RAMON MARGALEF, THE CURIOUSITY DRIVEN LIFE OF A SELF-TAUGHT NATURALIST

by Francesc PetersInstitut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA (CSIC), Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain

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RAMON MARGALEF, THE CURIOUSITY DRIVEN LIFE OF A SELF-TAUGHT NATURALIST

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RAMON MARGALEF, THE CURIOUSITY DRIVEN LIFE OF A SELF-TAUGHT NATURALIST

by Francesc PetersInstitut de ciències del Mar, cMIMa (csIc), Barcelona, catalunya, spain

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american society of Limnology and Oceanography5400 Bosque Blvd., suite 680, Waco tX, 76710, Usa

© 2010 by the ameican society of Limnology and Oceanography. all rights reserved. Printed in the United states of america

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ContentsFamily Background ....................................................................2

Key Dates in the Life of Ramon Margalef .....................................4

Biography ..................................................................................6

1919-1936 childhood and Youth .............................................................. 6

1936-1939 spanish civil War .................................................................... 7

1940-1943 return from War ..................................................................... 7

1944-1951 the start of a career as a scientist ........................................... 8

1952-1967 the Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras ............................. 11

1968-1974 transition............................................................................... 16

1975-1993 the Department of ecology Years .......................................... 19

1994-2004 retirement ............................................................................ 22

The Publications of Ramon Margalef ......................................... 25

Excellence In Education ............................................................ 27

Awards and Honors .................................................................. 30

Organisms Named After Ramon Margalef .................................. 32

Doctoral Thesis Directed ........................................................... 33

Scientific Genealogy of Ramon Margalef .................................... 36

Bibliography of Ramon Margalef ............................................... 39

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PrefaceJanuary 28, 2009, asLO aquatic sciences Meeting, nice, France: carlos Duarte approached me just before half past eight in the morning when we were walk-ing to the Apollon theater to attend the award ceremony and plenary sessions of the day. He asked me if I would be willing to write a short biography of ramon Margalef, now that asLO’s excellence in education award would be named after him. It should be similar to the one Peter Williams had done of alfred c. redfield. I was thrilled, and immediately accepted!

Later on I realized the daunting task before me. the international recogni-tion of Margalef as one of the leading ecologists of the 20th century and one of the few great catalan1 and spanish scientists of all times, led to many very well written obituaries and biographical essays by distinguished fellow scien-tists and disciples. What could I add? I had not been a student of Margalef. I had barely met him the first time during Josep M. Gasol’s dissertation defense in 1988 as Margalef was on the thesis committee. I had only attended a few lectures, seminars or talks. On top of it I had to mirror myself in the excellent piece of science history work by Peter leB. Williams.

as a biology undergraduate at the autonomous University of Barcelona I had used Margalef ’s book Los organismos indicadores en la Limnología2 to identify freshwater organisms from the Banyoles area (ne spain). also at the university, several of the professors in botany, biogeography and ecology, had been former students of Margalef, and we used Margalef ’s textbook

1 catalunya or catalonia is today an autonomous region of spain with Barcelona as its capital.

2 Margalef, r. 1955. Los organismos indicadores en la limnología. Biología de las aguas continentales, 12. Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y experiencias. Ministerio de agricultura. Madrid. 300 pp. Eng., Indicator organisms in limnology.

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Ecología3, especially the chapters on diversity and succession. as a gradu-ate student at the Institute of ecology (athens, Ga, Usa) I began to fully appreciate the influence Margalef had worldwide. When I was asked where I came from and answered Barcelona, I was immediately associated with Margalef, even if I had not attended the University of Barcelona where he taught. Later on as a postdoc back in Barcelona, this time at the Institut de ciències del Mar4 (IcM), everything was reminiscent of Margalef in ideas, thinking, approach to science, even furniture and experimental setups. I had the opportunity to talk to Margalef but only occasionally and for short in-formal conversations when he would come to visit the IcM. the dimension of Margalef in my eyes as a scientist and a person was becoming increasingly broader. Of course, it helped that I was working on turbulence and plankton, where Margalef is a landmark reference; and also that I got to work with cèlia Marrasé, former graduate student and daughter-in-law of Margalef.

I was working on the final report of a project on sunday, May 23, 2004, when cèlia called me to give me the sad news of Margalef ’s death. It was probably only natural that I immediately felt the compelling urge to set up a web-based repository for his work since many of his publications are not in english or are hard to find. I also felt the need to set up a condolence page. In a few hours I had a web page ready. notes from all over the world started to flood in, while I kept adding papers, newspaper obituaries, and miscel-laneous information.

these were my connections to ramon Margalef but my question remained: What could I add to the biography? the answer still is I do not know. I have tried to read as much information about ramon Margalef as pos-sible from the most varied sources including his own papers and books, interviews and obituaries. I have used the information I have collected since

3 Margalef, r. 1974. ecología. Omega. Barcelona. 951 pp.4 Eng., Institute of Marine Sciences.

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2004 for some data analysis. I have also made extensive use of the biography published by Pere Bonnín5. Last minute gold nuggets have been an unpub-lished autobiography6 provided to me by Marta estrada and a collection of personal letters between ramon Margalef and Guillem colom7. In addition, I have interviewed more or less informally family members and scientists who had known Margalef well, and I am especially indebted to cèlia Marrasé and Marta estrada. In case of a conflict in information, I resorted to the most direct source or to the source published closest in time to a particular event. note that I have made the choice to use the catalan form of Margalef ’s first name Ramon (without accent), since this was Margalef ’s first and native language and the spelling appearing on his identity card according to his son ramon Margalef Mir8.

With the exception of the biography by Bonnín, all biographical texts or recollections on Margalef that I can think of have been written by former students and fellow scientists who knew Margalef well. Perhaps I have added the view of someone that was not directly related to him and that knew him scantly, with the obvious danger of missing people, events, or other impor-tant aspects of Margalef ’s biography, and I humbly ask for the indulgence of all, including the reader. this has been a wonderful learning experience for me and I have become a converted Margalefian. I thank carlos Duarte for this opportunity, and above all I thank ramon Margalef for his legacy.

september 2009

5 Bonnín, P. 1994. ramon Margalef. Fundació catalana per la recerca, Barcelona, 184 pp.6 Margalef, r. notes autobiogràfiques de ramon Margalef López. 36 pp. Unpublished.7 Mateu, G. 2009. ramon Margalef i Guillem colom. Diàleg epistolar entre dos savis,

mestres i pioners de la ciència. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma. 194 pp. Eng., Ramon Margalef and Guillem Colom. Epistolary Dialog between Two Wise Men, Masters and Pioneers in science.

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Ramon Margalef and graduate students and collaborators aboard the Cornide de Saavedra during the Atlor II cruise (March 1973) off Northwest Africa. From left to right: Ferran Vallespinós, Dolors Blasco, Guillem Mateu, Miquel Alcaraz, Santi Fraga, Josefina Castellví and Ramon Margalef.

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FAMILY BACKGROUND

ramon Margalef i López [rML] was born in Barcelona, catalunya (spain) on May

16th, 1919. His father, ramon Margalef i adell, was a young farmer that moved to

Barcelona with his parents and other family members after the outbreak of phyl-

loxera (Dactylosphaera vitifoliae), a small insect, ruined the family grapevines in the

region of Priorat. ramon Margalef i adell managed to get a job as a bank clerk and

married Vicenta López Viu, who had also moved to Barcelona from the region of

aragón. rML only had one sister, Vicenta, born 1923. she was a dressmaker and

tended her family before suddenly passing away in 1991.

rML married Maria Mir tauler, a biologist from Mallorca, on July 4th, 1952 in

the church of sant nicolau in Palma de Mallorca. they had 4 children. neus (1953)

is a mathematician and high school teacher in Barcelona, núria (1955) is a physician

in Puigcerdà, ramon (1956) is a biologist and high school teacher in Barcelona, and

Bartomeu (1958) is devoted to cooperation and at present working in an orphanage

in angola. seven grandchildren from neus (3), núria (2) and ramon (2).

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Ramon Margalef and his sister Vicenta circa 1924. Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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KEY DATES IN THE LIFE OF RAMON MARGALEF1919 Birth of ramon Margalef – Barcelona, May 16th

1933 enters commerce trade school

1936-1939 spanish civil war

1938-1939 conscripted into the republican army

1939 Joins the Institució catalana d’Història natural9

1939-1943 conscripted into the nationalist army (intermittently)

1943 Death of his mother

1943 First scientific publication

1944 scholarship at the Instituto de Biología aplicada10 (csIc11).

1945 completes high school degree – september 21st

1945 starts studies of natural sciences at the University of Barcelona

1948 stays in Italy and switzerland

1949 establishes a marine lab in Blanes for the csIc.

1949 Finishes his university degree – December 9th

1951 Doctoral dissertation: Temperatura y morfología de los seres vivos12

1952 research position at the Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras13 (csIc)

1952 Married Maria Mir – July 4th

1953 Birth of neus Margalef i Mir – May 30th

1955 Birth of núria Margalef i Mir – March 18th

1956 two-month trip to america and talk at scripps

1956 Birth of ramon Margalef i Mir – september 14th

1958 Birth of Bartomeu Margalef i Mir – January 22nd

9 Eng., Catalan Institution of Natural History.10 Eng., Institute of Applied Biology.11 consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas. Eng., High Council for Scientific Research.12 Eng., Temperature and morphology of living organisms.13 Eng., Institute of Fisheries Research.

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1958 Publication of Information theory in ecology

1965 Lectures at the University of chicago

1965-1967 Director of Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras

1967 ecology chair at the University of Barcelona – June 1st

1968 Publication of Perspectives in ecological theory

1969 Death of his father

1971 sahara II cruise with the new spanish research vessel Cornide de Saavedra

1972 Prince albert I Medal

1974 Publication of textbook Ecología

1978 trip to australia; Maria is hospitalized after suffering an accident – august

1980 a.G. Huntsman award

1983 Publication of textbook Limnología

1984 ramón y cajal Prize

1986 retirement as Professor of the University of Barcelona

1987 elected Professor emeritus of the University of Barcelona – april 8th

1989 naumann-thieneman Medal

1993 retirement as Professor emeritus of the University of Barcelona – september 30th

1995 International ecology Institute Prize

2000 asLO Lifetime achievement award

2004 Death of ramon Margalef – Barcelona, May 23rd

2004 Death of Maria Mir – May 30th

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BIOGRAPHY1919-1936 CHILDHOOD AND YOUTHas a child, ramon used to play in the busy streets of the old Barcelona neigh-borhoods spending hours just watching merchants trading and loading and unloading all kinds of goods. He also enjoyed very much playing in the vacant lots of the city where he could find puddles of water teaming with life that he would observe and follow for days. His interest in nature was also likely sparked by sunday visits to the parks and natural gardens of Barcelona and by helping his father tend a small backyard orchard with fruit trees, probably a hobby that reminded his father of his early farming days. ramon would spend hours watching all kinds of ants, caterpillars, beetles and what not. He learned to preserve butterflies and would make his own accurate col-lections of insects and plants. at school he was a distracted student, probably thinking all the time about the puddle of water he was exploring or on the next life stage he would find an insect when later in the day he would be able to go back to the orchard. ramon did not have good memories of his early school years as he would often be chastised. Despite his lack of interest for formal school training, he learned to read and write in spanish and all the other basic skills easily. He even learned to write in catalan on his own by

following installments appearing in the youth magazine El Patufet.

In his early teens ramon attended a commerce trade school, his father probably reasoning that becoming an accountant or bank clerk as himself would provide ramon a good liv-ing. this was definitely not the track towards a University degree. apparently, ramon complained that he was not learning much, probably because he was bored after acquiring the knowl-edge faster than his classmates and not being genuinely interested anyhow. Meanwhile, he continued with his naturalistic hobbies and started to accurately draw and describe species. His father worried about ramon’s apparent lack of progress and hired a private tutor, alexander Jacky, to help him with his studies. ramon learned German and French and mathematics with Mr. Jacky, an alsatian who had also lived in argentina. this was a bless-ing for ramon, now able to read works of the German and French naturalists, who had done quite a few studies on fauna and flora in catalunya. In his later teens, he started to go regularly to the public libraries and to the more specialized libraries in several academic institutions. ramon and close friend Josep Maria Marcè shared the natural-ist’s interests and went together on field trips with the centre excursionista de catalunya14, collecting specimens and learning of the relationship of species to particular environments. they were

14 Eng., Hiking Center of Catalunya.

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applying to the Institució catalana d’Història natural9 through Mossèn Bataller, who admired their interest and knowledge, when the spanish [uncivil] war broke out.

1936-1939 SPANISH CIVIL WARWhen Margalef was 17, the spanish civil war broke out on July 18th, 1936. spain had been a democratic republic only since 1931. the reforms needed in a country still quasi-feudal, included distributing land among poor peasants; combined with other sociopolitical movements such as the right of women to vote, the right of historic regions to determine their own political fate, a certain anticlericalism with anarchistic sparks here and there, and military cutbacks, it created the unrest that resulted in the military rebellion that started the war against the government. there were barricades within the city of Barcelona, several extremist anarchist groups were burning churches. It was easy for people to become politically polarized on one side or the other. But Margalef was not interested in politics, and the chaos of the first part of the war was an opportunity for him to get more and more involved into his naturalist studies. He started to write his findings with accurate drawings in a rather formal way as he had seen in the journals he was perusing in the libraries. He made up a fictitious Societat Catalana d’Estudis Biològics15 and would bind his papers in two series

15 Eng., Catalan Society of Biological Studies.

named Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d’Estudis Biològics16 and Publicacions de la Societat Catalana d’Estudis Biològics17. a third journal he made up was Acta Hydrobiologica18. these papers have never been published.

Barcelona was on the republican side of the war, loyal to the legitimately elected government, but the rebel na-tionalists were quickly gaining ground. ramon was drafted on February 22, 1938, at the age of 18. since he had good writing skills, he was soon given a typewriter, and charged with paper-work and dispatches. He was finally sent to the ebro river front, site of the longest and bloodiest battle of the war. apparently ramon became ill with fever and diarrhea and was sent back to Barcelona. Just a few days later the war ended with the defeat of the republicans. Josep Maria Marcè died during the war, to the great dismay of ramon.

1940-1943 RETURN FROM WARMargalef had very bad memories

of the war. It did convince him that one only lives once and of the need to take advantage of every possible minute to do whatever fulfills one’s genuine interests. Just after the war, he was drafted again, now into the army of the newly installed military regime

16 Eng., Bulletin of the Catalan Society of Biological Studies.

17 Eng., Publications of the Catalan Society of Biological Studies.

18 this name was given in 1959 to a Polish journal.

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of general Francisco Franco, but was soon discharged by reason of his father’s age who turned sixty. For monetary reasons he took a job at an insurance company. In the afternoons he would devote every minute to his naturalist interests. He reconnected with the scientists and the scientific societies he had started to frequent before the war, and restarted his field trips. He built his own microscope with bits and pieces he found in flea markets and junkyards, and started to observe most probably just anything he could get his hands on, including aquatic microorganisms. Important catalan naturalists and scientists, astounded by Margalef ’s work capacity, his rare self-taught knowledge acquisition process and his acute intelligence, encouraged him to pursue a university degree. Important influ-ences and mentors of this time include Mossèn Bataller (Institució catalana d’Història natural), Francesc español (Museu de Zoologia), and antoni de Bolòs and Pius Font i Quer (Institut Botànic de Barcelona).

Unfortunately, Margalef would still have to wait somewhat since in 1941 he was drafted a second time into Franco’s army, this time in artillery. the second World War (1939 to 1945) threatened to involve each and every european coun-try. Franco was preparing for spain’s involvement siding with Germany and Italy but finally managed not to be dragged into the war. Margalef was sent to Mallorca. What did he do in his spare time? an inventory of all fresh-

water bodies of the island with special emphasis on microalgae. He also estab-lished friendship with Miquel Massutí, director of the Institut Oceanogràfic in Palma, with whom he did a complete study of marine plankton that later resulted in a book.

In 1943, his mother suddenly died of a stroke and he was refused permis-sion to return home for a last goodbye. Later that year he was finally discharged from the military. Margalef stopped his unpublished series and published his first three official scientific papers and one science popularization book. In these early publications, the word ecología appears in text and titles. He was 24 years old.

1944-1951 THE START OF A CAREER AS A SCIENTISTWith his military service over, Margalef followed the advice of his mentors to pursue a university degree. But there was a problem. Margalef did not have the formal and required seven years of pre-university training, Bachillerato (equivalent to high school). His men-tors smoothed his way by getting him credit for some subjects from his unfin-ished trade school studies, and exempt-ing him from some classes as long as he took the final exams. In 1944, while studying for his Bachillerato diploma, his mentors helped him get a scholarship to work with Dr. Francisco García del cid (one of the spanish research vessels is nowadays named after him) at the Instituto de Biología aplicada10 in

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Barcelona. Margalef left his boring job at the insurance company. His father worried about this decision to leave a secure workplace but Margalef was completely determined. In 1945, he earned his Bachillerato and it had taken him only two years! Margalef confessed he had had the hardest time learning

Latin on his own, according to Francesc Vives, a fellow university student. Later in 1945 he enrolled in natural sciences at the University of Barcelona.

at the university, skipping classes was not unusual. In one class they had not seen him during the whole academic year when he showed up

Ramon Margalef and Maria Mir – April 6, 1952. Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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at the final oral exam. the questions were harder and harder but Margalef answered them all brilliantly. the astounded professor gave him Matrícula d’Honor (with honors). With the greatest humility, Margalef was able to leave the toughest professor of the toughest subject without arguments to give him less than the highest marks. Besides attending a few classes Margalef would devote his time to work and research, writing and reading. It is very likely he already had notions of english, and now with the decline of German naturalists after the war, he improved his english skills to delve into the literature. He was also learning russian on his own. He did not devote much time to the social life characteristic of university students. But he did meet Maria Mir, a biology student who would later become his wife.

