Marine Current Turbines Coastal Marine Power TM Ltd

Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd20 January 2009 I Mech E Manchester

Coastal Marine Power and the Role of Marine Current Turbine’s technology

by Peter Fraenkel, BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE, FIETechnical Director

Marine Current Turbines LtdThe Court, The Green,

S k Giff d B i l BS34 8PD UK

1

Stoke Gifford, Bristol BS34 8PD, UK.

www.marineturbines.com

Marine Current Turbines TM Ltd

Climate change - CO2 last 1000 years

Start of industrial revolution

2


Peak Oil - the Supply-Demand GapSource: Dick Lawrence, The Case for Modeling World Energy Flow, World Energy Modelling, Berlin 2004

100

, g gy , gy g,

BB

?100

80 gap?World

60

Conservation ?Renewables ?Lifestyle change ?Substitution ?

OPEC40

Substitution ?Deprivation ?Conflict ?

20

3

0

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

USA


Most renewables are diffuse

4

Source: Prof. David MacKay

Sustainable Energy Without the Hot air 2008


Marine Energy - the options

Technology Status Loadfactor

(%)

InstalledCapital cost

(£/kW)

Unit costelectricity(p/kWh)

Size of UKresource(TWh/yr) ☯Offshore wind commercial 25 to 40% 1300 – 2000 5 to 7p over 100

Tidal barrage uneconomical 20 to 25% 1500 - 3000 >9p ~50Tidal & marine currentturbines

pilot projects 30 to 45% 1500 - 2500 3 to 9p * >20

☯☯

☯☯?

Wave – shoreline OWC experimental 20 to 30% 1500 - 3000 5 to 10p ~2Wave - nearshore OWC experimental 25 to 35% 1500 - 3000 5 to 12p ~50Wave - offshore – pointor line absorber or

pilot projects 20 to 50% 1500 - 2500 ? 4 to 12p * >100☯?

☯?OWCOTEC experimental 80% + ? ? ? n/a to UKSalt gradient laboratory 80% + ? ? ? ?

* Carbon Trust “Future Marine Energy: The Results of the Marine Energy Challenge” Jan 2006?

Carbon Trust Future Marine Energy: The Results of the Marine Energy Challenge , Jan 2006 figures apply for 1GW installed

Highlighted rows show technologies most likely to be cost-effective for use off the UK


Wind - the big one for the UK?

23,000 offshore 5MW i d t bi ld d liwind turbines would deliver

on average more than the entire present UK domesticentire present UK domestic electricity demand


UK Offshore Wind

Gross usable Sea-Space = 76,000km2

Typical power capture = 3MW/km2

Gross energy capture = 3 200 TWh/yrGross energy capture 3,200 TWh/yrDTI projection (2002) = 100 TWh/yr

implies the government only expects top es t e go e e t o y e pects touse 3% of gross at approx 7GW

A total of approx 390TWh of l t i it t d i th UKelectricity was generated in the UK

in 2004.


La Rance Tidal Power Barragethe exception that proves the rule

Rance River estuary, Brittany (France) 24×10 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)

the only large tidal barrage in the world

( )Built 1966

http://www.stacey.peak-media.co.uk/Brittany2003/Rance/Rance.htm


Severn Barrage - coming up for its 4th review

• Severn River estuary• 8,640 MW total capacity• 17 TWh average energy output• 17 TWh average energy output• Ebb generation with flow pumping• 16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length• £14 billion estimated cost• 27% Capacity Factor (2 x 4hr in 24hr)

unlikely to be economically competitive


Comparison: Severn tidal barrage v tidal stream


Severn Barrage - coming up for its 4th review

siltProposed Cardiff Weston Barragesilt


Excellent Reference


What could beWhat could be possible


Where we seem to beseem to be heading?


State Sector Energy R&D spending 1974-2005

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Structural: the reaction to power generation

~100t per MW at 2.5m/s~170t per MW at 1.5m/s


Decentralised Marine RE Systems*:What do we need for commercial success?What do we need for commercial success?

