e x e r c i s eThe Language of Anatomy

O b j e c t i v e s1. To describe the anatomical position verbally or by

demonstration, and to explain its importance.2. To use proper anatomical terminology to describe

body directions, planes, and surfaces.3. To name the body cavities and indicate the impor-

tant organs in each.

M a t e r i a l s Human torso model (dissectible) Human skeleton Demonstration: sectioned and labeled kidneys

[three separate kidneys uncut or cut so that (a)entire, (b) transverse sectional, and (c) longitudi-nal sectional views are visible]

Gelatin-spaghetti molds Scalpel

M ost of us are naturally curious about our bodies.This fact is amply demonstrated by infants, who arefascinated with their own waving hands or theirmothers nose. Unlike the infant, however, the stu-dent of anatomy must learn to observe and identify the dis-sectible body structures formally.

When beginning the study of any science, the student isoften initially overcome by jargon unique to the subject. Thestudy of anatomy is no exception. But without this special-ized terminology, confusion is inevitable. For example, whatdo over, on top of, superficial to, above, and behind mean inreference to the human body? Anatomists have an acceptedset of reference terms that are universally understood. Theseallow body structures to be located and identified with a min-imum of words and a high degree of clarity.

This exercise presents some of the most importantanatomical terminology used to describe the body and intro-duces you to basic concepts of gross anatomy, the study ofbody structures visible to the naked eye.

Anatomical Position When anatomists or doctors refer to specific areas of the hu-man body, they do so in accordance with a universally ac-cepted standard position called the anatomical position. It isessential to understand this position because much of thebody terminology employed in this book refers to this bodypositioning, regardless of the position the body happens to bein. In the anatomical position the human body is erect, withthe feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward,and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward(Figure 1). Assume the anatomical position, and notice that it is notparticularly comfortable. The hands are held unnaturally for-ward rather than hanging partially cupped toward the thighs.

Surface AnatomyBody surfaces provide a wealth of visible landmarks forstudy of the body (Figure 1).Axial: relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body.Appendicular: relating to limbs and their attachments to theaxis.

Anterior Body LandmarksNote the following regions in Figure 2a:

Abdominal: Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region in-ferior to the ribs.Acromial: Pertaining to the point of the shoulder.

From Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, Seventh Edition, Elaine N. Marieb. Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing asBenjamin Cummings. All rights reserved

Antebrachial: Pertaining to the forearm.Antecubital: Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow.Axillary: Pertaining to the armpitBrachial: Pertaining to the armBuccal: Pertaining to the cheekCarpal: Pertaining to the wristCervical: Pertaining to the neck regionCoxal: Pertaining to the hipCrural: Pertaining to the legDigital: Pertaining to the fingers or toesFemoral: Pertaining to the thighFrontal: Pertaining to the foreheadHallux: Pertaining to the great toeInguinal: Pertaining to the groinMammary: Pertaining to the breast

Mental: Pertaining to the chinNasal: Pertaining to the noseOral: Pertaining to the mouthOrbital: Pertaining to the bony eye socket (orbit)Palmar: Pertaining to the palm of the handPatellar: Pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) regionPedal: Pertaining to the footPelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis regionFibular (peroneal): Pertaining to the side of the legPollex: Pertaining to the thumbPubic: Pertaining to the genital regionSternal: Pertaining to the region of the breastboneTarsal: Pertaining to the ankleThoracic: Pertaining to the chestUmbilical: Pertaining to the navel

The Language of Anatomy

Figure 1 Anatomical position.

