Marine Mammals Life history, ecology and conservation.
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Transcript of Marine Mammals Life history, ecology and conservation.
![Page 1: Marine Mammals Life history, ecology and conservation.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062309/56649cda5503460f949a4810/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Marine Mammals
Life history, ecology and conservation
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WHO ARE THEY?
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Cetacea
whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Carnivora
polar bears, otters, seals, sea lions, walruses
Sirenia
manatees and dugongs
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CETACEA: Toothed whales
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Bottlenose dolphin
Striped dolphin
Common dolphin
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Risso’s dolphin
Focena comune
Globicephalo...
Killer whale
False killer whale
Rough-toothed dolphin
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Risso’s dolphin
Harbor porpoise
Pilot whale
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Sperm whale...
Cuvier’s beaked whale
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...Sperm whale
DNA
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CETACEA:
Baleen whales
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Fin whale
Right whale
Sei whale
Humpback whale
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CARNIVORA:
Pinnipeds
Otariidae
sea lions, fur seals, etc
Phocidae
true seals
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Otariidae
ear pinnae
eye
sagittal crest
snout
whiskers
mane
fore flippers
tail
scrotum
hind flippers
hind flippers
tail
whiskers(vibrissae) fore flippers
claws
snouteye
ear
Phocidaeor True seals
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CARNIVORA:
Pinnipeds
Odobenidae
walruses
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CARNIVORA:
Ursidae
polar bears
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CARNIVORA:
Mustelidae
sea otters, weasels, minks, etc
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SIRENIA:
Trichechidae
manatees
Dugongidae
dugongs, Stellar’s sea cows
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This presentation will focus...
...on dolphins and whales (cetaceans)!
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Some terminology....
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FROM LAND TO SEA
50 MILLION YEARS AGO 45 MILLION
YEARS AGO
40 MILLION YEARS AGO
35 MILLION YEARS AGO
30 MILLION YEARS AGO
25 MILLION YEARS AGO
20 MILLION YEARS AGO 15 MILLION
YEARS AGO
MESONICHIDAE
PROTOCETIDAEDORYDONTIDAE
SQUALODONTIDAE
DELPHINIDAE
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DIVERGENCE
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ADAPTATIONS
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ADAPTATIONS
Dog
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ADAPTATIONS
Underwater life:
• Streamlined body
• Fins
• Head and skull
• Eyes and ears
• Heat conservation
• Salt balance
• Buoyancy
• Genital protrusion, etc
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Nostril migration
ADAPTATIONS
• breathing system
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ADAPTATIONS
• breathing system
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ADAPTATIONS
Perfectly adapted to marine environment!
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What are the differences?
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DIFFERENCES
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DIFFERENCES
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baleen
ventral groovestonguejaw
DIFFERENCES
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feeding Feeding
Humpback whales
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Feeding
Gray whales
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Feeding
Gray whales
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Feeding
Other whales
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Teeth
DIFFERENCES
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Teeth
DIFFERENCES
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HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE AGE OFHOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE AGE OFA DOLPHIN AND A WHALE?A DOLPHIN AND A WHALE?
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Feeding
Group waiting to feed
Sentinel
Dolphins feeding
Sentinel
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Feeding
Bottlenose dolphin
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Feeding
Common dolphin
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Feeding
Killer whale
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Feeding
Sperm whale
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Feeding
OTHER CAPTURE TECHNIQUES:
“crater feeding”
“fish whacking”
“strand feeding”
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How dolphins find their prey?
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How echolocation works?
Returning echo
Sound emission
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Where is the food?
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Migration...
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... and residency
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How dolphins move
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Great variety of cetaceans
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Tongue =
Heart =
Blue whale
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Group sizes
Small schools
Large schools
Single/Pairs
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Groups
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
Schools, pods & herds
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SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
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Fission-fusion societies
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Complex societies
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Alliances and Superalliances
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Courtship & Mating
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Not easily distinguishable....
female
male
navel anusgenital slit
mammary slit
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Birth
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Long term bonds
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Cetaceans’ sensory world
• Sight
• Smell
• Taste
• Touch
• Sound
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Cetaceans’ sensory world
SOUND
• Communication whistles
• Echolocation clicks
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Song of a whale
Dolphin whistles
Cetaceans’ sensory world
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Modern humans=7.06Great apes=1.91Odontocetes=3.78Odontocetes=3.78
Brain and intelligence
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Social learning
“Culture”
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Self-recognition
Sponge carrying
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Unique mammals
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As humans increase their exploitation of marine As humans increase their exploitation of marine resources, individual dolphins, porpoises resources, individual dolphins, porpoises and whales suffer, their societies and whales suffer, their societies are disrupted, and their populations declineare disrupted, and their populations decline
(Whitehead et al. 2000)
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Worldwide threats to cetaceans
WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS TO MARINE ANTHROPOGENIC THREATS TO MARINE MAMMALS?MAMMALS?
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Present exploitation
• Aboriginal hunts
• Hunts in or by developing countries
• Whaling for scientific purpose
• Live capture
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By-catch
“It refers to the incidental capture of non-target species in fisheries” (Whitehead et al. 1999)
Effects nearly every cetacean species
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By-catch
Often unsustainable
Primary cause of population decline
May bring species close to extinction
560 <200
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Habitat loss and degradation
Serious threat to inshore, freshwater species
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Pollution
Oceans as
infinite trash
dumps...!?!
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Competition with fisheries
likely to be a threat
BUT...
conclusive evidence is lacking due to complex ecosystem dynamics
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Humans: use sounds in same wide range of frequencies to explore oceans
Noise is incidentally produced by most marine activities
Humans have potential to interfere acoustically with the lives Humans have potential to interfere acoustically with the lives of cetaceansof cetaceans
Noise and disturbance
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Collisions with ships
Significant impact on mid/large cetaceans in areas of high/fast ship traffic
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Global climate changes
“It’s generally agreed that the Earth’s climate is changing systematically in response to human activities” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1995)
“These changes are likely to affect virtually all life, including cetaceans” (IWC 1997)
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Thank you!