1. Scale – must be 1MW or more to be economic

2. Access – safe, affordable, reliable access for servicing

3. Reliability – need to minimise costly intervention

4. Life – several decades; otherwise not economic

f t h l d l h t… few technology developers are anywhere near to delivering technology to fit these criteria

17* i.e. wave and tidal stream energy systems

Marine Current Turbines TM LtdWave EnergyWave EnergyUK Resource

water depth(m)

mean power(GW)

annualenergy( ) ( ) gy(TWh)

40 10 8720 7 61

shoreline 0.2 1.75


Shoreline Wave Energy Converters: Wavegen’s Limpet Oscillating Water ColumnWavegen s Limpet Oscillating Water Column


Near-shore - Aquamarine “Oyster”


Pelamis Wave Power

Pitching segments react against each other -ghydraulic rams drive hydraulic motor and hence an electrical generatoran electrical generator


Ocean Power Technology - 40kW Powerbuoy

Heaving buoy with internal reaction


Wave Dragon - overtopping wave collector


Tidal Stream EnergyTidal Stream Energy

1. Large resource - too big to be neglected or ignored

2. Technical feasibility - rapid development is possible3. Predictability - driven by gravity - not weather4. Minimal environmental impact - and favourable ERoEI - <12mths

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San Bernardino Straits - The Philippinesshown running at 3.5m/s or 7 knots


Marine currents = High energy intensityA tidal current turbine gainsover 4x as much energy perm2 of rotor as a wind turbine

Size Comparison 1MW wind turbine compared with 1MW tidal turbine1MW tidal turbine

1 x 55m dia

Outline of 1MW solar array 70m x 70m

2 x 16m dia

25


The Effect of Velocity Shear

Velocity Power / EnergySea Level

75% of the Energy is75% of the Energy is in the upper 50% of the water column

25% of the Energy is

Sea Bed

in the lower 50%


Hammerfest Strøm 300kW - (2003 - ?)

Hammerfest Strøm 300kW axial flow (Norway)( y)


Ponte di Archimede “Kobold” Turbine - (2004) - 20kW


North American experimental devices

UEK - 30kW?

Verdant Power (35kW) (6 units in East River NY)


Recent experimental devices in 2007

Open Hydro - 50kW?

Clean Current - 50 to 100kW?


Marine Current Turbines: SeaGenMarine Current Turbines: SeaGen

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MCT responsible for 3 out of 5 tidal turbines tested so far in the UK

at least 300m2 rotor area needed for economic viabilitybecause of high fixed cost overheads of off-shore projects

MCT MCT MCTMCT MCT MCT

10m2 150m2

95m2

28m2

402m2

note that SeaGen is the first large enough for

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note that SeaGen is the first large enough for commercial viability - 4x the size of even Seaflow

Marine Current Turbines TM Ltdrotor areasq.m.

410400390

Square metres of

380370360350340330320310

qtidal turbines in the sea so far….

310300290280270260250240

300 sq.m. gives about 1000kW at 2.5m/s

nominal minimum size for commercial scale generation

240230220210200190180170170160150140130120110100100

908070605040302010

0Rotor Area 10 24 95 113 28 20 28 28 48 28 402 sq.m.Rotor Size 3.5 2 x 4 11 12 6 5 6 6 4 x 12 6 2 x 16 metres

oof o

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Date 1994 2002 2003 2003 2004 2006 2006 2006 2007 2008 2008


Background: 15kW Tidal Current Turbine (1994-5) PROOF OF CONCEPT PROJECTPROOF OF CONCEPT PROJECT(IT Power. Scottish Nuclear & NEL)

Loch Linnhe, ScotlandWorld’s first tidal current turbine

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Seaflow installed30 May 2003

operational rotor raised for access

30 May 2003rotor dia. 11m (= 95 sq.m.)rated power 300kW @ 2.5m/spile dia 2 1m mass 130tpile dia. 2.1m mass 130twater depth 24m ± 5m

Low cost accessfrom a RIB

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SeaGen Prototype Some key features:-

2 x 600kW rotors:16m diameter

rotors and nacelles raised abovesea level for maintenance and easy replacementeasy replacement

transformer and electrical connection to grid in accessibleand visible housing at top of pile

180 degree pitch control allows efficient rotor operation ith biefficient rotor operation with bi-directional flow

deployment in arrays or “farms”

