MARINE AQUACULTURE BIOSECURITY: RISKS, PREDICTION AND ... · •500M/yr green-lipped mussels,...
Transcript of MARINE AQUACULTURE BIOSECURITY: RISKS, PREDICTION AND ... · •500M/yr green-lipped mussels,...
MARINE AQUACULTURE BIOSECURITY:
RISKS, PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT
24 JULY 2018
TOP OF THE SOUTH MARINE BIOSECURITY, NIWA AND CAWTHRON JOINT WORKSHOP
BARRIE FORREST, JAVIER ATALAH,
PATRICK CAHILL, LAUREN FLETCHER
• 500M/yr green-lipped mussels, salmon &
oysters
• Government and industry agendas for growth
and diversification _ 1 billion target
• Pests and diseases are a significant
impediment:
o Sea-based aquaculture is an “end-of pipe”
recipient of harmful species spread globally by
shipping and other vectors
o Infrastructure provides an environment for harmful
species to flourish, including native organisms
NZ AQUACULTURE OVERVIEW
Pacific oyster racks
Sea-based salmon pens
Mussel longlines
AQUACULTURE HEALTH AND DISEASE
• 2010: Major losses in farmed Pacific oysters
due to ostreid herpes virus (2010)
• 2015: Major losses in farmed flat oysters
(aka “Bluff” oyster) due to parasite Bonamia
ostreae led to closure of Marlborough
Industry
• Uncertain risk to green-lipped mussel
industry GSM in a changing climate
• Emerging issues in farmed salmon (e.g. skin
lesions, Rickettsia-like organisms)
• New MBIE research programme
Derelict Pacific oyster racks
Flat oysters
Skin lesions
MARINE PESTS AND BIOFOULING IN AQUACULTURE
• Biofouling impacts:
o Yield, quality & value
o Infrastructure & industry processes
o Mitigation costs
• Impacts of biofouling globally ca. 5%–
40% of production costs, but:
o Often over-stated
o Poorly quantified
o Highly variable
• Ongoing research at Cawthron to
understand risk and mitigation potential
in NZ
Sabella (fanworm)
Didemnum (sea squirt)
Styela (sea squirt)
Ciona (sea squirt) Undaria (Asian kelp)
Diplosoma (sea squirt)
PROBLEM EXOTICS
PROBLEM NATIVES (OR SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN ORIGIN)
Blue mussels
Cladophora
(horse hair weed) Sea tulips
Triangle barnacles Tubeworms
Hydroid
(mussel beard)
Colpomenia
(bubble weed)
Red algae
Cost component Annual regional cost ($NZ)
Cost from direct production impact on Perna
Loss of Perna spat 115,104
Loss of Perna seed mussels 1,327,083
Loss of Perna crop (mean value from Table 1) 16,285,714
Subtotal cost from production impact on Perna 17,727,901
Cost of managing Mytilus biofouling
Monitoring programme for Mytilus 59,000
Farm maintenance 1,770,833
Seeding and grading (spat, seed & crop) 2,500,000
Harvesting 458,333
Factory sorting 458,333
Factory waste disposal (to landfill) 406,250
Subtotal cost of Mytilus management 5,652,750
Total annual loss for regional industry ($NZ) 23,380,651
IMPACTS: BLUE MUSSELS IN MARLBOROUGH
10% of regional mussel
industry revenue
PREDICTION: FORECASTING BLUE MUSSELS
https://cawthron.shinyapps.io/BMOP/
MANAGEMENT: RISK PATHWAYS AND ON-FARM
• Transfer pathways and movements
of gear, vessels and juveniles
• Mussel & oyster industry pathways
include inter-regional transfers
• Guidance produced by MFA,
AQNZ, MPI
• Shellfish sectors have routine
pathway & on-farm measures
https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/13293/send
MARINE FARMING ASSOCIATION PROCEDURES
Item Description
Floats Floats cleaned on site before being moved to another site
Backbones Backbones cleaned on site
Ropes Ropes high pressure and high volume washed on site, taken to land and cleaned again, then dried in bags on shore for one month before reusing
Vessels Vessels antifouled annually
Seed transfers Ropes are stripped, seed is washed and graded on sites and inspected before re-seeding
Record keeping Stock movements well-documented within industry
Biosecurity reporting MFA developed info sheet on reporting procedures and sample handling protocols, in conjunction with MPI
Education MFA bi-annual on water workshops contain biosecurity education segments
Marine Pest Guide distributed to all MFA members and vessels
Focus on increasing awareness for sourcing vessel and harvesting staff
MFA Policy MFA have a policy to promote good biosecurity practices and support education programmes
TOS Marine Biosecurity Partnership
MFA participation in partnership meetings
Wainui Farms Industry funded surveys on the Wainui sites
“SIMPLE” TOOLS TO ENHANCE EXISTING PRACTICES
• Trialled a range of “simple” treatments:
o Mechanical (e.g. water blasting)
o Immersion/spray (e.g. hot water, brine,
vinegar, chlorine, lime…)
• Feasibility for operational scale application:
o Routine vs reactive
o Risk reduction vs negation
Challenge to find feasible treatments for cultured shellfish
Pest
All
dead
Unhealthy
or dead
Increasing treatment severity
Healthy
Treatmentwindow
Healthy Unhealthy
or dead
Cultured shellfish
Lime dips, Canada
“VINEGAR” TREATMENTS MOST EFFECTIVE
• Acetic acid fast (minutes) and effective at
vinegar concentrations (4%)
• Stable in presence of organic matter
• Handling issues can be overcome
• Operational practicality?
• On-farm vs risk pathways?
Field trials with shellfish spat/seed
NOVEL METHODS FOR ON-FARM MANAGEMENT
• Trialled novel tools:
o Micro-encapsulated toxins (BioBullets)
o Augmentative biocontrol
o Innate antifouling defences
o Novel antifouling compounds & surfaces
• Antifouling compounds the most promising
_ “green” antifouling technologies?
3 months
Biocontrol trials: anemones
Antifouling micropeptides Phytochemical from native
Horopito (polygodial) Algal biotoxins (portimine)
WRAP-UP AND CHALLENGES
• Industry wants to grow, but biosecurity an
increasing handbrake
• Many more potential aquaculture pests
and diseases than currently in NZ
• Pathway management best defence, but
for domestic situation needs:
o Effective/affordable tools
o A multi-stakeholder approach
o National consistency
• On-farm tools for existing/new problems
• Willingness to implement (industry pull)
_ What is the impact?
Recreational boats: a high-risk pathway for
aquaculture