Margalef finished his university degree in 1949. He was 30 years old and had already published 58 papers mostly on zoology and freshwater and marine plankton. While Margalef was studying, García del cid was charged by the csIc11 with setting up a marine fisheries institute as marine biology studies were becoming an important part of the Instituto de Biología aplicada. He asked Margalef to set up a lab in Blanes (on the Mediterranean coast, 70 km north of Barcelona). Facilities and support were provided by Karl Faust, a German with commercial interests in Barcelona, who founded the botanical garden Marimurtra in Blanes.

In the summer of 1949 Margalef gave a marine biology course in Blanes and trained others in the identification and counting of phytoplankton, as the basis of the food chain. at the same time, he began and maintained a biweekly phytoplankton time series collection. He analyzed samples and published swiftly, and his papers went beyond the description into the fundamentals of succession, diversity, community structure and ecosystem dynamics. nonetheless, throughout the late forties and early fifties he did not hide the fact that his preferred research subject was actually limnology and the biology of freshwaters. an almost inexistent taxonomy and systematics of spanish freshwater organisms had to be addressed to advance in the ecological and biogeographic aspects that most interested Margalef 7. His job, however, was to do marine research and he did it so professionally and with such high and abundant scientific output, that he had no problems in making compatible both research lines.

after finishing her degree in 1949, Maria went back to her native Mallorca as a teacher. ramon visited her when-ever he could. Margalef also started working on his doctorate dissertation that was titled Temperatura y morfología de los seres vivos12, on experimental studies with green microalgae. the official director, Dr. Florencio Bustinza from the University of Madrid (at that time the only university in spain allowed to issue doctoral degrees), was

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a bureaucratic necessity that provided little help. Margalef did his doctorate basically on his own with occasional aid from professors in Barcelona. In 1951 he defended his dissertation in Madrid. He was 32 years old and had authored 82 publications,

1952-1967 THE INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES PESqUERASIn 1952 García del cid offered Margalef to fill a position at the newly founded Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras13 (IIP) in Barcelona. On July 4th he married Maria Mir, and one year later their first daughter, neus, was born. three more children (núria, ramon and Bartomeu) would follow soon. Maria was ramon’s true love but she was also the center of the family, the lighthouse that guided the growing family boat in calm and rough seas. she managed the education of their children, the family economy, and the social life and obligations. ramon, playful with his kids, did not have to worry about the long-term steering of the family. Maria mentioned once that she had never been jealous of the science that absorbed ramon for long hours and days. a biologist herself, she would often be the first critical reader of ramon’s manuscripts, and occasion-ally help him with plankton counts. ramon was a jovial person, maybe a bit on the shy side but with an acute sense of humor. standing 1.85 m, with a bony complexion, darkish hair and

deep blue eyes, he had a somewhat uncommon physical appearance for the Mediterranean standards of the time. He always had a genuine half smile on his face and would never speak badly of another person. He loved to play Meccano19 with his children because the possibilities for construct-ing imagined devices were endless. On weekends, the family would often go to the countryside and Margalef would always challenge their children with questions about the plants, animals, lichens or geology they were observing; always in a distended, unforced way. His teaching philosophy was to provide plenty of leads for others to follow and explore, but it had to be one’s own willingness to take advantage of those leads. at home, when he had one calm minute he would devote it to writing. at nights he would translate foreign books into spanish or write popular science texts to complement a meager scientist’s salary.

With Margalef, the IIP became a full-scale oceanographic institution. Under the guidance of director García del cid, they set up labs in castellón (Mediterranean levantine coast of spain), Vigo (ría in northwestern spain) and cádiz (on the atlantic coast of southwestern spain). these labs later became institutes of their own. Margalef would spend time at these labs, especially in Vigo and castellón,

19 construction playset consisting of re-usable metal plates, wheels, gears, nuts and bolts.

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staying for months at a time setting up coastal plankton monitoring time series, sampling specific conditions and events and training people. Phytoplankton sampling would always be accompanied by nutrient samples in order to relate plankton dynamics to the physical and chemical environment. each issue of the IIP’s journal Investigación Pesquera20

20 Eng., Fisheries Research.

usually contained one paper by Margalef and often two or more. the analysis of the data for a given time series would amazingly appear during the next year after sample collection, and not four, five or more years later as is usual. this was also the beginning of the “international era” for Margalef and for the IIP. science funding was really scarce and travel money almost

Ramon Margalef and his children (from left to right: Bartomeu, Núria, Neus and Ramon) out in the field circa 1962. Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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inexistent and difficult to obtain. chance came Margalef ’s way. By way of García del cid, he met sidney Galler, a talent scout of the american Office of naval research and got on well with him. through this connection, he was given basically a blank check for travel expenses through the U.s. Military aid transportation service. and did he ever take advantage of it! He started to establish connections with institutions and scientists worldwide. He visited Italy (napoli and Pallanza), switzerland (Zurich), Belgium, canada (st. andrews and st. John’s), the U.K. (London, Windermere, cambridge and Plymouth), Venezuela, Puerto rico, France, Germany, the United states (scripps, Yale) and many other places. He traveled to labs and to interna-tional meetings. Back at the Institute he would provide detailed reports of the interesting and novel aspects he had been exposed to in his travels for anyone to read. Margalef was also given to building devices that he would use for his own research. some say he also had a blank check to build any devices he wished. this is unlikely, but besides travel coupons he probably received some additional funding from the U.s. military that would seem much for his scantly funded lab fellows.

Margalef was an avid reader, and he would often steer other scientists towards particular books or papers that were relevant to their research. He was kind and giving and received the admiration of fellow lab workers.

During sampling trips, two or three sci-entists and a skipper would fit in small, ill-equipped boats. Margalef would always want to do one more sample, go a bit further offshore, which sometimes got them into trouble since the boats were not prepared for such endeavors. He never abandoned freshwater studies, whether in local lakes and streams or in his travels and stays abroad, albeit he acknowledged that most of his ecologi-cal ideas stem from his experiences in marine environments. Margalef, now with his international contacts, jumped to participate in numerous cruises in the Western Mediterranean (Marc steyaert, from Belgium, was key in providing ship time) and the Western coast of africa, with funding from FaO, UnescO or natO.

In October 1965, García del cid, died run over by a car. Fellow scientists proposed Margalef as the new director of the IIP. He accepted, but not whole-heartedly since he despised the bureau-cracy that took precious science time away. International connections were maintained and reinforced. Margalef managed to invest the meager budget in modernizing the oceanographic equipment. Weekly lab meetings were es-tablished to discuss work progress. some fellow scientists would have probably felt overwhelmed by the seemingly endless work capacity and broad knowledge of Margalef and perhaps uneasy to be on the spot if they had not done much during the past week. Margalef was an easy, good-natured person, but he would

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counter stupidity, laziness or frivolous-ness with irony or sarcasm. He was not careless with the military or politicians responsible for science and funding in spain but he would not spend one minute of his time lubricating these relationships. not all were enthusiasts of Margalef ’s ways. What is clear is that in a couple of years, the IIP became an internationally recognized player in oceanography and all benefited.

From the early years at the IIP, Margalef ’s intellectual interests quickly turned towards the theoretical implica-tions at the system level that he distilled from observations and experience and blended with intellectual inference. aquatic organisms and systems were the object of study but also templates, ex-amples and testing grounds for a higher level purpose: ecological theory. In spring 1956 Margalef gave a talk (Temporal succession and spatial heterogeneity in natural phytoplankton) at a meeting in california organized by the scripps Institute of Oceanography and the Office of naval research where he touched on applying concepts of information theory to the structure and dynamism of communities of organisms. It caught immediate inter-est among the audience. the account of places he visited in this two month trip to america is amazing (trenton-Washington-san Diego-La Jolla-Los angeles-san Francisco-Washington-new Haven-Boston-Woods Hole-Washington-Puerto rico-Key West-Washington-new York-trenton and back to Madrid and Barcelona). Besides

the talk at scripps, he gave talks in Los angeles on mechanisms for the occur-rence of red tides in the ría de Vigo and at the geochronology lab in Yale on work with sediments also from Vigo. In Puerto rico he studied plankton and made collaboration connections for the future besides getting to know the coral reefs, the mangroves and the rain forest. In california he met brother Ginés, a Basque of the La salle Institution that was teach-ing in Venezuela. Later on he would visit Isla Margarita (Venezuela) often, together with other scientists from Barcelona and help set up a marine lab.

Back in Barcelona he felt like someone had clipped his wings, refer-ring more to the research atmosphere than to the poor funding. He told his friend Guillem colom he really liked the states and that he felt there more at home than in some european coun-tries. He also hinted to colom that he had been offered a position and that he was thinking about it. In april 4, 1957 his inaugural paper as a new member of the real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona was titled La Teoría de la Información en Ecología elaborating on the ideas presented at scripps. this paper, written in spanish, did not have much immediate impact at home. It did get translated into english in the journal General Systematics in 1958. By this time the english-speaking scientific world was really becoming aware of Margalef ’s novel ideas. When in 1963, the paper On certain unifying principles in ecology appeared in the journal The

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Working aboard Biomar in Venezuela (April 1965). Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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American Naturalist, Margalef ’s interna-tional recognition as a world leading ecologist became established. this paper became a citation classic in 1980 and is one of the top ten journal articles that biologists consider to have had the greatest impact in their career training21.

Margalef had ties with the University of Barcelona where from the mid-sixties he taught the optional course on ecology. the laboratory part of the course he gave at the IIP. In 1967 Margalef was 48 years old and had authored 263 publications. that year, the first ecology chair in spain was established at the University of Barcelona; Margalef applied and was hired. He resigned as director of the IIP but kept working at both places, three days at the University and three days at the Institute, until 1974.

1968-1974 TRANSITIONMargalef ’s ecology chair at the University of Barcelona was not set up by chance but tailored for him. His international recognition was extremely high and fellow scientists at the univer-sity feared he might leave for offers in the U.s. Funding for oceanography in spain was scarce and the political and military apathy for scientific advance-ment hard for Margalef to deal with. Probably, his wife Maria resisted the

21 Barrett, G.W. and K.e. Mabry. 2002. twentieth-century classic Books and Benchmark Publications in Biology. Bioscience 52: 282-285.

idea of leaving Barcelona and the chair of ecology was the solution.

He taught at eight in the morning or at eight in the evening so that he had time to do research and to write. Margalef used to make an outline of his lectures on small library cards. Once started, he would follow the outline loosely, diverting to other issues while following his train of thought. His ecology lectures were highly stimulating, with interesting examples and connect-ing different aspects and disciplines to one particular issue. Often times, such connections would become so obvious after Margalef had made them that advanced students were left wondering why it had not occurred to themselves before! He would expose students to cutting edge research and the latest publications and provide the leads to un-solved or unanswered research questions. the lectures were probably frustrating to those students expecting textbook-like information. the rest were in awe.

students at the university were eager to learn and Margalef took his first formal graduate students, with a predominance of marine study subjects. He directed students much in the same way he lectured, provid-ing leads that students would have to explore and develop themselves. His office door was literally always open and Margalef ready to be interrupted by students or fellow scientists. When nobody was taking advantage of his discussion or advice, he would sit down in front of his typewriter incessantly

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typing page after page of a scientific paper or book with little or no typing errors. In a november 1972 letter to his paleontologist friend in Mallorca, Guillem colom, Margalef mentions that he had just finished his Ecología textbook that had absorbed most of his work capacity for over one year. It is true that besides the 951 page textbook published in 1974, Margalef published only 28 papers between 1971 and 1974! the chapter on diversity found in the textbook, including the different diversity indices, is arguably his single most well known scientific contribu-tion to ecology students.

In May 1966 he was invited to lec-ture at the University of chicago, home of an important ecological school of thought. Margalef partly dethroned classical population biology and related ecosystem ecology to information theory, thermodynamics and cybernet-ics. the lectures resulted in the first volume of the Chicago Series in Biology under the title Perspectives in Ecological Theory (1968), another highlight of his career. ed Deevey concluded his review of the book for Limnology and Oceanography asking what would the Chicago Series do for an encore after such breathtaking start22.

Margalef ’s publications of this period largely concerned studies of marine

22 Deevey, e.s. 1969. Book review of “Margalef, r. 1968. Perspectives in ecological theory. Univ. chicago Press, chicago, Ill. 11 p. $4.50.” Limnology and Oceanography. 14: 313-315.

plankton. this was an exciting time for oceanographers in spain. In 1970 Margalef organized a workshop on analysis of Upwelling systems, a hot topic of the time. scientists working on two research vessels in the area (t.G. thompson from the University of Washington and Jean charcot from France) joined the meeting of over 100 attendants. In 1971, after many years of bureaucratic battling for a modern oceanographic research vessel that spain lacked despite the importance of spanish fishing interests, the new Cornide de Saavedra set course to its first cruise. Margalef, with his international contacts, had assembled a team of oceanographers from the IIP (labs in Barcelona and Vigo), the University of Washington, north carolina University and the Université de Marseille for an integrated study (nutrients, bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, benthos, sediments and paleoceanography) of the north africa upwelling system. technology highlights included on-line continuous nutrient analysis and an on-board computer for data analysis. the cruise had its share of technical problems and gave meaning to an often repeated sentence Margalef used to quote from a famous physicist “a good scientist should be able to drill a hole with a file and to file with a drill bit”23. Many ecologists and oceanographers, isolated in

23 Margalef, r. 1971. Una campaña oceanográfica del <<cornide de saavedra>> en la región de afloramiento del noroeste africano. Investigación Pesquera 35 (suppl.): 1-39.

18

Ramon Margalef giving a lecture. Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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most well known paper in the aquatic sciences community and one that keeps prodding research nowadays. In the abstract we can read:

“The combination of sedimentation with turbulence or variance in the components of velocity is believed to be the most important factor in the biology of phytoplankton. Consequently, the best predictor of primary production and of dominant life-forms in phytoplankton is the available external energy, on which advection and turbulence depend.”

Margalef established a concep-tual framework connecting temporal fluctuations in nutrients and energy at different scales in the environment to the dominance of different groups of phytoplankton including groups such as red-tide forming dinoflagellates. It is his famous mandala. there is an obvious connection trying to explain Hutchinson’s paradox. small-scale fluctuations as well as seasonal fluctua-tions allow a recurring succession of communities even with a range of reproduction strategies within a system of apparent uniformity. this idea had most certainly matured in Margalef ’s mind over many years from his early plankton time series and was influenced by the advances in physical oceanogra-phy. In more general terms, external or auxiliary energy with respect to a system, natural or anthropomorphized, was seen as relevant to determine commu-nity structure and production.

at the Department of ecology, he started to shift gears back to limnology, and increasingly to theoretical ecology.

the middle of nowhere, have had to put this quote into practice. Margalef was an expert at it.

Margalef received the Prince albert I Medal from the Institute Océanographique in Paris in 1972. It is no wonder that marine studies were taking over, with the exceptions mentioned above. It is also interesting to note the start of the idea to include man as an integrative part of the biosphere, first published in catalan24.

1975-1993 THE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY YEARSIt was in 1974 that Margalef had to leave his position at the csIc because of a governmental payroll nonsense of incompatibility between the University of Barcelona and the csIc. He continued to be on the governing board of the IIP until 1977 and he kept going to the lab, albeit less frequently. as they were finishing their Ph.D., Margalef ’s former doctoral students would continue working on many of his ideas at the different marine labs. In 1978 Margalef published a paper titled “Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable en-vironment25.” this is perhaps Margalef ’s

24 Margalef, r. 1971. L’home, part de la biosfera i objecte d’estudi de l’ecologia. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 30: 13-25. Eng. Man, part of the biosphere and object of study in ecology.

25 Margalef, r. 1978. Life-forms of phytoplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanologica acta. 1: 493-509.

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Major funding came in during the sev-enties. the International commission on Large Dams was to hold its XI congress in Madrid in 1973. Despite growing concerns of eutrophication and water quality, the spanish govern-ment realized that almost nothing was known regarding the limnology of its own over 700 reservoirs. In a hurry government officials were sent to the U.s. to seek advice and find a suitable scientific team to start a study. In the states, the spanish officials learned that one of the world leading limnologists, Margalef, was actually spanish. Margalef was granted a program for a complete study of the limnology of reservoirs across spain with over one hundred sites26; a major effort that required new teams of scientists and students. this was no problem, as both were constantly knocking at Margalef ’s door eager to work with him.

the weekly seminars Margalef had started at the IIP continued at the University. they were held thursday evenings and nicknamed sessions de màgia or dijous màgics by attending stu-dents and researchers27. If no one had prepared anything to discuss, Margalef would just simply start a discussion subject as if pulling out a rabbit from a magician’s hat. thermodynamics and game theory would easily mix with

26 conversation with Lluís campàs, august 2009.

27 armengol, J. 2006. ramon Margalef (1919-2004): teacher and researcher. Limnetica. 25: i-vii.

the latest lab results or field observa-tions to build on some theoretical ecology idea. Physicists, geologists, mathematicians from other departments and schools would often attend these informal seminars that had a holistic mindset. Formal lectures were also packed despite the early morning or late afternoon schedule and Margalef ’s unorthodox pedagogic skills. at the Department of ecology he would not impose his ways and would rarely interfere probably with the exception of buying books of the most varied subjects for the Department’s library, many of which others would not even try to start reading.

In 1983 Margalef published his textbook Limnología28, written in a similar record-time as Ecología. Both books had a deep influence on several generations of scientists worldwide but mainly in spain and Latin america. Peter Vila, a fellow graduate student of mine at the University of Georgia, started to translate Limnología into english in the late 80’s or early 90’s but the timing was not right for publishers and the project was cancelled. a few years before, Margalef published La Biosfera: entre la termodinámica y el juego29, where his ideas on the organization of matter and energy in dynamic ecosys-tems, the relationship between diversity and ecosystem stability, and the place

28 Margalef, r. 1983. Limnología. Omega. Barcelona, 1010 pp.

29 Eng., The Biosphere: between thermodyna-mics and gaming

21

Aboard the research vessel García del Cid on Margalef’s last cruise in 1999.

