Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries Prague Conference 27 April 2009

European CommissionEnterprise and Industry Prague Conference on Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries | 27/04/09 | 1

Maritime Clusters in Landlocked CountriesPrague Conference27 April 2009

Patrick O’RiordanAerospace, Defence and Maritime Industries

European CommissionEnterprise and Industry


Civilization grew in the beginning from the minute that we had communication

- particularly communication by sea that enabled people to get inspiration and ideas from each other...

Thor Heyerdahl


Maritime Clusters …

.


Maritime clusters:

• manufacturing industries like shipbuilding, transport (shipping) and infrastructure (ports and terminals);

• ocean and sea resources like aquaculture;

• service providers such as classification societies;

• leisure related activities like yachting;

• specific public sector organisations and services like the coast guard;

• and sea related research and consultancy.


Cluster benefits

Increase in efficiency

Increase in level of business

formations

Higher level of innovation

• Increase internal and external communication and more possibilities to cooperate efficiently. Increased awareness of market developments.

• Focus in maritime cluster organisation on education, training and more mobility in the labour market.

• Focus in maritime clusters on RDI


Maritime clusters in the Blue Paper

Integrated Maritime Policy is to create optimal conditions for the sustainable use of the oceans and seas, enabling the growth of maritime sectors and coastal regions”

“Business integration and competitiveness in the maritime sector are greatly enhanced by the formation of multi-sectoral clusters. These clusters are instrumental to maintain the maritime know-how of Europe and will occupy therefore a central position in the Maritime Policy.”

“The Commission will encourage the formation of multi-sectoral clusters and regional centres of maritime excellence, and promote a European network of maritime clusters.”


Promotion of maritime clusters under IMP

• Staff Working Document on Maritime Clusters SEC (2007) 1406 – October 2007

• Study on the Role of Maritime Clusters – November 2008

• Workshop “the role of maritime clusters in land-locked areas” - 27 April 2009 Prague


EmploymentDirect (Σ direct) employment = 4.78 million persons

500 000 = 500 000 persons employed

Percentage maritime employment in national

employment*

Percentage maritime employment in national

employment*

Average value added/employee =

€ 39 000

Average value added/employee =

€ 39 000

Europe: 2.25%MT: 13.51%CY: 12.02%NO: 6.85%EE: 6.54%GR: 6.39%LV: 5.36%DK: 5.26%ES: 4.62%BG: 3.46%PT: 3.34%

Europe: 2.25%MT: 13.51%CY: 12.02%NO: 6.85%EE: 6.54%GR: 6.39%LV: 5.36%DK: 5.26%ES: 4.62%BG: 3.46%PT: 3.34%

* Top-10 countries in terms of share of maritime added value (and employment) in all sea-related Areas are listed; for other countries % share is well below 2.5% (and 3%)

2 800

15 000 = 15 000 million € of added value

Added valueDirect (Σ direct) added value = 186 600 million €

Percentage maritime added value in national GDP*

Percentage maritime added value in national GDP*

Europe: 1.65%MT: 11.36%CY: 9.07%EE: 8.83%LV: 7.71%NO: 6.23%DK: 4.19%GR: 3.24%LT: 2.59%ES: 2.53%NL: 2.25%

Europe: 1.65%MT: 11.36%CY: 9.07%EE: 8.83%LV: 7.71%NO: 6.23%DK: 4.19%GR: 3.24%LT: 2.59%ES: 2.53%NL: 2.25%

KEY FIGURES OF ALL EUROPEAN SEA-RELATED SECTORS EU-27 + Norway

Value added amounts to 186 600 million € (of which 88% in the top-10 countries)

and employment to 4.78 million persons (of which 83% in the top-10 countries)

287 000

876 000

504 000

634 000

725 000

279 000

191 000

156 000

145 000

23 000

25 400

28 400

24 300

6 400

11 500

15 100

4 000

8 700

17 200147 000

3 400

3 800

3 200

1 000

1 000

200

300300

50

2 100

100100

500

500

500

1 200

1 200

20 000

50 000

38 000

40 000

6 000

35 000

55 000

70 000

48 000

42 000

10 000

4 000

4 0001 000

4 000

136 000

103 000171 000


Added value in the European maritime sectors (all Areas)

44 100

27 300

22 700

17 60016 200 15 400

10 0009 000 9 400

8 100

2 600 2 100 2 000300

Coastaltourism

Shipping Seaports Marineequipment

Fisheries Navy Shipbuilding Offshoresupply

Maritimeservices

Recreationalboating

Cruisetourism

Maritimeworks

Inlandnavigation

Marineaggregates

Adde

d va

lue i

n € m

illion


Maritime economic centres are generally are represented by clusters

• Privately driven• France, Spain,

Italy, Finland, Sweden, Norway, UK, Poland

• Government driven

• Germany, Denmark

• Mixed• Netherlands and

Norway

• Regional clusters

• e.g. France, the UK, Germany and Norway

PT

FR

DE

SE

FI

PL

CZ

AT

IT

SI

GR

SK

HU

RO

BG

ES

MT

CY

IE

LU

33

3

3

3

33

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

22

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

1

Star-region represented by national and/or regional cluster organisation


TOP-DOWN

E.g. Germany

BOTTOM-UP

E.g. Maritimt Forum in Norway

TOP-DOWN

E.g. Germany

BOTTOM-UP

E.g. Maritimt Forum in Norway

– Government induced and/or supported– Holistic and cluster wide approach– Focus on long-term strategy and policy:

• Economy (e.g. level playing field and growth)• Education and recruitment• Research, development and innovation• Export• Common interest (e.g. environment and safety)

– Focus on professionalism and cooperation/integration of maritime sectors

– Induced and/or supported by strong leader firms and/or sector associations

– Limited cluster approach based on supporting companies and sector associations

– Focus on short-term benefits:• Rules and regulation• Tax regime• Labour market and job promotion• Innovation project support• Export support

– Focus on operational problems

Cha

ract

eris

tics

Initi

ativ

e

COMBINATIONPLAY

E.g. Dutch Maritime Network


Top-down organisations tend to operate with higher budgets, with a strategic focus on competitiveness and RDI for the entire sector. But face the need to balance between the interests, resulting in longer dialogue and more universal themes

Bottom-up organisations are efficient are targeted to operational problems and activities (events, issues platforms) and provide a single-point-of-entry to the government But sectoral interests can prevail and focus may be short term

“Mixed” cluster organisations capture all maritime stakeholders in order to have well-structured discussions between government and sector

Cluster typology – strengths and weaknesses


Role of maritime cluster organisations

All European countries with a maritime cluster have access to that cluster through a maritime cluster organisation

Policy (initiatives) and actions are translated to European, national and regional level, although not in a uniform manner

Maritime cluster organisations are mostly historically established (and regionally grown) based upon the specific needs of the cluster and its participants and upon the country’s culture

Top-down and bottom-up initiated clusters focus in general on same content

Topics of cluster organisations are mostly softer topics (e.g. innovation and labour market); in top-down maritime cluster more opportunities are created for strategical issues through the availability of funding

Limited direct evaluation of impact/success of the actions of cluster organisations on project-basis, but indirectly through the evaluation of maritime cluster organisations and the impact on financing (membership contributions)

In principal, any organisation concept can do the job; nevertheless, organisations that are able to capture ‘best’ of both worlds seem most natural to balance public and private interests


YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT OF MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

After the popularisation of the cluster concept in Porter’s ‘Competitive advantage of nations’ in 1990:

– Most maritime cluster organisations were established– Governments have become more reluctant on developing sector policies

* Full name and abbreviation of European, national and regional cluster organisations as used in this study is provided in Annex 7** NO1 is MARUT and NO2 is Maritimt Forum; more information concerning the activities of these clusters is provided in the Background Country Report – NorwaySource: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires of maritime cluster organisations

Regional cluster*

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

National cluster*

ES

FR

PL

UK-Sea Vision

FINLITSENO2**DK

European cluster*

London OsloSchl.-Hol. Bergen Haug.-Sonn.S-E (NO)

S-W (UK)

Mersey

S-E (UK)

Bretagne

AquamarinaENMC

DENO1**

UK-One VoiceUK-Maritime UK

PACA

Haven Gateway


PRIMARY RATIONALE FOR ESTABLISHING MARITIME CLUSTER ORGANISATIONS

Source: Policy Research Corporation based on questionnaires amongst maritime cluster organisations

Main reasons for establishing a maritime cluster organisations are to increase competi-tiveness, to

promote maritime sectors, and to improve coordination within the cluster

PromotionCompetitiveness

Coordination Other (e.g. education, framework)

National cluster organisations

National cluster organisations

Regional cluster organisations

Regional cluster organisations

44%

28%

25%

3%

38%

28%

28%

6%


Maritime cluster organisations are developed different according to specific needs and the prevailing culture

In spite of differences in size, scope or funding, maritime clusters tend to be set up for similar reasons (to increase competitiveness, promote maritime sectors and coordinate activities)

There is no organisational concept of cluster organisations that intrinsically excels

All these clusters can play a role in public-private dialogue and benefit from learning from each others’ best practice and lessons learned

THE SEA RELATED SECTORS AND THEIR AREA-CLASSIFICATION

* In the study Economic impact of maritime industries in Europe, carried out by Policy Research on behalf of the EC, the fisheries sector was also included as part of the traditional maritime sectors; furthermore, differences exist per country with regard to the ‘scope’ of the maritime industry; the members of the European Network of Maritime Clusters regard eight sectors as part of the maritime cluster from a narrow perspective: shipping, shipbuilding, marine equipment, seaports, maritime services, yacht building, offshore services and fishing; three sectors can be added from a national, broader perspective: Navy and coastguard, inland navigation and maritime works

Coastal and sea-related (marine) recreation and tourism

Fisheries

Traditional maritime sectors*:– Inland navigation– Marine aggregates– Marine equipment– Maritime services– Maritime works– Navy and coastguard– Offshore supply– Recreational boating– Seaports– Shipbuilding– Shipping