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deployment in arrays or farms .of hundreds of turbines


Seagen: Performance at Lynmouth & Strangford


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SeaGen - 600kW hub, gearbox and generator

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Speed-increasing gearbox

8 planet wheels to cope with torque


Rotor assembly at H&W - 16m diameter - 2 x 600kW

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SeaGen 1.2MW Commercial

Demonstrator- installed in Strangfordinstalled in Strangford

Narrows, NI

- to be used as testbed for- to be used as testbed forSeaGen technology

will have continuous- will have continuous environmental monitoring

9k- mean max current 9kt water depth 25m ± 2m

42

- but structural change frommonopile as shown to jacket


Seacore Jackup-rig Excalibur visits Strangford 16-19 April 2005, to complete SeaGen geotechnical survey- original plan was to use Excalibur for monopile installation

but in the end no jack-up barge proved to be available

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Plan ‘B’ - Jacket FoundationUnable to obtain use of Jack-up pBarge within sensible time frame

Therefore MCT team worked fast toTherefore MCT team worked fast to convert monopile structure to new self-installing Quadrapod - from

t t i t ll ti i b l iconcept to installation in barely six months

This is designed to be drilled into place from temporary platform and can be positioned from a Cranecan be positioned from a Crane Barge

Pinned to seabed with 1m diameter steel piles, 9m embedment


I idInside SeaGen…

5 levels containing…

power conditioning 11kV transformerscontrol systemssafety systemshydraulic lift mechanismshydraulic lift mechanisms

cooling & climate-control


SeaGen showing quadropod (4 feet)quadropod (4 feet)

jacket structure being collected by g y

crane barge “Rambiz” at

H l d & W lffHarland & Wolff, Belfast

ballasted to over 1000 tonnenote temp drill platform


Positioning operation


SeaGen is lowered to the seabed

04:35hrs 2 April 2008


Construction Barge in Position alongside SeaGen

note drilling platform with two conductor tubes in place-note drilling platform with two conductor tubes in place

SeaGen structure ballasted to stay in place during drilling


Drilling and Grouting Operations - carried out from temporary work platform


SeaGen: installation completed

15 May 2008


SeaGen commissioning in progressnote - this shows rotors raised at slack tide

Notes:

1. Safe access to these technologies is vital - nothing is 100% reliable

2 The UK Maritime &2. The UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency seems happier with a well-marked surface-piercing structuresurface piercing structure than something that is submerged and invisible


SeaGen commissioning

Tide races are dangerous places but safe access is vital - no system is 100% reliable

Marine Current Turbines TM LtdSeaGen note - this shows rotors raised

at about 1 5 2m/s flowat about 1.5-2m/s flow

54


SeaGen note - this shows typical

flow at over 3m/s


SeaGenSeaGen

Cross arm being raised with strongCross arm being raised with strong current flow as viewed from superstructure

Safety boat “running to stand still”Safety boat “running to stand still”

Without pitch controlled rotors this would not be possiblep


SeaGen maintenance

Most maintenance and repair functions can be completed rapidly, using no more than p y, gsmall service vessels

Here: fitting a new rotor blade


SeaGen delivers …. full power 14 Oct 08

620kWpower

generator speed

1000rpm

1300hr 1400hr 1500hr 1600hr


SeaGen delivers …. full power December 08


Potential Tidal Current Energy Sites (Irish Sea)

ScotlandAnalysis of tidal flows was difficult but new techniques are making it easierare making it easier.

This is a computer t d d l f th

N.I.

Strangford

generated model of the entire Irish Sea tidal flow regime at Spring Tide, 3h ft HW B lf t

Belfast

g3hrs after HW Belfast

However only areas shown in magenta (and ringed in blue)

Wales

magenta (and ringed in blue) have enough energy to be useful

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Walesimage courtesy Kirk McClure Morton


Next stage - 10 MW SeaGen Array - Anglesey Skerries - Walesproject planned for 2010-11 - MCT & RWE npower renewables