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and role of man in the biosphere were further developed. I can only imagine that it must have been highly stimulat-ing to discuss these issues with scientists like Howard and eugene Odum while advising for the Biosphere II project, that studied closed (ecological) systems in a facility in arizona with expecta-tions of a future space application. energy, nutrient cycles, water, waste, human interaction, self sufficiency...

Margalef traveled often, not only to attend meetings, go on cruises or field trips, and visit other laboratories but also to teach courses worldwide, always avid to interact with interesting people. His university teaching schedule now limited his travel mainly to the summer months. His children were growing up and Maria would often accompany him. In one visit to Melbourne, Maria was hit by a car and had to be hospital-ized in australia for several months. this accident left Maria limping for the rest of her life, but would not deter her from accompanying ramon.

Margalef received the highest dis-tinctions, among them those by fellow scientists in the fields of oceanography (a.G. Huntsman award, 1980) and limnology (naumann- thienemann Medal, 1989). In acceptance speeches and otherwise, Margalef, a humble character, often mentioned scien-tists that had influenced his own thinking (Josias Braun-Blanquet, august thienemann, the tonollis, Wolfe Harvey, evelyn Hutchinson, thomas Park, the Odums, robert

Macarthur...). In 1984 he was awarded the ramón y cajal prize from the Ministry of education and science of the spanish Government. the nomina-tion came with over 600 letters of support from around the globe30. G.e. Hutchinson wrote:“I am delighted to hear that you are honoring my old friend Ramon Margalef... Ramon has contributed immensely to all aspects of aquatic and general ecology. He is one of the very few people who have worked in the field who can excel in both theory and practice, using the one to illuminate the other.”

In 1986 Margalef had to admin-istratively retire from his position at the University of Barcelona although he was shortly thereafter nominated emeritus Professor and not much changed in his day-to-day work or dedication to students, as thirteen more doctorate dissertations were directed. It is true though that he started delegating scientific project leadership to the younger faculty, who were filling the positions of a growing ecology department. While Margalef hosted many visiting professors and students, Margalefian disciples had started to seed other universities in spain and the americas.

1994-2004 RETIREMENTat the age of 74 ramon Margalef of-ficially retired, albeit the Department of ecology maintained an office for him to work whenever he pleased. He also

30 conversation with tecla riera on sep. 14, 2009.

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used to visit the Institut de ciències del Mar (csIc), formerly the IIP, to talk to friends and keep in touch with the latest findings. Marta estrada, former student of Margalef and now csIc professor herself, would ask him to look at a series of plankton samples or some unusual organism that had appeared. His eyes would spark with enthusi-asm looking through the old Wild microscope Marta keeps in her office. Margalef had also had a microscope in his office all along his scientific lifetime. He would meet students and ask them what they were doing and point them to literature references and, if interested, he would start relating their research to many other fields even beyond science. students were happy if they understood a fraction of such thoughts. I remember showing him a new monopoint acous-tic Doppler velocimeter to measure turbulence, proud to be working on a subject he had spurred with so many ideas. He said, the shape of the sensor head resembled a Ceratium and that these dinoflagellates were probably aware of flow in three-dimensions with sensing elements at their spine tips in geometric analogy to the acoustic device. this would allow Ceratium to orientate itself for vertical migrations and to avoid turbulence that would interfere with its swimming. there is a thesis to be developed there for anyone wishing to take the lead.

awards and distinctions kept pour-ing in. Margalef did not care much about these events that distracted him

from doing science. Maria, his wife, was always there to persuade him to take the time for such social recogni-tions. Margalef was especially fond of the 1995 International ecology Institute (ecI) Prize because it came with the possibility to author a book for the series excellence in ecology. the result was Our biosphere (1997), [published, absolutely without censorship] Margalef wrote for his asLO Lifetime achievement award (2000) acceptance speech. this book is a summary of many of Margalef ’s thinking avenues that he kept refining over the years. succession and evolution, dynamics of diversity and biodiversity, dissipative self-organizing systems, phosphorus in ecosystems, mankind and biosphere as a whole, are just some issues that he updated in the book. a paragraph in the introduction is inspiring:

“For most topics that concern ecology, I like poets more than lawyers, and feel more inclined to fantasy, feeling and inspira-tions than to rigor, consistency and even responsibility. In my views on environmental problems, I feel more attracted by the origin of the troubles than by their solutions, at least in the way the problem is usually being faced at present.”

Margalef did not think much of the environmentalist movement where causes were defended to great lengths based on faith rather than science. But during his whole life, and especially in his later years, he was genuinely concerned about many environmen-tal issues: the use of freshwater, the

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overexploitation of fisheries, pollution, world food supply and what he called the inversion in topology. this last issue refers to the fact that landscape is quickly becoming humanized with few and small spots left relatively undis-turbed compared to previous times when a relatively undisturbed landscape was spotted with human intervention. How this ecosystem change in struc-ture affected function and evolution was a favorite subject.

ramon Margalef passed away sunday, May 23, 2004 a few days after turning 85 years old. He had authored

over 537 publications, 76 since retire-ment in 1993, and was writing to his last days while battling a cancer. a religious man for soul matters, days before, he was joking about the fate of his nutrients. His playful eyes reminding of his words:

“Nature should be looked at with the eyes of a child – inquisitive and searching – which do not take anything for granted and question everything.”

His soul was to be followed by his wife Maria only one week later to continue their love story.

Margalef in the garden of his summer house in Aiguafreda in 2004. Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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THE PUBLICATIONS OF RAMON MARGALEFMargalef was a prolific writer with a charming prose. He published every single year from 1943 to 2003, that is 61 years, plus a posthumous book chapter in 2005. Publications total over 538, including books and book chapters, with an annual mean and median of eight and a range of two to 19 publica-tions per year31. an unknown number of publications, probably over 15, still await complete confirmation. Published page count is tallied at over 25000. More astounding is that most publica-tions (87%) are single authored, and in only 21 (3.9%) Margalef is not the first author. a large amount of this informa-tion is written in languages other than english and is the descriptive, experi-mental, theoretical and philosophical basis of his most well known contribu-tions in the field of plankton structure and theoretical ecology. Margalef was a polyglot and published in seven differ-ent languages, with spanish the most numerous (63%), followed by english

31 Peters, F. Guadayol, Ò., Marrasé, c., sabata, a. 2005. Plankton response to turbulence and nutrient load in an annual cycle: a tribute to Margalef. 2005 asLO summer Meeting, santiago de compostela, spain; Peters, F. 2006. Look for Margalef ’s written contributions. scientia Marina. 70: 161-161.

(18%), catalan (14%), and French (4.8%). He also published three papers in Italian, two in German and one book in russian, that was translated for him despite the fact that he had some knowledge of the language.

Margalef first published in english in 1948, five years after his first paper and after authoring or co-authoring over 37 publications. Having a naturalist start, it was only natural to publish most of his early results in languages close to the source of his studies following european tradition. Later on he would publish more in english but he would never leave spanish and also signifi-cantly contribute in catalan. Why? I will here speculate to a large degree and even go out on a limb. I believe Margalef never actively sought public or even scientific prominence, which would have been probably even greater had he published most of his work in english. He loved to write and would never refuse an invitation to contribute to a meeting, a book, or a journal, adapting to the readership whatever the language and format.

spanish society had never regarded science highly and it was customary to publish the meager scientific output in spanish. Post civil War spain of general Franco was an autarchy, a country rela-tively isolated, that did not help in the internationalization of science. Despite this unfavorable environment, Margalef was the catalyst that started three diffe-rent journals (Publicaciones del Instituto de

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Biología Aplicada32 in 1945, Investigación Pesquera20 in 1955, and Oecologia Aquatica in 1973), and contributed profusely to them, bringing at least Investigación Pesquera (later Scientia Marina) to wi-despread international recognition. Did he contribute to these journals mostly in spanish so that the local authorities would be more content and cover the costs of the journals? Maybe. Francisco García del cid, mentor of ramon Margalef in the early years and director of the IIP until his death in 1965, felt more comfortable than Margalef in the bureaucratic hallways of Madrid and could have talked him into the conve-nience to publish in spanish. Just maybe.

since an early age, Margalef sought information in any language it was available and probably this reflected in his not worrying about the language he was using to write, assuming that readers would make the extra effort if genuinely interested. It does seem that Margalef ’s textbooks Ecología and Limnología were consciously written in spanish to aid students in their courses at the University of Barcelona and in Latin america. Margalef visited many Latin american universities and research centers and taught numerous courses. In fact, the book Comunidades

32 Eng., Publications of the Institute of Applied Biology.

Naturales33 was the result of lectures in Puerto rico and served as a basis for the later Ecología. also the book Ecología Marina34, with several chapters con-tributed by Margalef, served to teach students from both sides of the atlantic. at a time when english was not as extended in universities of spanish-speaking countries as it is today, Margalef probably felt that textbooks would do a greater service in spanish.

Margalef accepted most all invita-tions to contribute in writing. He went to numerous meetings and it was not unusual for him to publish his most recent results in the hard to find congress and workshop proceed-ings. Interested scientists would have attended the meeting and, if not, they could find their way to the source. this would also explain why Margalef, despite his renowned contributions, has no papers in Nature or Science and only contributed once to Limnology and Oceanography. Most likely he did not even consider these issues, as setting up a higher impact publication strategy would have distracted him from writing itself. another aspect to take into account is Margalef ’s writing

33 Margalef, r. 1962. comunidades natura-les. Publicación especial. Instituto de Biología Marina. Universidad de Puerto rico. Mayaguez. 469 pp. Eng., Natural Communities.

34 Ginés, H., Margalef, r. 1967. ecología Marina. Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp. 711. Eng., Marine Ecology.

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style, tending to relate many different disciplines to a particular scientific issue and with an inclination to philosophi-cal considerations about science, that would not fit easily into orthodox journal templates. His books, book chapters and meeting proceedings allowed the greater freedom he needed to fully develop his ideas.

all in all, many of Margalef ’s publications are not easily available, an issue I have tried to partly remediate by providing web access to most of them (www.icm.csic.es/bio/margalef), with an accomplished quality proportional to the support I have received in this endeavor.

EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATIONeducation is an experience that has a formative effect on the mind or char-acter or both of an individual. ramon Margalef was an excellent educator. His classes were packed with students avid for his teaching even if they were only comprehending but a sliver of his reason-ing. I would think that his lectures were an unconscious reflection of his mental process, with oral information output necessarily lagging behind a leaping mind that was touching on diverse bits of information all related to a particular subject. talking to him was a similar experience. Interestingly, I have met only one other person who would do

rather the same both in conversation and lectures, eugene Odum. Perhaps it is not by chance that both are two of the pillars of 20th century ecosystem ecology.

If Margalef was good at knowing facts and generous at transmitting them to students and colleagues, he was unmatched at providing interesting, thought-provoking ideas for research subjects, leads, as I called them above, to develop whole theses and even research careers. Margalef taught at the University of Barcelona from 1955, but not exclusively. He also lectured at Woods Hole, the Université de Paris and Institute Océanographique, the University of chicago, the Universidad nacional autónoma de México, Yale University, the University of Peruggia, the Instituto agronómico Mediterráneo de Zaragoza, the Université Laval, the Université du Québec at Montréal, the University of california at Davis, and in Puerto rico and Venezuela, among others. everywhere he inspired generations of students and researchers in limnol-ogy, oceanography and theoretical ecology. I would consider his former graduate students, many now holding important positions in academia and otherwise, a rather heterogeneous group bound together as disciples of Margalef and in Margalefian thinking. He generated, probably despite his own will, an ecological school of thought or rather a school of thinking about

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science35. In aquatic sciences perhaps his greatest contribution that we can readily grasp is the dynamic structuring of plankton driven by nutrients and energy fluctuations. He would not take this as a static, dogmatic idea but rather would continuously revise it in light of new advances in knowledge. Margalef never tried to impose his science even when directing doctoral dissertations, or any other views for that matter. nevertheless, people around him were becoming Margalefian by osmosis, and by way of example, as small children acquire information and become

35 conversation with Jordi camp, august 2009

educated by following role models. Margalef emphasized hands-on work, “you need to go out and bump your head against the trees,” he would say. curiosity and careful observation of nature was the basis for later inferences. His scien-tific findings and views, his approach to science, his attitude towards envi-ronmentalism and his life philosophy are luckily available for all humanity in his numerous writings that include 26 published books, seven of which can be considered science populariza-tion works although with a rigorous science flavor. a selected excerpt

Teaching a laboratory course. Courtesy of the Margalef family.

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translated from his first book in 1943 could fit perfectly well in an interview in the eighties or nineties, showing an astounding freshness even today.

“Everyone grants art the right to survive on its own essence,...on the contrary no one tires of asking science for its fruits, without considering that science too can have a human and social meaning independent of practical interests, which are benefits spun off in addition, its source extinguished as soon as we stupidly ignore the value of pure research with no utilitarian prejudice.”36

Margalef was also a moral authority to be followed. His humanity was as large as his work capacity and inference abilities. He was a kind and modest person that never spoke badly of anyone else. In compensation I have not heard a single out of chord word about him from anyone that had met him. this is also education. carles Bas, a fellow fish-eries oceanographer from the early days and later director of the IIP, mentions

36 author translation.

how Margalef visited him at the hospital every week during his 90-day stay after an accident. they were not close friends but Margalef was his only regular visitor and would chat with him for a while, update him on the daily businesses at the IIP and, of course, inform him on new bibliography.

ramon Margalef was a naturalist, a limnologist, an oceanographer, an ecologist, an entomologist, a biogeog-rapher, a humanist, ... a fitting remark of Josefina castellví was that “talking about ecology was talking about Margalef but talking about Margalef was much more than talking about ecology.” In these days of compartmentalization of science, of scientific career races (without rear-view mirrors!), and of increasing inter-est in the self, it is a soothing choice for education, in its broadest sense, to attach ramon Margalef ’s name to the asLO excellence in education award.

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AWARDS AND HONORS37

1972. Prince albert I Medal, Institut Océanographique de Paris.

1973. Doctor Honoris causa, Université aix-Marseille, France.

1980. a.G. Huntsman award for excellence in Marine research, Bedford Institute of Oceanography.

1983. Doctor Honoris causa, Institut Químic de sarrià, catalunya, spain.

1983. narcís Monturiol Medal, Department of Universities, research and Information society of the catalan Government.

1984. Member of the national academy of sciences of the Usa.

1984. santiago ramón y cajal Prize, spanish Ministry of education and science.

1985. Doctor Honoris causa, Universitat ramon Llull, catalunya, spain.

1987. Doctor Honoris causa, Université Laval, Québec, canada.

1987. Honorary Foreign Member award, ecological society of america.

1989. Italgas prize for environmental sciences.

1989. naumann-thienemann Medal, International association of theoretical and applied Limnology (sIL)

1990. alexander von Humboldt award.

1990. catalan research Foundation Prize, catalan Government.

1990. Knight commander of the Order of alfonso X the Wise.

37 Meetings, symposia, workshops, and other formats have been organized in honor of ramon Margalef and are too numerous to mention exhaustively. I would like to point out three. First “ros, J, Prat, n. (eds.). 1991. Homage to ramon Margalef or, Why is there such pleasure in studying nature. Oecologia aquatica, 10.” is a collection of papers that ap-peared to celebrate Margalef ’s 70th birthday. second, the 2001 european Marine Biology symposium held in Menorca honored Margalef and resulted in two special volumes of scientia Marina: “Gili, J.M., Pretus, J.L., Packard, t.t. (eds.). 2001. a marine science odyssey into the 21st century. sci. Mar. 65(suppl.2)” and “ros, J.D., Packard, t.t., Gili, J.M., Pretus, J.L., Blasco, D. (eds.). 2004. Biological oceanography at the turn of the millenium. sci. Mar. 68(suppl.1)”. third, several Iberian scientific societies organized a posthumous symposium held in Barcelona under the title Unity in Diversity. A Conference on Ecology after the Legacy of Ramon Margalef that also resulted in the book “Valladares, F., camacho, a., elosegi, a., Gracia, c., estrada, M., senar, J.c., Gili, J.M. (eds.). 2008. Unity in Diversity: reflections on ecology after the Legacy of ramon Margalef. Fundación BBVa, Bilbao.”

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1993. International Prize for the environment san Francesco d’assisi, Italy.

1994. Doctor Honoris causa, Universidad nacional de Luján, argentina.

1995. International ecology Institute Prize.

1997. sant Jordi cross award of the catalan Government

1998. Grand Prix d’Océanographie de Monaco.

1998. Honorary Forestry engineer of the Polytechnic University of Madrid, spain.

1999. Doctor Honoris causa, Universitat d’alacant, spain.

1999. a ramon Margalef prize in ecology is established by the catalan studies Institute

2000. asLO Lifetime achievement award.

2002. Gold Medal of the csIc.

2003. Gold Medal award of the catalan Government.

Posthumous

2004. award of the Department of the environment of the catalan Government

2004. the ramon Margalef prize in ecology is established by the catalan Government.

2005. the main building of the school of Biology of the University of Barcelona is named after ramon Margalef.

2005. a ramon Margalef prize is established by the social council of the University of Barcelona to a student paper in experimental or Health sciences.

2009. a new research vessel of the spanish Oceanographic Institute is named after ramon Margalef.

2009. asLO’s excellence in education award is named after ramon Margalef.

