MARINE BIOPROSPECTING FOR AGRICULTURE - :: FAPERTA...
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MARINE BIOPROSPECTING FOR AGRICULTURE Noer Kasanah, 1 David E. Wedge 2 and Mark T. Hamann 3 1 Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2 Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, USA 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, USA
Transcript of MARINE BIOPROSPECTING FOR AGRICULTURE - :: FAPERTA...
MARINE BIOPROSPECTING FOR AGRICULTURE
Noer Kasanah,1 David E. Wedge2 and Mark T. Hamann3
1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah MadaUniversity, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, USA
3Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, USA
INTRODUCTION
� Marine bioprospecting: Mining the untapped potential of living marine resources.
� Oceans harbor myriad organic molecules with utility for the development of pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals and agrochemicals.
� Objective: Searching for anti fungal agent against Fusarium spp.
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Fusarium spp.
� Common soil saprophyte and plant pathogen
� Problem in agriculture and human health: mycotoxins
� Potential cause of severe opportunistic infections in human immunocompromised patients
� F. solani, F. oxysporium, F. moniliforme, F. verticilloidesand F. proliferatum
� Limited number of antifungal that are effective
� Resistance to the available antifungal agents
Guarro, J and Gene, J. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol.Infect. Dis. (1995), 14: 741-745.Martino, P., et al. J. of Infections (suppl). 1 (1994), 28: 7-15.
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MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS
Plakortis sp.
Agelas sp.
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manzamine A (1), R = H8-hydroxymanzamine A (2), R = OH
NNH
N
N
OHH
HR
ircinal A (3), R = CHO
NH
NOH
N
H
N
HN
N
OH
H
O
OHN
HOO
N
neo-kaulamine
N
N
OH
HR
ircinol A (4), R = CH2OH
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11
10
9
8
6
1
36
35
34
2620
14
32
23
29
NN
N
N
HH
dehydromanzamine A
NN
N
N
OH
HH R
8-methoxymanzamine A, R = OMe
8-acetoxymanzamine A, R = OAc
NN
N
N
OH
HH
tetrahydromanzamine A, R = Htetrahydro-8-hydroxymanzamine A, R = OH
R
NN
N
N
OH
HH
6-hydroxymanzamine A, R = OH
6-aminomanzamine A, R = NH2
6-methoxymanzamine A, R = OMe
6-n-propoxymanzamine A, R = OnPro
6-(2-ethylhexyloxy)manzamine A, R = O-(2-Et-Hex)
R
NN
N
N
OH
HH
O
OH
manzamine X
NN
N
N
OH
HH
O
OH
manzamine F (5)
Acanthostrongylophora sp.From Manado, Indonesia
Manzamine alkaloids
5
secondaryalcohol
primaryamine
α,β-unsaturated
amide
1
5-MeHex
D-Val-5 L-Thr L-Val-4 D-Val-3
D-Pro L-Orn
D-allo-Ileu-2
D-allo-Thr
D-allo-Ileu-1
D-Val-2
L-Phe
(Z)-Dhb
L-Val-1
O
HN
NH
O HN
O
O
NH
O
NNH
O
H2N
HN
O
O
NH O
O
O
HN O
HN
NH
OO
NHO
HN
HO
Kahalalide F
Elysia rufescens
Bryopsis sp.
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METHODS
� One dimensional bioautography is technique in pre-screening large numbers of extracts, fractions or compounds.