Neck

Head

Thorax

AbdomenTrunkregion

PelvisPerineum

Appendicularregion: Limbs

Axialregion

Posterior Body LandmarksNote the following body surface regions in Figure 1.2b:

Acromial: Pertaining to the point of the shoulderBrachial: Pertaining to the armCalcaneal: Pertaining to the heel of the footCephalic: Pertaining to the headDorsum: Pertaining to the backFemoral: Pertaining to the thighGluteal: Pertaining to the buttocks or rumpLumbar: Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribsand hips; the loinManus: Pertaining to the handOccipital: Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head orbase of the skullOlecranal: Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow

Otic: Pertaining to the earPerineal: Pertaining to the region between the anus and ex-ternal genitaliaPlantar: Pertaining to the sole of the footPopliteal: Pertaining to the back of the kneeSacral: Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlyingthe sacrum)Scapular: Pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade areaSural: Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the legVertebral: Pertaining to the area of the spinal column

A c t i v i t y 1 :

Locating Body RegionsLocate the anterior and posterior body landmarks on your-self, your lab partner, and a human torso model beforecontinuing.

The Language of Anatomy

Figure 2 Surface anatomy. (a) Anterior body landmarks. (b) Posterior body landmarks.

Nasal (nose)Oral (mouth)

Cervical (neck)Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)

Brachial (arm)Antecubital(front of elbow)

Abdominal(abdomen)

Pelvic (pelvis)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar(palm)

Pollex(thumb)

Digital(fingers)Pubic (genital region)

Patellar(anterior knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (ankle)Pedal(foot) Digital (toes)

Brachial (arm)

Otic (ear)

Occipital (back ofhead or base ofskull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)

Dorsum or dorsal(back)Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)

Gluteal (buttock)Perineal(region betweenthe anus and external genitalia)Femoral (thigh)Popliteal(back of knee)Sural (calf)Calcaneal (heel)Plantar (sole)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Femoral(thigh)

Fibular, orperoneal(side of leg)

Hallux (great toe)

Mammary(breast)

Frontal (forehead)Orbital (eye)Buccal (cheek)

Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)

Mental (chin)

Umbilical(navel)

Manus(hand)

Upperextremity

Cephalic(head)

Lowerextremity

(a) Anterior (b) Posterior

Body Orientation and DirectionStudy the terms below, referring to Figure 3. Notice that cer-tain terms have a different meaning for a four-legged animal(quadruped) than they do for a human (biped).Superior/inferior (above/below): These terms refer to place-ment of a structure along the long axis of the body. Superiorstructures always appear above other structures, and inferiorstructures are always below other structures. For example,the nose is superior to the mouth, and the abdomen is inferiorto the chest.Anterior/posterior ( front/back): In humans the most ante-rior structures are those that are most forwardthe face,chest, and abdomen. Posterior structures are those toward thebackside of the body. For instance, the spine is posterior tothe heart.Medial/lateral (toward the midline/away from the midline ormedian plane): The sternum (breastbone) is medial to theribs; the ear is lateral to the nose.

The terms of position described above assume the personis in the anatomical position. The next four term pairs aremore absolute. Their applicability is not relative to a particu-lar body position, and they consistently have the same mean-ing in all vertebrate animals.

Cephalad (cranial)/caudal (toward the head/toward thetail): In humans these terms are used interchangeably withsuperior and inferior, but in four-legged animals they aresynonymous with anterior and posterior, respectively.

Dorsal/ventral (backside/belly side): These terms are usedchiefly in discussing the comparative anatomy of animals,assuming the animal is standing. Dorsum is a Latin wordmeaning back. Thus, dorsal refers to the animals back or thebackside of any other structures; for example, the posterior sur-face of the human leg is its dorsal surface. The term ventral de-rives from the Latin term venter, meaning belly, and alwaysrefers to the belly side of animals. In humans the terms ventraland dorsal are used interchangeably with the terms anteriorand posterior, but in four-legged animals ventral and dorsal aresynonymous with inferior and superior, respectively.Proximal/distal (nearer the trunk or attached end/fartherfrom the trunk or point of attachment): These terms are usedprimarily to locate various areas of the body limbs. For ex-ample, the fingers are distal to the elbow; the knee is proxi-mal to the toes. However, these terms may also be used to in-dicate regions (closer to or farther from the head) of internaltubular organs.Superficial (external)/deep (internal) (toward or at thebody surface/away from the body surface): These terms lo-cate body organs according to their relative closeness to thebody surface. For example, the skin is superficial to theskeletal muscles, and the lungs are deep to the rib cage.