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ORGANISMS NAMED AFTER RAMON MARGALEFAcartia margalefi alcaraz, 1976 (animalia, arthropoda, copepoda)Alexandrium margalefi Balech, 1994 (Protoctista, Dinoflagellata)

Amphora margalefi var. lacustris sanchez, 1993 (Protoctista, Bacillariophyta)

Antillobia margalefi altaba, 1993 (animalia, Mollusca, Gastropoda)

Echinogammarus margalefi Pinkster, 1973 (animalia, arthropoda, amphipoda)

Ephemeroporus margalefi alonso, 1987 (animalia, arthropoda, cladocera)

Hemimysis margalefi alcaraz, riera & Gili, 1986 (animalia, arthropoda, Mysidacea)

Lecane margalefi de Manuel, 1994 (animalia, rotifera)

Lepadella margalefi De ridder, 1964 (animalia, rotifera)

Margalefia intermedia Pagès, Bouillon & Gili 1991 (animalia, cnidaria, Hydrozoa)

Microcharon margalefi sabater & de Manuel, 1988 (animalia, arthropoda, Isopoda)

Oncidium margalefi (Plantae, angiospermophyta, Liliopsida, Orchidales)

Ophelina margaleffi sardá, Gil, taboada & Gili, 2009 (animalia, annelida, Polychaeta)

Oxytoxum margalefii rampi, 1969 (Protoctista, Dinoflagellata)

Picarola margalefii cros & estrada, 2004 (Protoctista, Haptophyta, coccolithophorida)

Pseudoniphargus margalefi notenboom, 1987 (animalia, arthropoda, amphipoda)

Stephos margalefi riera, Vives & Gili, 1991 (animalia, arthropoda, copepoda)

Typhlocirolana margalefi Pretus, 1986 (animalia, arthropoda, Isopoda)

33

DOCTORAL THESIS DIRECTED

1971. Dolors Blasco Font de rubinat. acumulación de nitritos en determinados niveles marinos por acción del fitoplancton.

1972. M. Dolors Planas Mont. composición, ciclo y productivi-dad del fitoplancton del lago de Banyoles.

1973. oandomènec ros i aragonès. Opistobranquios (Gastropoda: euthyneura) del litoral Ibérico: estudio faunístico y ecológico.

1974. M. rosa Miracle solé. estructura y dinámica de las poblaciones de la comunidad zooplanctónica del lago de Banyoles.

1976. antonio cruzado alorda. afloramiento costero en el atlántico nororiental. análisis del ecosistema en sus aspectos de hidrografía y producción primaria.

1976. Marta estrada Miyares. estudios sobre las poblaciones de organ-ismos acuáticos en medio no uniforme.

1976. Felipe Javier Fernández González. Influencia de la luz, temperatura y materia orgánica particulada en la actividad metabólica y en la alimentación de los copépodos planctónicos.

1976. F. Xavier niell castanera. estudios sobre la estructura, dinámica y producción del fito-bentos intermareal (facies rocosa) de la ría de Vigo.

1976. Julia toja santillana. estudio limnológico comparado de dos embalses con distinto grado de eutrofia (aracena y La Minilla).

1976. Ferran Vallespinós riera. estudio comparado del metabolismo del nitrógeno en bacterias y cianofí-ceas: relaciones con el ciclo del carbono e importancia ecológica.

1977. Miquel alcaraz Medrano. ecología, competencia y seg-regación en especies congenéri-cas de copépodos (Acartia).

1977. Joan armengol Bachero. Los crustáceos planctónicos en los embalses españoles.

1978. narcís Prat Fornells. ecología y sistemática de los Quironómidos (Insecta Diptera) de los embalses españoles.

1979. Francesc amat Doménech. Diferenciación y distribución de las poblaciones de Artemia (crustacea, Branchiopoda) de españa.

1980. Jordi Flos Bassols. Material en suspensió oceànic i la seva distribució en el Mediterrani Occidental.

34

1981. Francisco a. comín sebastián. Limnología de las lagunas costeras del delta del ebro: características físico químicas y fitoplancton de la encañizada.

1981. tecla riera Figueras. Variabilitat morfològica de Tropocyclops i Temora: aproximació crítica a l’ús generalitzat de la biometria en la taxonomia dels copèpodes.

1983. carlos a. Gracia i alonso. La clorofila en los encinares del Montseny: Interpretación como una optimización del aprovecha-miento de la luz.

1983. M. Pilar López Laseras. aguas salinas epicontinentales próximas a la costa mediterránea española: estudio del medio.

1984. enric Ballesteros i sagarra. els vegetals i la zonació litoral: espè-cies i factors que influeixen en la seva distribució.

1985. Miguel alonso García-amilibia. Las lagunas de la españa peninsular: taxonomía, ecología y distribución de los cladóceros.

1985. Francisco Gómez Figueiras. ecología del fitoplancton de la ría de Pontevedra.

1985. Josep Peñuelas i reixach. Briòfits i fanerògames com a invasors de les aigües dolces: distribució, pigments, fonts de carboni i I’obstacle dels espais aeris.

1985. Javier romero Martinengo. estudio ecológico de las fanerógamas marinas de la costa catalana: producción primaria de Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile en las Islas Medes.

1985. Luís Zúñiga Molinier. ecología de los entomostráceos planc-tónicos de los lagos nord patagónicos.

1986. celia Marrasé Peña. experimentos multifacto-riales con plancton marino en microcosmos.

1987. Jordi catalan aguilà. Limnologia de l’estany redó (Pirineu central). el sistema pelàgic d’un llac profund d’alta muntanya.

1987. ricardo Génova Fernández. análisis y significado de los anillos de crecimiento en dos especies forestales: Pinus uncinata y Pinus silvestris en la Península Ibérica.

1987. emilia Gutiérrez Merino. Dendrocronología de Fagus silvatica, Pinus uncinata y P. silvestris en catalunya.

1987. sergi sabater cortés. estudi de les poblacions d’algues del riu ter.

1988. anna Àvila i castells. Balanç d’aigua i nutrients en una conca d’alzinar al Montseny. codirector: Jaume a. terrades i serra.

35

1988. ricardo Iglesias rios. Diversidad taxonómica y ataxonómica en poblaciones de insectos: un ejemplo del ecosistema restinga.

1988. antoni Palau Ybars. el embalse de Baserca (Pirineos centrales, Lérida). estudio limnológico de un embalse nuevo de alta montaña con bombeo.

1988. Xavier tomás Quevedo. Diatomeas de las aguas epi-continentales saladas del litoral mediterráneo de la Península Ibérica.

1990. M. José Gil Quílez. estudios sobre ácaros de aguas continen-tales españolas.

1990. agustín Lobo aleu. estudios sobre la organización espa-cial del bentos marino. Una aproximación a través del análisis de imagen digital y de la modelización.

1994. Jordi camp i sancho. aproximaciones a la dinámica ecológica de una bahía estuárica mediterránea.

1997. Gloria Vilaclara i Fatjo. registro de erupciones volcánicas en las diatomitas lacustres de tlaxcala, México.

2001. M. Luïsa cros i Miguel. Planktonic coccolithophores of the nW Mediterranean.

36

SCIENTIFIC GENEALOGY OF RAMON MARGALEF

Scientific genealogy Blume of Ramon Margalef. Children are placed in clockwise order of graduation year and last name starting at 6 o’clock. Numbers inside the circles correspond to grandchildren (see next page). The ground contains the names of some scientific nutrients. On the right, dandelion flower (Taraxacum officinale) and seeds drifting away. Design and drawing by Miquel Alcaraz and Francesc Peters.

Dolors Blasco

Dolors Planas

Joandomènec Ros

M. Rosa M

iracle

Antonio Cruzado

Marta Estrada

Felipe Fernández

Xavier Niell

Julia TojaFerran VallespinósMiquel Alcaraz Joan Armengol

Enric

Bal

lest

eros

Mig

uel A

lons

oFr

anci

sco

Góm

ezJo

sep

Peñu

elas

Javie

r Rom

ero

Luís Zúñiga

Cèlia Marrasé

Jordi Catalan

Ricardo Génova

Emilia Gutiérrez

210224

1861 67 77

104 113 12383

149 156 177223 248

253

79170

171

491155 139161 165

198187

7564110 125167 182

137146

168 173183

614 22

30 31 5456 63

70

91115 116

142 174 201202 205

241

109132 147

162 189 190200 227

249

951 66

133 153 203219 231 247

252

1782 86

94 179181 220

101108 134172 187217 243

135180 211213 225228 232

521

3474 127

129

27

8596 98 106

107119 124 138

184 185 194

206 214222

169

4165 93 95

100151

158 199

221 226

233216

2578 117

188

131155 208

209

128150 164

216

152160 196

204

4550 73 87

141 143 148

244175154

2142 80 99

102 105 122 126140

229191163157

235 238242 251

2332

11193186

76

5 2636 43 57 6081 84 103 144176 197 230

237 240245 246

250

236

15 1948 62114 121

2938 39 44

47 9088239

4659

212215

2833

2 3 4 78 1012 13 16

20 2435 37 40 53

5868 69 71 89 92

97 112 118 120 130136

145 159 166 192 193

195 207 234

76

72

218

178

Gloria Vilaclara

Lluïsa CrosJordi Cam

pAgustín Lobo

M. José Gil

Xavier Tomàs

Antoni Palau

Ricardo Iglesias

Sergi SabaterAnna Àvila

M. P

ilar L

ópez

Carlo

s Gra

cia

Tecl

a Ri

era

Fran

cisco

Com

ín

Jord

i Flos

Francesc Amat

Narcís Prat

RAMON

MARGALEF

P. Font i QuerJ. Braun-BlanquetA. de Bolós F. Bustinza

V. & L. Tonolli

F. González-Bernáldez W. Harvey G.E. Hutchinson

A. ThienemannR. MacArthur M. Parke H.T & E.G. Odum

37

1. M.Ferreras2. M.C.Fernández3. V.Rodríguez4. J.Iglesias5. M.A.Puig6. M.Zabala7. A.Borja8. M.Varela9. M.Allard10. P.Algarra11. M.Delgado12. J.A.Fernández13. J.M.Fuentes14. J.M.Gili15. X.Fusté16. F.López-Figueroa17. F.Sabater18. M.Serra19. L.F.Villate20. A.Corzo21. E.Forés22. A.Marín23. A.Sabatés24. M.Zapata25. O.Delgado26. B.García27. C.Guisande28. S.Mallo29. A.Martínez30. I.M.Pérez31. a. Pérez32. c. Prats33. D. Vaqué34. M.a. casco35. J.a. Gálvez36. G. González37. J.M. Gorostiaga38. a. Gozalbo39. F. Hontoria40. c. Joménez41. M.a. Martínez42. M. Menéndez43. I. Muñoz44. J.c. navarro45. J. Piñol46. J.r. roca

47. n. Vieira48. M. Barange49. e. Berdalet50. L. casanova51. G. costan52. I. Gallardo53. c.M. García54. n. Herdocio55. M. Latasa56. c. Marcos57. X. Martínez58. J.L. Pérez59. J.L. Pretus60. M. rieradevall61. s. romo62. e. saiz63. J. terrados64. r.e. Varela65. M. Vidal66. J. Bechara67. M.J. carmona68. J.a. carreira69. V. clavero70. J. Gilabert71. I. Hernández72. a. Puig73. a. sala74. L. serrano75. M. alarcón76. M. carola77. a. esparcia78. e. Gacia79. J. Guinea80. J.a. Herrera81. c. Ibáñez82. D. Jaume83. r. Oltra84. M. real85. M. ribas86. J.L. riera87. s. sabaté88. I. Varó89. J.J. Vergata90. c. Barata91. L. camarero92. M.J. García

93. M.n. Méndez94. J.I. Urrutia95. t. alcoverro96. I. Filella97. r. García98. M. González99. M.t. Martín100. M.a. Mateo101. G. Moncoiffé102. X. Quintana103. O. soriano104. t. alfonso105. c. de Hoyos106. s. elvira107. M. estiarte108. e. Gómez109. H. Guasch110. K. Muniz111. M. Palau112. J. aguilera113. J. armengol114. a. calbet115. J.c. Donato116. M. Felip117. J. Garrabou118. e. Labarta119. r. Matamala120. J. Mercado121. e. ribera122. X. rodó123. M.a. rodrigo124. L. serrano125. Z.r. Velásquez126. V. astorga127. M.D. Galindo128. e. Garcés129. M.a. Jiménez130. F.J. López131. a. rodrigo132. a. romaní133. c. Vanie134. M.B. arbones135. J.J. camarero136. r. carmona137. c. caurín138. J. Llusià

List of Margalef ’s scientific grandchildren (as of March 10, 2010), ordered by graduation year and last name.

38

139. X.a.G. Morán140. e. novella141. J.M. Ortiz142. s. Pla143. e. albeza144. r. arocena145. e. carnicas146. M. De la Gándara147. n. Ivorra148. B. López149. F. Mezquita150. a. Olivos151. J.M. ruiz152. t. Wendt153. F. arcos154. O. Barrantes155. a. chaves156. I. García157. c. García158. O. Invers159. J.J. Izquierdo160. a. Mantovani161. M.t. Moita162. e. navarro163. L. troccoli164. M. Vila165. L. arin166. a. avilés167. n. Bahamón168. J. carrasquer169. e. castells170. r.a. costa171. r. Martínez172. L. Martínez173. M.V. Martínez174. J. Piera175. e. Pla176. n. Bonada177. M.D. Boronat178. G. castilla179. M. comerma180. M.F. de araujo181. M. del castillo

182. n.s. Grimaldo183. J. Ibarra184. L. Llorens185. r. Ogaya186. s. Pueyo187. B. reguera188. n. sant189. r. trobajo190. V. acuña191. n. aranda192. r. Figueroa193. L. Palomo194. a. ribas195. M. sebastián196. L. serramo197. c. solà198. J. solé199. F. tomás200. e. Vilalta201. F. Bartumeus202. t. Buchaca203. M. Desrosiers204. M. sergio205. M. Ventura206. G. alessio207. M.a. carrasco208. s. castillo209. M. escudero210. a. Morales211. M. ribas212. J. alcázar213. L. andreu214. D. asensio215. I. cía216. X. de Pedro217. B. Gómez218. Ò. Guadayol219. J. Marty220. r. Mercé221. P. Prado222. P. Prieto223. L.Romero224. M.Segura

225. F.J.Valente226. A.Vergés227. J.Artigas228. E.Batllori229. A.Cabezas230. M.L.Correia231. F.Cremona232. M.Macias233. B.Martínez-Crego234. S.Moreno235. D.Moreno236. T.Puntí237. B.Ríos238. V.Rosas239. O.Ruiz240. R.Acosta241. M.Bartrons242. B.Gallardo243. I.C.Gomes244. T.Keenan245. A.Munné246. F.Múrria247. M.J.Roux248. M.D.Sendra249. E.Tornés250. M.Vila-Escalé251. E.González252. V.Leclerc253. J.Marco

39

19431) Margalef, r. 1943. contribución al cono-

cimiento de los diaptómidos (crustáceos copépodos) de españa. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. sección Biológica. 41: 379-383.

2) Margalef, r. 1943. Dónde empieza la vida. Iniciación a la biología de los pequeños pobladores de las aguas dulces. Progresos del Mundo , 1. editorial scientia, Barcelona. 118 pp.

3) Margalef, r. 1943. Los epibiontes en los animales de agua dulce. euclides. 33: 609-613.

4) Margalef, r. 1943. sobre la ecología de las larvas de algunos culícidos (Dipt. cul.). Graellsia. 1: 7-12.

19445) Margalef, r. 1944. contribución al

conocimiento de los crustáceos anfípodos que viven en las aguas dulces y salobres de españa. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. sección Biológica. 42: 199-209.

6) Margalef, r. 1944. Datos para la flora algológica de nuestras aguas dulces. Publicaciones del Instituto Botánico. Barcelona. 4: 1-130.

7) Margalef, r. 1944. Materiales para el estudio de la biología del lago de Bañolas (Gerona). Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 1: 27-78.

8) Margalef, r. 1944. notas sobre quironómi-dos. I. (Ins. Dipt.). Graellsia. 2: 3-13.

9) Margalef, r. 1944. notas sobre quironómi-dos. II. (Ins. Dipt.). Graellsia. 2: 65-76.

10) Margalef, r. 1944. notas sobre quironómi-dos. III. (Ins. Dipt.). Graellsia. 2: 165-181.

11) Margalef, r. 1945. notas sobre quironómi-dos. IV. (Ins. Dipt.). Graellsia. 3: 13-22.

194512) Margalef, r. 1945. algunos ostrácodos de

las aguas continentales del ne de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 2: 35-47.

13) Margalef, r. 1945. curiosos pobladores del suelo. Ibérica. 31: 1-4.

14) Margalef, r. 1945. Fitoplancton nerítico de la costa Brava catalana (sector de Blanes). Publicaciones sobre Biología Mediterránea, I. Instituto español de estudios Mediterraneos.

15) Margalef, r. 1945. Fitoplancton nerítico estival de cadaqués (Mediterráneo catalán). Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 2: 89-95.

16) Margalef, r. 1945. Infusorios de las aguas continentales de la província de Barcelona. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. sección Biológica. 43: 369-381.

17) Margalef, r. 1945. Miscelánea de zoología dulciacuícola. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 2: 117-121.

18) Margalef, r. 1945. Observaciones sobre el régimen alimenticio de varios pequeños animales de agua dulce. revista española de Fisiología. 1: 245-250.

19) Margalef, r. 1945. Primera nota sobre la biología de las aguas estancadas del bajo Urgel. Ilerda. 5: 1-65.

20) Margalef, r. 1945. sobre la morfología, afinidades y ecología de una interesante pleurocapsácea (cianofícea). Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 2: 105-109.

21) Margalef, r. 1945. Una oscilatoriácea no-table por la estructura de sus vainas. anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 6: 187-192.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RAMON MARGALEF

40

22) Margalef, r., Bassedas, M. 1945. algunos branquiópodos del ne de españa y consideraciones sobre la fauna ibérica de cladóceros. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 2: 127-148.

194623) Margalef, r. 1946. algunos ciclópidos

(crustáceos copépodos) de cataluña. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. 75: 177-188.

24) Margalef, r. 1946. algunos rizopodos testá-ceos de cataluña. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. 44: 73-75.

