2nd qtr 7 classifies vertebrates into mammals, birds, reptiles
MARINE VERTEBRATES REPTILES AND BIRDS. Transition to Land Acanthostega.
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Transcript of MARINE VERTEBRATES REPTILES AND BIRDS. Transition to Land Acanthostega.
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MARINE VERTEBRATES
REPTILES AND BIRDS
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Transition to Land
Acanthostega
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Transition to Land About 350 million years ago, vertebrates
came onto land Descended from bony fishes Four problems these original land verts faced– must withstand the effects of gravity– must be able to breath air– must minimize water loss (dessication)– must adjust senses so they are suited for air instead of
water
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• Gravity– Changes in skeleton to allow for support, protection
of internal organs, shock absorption and distribution of weight
• Air and breathing– Primitive lobe finned fish already had a type of lung.
Was adapted to both intake O and remove CO2• Desiccation– Watertight skin, amniotic egg,
• Senses– Modifications of the eye and ear. Loss of the lateral
line
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Reptiles- Class Reptilia
• Amniotic egg – large yolk for nutrition, leathery shell
• Scales made of keratin • Most with 3-chambered heart • Ectothermic – produce little metabolic heat• Septum totally divides ventricle in crocodiles
and birds (and likely dinosaurs); makes 4 chambered heart-more efficient circulation
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Features in Marine Reptiles
• Evolved from terrestrial reptile groups• Biggest anatomical hurdle is keeping internal
salt concentrations low and not losing water– Salt glands- remove salt from their blood• Found above eyes• Salt excretions help conserve water and wash sand
form their eyes
• Concentrated urine to conserve water • Cannot drink sea water
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• http://www.chameleonforums.com/nasal-salt-glands-cause-white-crusts-nose-75998/
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Marine Reptiles
• Increase and reduce amount of air in lungs to allow diving and regulating buoyancy
• Can tolerate anaerobic respiration and higher buildups of CO2 for longer dive times
• Ectothermy- can regulate body temperature with behavior and changing habitat– Basking in sun, burying in mud, swimming in cold
water
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Orders of marine reptiles
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Orders of Marine Reptiles
• Testudines- turtles– 8 species and all are endangered– Diet mostly invertebrates and seaweeds
• Squamata- Sea snakes and iguanas– All sea snakes are venomous– Only 1 species of iguana and only in the Galapagos
• Crocodilia-– Only 1 species– Opportunistic predators
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Birds descended from a reptilian ancestor
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Birds-Class Aves
• - Archaeopteryx - • - Feathers of keratin • - Lungs and air sacs near and in bones of back -• - Wall dividing ventricle is complete, two
circulations do not mix • - Endothermic – body heat from metabolism– Requires eating a lot of food to maintain body temp.
• - Amniotic egg with calcium carbonate for hardness
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Features in Marine Bird
• All birds have down feathers for insulation and contour feathers for flying– Powder feathers in marine birds repel water to protect
down feather layer• Preening- some birds produce a special waterproofing
oil that gets spread through their feathers• Denser bones in diving birds• All return to land to lay eggs• Webbed feet in swimming birds• Salt glands and concentrated urine
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http://www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/feather-contour.html
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http://studentmag.acsedu.com/Articles/Seabirds-and-Waterbirds.aspx
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http://studentmag.acsedu.com/Articles/Seabirds-and-Waterbirds.aspx
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http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/161773/Scientists-measuring-the-wingspan-of-an-albatross
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Types of Marine Birds• Seabirds- rely on the ocean for food or live on or near
beaches and estuaries– Shorebirds
• feeding in shallow water and water’s edge• Sandpiper, oystercatcher, red knot, egret, gull, duck
– Diving shorebirds• Dive from the sky to catch food• Osprey, tern,pelican and some gull species
– Diving pelagic birds• Fly long distances to find food• Albatross, storm petrel, auks, puffins
– Penguins• Most aquatic of all marine birds• Flightless and good swimmers and divers• Only found in southern hemisphere