A c t i v i t y 2 :

Practicing Using Correct Anatomical TerminologyBefore continuing, use a human torso model, a human skeleton,or your own body to specify the relationship between the fol-lowing structures when the body is in the anatomical position.

The Language of Anatomy

Figure 3 Anatomical terminology describingbody orientation and direction. (a) With refer-ence to a human. (b) With reference to a four-leggedanimal.

Superior(cephalad)

Anterior(ventral)

Inferior(caudal)

(a)

Proximal

Distal

Posterior(dorsal)

Superior(dorsal)

Anterior(cephalad)

Inferior(ventral)

(b)

Posterior(caudal)

The Language of Anatomy

1. The wrist is to the hand.2. The trachea (windpipe) is to the spine.3. The brain is to the spinal cord.4. The kidneys are to the liver.5. The nose is to the cheekbones.6. The thumb is to the ring finger.7. The thorax is to the abdomen.8. The skin is to the skeleton.

Body Planes and SectionsThe body is three-dimensional; and, in order to observe its in-ternal structures, it is often helpful and necessary to make useof a section, or cut. When the section is made through thebody wall or through an organ, it is made along an imaginarysurface or line called a plane. Anatomists commonly refer tothree planes (Figure 4), or sections, that lie at right angles toone another.

(a) Frontal section through torso

Left andright lung

Liver Spleen

(b) Transverse section through torso (superior view)

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

(c) Median (midsagittal) section

Frontal plane

Liver SpleenStomachAorta

Posterior

Vertebralcolumn

Spinalcord

Subcutaneous fat layer

Rectum Intestines

Pubic symphysis

Figure 4 Planes of the body.

Sagittal plane: A plane that runs longitudinally and dividesthe body into right and left parts is referred to as a sagittalplane. If it divides the body into equal parts, right down the me-dian plane of the body, it is called a median, or midsagittal,plane. All other sagittal planes are referred to as parasagittalplanes.Frontal plane: Sometimes called a coronal plane, thefrontal plane is a longitudinal plane that divides the body (oran organ) into anterior and posterior parts.Transverse plane: A transverse plane runs horizontally, di-viding the body into superior and inferior parts. When organsare sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections arecommonly called cross sections.

On microscope slides, the abbreviation for a longitudinalsection (sagittal or frontal) is l.s. Cross sections are abbrevi-ated x.s. or c.s.

As shown in Figure 5, a sagittal or frontal plane sectionof any nonspherical object, be it a banana or a body organ,provides quite a different view than a transverse section.Parasagittal sections provide still different views.

A c t i v i t y 3 :

Observing Sectioned Specimens1. Go to the demonstration area and observe the trans-versely and longitudinally cut organ specimens (kidneys).Pay close attention to the different structural details in thesamples because you will need to draw these views in the labreview (LR) section.2. After completing instruction 1, obtain a gelatin-spaghettimold and a scalpel and bring them to your laboratory bench.(Essentially, this is just cooked spaghetti added to warmgelatin, which is then allowed to gel.)3. Cut through the gelatin-spaghetti mold along any plane,and examine the cut surfaces. You should see spaghettistrands that have been cut transversely (x.s.), some cut longi-tudinally, and some cut obliquely.4. Draw the appearance of each of these spaghetti sectionsbelow, and verify the accuracy of your section identificationswith your instructor.

Transverse cut Longitudinal cut Oblique cut

Body CavitiesThe axial portion of the body has two large cavities that pro-vide different degrees of protection to the organs within them(Figure 6).

Dorsal Body CavityThe dorsal body cavity can be subdivided into the cranialcavity, in which the brain is enclosed within the rigid skull,and the vertebral (or spinal) cavity, within which the deli-cate spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column.Because the spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, thesecavities are continuous with each other.

