::Maria Kusalasari::EMMIR, IOM Intern

Conceptual Framework (Black, et.al., 2011)

- Climate change-induced migration cannot be disentangled from other factors (social, political, economy, etc.)

- Environmental factor will be part of the impetus of the existing migration patternsexisting migration patterns

- Climate change-induced migration will always be related to complex push and pull factors, causal dynamics, level of vulnerabilities, and triggering events

- Climate change gives different impact to different unit of analysis

- Every household/individual decides differently, depends on the influencing factorsdepends on the influencing factors

- It is often missed that poorer people usually have higher vulnerability that limits their option to move

� IPCC assessments of Southeast Asia suggest that:“Southeast Asia is one of the world’s most vulnerable regions, to sea-level rise, radically altered precipitation patterns and extreme weather events; and that “consequentmigrations” are to be expected.” (Fourth Assessment migrations” are to be expected.” (Fourth Assessment Report, 2007)

� Increasing natural disasters and extreme weather events might become main impetuses for increasing migration

� Internal migration (urbanization)� Intra-regional and international labor migrationImportant aspects:- Important role of network- Important role of network- Feminization of migration- Migration and poverty- Migration to encourage development- Migration as adaptation/as a tool to cope with change

Case Study: Indonesia- One of the biggest migrant-

sending countries in the region- One of the most exposed

country towards natural disasters and climate change impacts (e.g. tsunami 2004)

- Geographically Indonesia is located a highly vulnerable area

- Geographically Indonesia is located a highly vulnerable area to both natural disasters and climate change impacts

- 4 biggest disasters from 1815-2012: flood (banjir), landslide (tanah longsor), twister (puting beliung), and drought (kekeringan)

Source: National Bureau of Disaster Managementhttp://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=ID

Record of Natural Disaster in Indonesia up to 2012 (per Municipality)

Source: National Bureau of Disaster Management http://dibi.bnpb.go.id/DesInventar/dashboard.jsp?countrycode=id&continue=y&lang=ID

Java Island

Case study: Indonesia (contd.)

- Case study: Jakarta and Semarang in Java Island (2 main important cities that are located in the low-coastal area with high degree of vulnerabilities).

- Most affected group: poor and working class, in this case: fishermen and workers at portsTwo cities on the same island with different solution: - Two cities on the same island with different solution: adaptation vs resettlement

- Main problem: Poor knowledge within the society and government

- Migration is not considered as the main solution for climate change due to economic attachment to the place

Conclusion

- Southeast Asians in general and Indonesians in particular still consider migration not as a permanent solution to climate change-induced migration

- The importance of adaptation and mitigation to enable society to re-develop their life in their homeIncreasing concern from different levels including the - Increasing concern from different levels including the government, NGOs, researchers, and academicians in seeing environmentally-induced migration as national and regional issue

- Thank you! ☺