Marine Ecology
description
Transcript of Marine Ecology
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Marine Ecology
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Introduction
• We will spend the next several lectures looking at connections between environments.
• You’ll hear words like habitat and ecology often.
• Marine ecology puts all the stuff we’ve discussed until now into larger perspective.
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Organization
• Communities are often looked at as being bioticbiotic (living) or abioticabiotic (not-living). Notice I didn’t say dead. Why is this significant?
• Organisms interact with each component in unique ways.
• Adaptation, is one of the most significant interactions an organism can undertake to ultimately succeed in it’s environment.
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Adaptation to differing light regimes.
Turbinaria spp. change growth patterns according to available light.
The animals on the left live in a higher photic zone than the ones on the right.
Which one likely contains more chlorophyll??
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What happens when adaptive ability is good?
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Or lack of predation??
With sufficient resources (nutrients, shelter) sea urchinscan take over!
Over time they may exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat.
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Carrying Capacity = max population.
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Sometimes limiting resources cause intense competition between (inter), or within (intra) species groups.
These Hermit Crabs areengaged in intraspecificcompetition.
If one “bests” the other andestablishes a territorythen competitive exclusionhas taken place.
What happens in an extremecase of comp. exclusion?
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Resource partitioning may play a role.
At one time, whale sharks may have contained huge teeth!To avoid competition for food, they became specialists on plankton?Has this solved their dilemma entirely??
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Other animals take the opposite extreme.
Purple cone snails (Conus purpurascens) may have been effective algae eaters.
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Sometimes behavior is modified in different ways to avoid competition.
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Predator vs. Prey• If you eat someone else, you’re a predator.
• If you are eaten, prey.
• Most predators or prey fall into simple categories of carnivores (meat) or herbivores (plant).
• Omnivors are out there too, but given the choice they will usually choose to be either a carn. or herb.
• Detritivores aren’t considered predatory. (Imagine having a piece of decaying material suddenly defend itself!!)
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What if you just take up space??
Barnacles, just sit around. As long as they don’t harm the host,they aren’t a nuisance, but how do we classify them??
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Living together in a chaotic world.
• Symbiosis: living together for a common benefit. (Symbiont smaller, host larger).
• Commensalism: one animal lives on another, but doesn’t harm it.
• Parasitism: one does benefit (host doesn’t).
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Ecosystem Organization
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Marine environment is divided by distance from land, depth and the type of organisms living there.
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Figure 10.14
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Trophic Pyramids
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Figure 10.17
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Figure 10.18
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Figure 10.19
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Figure 10.20
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Figure 10.21
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Figure 10.22
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Text Art 10.01
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Text Art 10.02
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Table 10.01