Ventral Body CavityLike the dorsal cavity, the ventral body cavity is subdivided.The superior thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of theventral cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm. The heart andlungs, located in the thoracic cavity, are afforded some mea-sure of protection by the bony rib cage. The cavity inferior tothe diaphragm is often referred to as the abdominopelvic cav-ity. Although there is no further physical separation of the ven-tral cavity, some prefer to describe the abdominopelvic cavityin terms of a superior abdominal cavity, the area that housesthe stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs, and an inferior

The Language of Anatomy

(c)

(b)

(a)

Figure 5 Objects can look odd when viewedin section. This banana has been sectioned in threedifferent planes (a=c), and only in one of these planes(b) is it easily recognized as a banana. In order to recog-nize human organs in section, one must anticipate howthe organs will look when cut that way. If one cannotrecognize a sectioned organ, it is possible to reconstructits shape from a series of successive cuts, as from thethree serial sections in (c).

pelvic cavity, the region that is partially enclosed by the bonypelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rec-tum. Notice in Figure 6 that the abdominal and pelvic cavitiesare not continuous with each other in a straight plane but thatthe pelvic cavity is tipped away from the perpendicular.

Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body CavityThe walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces ofthe organs it contains are covered with an exceedingly thin,double-layered membrane called the serosa, or serous mem-brane. The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls isreferred to as the parietal serosa, and it is continuous with asimilar membrane, the visceral serosa, covering the externalsurface of the organs within the cavity. These membranesproduce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the visceral or-gans to slide over one another or to rub against the body wallwithout friction. Serous membranes also compartmentalizethe various organs so that infection of one organ is preventedfrom spreading to others.

The specific names of the serous membranes depend onthe structures they envelop. Thus the serosa lining the ab-dominal cavity and covering its organs is the peritoneum,that enclosing the lungs is the pleura, and that around theheart is the pericardium (see Figure 8).

Abdominopelvic Quadrants and RegionsBecause the abdominopelvic cavity is quite large and con-tains many organs, it is helpful to divide it up into smaller ar-eas for discussion or study.

A scheme, used by most physicians and nurses, dividesthe abdominal surface (and the abdominopelvic cavity deep

The Language of Anatomy

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Cranial cavity(contains brain)

Dorsalbodycavity

Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Superiormediastinum Pleuralcavity

Cranialcavity

Vertebralcavity

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)

Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)

Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord)

Key:

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity

Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)

Figure 6 Body cavities and their subdivisions.

to it) into four approximately equal regions called quad-rants. These quadrants are named according to their relativepositionthat is, right upper quadrant, right lower quad-rant, left upper quadrant, and left lower quadrant (see Figure7a). Note that the terms left and right refer to the left and rightof the figure, not your own. The left and right of the figure arereferred to as anatomical left and right.

A c t i v i t y 4 :

Identifying Organs in the Abdominopelvic CavityExamine the human torso model to respond to the followingquestions.

Name two organs found in the left upper quadrant.

______________________ and ______________________

Name two organs found in the right lower quadrant.

______________________ and ______________________

What organ (Figure 7a) is sectioned sagittally by the medianplane line? ________

A different scheme commonly used by anatomists di-vides the abdominal surface and abdominopelvic cavity intonine separate regions by four planes, as shown in Figure 7b.Although the names of these nine regions are unfamiliar toyou now, with a little patience and study they will become

easier to remember. As you read through the descriptions ofthese nine regions and locate them in Figure 7b, also look atFigure 7c to note the organs the regions contain.

Umbilical region: The centermost region, which includesthe umbilicusEpigastric region: Immediately superior to the umbilical re-gion; overlies most of the stomachHypogastric (pubic) region: Immediately inferior to theumbilical region; encompasses the pubic areaIliac (inguinal) regions: Lateral to the hypogastric regionand overlying the superior parts of the hip bones

The Language of Anatomy

Figure 7 Abdominopelvic surface andcavity. (a) The four quadrants, showing superfi-cial organs in each quadrant. (b) Nine regionsdelineated by four planes. The superior horizontalplane is just inferior to the ribs; the inferior hori-zontal plane is at the superior aspect of the hipbones. The vertical planes are just medial to thenipples. (c) Anterior view of the abdominopelviccavity showing superficial organs.