� Microbioassay in a 96-well, micro-dilution broth format was used to evaluate pure compounds identified by bioautography
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One dimensional bioautography
� F. solani, F. proliferatum and F. oxysporium
� 3×105 conidia/mL
� Spray: 0.25% MTT in buffer pH 7
� Standards:
• Amphotericin B
• Captan
• Azoxystrobin
• Benomyl
• Cyprodinil
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Kahalalides-F. proliferatum
F. oxysporum F. proliferatum F. oxysporum
Manzamines-Fusarium
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Microtiter bioassay
� 96-well format
� Determine the sensitivity of fungi to compounds
� Dose-response: 0.3, 3.0 and 30 µM
� Antifungal action: spore germination or mycelialgrowth
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(100%)
(90%)
(80%)
(70%)
(60%)
(50%)
(40%)
(30%)
(20%)
(10%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
8-OAcMA TH-8-OHMA MA 8-OHMA MF Amp B Azo xys tro bin Captan
Test Samples
% Inhibition -- % Stimulation
0.3 µM 3.0 µM 30 µM
The growth response of F. oxysporum to manzaminealkaloids
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(100%)
(90%)
(80%)
(70%)
(60%)
(50%)
(40%)
(30%)
(20%)
(10%)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
8-OAcMA TH-8-OHMA MA 8-OHMA MF Amp B Azo xys tro bin Captan
Test Samples
% Inhibition -- % Stimulation
0.3 µM 3.0 µM 30 µM
The growth response response of F. proliferatum to manzamine alkaloids
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(100%)
(90%)(80%)
(70%)
(60%)
(50%)(40%)
(30%)
(20%)(10%)
0%
10%20%
30%
40%50%
60%
70%
80%90%
100%
8-OAcMA TH-8-OHMA MA 8-OHMA MF Amp B Azoxystrobin Captan
Test Samples
% Inhibition -- % Stimulation
0.3 µM 3.0 µM 30 µM
The growth response response of F. solani to manzamine alkaloids
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MECHANISMS OF ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE
Antifungal resistance:
Failure of fungal infection to respond to antifungal
Types of resistance:
� Primary resistance (Intrinsic resistance)
Zygomycetes: Rhizopus arrhius, Scedosporium spp., Acremonium spp., Fusarium spp.
� Secondary resistance
Kontoyiannis, D and Lewis, R.E. 2002. The Lancet. 359: 1135-44
Perea, S and Patterson, T.F. 2002. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35: 1073-80.
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MECHANISMS OF ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE
� Alteration of target
� Alteration of enzyme (biosynthesis or metabolism)
� Efflux pumps
� Decrease in drug accumulation
� Modification or degradation of compound
White, T.C., et al. 1998. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11: 382-402
Loeffler, J and Stevens, D.A. 2003. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36 (Suppl): S31-S41
Morrissey, J.P and Osbourn, A.E. 1999.Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63: 708-724.
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Biodegradation of manzamine alkaoids16
Kahalalide F and its derivates
F. proliferatum Growth Response to Samples at 72 hrs.
(100%)(90%)(80%)(70%)(60%)(50%)(40%)(30%)(20%)(10%)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
KF (1) 5 7 16 4 8 3 10 Amp B Capt Azoxy
Test Samples
% Inhibition -- % Stimulation
0.3 µM
3.0 µM
30 µM
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F. solani Growth Response to Samples at 72 hrs.
(100%)(90%)(80%)(70%)(60%)(50%)(40%)(30%)(20%)(10%)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
KF (1) 5 7 16 4 8 3 10 Amp B Capt Azoxy
Test Samples
% Inhibition -- % Stimulation
0.3 µM
3.0 µM
30 µM
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F. proliferatum Growth Response to Samples at 72 hrs.
(100%)(90%)(80%)(70%)(60%)(50%)(40%)(30%)(20%)(10%)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
KF (1) 5 7 16 4 8 3 10 Amp B Capt Azoxy
Test Samples
% Inhibition -- % Stimulation
0.3 µM
3.0 µM
30 µM
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Growing hyphae and mycelia of F.
oxysporum in medium PDB without KF.
The hyphae of F. oxysporum exposed to KF at
concentration 5 µM after germination
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The hyphae of F. proliferatum exposed to KF
at concentration 5 µM after germination
Twisted and destruction hyphae of F.
oxysporum due to long exposure of KF
(after 7 days)
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Mycelia of F. proliferatum after 3 days exposure with fluorescent
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CONCLUSIONS
� Sceptrin, ilimaquinon and Plakortides are inactive against Fusarium spp.
� Fusarium spp are resistance to manzamina alkaloid through mechanism modification or degardation of compounds
� Kahalalide F is active against Fusarium spp, interfere growing hyphae and damage the mycelia
� Marine bioprospecting for new agrochemical compounds is complicated by the nature of compounds: complex structure, low yield, physicochemical properties
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Acknowledgments
� Dr. Abbas S. Gholipour
� Dr. Anna Kochanowska
� Dr. Rabab Muhammad
� Lorei Lucas, Pharm.D
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THANK YOU
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