Area 1 Area 2

Area 3

EMPLOYMENT IN SEA-RELATED SECTORS IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES

Hungary and Austria have highest employment in Area 1; the Czech Republic has highest employment in Area 3 compared to the other European landlocked countries

* Employment in Area 2 in landlocked countries is achieved in the cruise tourism sector** Employment in Area 3 in landlocked countries is achieved in fish processing and aquaculture Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005, and Policy Research based on LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

Employment figures for Czech Republic in all Areas

Employment figures for Czech Republic in all Areas

Employment figures for Austria in all Areas

Employment figures for Austria in all Areas

Employment figures for Luxembourg in all AreasEmployment figures for Luxembourg in all Areas

Employment figures for Slovakia in all Areas

Employment figures for Slovakia in all Areas

Employment figures for Hungary in all Areas

Employment figures for Hungary in all Areas

2 000

0

2 300

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000

Area 1 Area 2 Area 3

Per

son

s em

plo

yed

1 100

0 00

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Per

son

s em

plo

yed

Area 1: Traditional maritime sectorsArea 2: Coastal (and marine) tourism and recreation*

Area 3: Fisheries**

Area 1: Traditional maritime sectorsArea 2: Coastal (and marine) tourism and recreation*

Area 3: Fisheries**

3 200

200

700

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Per

son

s em

plo

yed

2 300

100

1 200

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Per

son

s em

plo

yed

3 800

100

1 700

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000


Per

son

s em

plo

yed

Employment figures for Czech Republic in Area 1Employment figures for

Czech Republic in Area 1

No stars for landlocked countries because maritime employment does not exceed 5 000 persons, yet countries as Austria are strong niche players in certain subsectors

NO STARS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECTORS (AREA 1) IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES

Employment figures for Austria in Area 1

Employment figures for Austria in Area 1

Source: Policy Research based on Ecotec (2006) – Employment trends in all sectors related to the sea or using sea-resources, BIMCO/ISF (2005) – Manpower 2005 update, and Eurostat – Industry, Trade and Services (Annual enterprise statistics) 2005

Employment figures for Luxembourg in Area 1

Employment figures for Luxembourg in Area 1

Employment figures for Slovakia in Area 1

Employment figures for Slovakia in Area 1

Employment figures for Hungary in Area 1

Employment figures for Hungary in Area 1

600

400 400

100

1 700

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 000

Marineequipment

Recreationalboating

Shipbuilding Inlandnavigation

Shipping

Per

son

s em

plo

yed

700

500

100

700

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 000

Shipping Inland navigation Shipbuilding Recreationalboating

Per

son

s em

plo

yed

1 200

400

200

2 000

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 000

Shipping Inland navigation Shipbuilding Recreationalboating

Per

son

s em

plo

yed

700600

100

1 000

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 000

Shipbuilding Inland navigation Shipping Recreationalboating

Per

son

s em

plo

yed

2 000

100 50

900

0

200

400

600

800

1 000

1 200

1 400

1 600

1 800

2 000

Shipping Maritime services Inland navigation Maritime works

Per

son

s em

plo

yed

1 100

2 400

3 8003 200

Area 3*

(figures on country level)

NO STARS FOR EMPLOYMENT IN COASTAL TOURISM (AREA 2) AND FISHERIES (AREA 3) IN LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES

No stars are awarded to regions within landlocked countries because maritime employment does not exceed 1 000 persons

Area 2*

(figures on country level)

Source: Policy Research based on Eurostat – Tourism indicators 2005

* NUTS II regions in landlocked countries do not exceed 1 000 persons employed in Area 3

Source: Policy Research based on LEI (2006) – Employment in the fisheries sector

Employment in cruise tourismEmployment in fish processing

and aquaculture

1 700

1 2002 300

700200100

100


Aerospace, Defence, Maritime IndustriesEuropean Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/maritime/shipbuilding/index_en.htm

Thank you for your attention!


Cluster benefit

Promotion of the maritime cluster

Focus in maritime cluster organisation

on education, training and the labour market

Focus in maritime clusters on RDI

Almost all sectors are involved in these

initiatives

Sector involvement


initiatives with leading roles for shipping and shipbuilding industry


initiatives with leading roles for shipbuilding,

marine equipment, offshore supply and

shipping

Mainly project-based approach

Project-based and structural approach

Project-based approach based upon

(high budget) government support

programs and structural approach

Approach Main initiatives

• Promotion campaigns through websites, videos and presentations

• Report on economic importance of the cluster

• Organising promotion events

• Programs in cooperation with universities and professors

• Recruitment campaigns and fairs

• Platforms to exchange best practices

• On (governmental) project basis

• Structural cooperation with RDI-institutes and universities

• Platforms to exchange best practices

Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries Prague Conference 27 April 2009

Documents

Transcript of Maritime Clusters in Landlocked Countries Prague Conference 27 April 2009