Right upperquadrant

Right lowerquadrant

Stomach

Large intestine

Left upperquadrant

Left lowerquadrant

Small intestine

Spleen

Liver

Urinary bladder

(a)

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Rightlumbarregion

Leftlumbarregion

Righthypochondriac

region

Lefthypochondriac

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

(b)

Liver

GallbladderAscending colon oflarge intestineSmall intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colonof large intestine

Transverse colonof large intestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colonUrinary bladder

(c)

Lumbar regions: Between the ribs and the flaring portionsof the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical regionHypochondriac regions: Flanking the epigastric region lat-erally and overlying the lower ribs

A c t i v i t y 5 :

Locating Abdominal Surface RegionsLocate the regions of the abdominal surface on a human torsomodel and on yourself before continuing.

Other Body CavitiesBesides the large, closed body cavities, there are severaltypes of smaller body cavities (Figure 8). Many of these arein the head, and most open to the body exterior.

Oral cavity: The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth,contains the tongue and teeth. It is continuous with the rest ofthe digestive tube, which opens to the exterior at the anus.Nasal cavity: Located within and posterior to the nose, thenasal cavity is part of the passages of the respiratory system.Orbital cavities: The orbital cavities (orbits) in the skullhouse the eyes and present them in an anterior position.

The Language of Anatomy

Orbitalcavity(orbit)

Nasalcavity

Oral cavity(mouth)

Tongue

Middle earcavity

Synovial cavityin a jointbetween neckvertebrae

Fibrouscapsulearoundjoint

Figure 8 Other body cavities. The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are located in the head and open tothe body exterior. Synovial cavities are found in joints between many bones such as the vertebrae of the spine, and at theknee, shoulder, and hip.

Middle ear cavities: Each middle ear cavity lies just medialto an ear drum and is carved into the bony skull. These cavi-ties contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to theorgan of hearing in the inner ears.Synovial (s-no've-al) cavities: Synovial cavities are jointcavitiesthey are enclosed within fibrous capsules that sur-round the freely movable joints of the body, such as those be-tween the vertebrae and the knee and hip joints. Like theserous membranes of the ventral body cavity, membranes lin-ing the synovial cavities secrete a lubricating fluid thatreduces friction as the enclosed structures move across oneanother.

CreditsILLUSTRATIONS

2, 4, 6, 7: Imagineering. 3, 5: Precision Graphics. 8: Adapted fromMarieb and Mallatt, Human Anatomy, 3e, F.110, BenjaminCummings, 2003.

PHOTOGRAPHS

1, 4,1: Jenny Thomas, Benjamin Cummings. 4a: Simon Fraser,Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne/Science PhotoLibrary/Photo Researchers. 4b: Science Photo Library/PhotoResearchers. 4c: CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers.7b: Custom Medical Stock.

REVIEW SHEET

e x e r c i s e

The Language of Anatomy

Review Sheet

Sur face Anatomy

1. Match each of the following descriptions with a key equivalent, and record the key letter or term in front of the description.

Key: a. buccal c. cephalic e. patellarb. calcaneal d. digital f. scapular

1. cheek 4. anterior aspect of knee

2. pertaining to the fingers 5. heel of foot

3. shoulder blade region 6. pertaining to the head

2. Indicate the following body areas on the accompanying diagram by placing the correct key letter at the end of each line.

Key:

a. abdominalb. antecubitalc. axillaryd. brachiale. cervicalf. cruralg. femoralh. fibulari. glutealj. inguinalk. lumbarl. occipitalm. oraln. poplitealo. pubicp. suralq. thoracicr. umbilical

3. Classify each of the terms in the key of question 2 above into one of the large body regions indicated below. Insert the ap-propriate key letters on the answer blanks.