25) Margalef, r. 1946. contribución al cono-cimiento del género Platymonas (Volvocales). collectanea Botanica. 1: 95-105.

26) Margalef, r. 1946. contribución al conocimiento hidrobiológico del país vasco-navarro. In: aportación al estudio de la fauna y flora vasco-navarras (sierra de aralar). estación de estudios Pirenaicos, consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas, Zaragoza, 1946. p.6-44.

27) Margalef, r. 1946. Datos zoogeográ-ficos sobre ostracódos de agua dulce de cataluña y descripción de la nueva especie Potamocypris pyrenaica. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 3: 163-171.

28) Margalef, r. 1946. Observaciones sobre el desarrollo de la vida en pequeños volúmenes de agua dulce y sobre la ecología de las larvas de aedes aegypti. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 3: 79-112.

29) Margalef, r. 1946. sobre dos supuestas protófitas. collectanea Botanica. 1: 49-50.

194730) Margalef, r. 1947. algas de agua dulce de

la laguna de ariguanabo (Isla de cuba). Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 4: 79-89.

31) Margalef, r. 1947. estudios sobre la vida en las aguas continentales de la región endor-reica manchega. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 4: 5-51.

32) Margalef, r. 1947. La vida en alta mar. editorial seix Barral. colección estudio de conocimientos generales. pp.77.

33) Margalef, r. 1947. Limnosociología. Monografías de ciencia Moderna, 10. Instituto español de edafología, ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, 4. consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas. 1947. pp.93.

34) Margalef, r. 1947. Los métodos para la investigación de las comunidades acuáticas adnadas y especialmente las formadas por organismos microscópicos (perifiton, pecton). collectanea Botanica. 1: 247-259.

35) Margalef, r. 1947. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne. de españa. I, Zygnemales. collectanea Botanica. 1: 107-121.

36) Margalef, r. 1947. notas sobre algunos rotíferos. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 4: 135-148.

37) Margalef, r. 1947. Observaciones micropa-leontológicas sobre los sedimentos lacustres miocénicos de Libros (teruel). estudios Geológicos. 5: 171-177.

194838) Brehm, V., Margalef, r. 1948. eucypris

aragonica nov. sp; nuevo ostrácodo de una laguna salada de los Monegros. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 5: 5-9.

39) Margalef, r. 1948. a new limnological method for the investigation of thin layered epilithic communities. transactions of the american Microscopical society. 67: 153-154.

40) Margalef, r. 1948. Fitoplancton nerítico de la costa Brava en 1947-48. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 5: 41-51.

41) Margalef, r. 1948. Flora, fauna y comu-nidades bióticas de las aguas dulces del Pirineo de la cerdaña. Monogr. estac. est. Pirenaicos. 11: 1-226.

42) Margalef, r. 1948. Las asociaciones de algas en las aguas dulces de pequeño volumen del noreste de españa. Vegetatio. acta Geobotanica. the international journal of plant ecology. Klumer academic. 1: 258-285.

41

43) Margalef, r. 1948. Le phytoplancton estival de la “costa Brava” catalane en 1946. Hydrobiologia. acta Hydrobiologia , Limnologica et protistologica. 1: 15-21.

44) Margalef, r. 1948. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne de espana, II. chrysophyceae, Heterocontae, Dinophyceae, euglenineae. collectanea Botanica. 2: 99-130.

45) Margalef, r. 1948. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne. de españa. III a, euchlorophyceae. collectanea Botanica. 2: 233-250.

46) Margalef, r. 1948. Miscelánea de zoología dulciacuícola. II. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 5: 69-76.

47) Margalef, r. 1948. sobre el régimen alimenticio de los animales en agua dulce. revista española de Fisiología . 4: 207-213.

48) Margalef, r. 1948. sociedades animales. colección estudio de conocimientos generales. editorial seix Barral. Barcelona. 80 pp.

194949) Margalef, r. 1949. caractères bio-

géographiques intéressants des biotes des eaux continentales de l’espagne. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen. 10: 280-283.

50) Margalef, r. 1949. Datos para la hidro-biología de la sierra de Guadarrama. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 6: 5-21.

51) Margalef, r. 1949. Importancia de la neotenia en la evolución de los crustáceos de agua dulce. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 6: 41-51.

52) Margalef, r. 1949. La vida en los lagos de alta montaña de los pirineos. Instituto de estudios Pirenaicos del consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas. Zaragoza. pp. 5-31.

53) Margalef, r. 1949. Las papilas anales de las larvas de los culícidos y la absorción de tóxicos. revista española de Fisiologia. 5: 251-257.

54) Margalef, r. 1949. segunda nota sobre la biología de las aguas estancadas del bajo Urgel. Ilerda. 13: 331-375.

55) Margalef, r. 1949. sobre la ecología de las larvas del mosquito Aëdes mariae. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 6: 83-101.

56) Margalef, r. 1949. Un problema interesante de biogeografía. La distribución de los Gammarus en el norte de españa. Munibe. 3: 108-111.

57) Margalef, r. 1949. Una aplicación de las series logarítmicas a la fitosociología. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 6: 59-72.

58) Margalef, r. 1949. Une nouvelle mé-thode limnologique pour l’étude du périphyton. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen. 10: 284-285.

195059) Margalef, r. 1950. algunos crustáceos

interesantes de las aguas dulces y salobres de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 7: 131-151

60) Margalef, r. 1950. Datos para la hidrobi-ología de la cordillera cantábrica, especial-mente del macizo de los Picos de europa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 7: 37-76.

61) Margalef, r. 1950. Datos para la hidro-biología del estanque de Montcortés (Provincia de Lérida). Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. sección Biológica. 48: 209-218.

62) Margalef, r. 1950. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne. de españa. IIIb, euchlorophyceae. collectanea Botanica. 2: 273-293.

63) Margalef, r. 1950. Plancton recogido por los laboratorios costeros, I. Plancton de Blanes durante el verano de 1949. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 7: 155-157.

42

64) Margalef, r. 1950. Plantas carnívoras. colección estudio de conocimientos ge-nerales 82. editorial seix Barral. Barcelona. 81 pp.

65) Margalef, r., Ponz, F. 1950. actividad fosfatásica de los cladóceros, en particular so-bre sustancias disueltas en el agua ambiente. revista española de Fisiologia. 6: 227-237.

66) Massutí, M., Margalef, r. 1950. Introducción al estudio del plancton marino. Patronato Juan de la cierva de Investigación técnica. sección de Biología Marina. Barcelona. 182 pp.

195167) Margalef, r. 1951. ciclo anual del

Fitoplancton marino en la costa ne. de la Península Ibérica . Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 9: 83-118.

68) Margalef, r. 1951. cómo se defienden los animales. colección estudio de cono-cimientos generales. seix Barral. Barcelona. 95 pp.

69) Margalef, r. 1951. Diversidad de especies en las comunidades naturales. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 9: 5-27.

70) Margalef, r. 1951. Historia de la rosa. seix Barral. Barcelona. pp.11.

71) Margalef, r. 1951. La base actual de la biogeografía. arbor ciencia, pensamiento y cultura. 66.67: 1-17. category: Papers. Language: spanish.

72) Margalef, r. 1951. Materiales para la hidro-biología de la Isla de Ibiza. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 8: 5-70.

73) Margalef, r. 1951. nota complementaria al artículo “algunos crustaceos interesantes de las aguas dulces y salobres de españa”. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 8: 155-155.

74) Margalef, r. 1951. Observaciones sobre Triops (=Apus) cancriformis de una localidad catalana. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 9: 247-254.

75) Margalef, r. 1951. Plancton recogido por los laboratorios costeros. III.- Fitoplancton de las costas de castellón durante el año 1950. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 9: 49-62.

76) Margalef, r. 1951. regiones limnológicas de cataluña y ensayo de sistematización de las asociaciones de algas. collectanea Botanica. 3: 43-67.

77) Margalef, r. 1951. rôle des entomostracés dans la régéneration des phosphates. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie.Verhandlungen. 11: 246-247.

78) Margalef, r. 1951. sobre Gammarus intere-santes de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 9: 255-269.

79) Margalef, r. 1951. Über die biogeographische stellung der Binnengewässerlebewelt spaniens. archiv für Hydrobiologie. 45: 304-313.

80) Margalef, r. 1951. Un sincárido del género Parabathynella en las Baleares. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 8: 151-153.

81) Margalef, r., Balcells, e. 1951. crustáceos interesantes de las aguas salobres de Guipúzcoa. Munibe. 1: 62-63.

82) rodríguez-roda, J., Larrañeta, M.G., Margalef, r., andreu, B. 1951. Datos para una crítica del significado de la media verte-bral de las poblaciones de la sardina (Sardina pilchardus Walb.). Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 9: 185-192.

195283) Margalef, r. 1952. ecología animal.

enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana. suplemento anual. espasa-calpe. Madrid. pp: 523-539.

84) Margalef, r. 1952. estudio sumario del fitoplancton de la ría de Vigo (1948-1950). Boletín del Instituto español de Oceanografía. I 47: 1-5.

85) Margalef, r. 1952. La vida en las aguas dulces de andorra. Monogr. Inst. est. Pirenaicos. c.s.I.c. 69: 1-107.

43

96) Margalef, r. 1953. La herencia biológica. colección estudio de conocimientos Generales. editorial seix Barral. Barcelona. 163 pp.

97) Margalef, r. 1953. Los crustáceos de las aguas continentales ibéricas. Biología de las aguas continentales, 10. Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y experiencias, Ministerio de agricultura. Madrid. 243 pp.

98) Margalef, r. 1953. Materiales para la hidro-biología de la isla de Mallorca. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 15: 5-111.

99) Margalef, r. 1953. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne. de españa. IV b, cyanophyceae. collectanea Botanica. 3: 231-260.

100) Margalef, r. 1953. Modifications induced by different temperatures on the cells of Scenedesmus obliquus (chlorophyceae). Hydrobiologia.

101) Margalef, r. 1953. Observaciones paleoecológicas y geocronológicas sobre los sedimentos lacustres miocénicos de Hellín (albacete). Memorias y comunicaciones del Instituto Geologico. 10: 53-72.

102) Margalef, r., Duran, M. 1953. Microplancton de Vigo, de octubre de 1951 a septiembre de 1952. Instituto de Biología aplicada. 13: 5-78.

1954103) Duran, M., Margalef, r. 1954. Métodos de

trabajo en el mar, práctica del laboratorio de Vigo. I reunión sobre “Productividad y pesquerías”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 1: 10-12.

104) Margalef, r. 1954. algunos crustáceos de agua dulce y salobre de la romagna. Bollettino della società entomologica Italiana. 84: 146-150.

105) Margalef, r. 1954. consideraciones sobre la determinación cuantitativa del fitoplancton por la valoración de pigmentos solubles y los factores que afectan a la relación entre canti-dad de pigmento y peso seco. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 16: 71-84.

86) Margalef, r. 1952. La vida en las aguas dulces de los alrededores del santuario de nuestra señora de aránzazu (Guipúzcoa). Munibe. 2.3: 73-108.

87) Margalef, r. 1952. Materiales para la hidro-biología de la isla de Menorca. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 11: 5-112.

88) Margalef, r. 1952. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne de españa. IV a, cyanophyceae. collectanea Botanica. 3: 209-229.

89) Margalef, r. 1952. Peuplement des iles de la mediterranée occidentale: Quelques remarques biogéographiques au sujet des crustacés d’eau douce des Baléares. Oceanographie Mediterranéenne. 2: 248-252.

90) Margalef, r. 1952. Une Jaëra dans les eaux douces des Baléares, Jaëra balearica nov. sp. (Isopoda asellota). Hydrobiologia. 4: 209-213.

91) Margalef, r., saiz, F., rodríguez-roda, J., toll, r., Vallés, J.M. 1952. Plancton recogido por los laboratorios costeros, V. Fitoplancton de las costas de castellón durante el año 1951. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 10: 133-143.

195392) Margalef, r. 1953. algas de agua dulce y sa-

lobre de la romagna (colección Zangheri). archivio Botanico. 29: 1-19.

93) Margalef, r. 1953. algunos organismos inte-resantes de las aguas dulces de los Pirineos. Pirineos revista de ecología de montaña. 9.28293: 407-420.

94) Margalef, r. 1953. caracteres ligados a las magnitudes absolutas de los organismos y su significado sistemático y evolutivo. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 12: 111-121.

95) Margalef, r. 1953. estudios experimentales sobre las modificaciones inducidas por dife-rentes temperaturas en células de clorofíceas. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 12: 5-78.

44

106) Margalef, r. 1954. Diferencias interanuales en la producción de fitoplancton. I reunión sobre “Productividad y pesquerías”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 1: 32-34.

107) Margalef, r. 1954. Materiales para una Flora de las algas del ne. de españa V a, Bacillariophyta. collectanea Botanica. 4: 53-79.

108) Margalef, r. 1954. Materiales para una Flora de las algas del ne. de españa V b, Bacillariophyta. collectanea Botanica. 4: 183-201.

109) Margalef, r. 1954. Orientaciones de la Hidrobiología Moderna. Ibérica. 272: 1-8.

110) Margalef, r. 1954. Un aparato para el cultivo de algas en condiciones regulables. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 17: 65-69.

111) Margalef, r. 1954. Una técnica de filtración para el estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo del fitoplancton. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 17: 131-134.

112) Margalef, r., Herrera, J., rodríguez-roda, J., Larrañeta, M.G. 1954. Plancton recogido por los laboratorios costeros. VIII.- Fitoplancton de las costas de castellón durante el año 1952. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 17: 87-100.

1955113) arté, P., Margalef, r. 1955. experiencias

efectuadas con una sonda “sadir-carpentier” tipo s. II reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 2: 19-21

114) Herrera, J., Muñoz, F., Margalef, r. 1955. Fitoplancton de las costas de castellón durante el año 1953. Investigación Pesquera. 1: 17-29.

115) Margalef, r. 1955. comunidades bióticas de las aguas dulces del noroeste de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 21: 5-85.

116) Margalef, r. 1955. contribución al estudio de la fauna de las aguas dulces del noroeste de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 21: 137-171.

117) Margalef, r. 1955. Datos para el estudio de la distribución de los crustáceos en las aguas continentales españolas. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 21: 173-177.

118) Margalef, r. 1955. Dinámica de las poblaciones de fitoplancton. II reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 2: 24-27.

119) Margalef, r. 1955. La diversidad de especies en las poblaciones mixtas naturales y en el estudio del dinamismo de las mismas. tomo de homenaje póstumo al Dr. D. Francisco Pardillo Vaquer 19-mayo-1884, 19-julio-1955. Publ. Univ. Barcelona. Barcelona. pp 229-243.

120) Margalef, r. 1955. Las simulias. Ibérica. 298: 7-11.

121) Margalef, r. 1955. Los diversos tipos de especies en plantas y animales. Ibérica. 318: 423-439.

122) Margalef, r. 1955. Los organismos indicadores en la limnología. Biología de las aguas continentales, 12. Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y experiencias. Ministerio de agricultura. Madrid. 300 pp.

123) Margalef, r. 1955. Materiales para una Flora de las algas del ne. de españa. VI, Desmidiales, rhodophyceae. collectanea Botanica. 4: 319-329.

124) Margalef, r. 1955. Métodos de trabajo en el mar - Laboratorio de Vigo. II reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 2: 15-16.

125) Margalef, r. 1955. temperatura, dimensio-nes y evolución. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 19: 13-94. category: Papers. Language: spanish.

126) Margalef, r. 1955. temperature and morphology in freshwater organ-isms. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen. 12: 507-514.

45

127) Margalef, r. 1955. Variaciones interanuales en el fitoplancton de castellón. II reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. pp: 2/ 48-50.

128) Margalef, r., Duran, M., saiz, F. 1955. el fitoplancton de la ría de Vigo de enero de 1953 a marzo de 1954. Investigación Pesquera. 2: 85-129.

1956129) Duran, M., saiz, F., López-Benito, M.,

Margalef, r. 1956. el fitoplancton de la ría de Vigo, de abril de 1954 a junio de 1955. Investigación Pesquera. 4: 67-95.

130) Margalef, r. 1956. algas de agua dulce del noroeste de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 22: 43-152.

131) Margalef, r. 1956. comentarios biogeográ-ficos sobre la distribución de la fauna de agua dulce en las montañas del norte de españa. Volumen homenaje al Dr. D. Joaquin Mendizábal cortazar conde de Peñaflorida, 1886-1954. Museo de san telmo. san sebastián. pp. 3-5.

132) Margalef, r. 1956. cultivos experimentales de algas unicelulares. Investigación Pesquera. 3: 3-19.

133) Margalef, r. 1956. Dos nuevos Gammarus de las aguas dulces españolas. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 23: 31-36.

134) Margalef, r. 1956. estructura y dinámica de la “purga de mar” en la ría de Vigo. Investigación Pesquera. 5: 113-134.

135) Margalef, r. 1956. estudios hidrobiológicos en los valles de Bohí (Prov. de Lérida). actes du 2ème congrès International d’Études pyréneennes. Lucho-Pau, 21-25 septembre 1954. 3: 87-108.

136) Margalef, r. 1956. Información y diversidad específica en las comunidades de organis-mos. Investigación Pesquera. 3: 99-106.

137) Margalef, r. 1956. La “Purga de Mar”. Ibérica. 335: 1-8.

138) Margalef, r. 1956. La vida en las aguas de elevado residuo salino de la provincia de Zamora. Publicaciones del Instituto de BiologÍa aplicada. 24: 123-137.

139) Margalef, r. 1956. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne. de españa, VII, suple-mento. collectanea Botanica. 5: 87-107.

140) Margalef, r. 1956. Oscilaciones del clima postglacial del noroeste de españa registradas en los sedimentos de la ría de Vigo. Zephyrus. 7: 5-9.

141) Margalef, r. 1956. Paleoecología postglacial de la ría de Vigo. Investigación Pesquera. 5: 89-112.

142) Margalef, r. 1956. rotíferos marinos del plancton de la ría de Vigo. Investigación Pesquera. 4: 133-135.

143) Muñoz, F., Herrera, J., Margalef, r. 1956. Fitoplancton de las costas de castellón durante el año 1954. Investigación Pesquera. 3: 75-90.

1957144) Herrera, J., Margalef, r. 1957. Hidrografía

y fitoplancton de las costas de castellón, de julio de 1956 a junio de 1957. Investigación Pesquera. 10: 17-44.

145) Margalef, r. 1957. Determinación continua a través de cable de características fisicoquímicas del agua. III reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. pp: 3/ 98-101.

146) Margalef, r. 1957. Fitoplancton de las costas de Blanes (Gerona) de agosto de 1952 a junio de 1956. Investigación Pesquera. 8: 89-95.

147) Margalef, r. 1957. Fitoplancton de las costas de Puerto rico. Investigación Pesquera. 6: 39-52.

148) Margalef, r. 1957. La teoría de la infor-mación en ecología. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 32: 373-449.

46

149) Margalef, r. 1957. Los microfósiles del lago miocénico de la cerdaña como indicadores ecológicos. cursillos y conferencias del Instituto Lucas Mallada. Madrid. 4: 13-17.

150) Margalef, r. 1957. Materiales para una flora de las algas del ne. de españa. VII, suplemento (continuación). collectanea Botanica. 5: 353-365.

151) Margalef, r. 1957. nuevos aspectos del problema de la suspensión en los organismos planctónicos. Investigación Pesquera. 7: 105-116.

152) Margalef, r. 1957. Paleoecología del lago de la cerdaña. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 25: 131-137.

153) Margalef, r. 1957. Productividad y sucesión. III reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 3: 5-8.

154) Margalef, r. 1957. Un modelo para el estudio de la distribución de organismos de gran dispersabilidad y área de reproducción muy localizada. Investigación Pesquera. 7: 117-125.

155) Margalef, r. 1957. Variación local e interanual en la secuencia de las poblaciones de fitoplancton de red en las aguas super-ficiales de la costa mediterránea española. Investigación Pesquera. 9: 65-95.

156) Margalef, r., Muñoz, F., Herrera, J. 1957. Fitoplancton de las costas de castellón de enero de 1955 a junio de 1956. Investigación Pesquera. 7: 3-31.

1958157) Margalef, r. 1958. algunos crustáceos de

las aguas continentales de españa y norte de africa. Miscelánea Zoológica. 1: 51-60.

158) Margalef, r. 1958. Distribución de los crus-táceos en las aguas continentales españolas. Grado de asociación entre las especies en relación con factores ecológicos e históricos. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 27: 17-31.

159) Margalef, r. 1958. Information theory in ecology. General systematics. 3: 36-71.

160) Margalef, r. 1958. La sedimentación orgánica y la vida en los fondos fangosos de la ría de Vigo. Investigación Pesquera. 11: 67-100.

161) Margalef, r. 1958. Materiales para el estudio de las comunidades bióticas de las aguas dulces y salobres, principalmente del ne. de españa. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología aplicada. 28: 5-47.

162) Margalef, r. 1958. registro fósil de fluctuaciones climáticas de corto período en el área pirenaica y en época miocénica. actas tercer congreso Internacional de estudios Pirenaicos, 1958. Gerona. 2: 217-226.

163) Margalef, r. 1958. temporal succession and spatial heterogeneity in natural phytoplank-ton. In: Buzzati-traverso (ed.). Perspectives in marine biology. University of california Press. Los angeles. pp. 323-349.

164) Margalef, r. 1958. trophic typology versus biotic typology, as exemplified in the regional limnology of northern spain. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen. 13: 339-349.

165) Margalef, r., andreu, B. 1958. componente vertical de los movimientos del agua en la ria de Vigo y su posible relación con la entrada de la sardina. Investigación Pesquera. 11: 105-126.

166) Margalef, r., Herrera, J., Muñoz, F. 1958. La production du phytoplancton dans les eaux cotières du Levant espagnol. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 14: 269-275.

1959167) Margalef, r. 1959. ecología, biogeografía

y evolución. revista de la Universidad de Madrid. 8: 221-273.

168) Margalef, r. 1959. Mode of evolution of species in relation to their places in ecological succession. Proceedings of XVth International congress of Zoology. pp. 787-789.

47

169) Margalef, r. 1959. nuevos datos para el estudio de la historia de la ría de Vigo, desde la última glaciación. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 33: 23-35.

170) Margalef, r. 1959. Pigmentos asimiladores extraídos de las colonias de celentéreos de los arrecifes de coral y su significado ecológico. Investigación Pesquera. 15: 81-101.

171) Margalef, r., Herrera, J., arias, e. 1959. Hidrografía y fitoplancton de las costas de castellón, de julio de 1957 a junio de 1958. Investigación Pesquera. 15: 3-38.

1960172) Margalef, r. 1960. avances y problemas téc-

nicos en el estudio del plancton y de la hi-drografía. IV reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 4: 4-6.

173) Margalef, r. 1960. el XXV congreso inter-nacional de limnología. notas Informativas. trabajos del Museo de Zoología. nueva serie zoológica. 2: 5-6.

174) Margalef, r. 1960. Fluctuations in abundance and availability caused by biotic factors. Proceedings of the World scientific Meeting on the Biology of sardines and related species. F.a.O. roma 3: 1265-1285.

175) Margalef, r. 1960. Ideas for a synthetic approach to the ecology of running waters. Internationale revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie. Berlin. 45: 133-153.

176) Margalef, r. 1960. Los pigmentos vegetales en el estudio de la sucesión. IV reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 4: 40-42.

177) Margalef, r. 1960. Mecanismo de fertil-ización de las aguas costeras de castellón. IV reunión sobre “Productividad del mar y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 4: 23-25.

178) Margalef, r. 1960. Méthode d’extraction des pigments dans l’étude de la végétation benthique. annales de la station centrale d’hydrobiologie appliquée. 8: 99-103.

179) Margalef, r. 1960. recientes progresos en el estudio de las comunidades vegetales por medio de la extracción de pigmentos. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. sección Biológica. 58: 291-300.

180) Margalef, r. 1960. reunión científica mundial sobre biología de la sardina y espe-cies afines. notas Informativas. trabajos del Museo de Zoología. nueva serie zoológica. 2: 6-7.

181) Margalef, r. 1960. silicoflagellate popula-tions in the plankton of cape cod area, past and present. the Biological Bulletin. 119: 326-326.

182) Margalef, r. 1960. the size of the marine diatom Melosira sulcata (ehrenb.) Kuetz. in the cape cod area. the Biological Bulletin. 119: 326-326.

183) Margalef, r. 1960. Valeur indicatrice de la composition des pigments du phyto-plancton sur la productivité, composition taxonomique et propriétés dynamiques des populations. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 15: 277-281.

184) Margalef, r. cervignón, F., Yepez, G. 1960. exploración preliminar de las características hidrográficas y de la distribución del fitoplancton en el área de la Isla Margarita (Venezuela). Memoria de la sociedad de ciencias naturales La salle. 20: 211-221.

185) Margalef, r., Morales, e. 1960. Fitoplancton de las costas de Blanes (Gerona), de julio de 1956 a junio de 1959. Investigación Pesquera. 16: 3-31.

186) Margalef, r., ryther, J. 1960. Pigment composition and productivity as related to succession in experimental populations of phytoplankton. the Biological Bulletin. 119: 326-327.

48

1961187) Herrera, J., Margalef, r. 1961. Hidrografía

y fitoplancton de las costas de castellón, de julio de 1958 a junio de 1959. Investigación Pesquera. 20: 17-63.

188) Margalef, r. 1961. algunas aplicaciones de la teoría de la información en el campo de la Biología y concretamente a la ecología y al estudio de la evolución. scientia. 55: 1-7.

189) Margalef, r. 1961. caractéristiques et signi-fication des Zooxanthelles du “phytoplanc-ton prisonnier” des acanthaires. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 16: 141-142.

190) Margalef, r. 1961. communication of structure in planktonic populations. Limnology and Oceanography. 6: 124-128.

191) Margalef, r. 1961. correlations entre certains caractères synthétiques des popula-tions de phytoplancton. Hydrobiologia. acta hydrobiologica hydrographica et protisto-logica. 18: 155-164.

192) Margalef, r. 1961. Distribució i dinàmica de les poblacions de plàncton vegetal, en relació amb les superfícies de transició i discon-tinuïtat. In: Miscel·lània Fontseré. editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona. pp. 245-257.

193) Margalef, r. 1961. Distribución ecológica y geográfica de las especies del fitoplancton marino. Investigación Pesquera. 19: 81-101.

194) Margalef, r. 1961. Distribution du phytoplancton dans une échelle moyenne de dimensions et signification de ses pigments assimilateurs dans l’interprétation de la dynamique des configurations. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 16: 139-140.

195) Margalef, r. 1961. Fitoplancton atlántico de las costas de Mauritania y senegal. Investigación Pesquera. 20: 131-143.

196) Margalef, r. 1961. Hidrografía y fitoplancton de un área marina de la costa meridional de Puerto rico. Investigación Pesquera. 18: 33-96.

197) Margalef, r. 1961. La vida en los charcos de agua dulce de nueva esparta (Venezuela). Memoria de la sociedad de ciencias naturales La salle. 21: 75-110.

198) Margalef, r. 1961. Modalités de l’evolution en rapport avec la simplification des biocénoses insulaires. Le peuplement des îles Méditerranéennes et le problème de l’insularité. Banyuls-sur-Mer, 21-27 sep-tembre 1959. colloques internationaux du centre national de la recherche scientifique ; 94. Éditions du centre national de la recherche scientifique. Paris. pp 313-320.

199) Margalef, r. 1961. nouveaux développe-ments dans la technique de l’extraction des pigments du phytoplancton. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 16: 223-224.

200) Margalef, r. 1961. Variaciones intraes-pecíficas de los pigmentos asimiladores en clorofíceas y fanerógamas acuáticas. Investigación Pesquera. 19: 111-118.

201) Margalef, r. 1961. Velocidad de sediment-ación de organismos pasivos del fitoplanc-ton. Investigación Pesquera. 18: 3-8.

202) Margalef, r. 1961. Zoología. In: enciclopedia Labor. Vol 3. La vida. Labor. Barcelona. pp: 393-679. category: Papers.

203) Margalef, r., Herrera, J. 1961. el nivel del mar en castellón. Investigación Pesquera. 19: 55-63.

1962204) Margalef, r. 1962. adaptación, ecología

y evolución: nuevas formas de plantear antiguos problemas. Boletín de la real sociedad española de Historia natural. sección Biológica. 60: 231-246.

205) Margalef, r. 1962. comunidades naturales. Publicación especial. Instituto de Biología Marina. Universidad de Puerto rico. Mayaguez. 469 pp.

49

206) Margalef, r. 1962. Diversità dello zooplancton nel Lago Maggiore. Memorie dell’Instuto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott. Marco de Marchi . 15: 137-151.

207) Margalef, r. 1962. Modelos físicos simplificados de poblaciones de organismos. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 34: 83-146.

208) Margalef, r. 1962. Organisation spatiale et temporelle des populations de phy-toplancton dans un secteur du littoral méditerranéen espagnol. Pubblicazioni della stazione Zoologica di napoli. 32: 336-348.

209) Margalef, r. 1962. succession in marine populations. advancing frontiers of plant sciences. 2: 137-188.

1963210) Herrera, J., Margalef, r. 1963. Hidrografía y

fitoplancton de la costa comprendida entre castellón y la desembocadura del ebro, de julio de 1960 a junio de 1961. Investigación Pesquera. 24: 33-112.

211) Margalef, r. 1963. algunas regularidades en la distribución a escala pequeña y media de las poblaciones marinas de fitoplancton y en sus características funcionales. Investigación Pesquera. 23: 169-230.

212) Margalef, r. 1963. contribution to Marine Biology I. In: Proceedings of the First International Interdisciplinary conference on Marine Biology. riley, G.a. (ed.). 1961. Princeton, new Yersey Oct 29-nov 1, 1961. american Institute of Biological sciences, Washington, 286 pp.

213) Margalef, r. 1963. Desarrollo experimental de picnoclinas en pequeños volúmenes de agua. Investigación Pesquera. 23: 3-10.

214) Margalef, r. 1963. ecologie marine: nou-velles vues sur de vieux problèmes. L’année Biologique. 1.2: 3-16.

215) Margalef, r. 1963. el ecosistema pelágico de un área costera del Mediterráneo occidental. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 35: 3-48.

216) Margalef, r. 1963. Modelos simplificados del ambiente marino para el estudio de la sucesión y distribución del fitoplancton y del valor indicador de sus pigmentos. Investigación Pesquera. 23: 11-52.

217) Margalef, r. 1963. note technique sur le prélèvement d’échantillons d’eau pour l’étude du phytoplancton. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 17: 463-463.

218) Margalef, r. 1963. On certain unify-ing principles in ecology. the american naturalist. 97: 357-374.

219) Margalef, r. 1963. rôle des ciliés dans le cycle de la vie pélagique en Méditerranée. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 17: 511-512.

220) Margalef, r. 1963. Scaphodinium mirabile, nov. gen., nov. sp., un nuevo dinoflagelado aberrante del plancton marino. Miscelánea Zoológica. 1: 3-4.

221) Margalef, r. 1963. Un Supraniphargus intere-sante de Vizcaya (amphipoda Gammaridae). Miscelánea Zoologica. 1: 33-34.

222) Margalef, r., Herrera, J. 1963. Hidrografía y fitoplancton de las costas de castellón, de julio de 1959 a junio de 1960. Investigación Pesquera. 22: 49-109.

1964223) establier, r., Margalef, r. 1964.

Fitoplancton e hidrografía de las costas de cádiz (Barbate), de junio de 1961 a agosto de 1962. Investigación Pesquera. 25: 5-31.

224) Margalef, r. 1964. correspondence between the classic types of lakes and the structure and dynamic properties of their populations. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen. 15: 169-175.

50

225) Margalef, r. 1964. Fitoplancton de las costas de Blanes (Provincia de Gerona, Mediterráneo occidental), de julio de 1959 a junio de 1963. Investigación Pesquera. 26: 131-164.

226) Margalef, r. 1964. Modelos experimentales de poblaciones de fitoplancton: nuevas observaciones sobre pigmentos y fijación de carbono inorgánico. Investigación Pesquera. 26: 195-203.

227) Margalef, r. 1964. sobre una spirogyra de agua salobre. collectanea Botanica. 6: 455-456

228) Margalef, r., Herrera, J. 1964. Hidrografía y fitoplancton de la costa comprendida entre castellón y la desembocadura del ebro, de julio de 1961 a julio de 1962. Investigación Pesquera. 26: 49-90.

1965229) Ballester, a., Margalef, r. 1965. Producción

primaria. Memoria de la sociedad de ciencias naturales La salle. 25: 209-221.

230) Margalef, r. 1965. análisis de las comu-nidades de organismos y su significado como indicadores ecológicos. V reunión sobre “Producción marina y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 5: 28-29.

231) Margalef, r. 1965. composición y distribución del fitoplancton. Memoria de la sociedad de ciencias naturales La salle. 25: 139-205.

232) Margalef, r. 1965. Distribución ecológica de las especies del fitoplancton marino en un área del Mediterráneo occidental. Investigación Pesquera. 28: 117-131.

233) Margalef, r. 1965. Distribution des espèces du phytoplancton méditerranéen par rapport aux différentes combinaisons des facteurs du milieu. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 18: 349-352.

234) Margalef, r. 1965. Diversidad de las muestras de poblaciones de peces, en fun-ción de la madurez del ecosistema, de la in-tensidad de explotación y de la selectividad de las artes. V reunión sobre “Producción marina y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 5: 113-115.

235) Margalef, r. 1965. ecological cor-relations and the relationship between primary productivity and community structure. Memorie dell’Instituto Italiano di Idrobiologia, sumplemento. 18: 355-364.

236) Margalef, r. 1965. evaluación contínua y automática de las poblaciones planc-tónicas. V reunión sobre “Producción marina y explotación pesquera”. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 5: 19-21.

237) Margalef, r. 1965. Krassilnikoviae et fausses Krassilnikoviae. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 18: 339-340.

238) Margalef, r. 1965. Limnología. Gran enciclopedia del mundo. Durvan. Bilbao. 11: 1048-1060.

1966239) Herrera, J., Margalef, r. 1966. estimación de

la actividad total añadida y de la autoabsor-ción en las determinaciones de producción del fitoplancton con 14c. Investigación Pesquera. 30: 37-44.

240) Margalef, r. 1966. análisis y valor indicador de las comunidades de fitoplancton mediterráneo. Investigación Pesquera. 30: 429-482.

241) Margalef, r. 1966. aplicació de la cibernètica a l’estudi de sistemes biològics al nivell de l’ecosistema. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 20: 73-81.

242) Margalef, r. 1966. Fluctuations of many years period in West Mediterranean phytoplankton. second International Oceanographic congres, Moskow. abstracts of papers. Moscow 1966. pp: 243-244.

51

243) Margalef, r. 1966. Las formas inferiores de vida. In: La evolución. crusafont Pairó, M. (ed.). La editorial católica. Madrid. pp: 174-202.

244) Margalef, r. 1966. Variabilidad del número de radios en diatomeas y otras algas unice-lulares. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 37: 207-220.

245) Margalef, r., Herrera, J. 1966. La produc-ción primaria en las aguas del puerto de Barcelona. Investigación Pesquera. 30: 45-48.

246) Margalef, r., Herrera, J., steyaert, J., steyaert, M. 1966. Distribution et caractéristiques des communautés phytoplantoniques dans le bassin thyrrhénien de la Méditerranée en fonction des facteurs ambiants et a la fin de la stratification estivale de l’année 1963. Institut royal sciences naturelles de Belgique Bulletin. 42: 1-56.

1967247) Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). 1967.

ecología Marina. Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp. 711.

248) Margalef, r. 1967. Biogeografia histórica. In: ecología Marina. Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp: 356-376.

249) Margalef, r. 1967. correlaciones entre parámetros oceanográficos del caribe. Investigación Pesquera. 31: 1-15.

250) Margalef, r. 1967. el ecosistema. In: ecología Marina. Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp: 377-453.

251) Margalef, r. 1967. experiencias con contadores de seston en el crucero del “Mechelen”, “Mediterranean outflow 1965”, y formas de elaborar los resultados. Investigación Pesquera. 31: 503-538.

252) Margalef, r. 1967. Laboratory analogues of estuarine plankton systems. In: estuaries. Lauff, G.H. (ed.). american associaton for the advancement of science, Washington. pp: 515-521.

253) Margalef, r. 1967. Las algas inferiores. In: ecología Marina. Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp: 230-272.

254) Margalef, r. 1967. Luz y temperatura. In: ecología Marina. Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp: 100-129.

255) Margalef, r. 1967. nous aspectes de l’estudi estadístic de les comunitats d’organismes. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 21: 93-100.

256) Margalef, r. 1967. ritmos, fluctuaciones y sucesión. In: ecología Marina. Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). Fundación La salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp. 454-492.

257) Margalef, r. 1967. significado de las dife-rencias verticales de potencial eléctrico en el mar. Investigación Pesquera. 31: 259-263.

258) Margalef, r. 1967. some concepts relative to the organization of plankton. Oceanography and Marine Biology annual review. 5: 257-289.

259) Margalef, r. 1967. the food web in pelagic environment. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen. 15: 548-559.

260) Margalef, r. 1967. Un ejemplo de diversidad química. Investigación Pesquera. 31: 489-490.

261) Margalef, r., Ballester, a. 1967. Fitoplancton y producción primaria de la costa catalana, de junio de 1965 a junio de 1966. Investigación Pesquera. 31: 165-182.

262) Margalef, r., castellví, J. 1967. Fitoplancton y producción primaria de la costa catalana, de julio de 1966 a julio de 1967. Investigación Pesquera. 31: 491-502.

263) Margalef, r., Vives, F. 1967. La vida suspen-dida en las aguas. In: ecología Marina. Ginés, H., Margalef, r. (eds.). Fundación la salle de ciencias naturales. caracas. pp: 493-562.

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1968264) Margalef, r. 1968. Fluctuaciones de varios

años de período medio en la producción de fitoplancton en el Mediterráneo occidental. collectanea Botanica. 7: 727-747.

265) Margalef, r. 1968. La ciencia del Mar. Publicaciones tecnicas de la Junta de estudios de Pesca. 7: 351-364.

266) Margalef, r. 1968. nouvelles observations sur la distribution des ciliés oligotriches dans le plancton de la Meditérranée occidentale. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 19: 565-566.

267) Margalef, r. 1968. Perspectives in eco-logical theory. University of chicago Press. chicago. 111 pp.

268) Margalef, r. 1968. Présence de chatonella subsalsa Biecheler dans le port de Barcelone. rapports et procès verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scintifique de la Mer Méditerranée. 19: 581-582.

269) Margalef, r., san Feliu, J. 1968. expeditions antarctiques Belgo-neerlandaises en 1966-67. resultat d’analyses du seston a l’aide du compteur dimentionnel de particules, I. Bulletin Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique. 44: 1-5.

1969270) Margalef, r. (ed.). 1969. actas del sexto

simposio Internacional sobre algas Marinas. /Proceedings of the sixth international sea-weed symposium. santiago de compostela, 9 al 13 de septiembre de 1968. subsecretaria de la Marina Mercante. Dirección General de pesca Maritima . Madrid. 1969. 782 pp.

271) Margalef, r. 1969. Diversidad del fito-plancton de red en dos áreas del atlántico. Investigación Pesquera. 33: 275-286.

272) Margalef, r. 1969. composición específica del fitoplancton de la costa catalano-levantina (Mediterráneo Occidental) en 1962-1967. Investigación Pesquera. 33: 345-380.

273) Margalef, r. 1969. el concepto de polución en limnologia y sus indicadores biológicos. Documentos de Investigación Hidrológica, suplemento revista agua. 7: 103-133.

274) Margalef, r. 1969. el ecosistema pelágico del mar caribe. Memoria de la sociedad de ciencias naturales La salle. 29: 5-36.

275) Margalef, r. 1969. estudios sobre la distri-bución a pequeña escala del fitoplancton marino. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 40: 3-22.

276) Margalef, r. 1969. size of centric diatoms as an ecological indicator. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Mitteilungen 17: 202-210.

277) Margalef, r. 1969. Diversity and stability: a practical proposal and a model of interde-pendence. Brookhaven symp. Biology. 22: 25-37.

278) Margalef, r. 1969. comunidades planctónicas en lagunas litorales. In: Men. simposio International Lagunas costeras. (a. ayala & F.B. Phleger, eds.). UnaM -(Universidad nacional autónoma de México.) UnescO. nov. 28-30 Mexico. 1967. pp: 545-562.

279) Margalef, r. 1969. Discurso de contestación: Fauna cavernícola de españa. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 39: 323-327.

280) Margalef, r. 1969. Discurso de contestación: ritmos de periodo largo en el crecimiento de plantas. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 39: 215-217.

281) Margalef, r. 1969. Perspectivas de la limnología actual. agua. 53: 9-13.

282) Margalef, r. 1969. small scale distribution of phytoplankton in western Mediterranean at the end of July. Pubblicazioni della stazione zoologica di napoli. 37: 40-61.

283) Margalef, r., Gozález Bernáldez, F. 1969. Grupos de especies asociadas en el fitoplanc-ton del Mar caribe (ne de Venezuela). Investigación Pesquera. 33: 287-312.

53

1970284) Margalef, r. 1970. anfípodos recolectados

en aguas subterráneas ibéricas. speleon. 17: 63-65.

285) Margalef, r. 1970. antípodos recolectados en aguas subterráneas del País Vasco. Munibe. 22.34: 169-174.

286) Margalef, r. 1970. Diversidad y produc-tividad del fitoplancton en el Mediterráneo occidental. Investigación Pesquera. 34: 565-573.

287) Margalef, r. 1970. explotación y gestión en ecología. Pirineos. 98: 103-121.

288) Margalef, r. 1970. Protecció de la natura o protecció de l’home? Muntanya. 652: 158-163.

289) Margalef, r. 1970. régimen futuro de los océanos. arbor ciencia, pensamiento y cultura. 297.298: 49-61.

290) Margalef, r. 1970. reunión oceanográfica internacional. Preface. pp: 115-117.

291) Margalef, r. 1970. seminario de ecología Matemática. editorial. Investigación Pesquera. 34: 1-8.

292) Margalef, r., Blasco, D. 1970. Influencia del puerto de Barcelona sobre el fitoplancton de las áreas vecinas: Una mancha de plancton de gran densidad, con dominancia de Thalassiosira, observada en agosto de 1969. Investigación Pesquera. 34: 575-580.

1971293) Margalef, r. 1971. composition et analyse

par groupes du phytoplancton au large des côtes méditerranéennes espagnoles, en 1965-67. rapports et procés verbaux des réunions. commission Internationale pour l’exploration scientifique de la Mer Méditerranée. Monaco. 20: 307-310.

294) Margalef, r. 1971. Distribución del fitoplancton entre córcega y Barcelona, en relación con la mezcla vertical del agua, en marzo de 1970. Investigación Pesquera. 35: 687-698.

295) Margalef, r. 1971. L’home, part de la biosfera i objecte d’estudi de l’ecologia. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 30: 13-25.

296) Margalef, r. 1971. Pròleg. In: ecologia, d’avui. L’home i el seu medi. terrades, J. col·lecció “què cal saber”. editorial teide, Barcelona. pp: 3-5.

297) Margalef, r. 1971. Prólogo. In: ecología, hoy. el hombre y su medio. terrades, J. colección “Hay que saber”. editorial teide, Barcelona. pp: 7-9.

298) Margalef, r. 1971. spatial manifestation on a small scale of the relations between nutri-ent supply and phytoplankton composition. In: the Ocean world. Proceedings of Joint Oceanographic assembly, IaPsO, IaBO, cMG, scOr. Michitaka Uda (ed.).13-25 september 1970, tokyo, Japan. pp: 248-248.

299) Margalef, r. 1971. Una campaña ocean-ográfica del “cornide de saavedra” en la región de afloramiento de nO africano. Investigación Pesquera. 35: 1-39.

300) Margalef, r., estrada, M. 1971. simple ap-proaches to a pattern analysis of phytoplank-ton. Investigación Pesquera. 35: 269-297.

1972301) Margalef, r. 1972. Fitoplancton de la región

de afloramiento del noroeste de africa. I. Pigmentos y producción. resultados de expediciones cientificas del Buque Oceanografico cornide de saavedra. 1: 23-51.

302) Margalef, r. 1972. Interpretaciones no estrictamente estadísticas de la represent-ación de entidades biológicas en un espacio multifactorial. Investigación Pesquera. 36: 183-190.

303) Margalef, r. 1972. regularidades en la distribución de la diversidad del fitoplancton en un área del mar caribe. Investigación Pesquera. 36: 241-264.

304) Margalef, r. 1972. seminario sobre análisis factorial en ecología y taxonomía. editorial. Investigación Pesquera. 36: 3-7.

54

1973305) Margalef, r. 1973. composició del plàncton

vegetal en diversos llacs artificials de catalunya. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 32: 171-179.

306) Margalef, r. 1973. Distribución de los ciliados planctónicos en la región de afloramiento del noroeste de África. ( campaña <<sahara II>> del <<cornide de saavedra>>). resultados de expediciones cientificas del Buque Oceanografico cornide de saavedra. 2: 109-124.

307) Margalef, r. 1973. ecological theory and prediction in the study of the interaction between man and the rest of the biosphere. In: Ökologie und Lebensschutz in inter-nalionaler sicht. H. sioli. (ed.). rombach. Freiburg. pp: 307-353.

308) Margalef, r. 1973. estima acústica de la densidad relativa de animales pelágicos en la región de afloramiento del noroeste de África . (campaña <<sahara II>> del <<cornide de saavedra>>). resultados de espediciones cientificas del Buque Oceanografico cornide de saavedra. 2: 125-132.

309) Margalef, r. 1973. Fitoplancton marino de la región de afloramiento del nW de África. II. composición y distribución del fito-plancton (campaña “sahara II” del “cornide de saavedra”). resultados de expediciones cientificas del Buque Oceanografico cornide de saavedra. 2: 65-94.

310) Margalef, r. 1973. some critical remarks on the usual approaches to ecological model-ling. Investigación Pesquera. 37: 621-640.

311) Margalef, r., Mir, M. 1973. Indicadors de canvis de salinitat en els sediments de l’albufera de València. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 32: 109-117.

312) Margalef, r., Planas, D., armengol, J., toja, J., Guiset, a., Vidal, a. 1973. Plankton produc-tion and water quality in spanish reservoirs. First report on a research project. In: International commission on Large Dams. XI congress, 11-15 June 1973, Madrid. Dirección General de Obras Hidráulicas. centro de estudios Hidrográficos. pp. 1-21.

1974313) Margalef, r. 1974. asociación o exclusión

en la distribución de especies del mismo género en algas unicelulares. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 42: 353-372.

314) Margalef, r. 1974. Distribution du seston dans la région d’affleurement du nord-ouest de l’afrique en mars 1973. téthys. 6: 77-88.

315) Margalef, r. 1974. Diversity, stability and maturity in natural ecosystems. In: Proceedings of the firts International congress of ecology. the Hague . the netherlands . september 8-14 de 1974. pp: 66-66.

316) Margalef, r. 1974. ecología entre la ciencia y el tópico. In: Desarrollo económico y medio ambiente. Ponencias y coloquios de la reunión internacional de Barcelona, 1973. servicio de estudios en Barcelona, Banco Urquijo. editorial Moneda y crédito, Madrid. pp. 10-15.

317) Margalef, r. 1974. ecologia i problemes humans. Perspectiva social. 4: 35-46.

318) Margalef, r. 1974. ecología. Omega. Barcelona. 951 pp.

319) Margalef, r. 1974. ecosystem diversity differences: Poles and tropics. In: Polar Oceans conference, Montreal. 1974. 5 a 11 de mayo. pp: 1-8.

320) Margalef, r. 1974. Feeding and energy flow in general. Informes técnicos del Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. 14: 53-56.

321) Margalef, r. 1974. Human impact on transportation and diversity in ecosys-tems: How far is extrapolation valid. In: structure, functioning and management of ecosystems proceedings of the first international congress of ecology. the Hague, the netherlands, september 8-14, 1974 International congress of ecology. Van Dobben & Lowe-Mcconnell. eds. Junk. the Hague. pp: 237-241.

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1975322) armengol, J., estrada, M., Guiset, a.,

Margalef, r., Planas, D., toja, J., Vallespinos, F. 1975. Observaciones limnológicas en las lagunas de La Mancha. Boletín de la estación central de ecología. 8: 11-27.

323) Margalef, r. 1975. ciliados planctónicos de la región de afloramiento del nW de África, según datos de la campaña “atlor ll”. resultados de expediciones científicas del Buque Oceanografico cornide de saavedra. 4: 171-173.

324) Margalef, r. 1975. composición y distribu-ción del fitoplancton marino en la región de afloramiento de nW de África, en marzo de 1973 (campaña “atlor II” del “cornide de saavedra”). resultados de expediciones científicas del Buque Oceanografico cornide de saavedra. 4: 145-170.

325) Margalef, r. 1975. comunicación y engaño. aspectos e implicaciones de la cripsis. advertencia y mimetismo. Graellsia. 31: 341-356.

326) Margalef, r. 1975. ecosistemas acuáticos. In: tercer curso de capacitación FaO/sIDa sobre contaminación de las aguas en relación con la protección de los recursos vivos. Base científica y administrativa para medidas direc-tivas. Lima, Perú, 10 de febrero - 22 de marzo, 1975. Food and agriculture Organization of the United nations. pp: 1-14.

327) Margalef, r. 1975. external factors and eco-system stability. schweizerische Zeitschrift für Hydrologie. 37: 102-117. category: Papers. Language: english.

328) Margalef, r. 1975. Fitoplancton invermal de la laguna costera de alvarado (México). anales del Instituto Botánico José cavanilles del c.s.I.c. 32: 381-387.

329) Margalef, r. 1975. Limnología para pascólo-gos. Pastos. 5: 10-20.

330) Margalef, r. 1975. Producción primaria y secundaria. Organización de las naciones Unidas para la agricultura y la almentación. Precedeix el títol: tercer curso de capaci-tacion FaO/sIDa sobre contaminación de los recursos vivos: base científica y administrativa para medidas directivas: Lima, Peru. 10 de febrero-22 de marzo. pp: 1-18.

331) Margalef, r. 1975. typology of reser-voirs. Internationale Vereinigung Für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen. 19: 1841-1848.

332) Margalef, r., campas, L., Miracle, M.r., Vilaseca, J.M. 1975. Introducción al estudio de los lagos pirenaicos. naturalia Hispanica. 4: 1-47.

1976333) Margalef, r. 1976. algas de agua dulce de

Doñana. Oecologia aquatica. 2: 79-91.334) Margalef, r. 1976. Bases ecològiques per

a una gestió de la natura. In: natura, ús o abús? Llibre Blanc de la Gestió de la natura als Països catalans. Folch, r. (ed.). Institució catalana d’Història natural/Barcino. Barcelona. pp: 25-64.

335) Margalef, r. 1976. Biología de los embalses. Investigación y ciencia. 1: 50-62.

336) Margalef, r. 1976. Distribución horizontal del plancton marino a escala media (1 a 10 km) ilustrada con un ejemplo de la zona de afloramiento del nW de África. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 43: 131-148.

337) Margalef, r. 1976. Paralelismo entre la vida de las cavernas y la de las grandes profundidades marinas. Bolletí de la societat d’ Història natural de les Balears. 21: 10-20.

338) Margalef, r., Planas, M.D., armengol, J., Vidal, a., Prat, n., Guiset, a., toja, J., estrada, M. 1976. Limnología de los embalses españoles. Dirección General de Obras Hidráulicas. Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Publ. 123. Madrid. 422 pp.

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1977339) Margalef, r. 1977. Function and structure

in an ecosystem: organization of plankton. In: etude et gestion du système marin. elskens, I., sanfeld, a., Vigneron, J. (eds.). IVème session e4-77, Louvain-la-neuve, 18 juillet - 5 août. Université Libre de Bruxelles. pp. 58-88.

340) Margalef, r. 1977. Las fronteras de la ecología. Boletín Informativo de la Fundación Juan March. 58: 3-24.

341) Margalef, r. 1977. L’inquinamento in un contesto ecologico generale. In: aspetti sci-entifici dell’inquinamento dei mari italiani. roma, gennaio 1976. accademia nazionale dei Lincei. roma. pp: 11-22.

342) Margalef, r. 1977. Prefacio. In: estudio y explotación del Mar en Galicia. santiago de compostela: secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad. pp. 1-2.

343) Margalef, r. 1977. stability and change in complex systems. In: etude et gestion du système marin. elskens, I., sanfeld, a., Vigneron, J. (eds.). IVème session e4-77, Louvain-la-neuve, 18 juillet - 5 août. Université Libre de Bruxelles. pp. 90-126.

344) Margalef, r., Mir, M. 1977. Phytoplankton of spanish reservoirs as dependent from en-vironmental factors and as potential indica-tors of water properties. atti del convegnio sui bacini lacustri artificiali. sassari, 4-6 ottobre, 1977. consiglio nazionale delle richerche, Pallanza. a la coberta: collana del programma finalizzato “Promozione della qualità dell’ambiente”. pp: 191-205.

1978345) Margalef, r. 1978. Diversity. Phytoplankton

manual. Monographs on oceanographic methodology. 6: 251-260. category: Papers. Language: english.

346) Margalef, r. 1978. General concepts of population dynamics and food links. In: Marine ecology. 0. Kinne, ed. Wiley. London. pp: 4/ 617-704.

347) Margalef, r. 1978. Life-forms of phy-toplankton as survival alternatives in an unstable environment. Oceanologica acta. 1: 493-509.

348) Margalef, r. 1978. Models matemàtics i models físics de poblacions i d’ecosistemes. col·loquis societat catalana de Biologia. XI.

349) Margalef, r. 1978. Perspectivas de la teoría ecológica. Blume, Barcelona. 110 pp.

350) Margalef, r. 1978. Phytoplankton com-munities in upwelling areas. the example of nW africa. Oecologia aquatica. 3: 97-132.

351) Margalef, r. 1978. Presentació. In: els aucells de les Balears. Mayol serra, J. editorial Moll, Mallorca. pp. 1-1.

352) Margalef, r. 1978. some examples. In: Phytoplankton Manual. Monographs on oceanographic methodology. sampling desing. Unesco. Paris. ed. a.sournia. pp: 6/ 17-31.

353) Margalef, r. 1978. What is an upwelling ecosystem?. In: Upwelling ecosystems. Boje, r. & tomczak, M. (eds.). springer. Berlin. pp: 12-14.

1979354) Margalef, r. 1979. alternative approaches in

the modelling of populations. Investigación Pesquera. 43: 337-350.

355) Margalef, r. 1979. el precio de la supervivencia: consideraciones ecológicas sobre las poblaciones humanas. ethnica. 15: 103-115.

356) Margalef, r. 1979. Los productos primarios de materia viva. In: estudio y explotación del mar en Galicia. Universidad de santiago. santiago. pp: 123-168.

357) Margalef, r. 1979. the organization of space. Oikos. 33: 152-159.

358) Margalef, r., estrada, M., Blasco, D. 1979. Functional morphology of organisms involved in red tides, as adapted to decaying turbulence. In: toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms. taylor, D.L., selinger, H.H. (eds.). elsevier/north Holland. pp: 89-94.

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359) Margalef, r., Fraga, F. 1979. Las rías gallegas. In: estudio y explotación del mar en Galicia. Universidad de santiago de compostela. pp. 101-121.

360) Margalef, r., Prat, n. 1979. La Limnologia. Quaderns D’ ecologia aplicada. 4: 9-23.

1980361) Margalef, r. 1980. cap a una teoria de la

biosfera. ciència. 1: 28-39.362) Margalef, r. 1980. comparabilidad de las

distribuciones ecológicas en el tiempo y según una dirección del espacio, y uso de pruebas sencillas para definir propiedades demográficas de las respectivas poblaciones. studia Oecologica. 1: 7-11.

363) Margalef, r. 1980. composición y fenología de la vegetación algal de un arroyo del Montseny (Barcelona). Oecologia aquatica. 4: 111-112.

364) Margalef, r. 1980. Diversidad, estabilidad y madurez en los ecosistemas naturales. In: conceptos unificadores en ecología. W.H. van Dobben y r. H. Lowe-Mcconnell (eds.). Blume. Barcelona. pp: 190-202.

365) Margalef, r. 1980. La Biosfera: entre la ter-modinámica y el juego. Omega. Barcelona. 236 pp.

366) Margalef, r. 1980. La capacidad de produc-ción de los océanos. Kobie. 10: 695-699.

367) Margalef, r. 1980. La contaminació en un context ecologic general. In: Llibre d’actes del Xlè congres de Metges i Biòlegs de Llengua catalana. col·legi Oficial de metges de Barcelona. pp: 5-15.

368) Margalef, r. 1980. La ecologia del mañana. In: actas del VIII congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia. salinas, P. (ed.). VIII congreso Latinoamericano de Zoología, Mérida, Venezuela. pp: 149-161.

369) Margalef, r. 1980. La teoria de la infor-mació en ecologia a vint anys de distància. Butlletí de la societat catalana de Biologia. 4: 159-186.

370) Margalef, r. 1980. sobre diversidad y conectividad en ecosistemas y en artefactos que funcionan. Munibe. 32: 297-300.

371) Margalef, r., armengol, J. 1980. La teoria de la biogeografia insular de Macarthur i Wilson. el poblament de llacs artificials com a prova d’una situació reflexa. Butlletí de la societat catalana de Biologia. 4: 117-123.

372) Margalef, r., estrada, M. 1980. Las áreas oceánicas más productivas. Investigación y ciencia. 49: 8-20.

1981373) Margalef, r. 1981. asimetrías inducidas

por la operación de energía externa en secuencias de sedimentos y de poblaciones. acta Geologica Hispanica. 16: 35-38.

374) Margalef, r. 1981. Bentos y plancton. explotación y evolución. segundo simposio Ibérico de estudios del Bentos Marino. Barcelona. resúmenes. pp: 5-5.

375) Margalef, r. 1981. ecología. enciclopedia temática Planeta. Planeta. Barcelona. 252 pp.

376) Margalef, r. 1981. Meditació sobre la recerca a la Universitat. In: sobre les Formes de l’activitat universitaria. acte inaugural del curs 1981-1982. Universitat de Barcelona. pp. 39-63.

377) Margalef, r. 1981. stress in ecosystems: a future approach. In: stress effects on natural ecosystems. Barrett, G.W., rosenberg, r. (eds.). Wiley. new York. pp: 281-289.

378) Margalef, r., estrada, M. 1981. On upwelling, eutrophic lakes, the primitive biosphere and biological membranes. In: coastal Upwelling. richards, F.a. (ed.). american Geophysical Union. Washington. pp: 522-529.

1982379) Margalef, r. 1982. caràcter de les

diferències entre el plàncton vegetal marí i el d’aigua dolça. col·loquis de la societat catalana de Biologia. Barcelona. 12.13: 17-20.

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380) Margalef, r. 1982. connectivitat i funciona-lisme de sistemes. Butlletí de la societat catalana de Biologia.

381) Margalef, r. 1982. consecuencias previsibles de la regulación de los rios sobre las condi-ciones de producción de las áreas marinas costeras. La sirena. notícias del programa PnUMa para los m ares regionales. United nations environment Programme (UneP). 18: 7-14.

382) Margalef, r. 1982. expressió senzilla de la regulació en sistemes dinàmics. col·loquis de la societat catalana de Biologia. 13: 53-55.

383) Margalef, r. 1982. La teoría ecológica y la predicción en el estudio de la interacción entre el hombre y el resto de la biosfera. In: ecología y protección de la naturaleza, conclusiones. pp: 306-355.

384) Margalef, r. 1982. some thoughts on the dynamics of populations of ciliates. annales Institut Oceanographique. 58: 15-18.

385) Margalef, r., Mir, M., estrada, M. 1982. Phytoplankton composition and distribution as an expression of properties of reservoirs. canadian Water resources Journal. 7: 26-50.

1983386) Margalef, r. 1983. algas de una laguna salo-

bre mediterránea (Lago di Patria, nápoles). collectanea Botanica. 14: 305-315.

387) Margalef, r. 1983. La ciencia ecológica y los problemas ambientales técnicos, sociales y humanos. In: Diez años después de estocolmo. Desarrollo, Medio ambiente y supervivencia. cIFca. Madrid. pp: 177-200.

388) Margalef, r. 1983. Limnología. Omega. Barcelona, 1010 pp.

389) Margalef, r., Gutiérrez, e. 1983. How to introduce connectance in the frame of an expression for diversity. the american naturalist. 121: 601-607.

1984390) Margalef, r. 1984. el ecosistema pelágico

del Mediterráneo. Mundo científico. 4: 146-157.

391) Margalef, r. 1984. Introducció general. In: els sistemes naturals de le Illes Medes. ros, J.D., Olivella, I., Gili, J.M. (eds.). Institut d’estudis catalans. Barcelona. pp. 29-42.

392) Margalef, r. 1984. Le plancton de la Méditerranée. La recherche. 158: 1082-1094.

393) Margalef, r. 1984. Préface. In: Legendre, L., & Legendre, P. Écologie numérique. tome I : Le traitement multiple des don-nées écologiques. collection d’Écologie, 12. Masson & Presses de l’Université du Québec, Québec, canada. pp: V-VI.

394) Margalef, r. 1984. simple facts about life and the environment not to forget in pre-paring schoolbooks for our grandchildren. In: trends in ecological research for the 1980s. J.H. cooley and F.B. Golley (eds.). natO conference series. I, ecology; v. 7. Plenum Press, new York. pp: 299-320.

395) Margalef, r. 1984. summary of the main arguments from a theoretical perspective. In: Workshop agroecology. Zaragoza, 1984. Options Méditerranéennes série a. séminaires méditerranées. Paris. pp: 161-166.

396) Margalef, r. 1984. Visión del paisaje desde la ecología. Monografies de l’equip Universitari d’Investigació del Paisatge. 1: 101-117.

1985397) Bas, c., Margalef, r., rubies, P. (eds.) 1985.

simposio internacional sobre las areas de afloramiento mas importantes del oeste africano (cabo Blanco y Benguela). Vol. I. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. Barcelona. 586 pp.

398) Bas, c., Margalef, r., rubies, P. (eds.) 1985. simposio internacional sobre las areas de afloramiento mas importantes del oeste africano (cabo Blanco y Benguela). Vol. II. Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. Barcelona. 528 pp.

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399) Margalef, r. (ed.). 1985. Western Mediterranean. Key environments. treherne, J.e. (general ed.). Pergamon Press, Oxford. Version española: el Mediterraneo Occidental. 363 pp.

400) Margalef, r. 1985. anàlisi d’interaccions en els ecosistemes. In: Biologia avui. Fundació caixa de Pensions. Barcelona. pp. 11-24.

401) Margalef, r. 1985. Basic ecological param-eters, monitoring and biological monitors in the aquatic environment. In: Pollutants and their ecotoxicological significance. Wiley. chichester. pp: 149-175.

402) Margalef, r. 1985. ecosystems: diversity and connectivity as measurable components of their complication. In: the science and Praxis of complexity. aida et al. (eds.). the United nations University. tokyo. pp: 228-244.

403) Margalef, r. 1985. en los márgenes de los sistemas ecológicos. Ur Urbanisme. 910: 7-8.

404) Margalef, r. 1985. environmental control of the mesoscale distribution of primary producers and its bearing to primary pro-duction in the Western Mediterranean. In: Mediterranean Marine ecosystems, natO conference series. Plenum Press. new York. pp: 1/ 213-229.

405) Margalef, r. 1985. From hydrodynamic processes to structure (information) and from information to process. canadian Bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences. ecosystem theory for biological oceanogra-phy. 213: 200-220.

406) Margalef, r. 1985. Introduction to the Mediterranean. In: Western Mediterranean, Margalef, r. (ed.). Key environments. treherne, J.e. (general ed.). Pergamon Press, Oxford. pp. 1-16.

407) Margalef, r. 1985. La ciencia ecológica y los problemas ambienatles: técnicos, sociales, humanos. In: el desafío ecológico, ecología y humanismo. Universidad Pontificia. salamanca. pp. 21-87.

408) Margalef, r. 1985. La limnologia a catalunya. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 46: 203-224.

409) Margalef, r. 1985. L’ecologia. servei del Medi ambient, Diputació de Barcelona. 126 pp.

410) Margalef, r. 1985. Primary production in upwelling areas. energy, global ecology and resources. simposio Internacional sobre las áreas de afloramiento más importantes del oeste africano (cabo Blanco y Benguela). Bas, c., Margalef, r., rubies, P. (eds.). Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras. Barcelona. pp: 1/225-232.

1986411) Margalef, r. 1986. Limnología del lago

enriquillo (república Dominicana). Oecologia aquatica. 8: 1-10.

412) Margalef, r. 1986. series caoticas. simposio internacional sobre cambios de largo termino en poblaciones de peces marinos. Internatinal symposium on log term changes in marine fish populations. 18-21 noviembre 1986 Vigo. pp: 11/ 1-2.

413) Margalef, r. 1986. sucesión y evolución: su proyeccion biogeográfica. Paleontologia i evolució. 20: 7-26.

414) Margalef, r. 1986. Variaciones sobre el tema de la selección natural: exploración. selec-ción y decisión en sistemas complejos de baja energía. In: Proceso al azar. Wagensberg, J. (ed.). tusquets. Barcelona. pp: 121-140.

415) Margalef, r. 1986. Variacions sobre el tema de la selecció natural : exploració, selecció i decisió en sistemes complexos de poca energia. saber. 7: 7-13.

1987416) Margalef, r. 1987. algunas contribuciones

de la limnología al desarrollo de la ecología teórica. In: actas IV congreso español de Limnologia. sevilla. 5-8 de mayo de 1987. pp: 1-12.

417) Margalef, r. 1987. Divagacions sobre el concepte de conservació. In: el medi en que vivim. arrel. Desembre 1987. pp: 19/ 6-12.

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418) Margalef, r. 1987. Història natural del canvi en sistemes organitzats. saber. 14: 592-600.

419) Margalef, r. 1987. teoría y modelado de los sistema fluctuantes. seminario sobre bases científicas para la protección de los humedales de españa. real academia de ciencias exactas, Físicas y naturales. Madrid. pp: 31-41.

420) Margalef, r. 1987. Ways to differentiation and diversity in ecosystems. In: synergetics, order and chaos. Velarde, M.G. (ed.). World scientific, singapore. pp: 441-447.

421) Margalef, r., estrada, M. 1987. synoptic dis-tribution of summer microplankton (algae and Protozoa) across the principal front in the Western Mediterranean. Investigación Pesquera. 51: 121-140.

1988422) estrada, M., Margalef, r. 1988. supply of

nutrients to the Mediterranean photic zone along a persistent front. Oceanologica acta. 9: 133-142.

423) Margalef, r. 1988. evolución de los mac-rófitos y su coevolución con los herbívoros. Homenaje a Pedro Montserrat. Instituto de estudios altoaragoneses. Instituto Pirenaico de ecología, Jaca. pp: 637-642.

424) Margalef, r. 1988. La ecología como marco conceptual de reflexión sobre el hombre. ecologia y culturas. actas de las reuniones de la asociación interdisciplinar José de acosta. Madrid. pp. 15-39.

425) Margalef, r. 1988. Manipulació a l’escala de l’ecosistema. Gestió de recursos naturals. tretze congrès de metges I biòlegs de llen-gua catalana. Llibre de ponencies. andorra. nov. 1988. pp: 53-64.

426) Margalef, r. 1988. reset successions and suspected chaos in models of marine populations. International symposium on Long-term changes marine fish populations (Vigo, 1986). cambios de largo termino en poblaciones de peces marinos. pp: 321-343.

1989427) Margalef, r. 1989. condiciones de

aparición de la purga de mar y presiones de selección de sus componentes. cuadernos da Área de ciencias Mariñas. 4: 13-20.

428) Margalef, r. 1989. els ecosistemes pelàgics. In: Història natural dels Països catalans. 14. sistemes naturals. pp: 73-118.

429) Margalef, r. 1989. Introducció al coneixe-ment de la biosfera. In: Història natural dels Països catalans. 14. sistemes naturals. Folch, r. (ed.). pp: 15-25.

430) Margalef, r. 1989. La sucesión ecológica como modelo de autoorganización. academia sevillana de ciencias. pp. 55-73.

431) Margalef, r. 1989. Le plancton: survivre et s’organiser dans un fluide mobile. In: Océanologie, actualité et prospective. (M. Denis, ed.). centre d’Oceanologie de Marseille. Marseille. pp: 169-185.

432) Margalef, r. 1989. On diversity and connectivity, as historical expressions of ecosystems. coenoses the interdisciplinar journal reporting progress in community and popultation studies of the Internatinal center for theoretical and applied ecology 4: 121-126.

1990433) Margalef, r. 1990. ecosistemas fluviales,

transporte horizontal y dinámica sucesional evolutiva. Interciencia. 15: 334-336.

434) Margalef, r. 1990. Historia natural del cambio en sistemas organizados. In: sobre la imaginación cientifica (J. Wagensberg, ed.). tusquets. Barcelona. pp: 140-169.

435) Margalef, r. 1990. La Biosfera sota l’imperi de l’home: canvis en fluxes energètics i cicles biogeoquímics. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 49: 295-322.

436) Margalef, r. 1990. La diversidad biológica y su evolución. Panda. 29: 4-11.

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437) Margalef, r. 1990. Les xarxes en ecologia. In: Poblacions, societats i entorn, aproxi-macions transdisciplinàries. els llibres de l’ Institut d’Humanitats. club de Barcelona. Barcanova. Barcelona. pp: 151-180.

438) Margalef, r. 1990. Limnology: reconsider-ing ways and goals. In: scientific perspectives in theoretical and applied limnology . Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobilogia Marco De Marchi. Pallanza. pp: 47/ 57-76.

439) Margalef, r. 1990. Morto il mar Mediterraneo? Io dico di no. revista del Gruppo Italgas. 22: 51-56.

440) Margalef, r. 1990. Pròleg: ramon Margalef. In: Una sola terra. traduccions de textos de cousteau, J.Y., Dumont, r., Goldsmith, e., King, a. Lutzenberger, J., Medvedev, Z.a. Pròleg a “La necessitat d’una econo-mia ecològica mundial” de Goldsmith, e. Generalitat de catalunya, Departament d’agricultura, ramaderia i Pesca. pp: 111-125.

441) Margalef, r. 1990. Viure a la terra: dels límits i de les regles del joc. In: Poblacions, societats i entorn, aproximacions trans-disciplinàries. els llibres de l’ Institut d’Humanitats. club de Barcelona. Barcanova. Barcelona. pp: 21-55.

442) Margalef, r., Goldman, c. 1990. concluding remarks. In: scientific perspec-tives in theoretical and applied limnology. Memorie dell’Istituto di idrobiologia Marco de Marchi. ed. U. