption 2.Disputes Among Janissaries 3.External Assaults From a Resurgent Europe THE RIVAL SAFAVID EMPIRE The Imperial Safavids -Safavids profited from struggles of rival Turkic groups after Mongol invasions. -Safavids were Shi'a Muslims from a family of Sufi preachers and mystics. -Bid dispute about who should lead Muslims SAFAVID EMPIRE Iran long benefited from contact an with Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, and India. Safavids invaded Iran & most people there were Sunni Muslims. The Tigris-Euphrates River Valley became the boundary between the Arabic and Persian languages, and Sunni and Shiite divisions. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES The Imperial Safavids - Expansion -in 1501, Ism'il seized Tabriz and was proclaimed shah. -followers conquered most of Persia and fought against the Ottomans THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Ottomans defeated Saffavids at the important Battle of Chaldiran in The loss meant that Shi'ism was blocked from further westward advance. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Abbas I ( ) -assumed power when a teenager (16) -got control of the Qizilbash provided the backbone of the Iranian army. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES War Between Ottoman & Safavid Empires War was over the control of the Euphrates-Tigris River Valley. Safavids aligned with the Hapsburgs - Charles V Charles V THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES War Between Ottoman & Safavid Empires Role of Charles V a)Charles V convinced the Safavids to open a second front against the Ottomans, b)Ultimate goal: Habsburg-Persian alliance Charles V, The Holy Roman Emperor THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES War ended with Safavid victory Reclaimed Tabriz from Ottomans. Local citizens welcomed the Safavid army as liberators and took revenge against the defeated Ottoman Turks. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons. 1.Both dynasties had much in common. a)They initially were dominated by warrior aristocracies who maintained power with the monarch. b)The warriors gradually left the rulers' courts for residence on rural estates where they exploited the peasantry. c)When central power weakened, the result was flight from the land and rebellion. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES Safavid Decline a)Abbas I, fearing plots, had removed all suitable heirs. b)The succession of a weak grandson began a process of dynastic decline. c)Internal strife and foreign invasions shook the state. In 1772, Isfahan fell to Afghani invaders. An adventurer, Nadir Khan Afshar, emerged from the following turmoil as shah in 1736. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES The early modern Muslim empires met their demise: a)By ignoring of the rising European threat. b)B/C little effort was made to incorporate European technological advances. c)As they failed to meet the European challenge they weakened the economic base. THE RIVAL OTTOMAN AND SAFAVID EMPIRES The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power. Each of the three great Muslim dynasties gained power with the support of nomadic warriors. But past conditions had changed. Role of Battle of Chaldiran Gunpowder Safavid Cannoneer Changes in Technology and Family. By 1500: 1. Contacts with Asia led to improvements in technology. 2. A European-style family emerged. Ordinary people married at a later age. a) influenced husband-wife relations. 3. Later marriage was a form of birth control and hence population numbers. EUROPEAN NATION-STATES AND THE REFORMATION The Background of the Protestant Reformation The Reformation was a challenge to papal authority in Europe as a result of the Renaissance. 3 Main Reasons to Consider: 1.Widening Horizons--Individualism & Nationalism: As social, physical, and intellectual horizons widened, the Catholic Church did not keep pace. EUROPEAN NATION-STATES AND THE REFORMATION 2)Resistance from National Monarchies: They could not continue to be both a religious and a political institution newly emergent powerful monarchs would not accept political interference from outside their own boundaries The Age of the Hapsburgs Europe: Europe in the post Renaissance/Reformation era. Many of the same battles reamin from the days of the Renaissance/Reformation Battling Religious indecision and controversy. Construction of Spanish Power? Directly related to the dominance of the overseas exploration. Spanish claimed amazing amounts of land and gold during the period of exploration. Their conquest of the Indian empires in Central America gave them great fortune which would be used to control key aspects of Europe. The Hapsburgs: Originally dukes of small German states the expanded their control into Austria and quickly gained enough might in the region through warfare and intermarriage to assure themselves control of the Holy Roman Empire. Cleverly arranged marriages will give them control over much of Europe by the 1500s. Charles V Gained control of Spain in 1516 Elected emperor of Holy Rome in 1519 Went from Charles I to Charles V with that title. Amongst Europe's most powerful Monarchs Similar in size to Charlemagnes empire. Charles V: Achievements Ruled for 37 years Protection from Ottoman Turks in Europe Built a large Naval force Fought wars to advance the interests of Spain. Forced to relinquish present day Hungary to the advancing Ottoman Turks Retired in 1556: gave empire to his son Phillip II Phillip II of Spain Made Spain into the pre eminent power in Europe built on power of father. Made Spain one Europes first Nation States Devout Catholic whose greatest achievement was to rid Europe of Protestantism. Reinstated the Inquisition. Map of Phillips Europe:Map of Phillips Europe The Inquisition: What is the Inquisition: A tribunal or court of religious faith based on the intense questioning of ones religious purity and faith. A rigorous examination often ending in torture or death to purge the heretic. Forced conversion or allegiance to Catholicism. The Revolt of the Netherlands Direct Challenge to the authority of Phillip II. Netherlands 17 provinces with a history of independent governance. Violent period emerged over who controls. Dutch have always had a tradition of liberty and freedom, uncomfortable being ruled. They will win their independence in the North. Two countries will emerge: Netherlands and its catholic south known as Belgium. Violence captured by Dutch artists. The Spanish Armada: The main military power of the day. Epitomized the conflict between Protestant England and Catholic Spain. England fearing a Spanish takeover after they finished with the Dutch, sided with the Dutch and declared a pirate war at sea by giving permission to raid Spanish ships. Phillip II responds to Elizabeth Elizabeth very much like her dad Henry VIII, powerful, and stubborn! Phillip decides to punish Elizabeth and England for meddling by Invading the island nation with a huge array of ships called an Armada. It was made up of about 130 ships with 24,000 soldiers. English response The English had much smaller, more swift, maneuverable ships that moved in and around the gigantic Spanish ships with ease. They set old boats on fire and launched them at the Spanish who in response fled to the North Sea only to be vanquished by a huge storm called the Protestant Winds. Impacts of Armada Established England as a European Power. Victory for Protestantism Brought about continued religious conflicts Decline of Spain Focus on Imperialism Thirty Years War Controversy had been silenced by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 in which the Holy Roman Emperor acknowledged the legitimacy of the Lutheran Churchbut troubles were beginning. Involved nearly every nation in Europe bound by religious ties. Traced back to the decentralization of the German Princes and their Lutheran fiath. Denmark ignites conflict Bohemian protests against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire, forced the Northern European nation of Denmark to declare war on Holy Rome. The conflict snowballed with all Protestant nations siding with Denmark and Catholics with Holy Rome. Pick a Side? Protestants: France (Catholic) Bohemia Germany Denmark Sweden Catholics: Holy Rome House of Hapsburg Spain Austria Impacts of the War Amongst histories bloodiest wars. Millions of people were killed and ravaged by the famine and disease of the era. State building: All of Europe involved in a conflict on Political, Social, Religious and Economic significance. A turning point of History. Europe becoming independent states Peace of Westphalia As you can see from the following map the peace radically changed the map of Europe. The big Winner: France. The big loser: Hapsburgs