1. appendicular 2. axial

NAME ___________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________

Body Or ientat ion , D i rec t ion , P lanes , and Sec t ions

4. Describe completely the standard human anatomical position.

5. Define section.

6. Several incomplete statements are listed below. Correctly complete each statement by choosing the appropriate anatomicalterm from the key. Record the key letters and/or terms on the correspondingly numbered blanks below.

Key: a. anterior d. inferior g. posterior j. superiorb. distal e. lateral h. proximal k. transversec. frontal f. medial i. sagittal

In the anatomical position, the face and palms are on the 1 body surface; the buttocks and shoulder blades are onthe 2 body surface; and the top of the head is the most 3 part of the body. The ears are 4 and 5 to theshoulders and 6 to the nose. The heart is 7 to the vertebral column (spine) and 8 to the lungs. The elbow is

9 to the fingers but 10 to the shoulder. The abdominopelvic cavity is 11 to the thoracic cavity and 12 tothe spinal cavity. In humans, the dorsal surface can also be called the 13 surface; however, in quadruped animals, thedorsal surface is the 14 surface.

If an incision cuts the heart into right and left parts, the section is a 15 section; but if the heart is cut so that su-perior and inferior portions result, the section is a 16 section. You are told to cut a dissection animal along two planesso that the kidneys are observable in both sections. The two sections that will always meet this requirement are the 17__and 18 sections. A section that demonstrates the continuity between the spinal and cranial cavities is a 19 section.

1. 8. 14.

2. 9. 15.

3. 10. 16.

4. 11. 17.

5. 12. 18.

6. 13. 19.

7.

7. Correctly identify each of the body planes by inserting the appropriate term for each on the answer line below the drawing.

Review Sheet

(a) (b) (c)

8. Draw a kidney as it appears when sectioned in each of the three different planes.

Transverse Sagittal Frontalsection section section

9. Correctly identify each of the nine areas of the abdominal surface by inserting the appropriate term for each of the letters indicated in the drawing.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.

g.

h.

i.

Body Cav i t i e s

10. Which body cavity would have to be opened for the following types of surgery or procedures? (Insert letter of key choice in same-numbered blank. More than one choice may apply.)

Key: a. abdominopelvic c. dorsal e. thoracicb. cranial d. spinal f. ventral

1. surgery to remove a cancerous lung lobe 4. appendectomy

2. removal of the uterus, or womb 5. stomach ulcer operation

3. removal of a brain tumor 6. delivery of pre-operative saddle anesthesia

11. Name the muscle that subdivides the ventral body cavity.

Review Sheet

(b)(a)(c)

(d)

(f)

(g)(i)

(e)

(h)

12. Which organ system would not be represented in any of the body cavities?

13. What are the bony landmarks of the abdominopelvic cavity?

14. Which body cavity affords the least protection to its internal structures?

15. What is the function of the serous membranes of the body?

16. A nurse informs you that she is about to take blood from the antecubital region. What portion of your body should you pre-

sent to her?

17. The mouth, or oral cavity, and its extension, which stretches through the body to the anus, is not listed as an internal body

cavity. Why is this so?

18. Using the key choices, identify the small body cavities described below.

Key: a. middle ear cavity c. oral cavity e. synovial cavityb. nasal cavity d. orbital cavity

1. holds the eyes in an anterior-facing position

2. contains the tongue

3. lines a joint cavity4. houses three tiny bones involved in hearing

5. contained within the nose

19. On the incomplete flow chart provided below:

Fill in the cavity names as appropriate to each box. Then, using either the box numbers or the name of the cavity, identify the descriptions on the following page. (Some

may require more than one choice.)

1body cavity

2cavity

3cavity

4body cavity

5cavity

6cavity

7cavity

8cavity

Body cavities

Review Sheet

a. contained within the skull and vertebral column

b. contains female reproductive organs

c. the most protective body cavity

d. its name means belly

e. contains the heart

f. contains the small intestine

g. bounded by the ribs

h. its walls are muscular

Review Sheet