1. Group Case Study: Margins 1Stefan MartinovicEric PhillipsMollie SpurlockMichelle Woodruff
D.C./ London/ Brussels/ Sao Paulo

2. 2
Washington, D.C.
Brussels, Belgium
Margins
Sao Paulo, Brazil
London, England
3. Educational Attainment Barriers
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And in inner London the problems of urban education seem particularly acute, with exam results much lower and truancy much higher than the national average.But so far repeated initiatives have struggled to make a significant impact on standards which the prime minister has conceded remain "unacceptably low(BBC, 2003).
So Paulo has enjoyed better performance on educational indicators than other regions, but it still faces major challenges to educating all of its citizens equitably. (UN-HABITAT, 2010.)
Brusselsis characterized by impoverished neighborhoods and an inherent overrepresentation of people with a lower diploma level. The fact that the educational level of young people strongly correlates to that of their parentsillustrates the fact that the level of education is still carried over from one generation to the other and that the social mobility of education in Brussels is rather limited. (Brussels Studies, 2009)
DCs graduation rate both the state-reported and the independently-reported demonstrates how the education system is not working for all students. (American Youth Policy Forum, 2011)
4. Tertiary Attainment by Country
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*Population that has attained at least tertiary education (OECD, 2007)
5. Education Completion Rates Worlds Apart
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Secondary/ High School
Primary School
71% in Brussels
72% in Washington D.C.
85% in London
66% in Sao Paulo
6. Education and Income Disparity
GINI Coefficient: Measures inequality of income
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7. Global Cities Face Unique challenges.
Brussels:

Secondary school graduates are lower in Brussels than in Belgium.

8. 17% of individuals ages 20-24 do not have secondary education diplomas in Belgium, whereas Brussels rate rises to 28%. London:

The boroughs in outer London face significant variation in secondary school completion rates.

9. Ranging from 69% to 89% among 17 year olds.Sao Paulo:

Discrepancies between public and private education

10. Spending by pupil is minimal 11. SaoPaulo spends $800 per pupil compared to New York City $11,000 per pupil each yearWashington D.C.:

Level of education varies significantly by school districts

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12. Education by Region
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Brussels
District of Columbia
Educational Needs Index. (2011). ENI Calculations for District of Columbia.
R. Janssens, D. Carlier and P. Van de Craen, Citizens forum of Brussels. Education in Brussels, Brussels Studies, Synopsis nr.5, 19 january 2009.
13. Education by Region
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Sao Paulo
London
Distribution of poverty & literacy rate
Participation of local areas in higher education
Geocommons. (2011). Distribution of poverty and literacy rate in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
14. Washington DC
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The average income of the top fifth of the Districts households $186,830 in 1999 was 31 times higher than the average income of the bottom fifth of households $6,126.The gap between high-income and low-income households in the District is as wide or wider than in any of the central cities of the nation's 40 largest metro areas (Lazere, 2004).
15. Washington DC Spatial Income and Racial Distribution
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DC% Change by Ward 1980-2009
Washington, D.C., on the other hand, is significantly more unequal (0.537), which is reflected in the spatial division of the U.S. capital by both wealth and race factors, with its significant, and largely poor, African American and Hispanic communities concentrated in certain areas.
16. Sao Paulo
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A rapid process of peripheral development continued through the 1980s, creating two distinct social spaces differentiated geographically and economically: a tale of two cities. Lower-class workers were pushed out to the undeveloped periphery, while the middle and upper classes enjoyed the well-developed services of some parts of the city centre. (UN-Habitat, 2010)
the elite society[imposed] a permanent break on development, resulting in lower per capita income and a very high income concentration in the So Paulo Metropolitan RegionThis leads to marked spatial differentiation over the metropolitan area, as reflected, for example, in the spatial segregation of the population according to income. (Carmona, 2001)
17. Sao Paulo Spatial Considerations of Housing Inequity
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the explosion of favelas and densification of cortios brought poor citizens into closer proximity with wealthy city dwellers (UN-Habitat, 2010)
18. London
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One of the defining features of London is that low incomes sit alongside very high incomes. While boroughs in Outer London tend to have either rich or poor wards, Inner London boroughs tend to have both rich and poor wards. (Trust for London, 2010)
I didn't bid for the Olympics because I wanted three weeks of sport.I bid for the Olympics because it's the only way to get the billions of pounds out of the Government to develop the East End.It's exactly how I played it to ensnare the Government to put money into an area it has neglected for 30 years. (Beattle, 2008)
19. Brussels
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The concentration of Muslim populations in Brussels is then due to the
social-spatial and residential structure of Brussels as an urban area. In fact,
Muslim migrants have moved into affordable, working class urban residential areas. (Torrekens, 2007)
20. Contrasting Manifestations of Inequality
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