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Costs of projects (GB £) and main sources of financeProof of Joint project ~ £0.35M Proof of Concept 1992-1995

p j IT Power ~ £0.50M Scottish Nuclear ~ £0.25M NEL £0 50MNEL ~ £0.50M

Seaflow 1998-2006

Consortium project~ £3.4M European Commission ~ £0 8MEuropean Commission ~ £0.8MUK Government (DTI) ~ £1.3M MCT & partners ~ £1.3M

SeaGen MCT project ~ £20.5MSeaGen 2003-2009

MCT project £20.5M UK Government (DTI) ~ £5.2M EDF Energy ~ £1.0M

C £1 3Marine Current Turbines ~ £14.3MSeaGen Array 2008-2011

Consortium Project~ £52M MCT RWE npower renewables +MCT, RWE npower renewables + possible further investors


Driving down costsNote 1p = £0 01 ≅ Euro 1 5cNote 1p £0.01 ≅ Euro 1.5c

Severn Barrage at 8% di t8% discount rate - if built to budget!

?

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012


Environmental Issues


Principal Environmental Issues - tidal stream

Pollution (water quality): lubricant (~1m3), anti-fouling (zero), electromagnetic fields (~1m from cable)

N t lNatural processes:possible disturbance of seabed, changes to sedimentation

Marine fauna &/or flora:Marine fauna &/or flora:possible effects on benthos, fish, marine mammals diving birds and marine flora

Human activities:marine traffic/navigation, fishing, drift diving, tourism, local trade

Cultural Heritage and landscape:i l i i i d ivisual impact - positive and negative

Climate Changerapid changes, sea level rise, possible ending of Gulf Stream, marine pH changing,rapid changes, sea level rise, possible ending of Gulf Stream, marine pH changing,extreme storms, etc


Marine Mammals - Seals

Tagging12 animals

Antenna

12 animals Pre-installationPost installation

66Courtesy SMRU St Andrews


Common Seal tracking telemetry by SMRU-4 °-4 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-6 °-6 °-6 °-6 °

5...

5...

5...

5... 5°30' W5°40' W6°00' W

5...

5...

5...

5...

4°10

' N

4°10

' N

5°30' W5°40' W

5...

5...

5...

5...

5454

54°3

0' N

54°3

0' N

Lines : gps.refgp4_GSM103_06gp4_GSM106_06gp4_GSM108_06gp4_GSM152_06gp4_GSM157_06gp4_GSM330_06gp4_GSM333_06gp4_GSM446_06gp4_GSM669_06gp4_GSM948_06gp4_GSM979_06gp4_GSM981_06

Points

5...

5...

5...

5...

54°0

0' N

54°0

0' N

Points

GSSHS_UKAreas0 100 km

-4 °-4 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-5 °-6 °-6 °-6 °-6 °

5...

5...

0

5°30' W5°40' W6°00' W

gp4_GSM157_06malestart 03 Aprlast tx 14 Jul 0

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last tx 14 Jul5°30' W5°40' W

gp4_GSM948_06femalestart 04 Maylast tx 17 JunCourtesy SMRU St Andrews


Bird fatalities from wind turbines & other causes:getting things into perspectiveg g g p p

Prof. David MacKay

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Route towards Second Generation Technology1. develop a reliable power

it b d S2. Scale it up and down

ithi bl li itp p

unit based on Seagen p

within reasonable limits

8m (26ft) 12m (39ft) 16m (52ft) 20m (65ft) 24m (76ft)110kW 270kW 525kW 880kW 1,350kW

6 rotors of ---- 8m dia 12m dia 16m dia 20m dia 24m dia

3. Deploy suitably sized array of rotors across current

6 rotors of ---- 8m dia 12m dia 16m dia 20m dia 24m diagive rating of --- 0.66MW 1.6MW 3.1MW 5.3MW 8.1MW

…. but we need to develop a suitable structure to hold them


MCT 2nd Generation - patented horizontal array structure -operates wholly submerged but with self surfacing capability to facilitate safe accessfacilitate safe access

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Second Generation - horizontal array structure


Progress as planned by MCT - bigger and better

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Marine Current Turbines Ltdhttp://www.marineturbines.com

tel: (+44 or 0) 117 979 1888

73

tel: (+44 or 0) 117 979 1888

Marine Current Turbines Coastal Marine Power TM Ltd

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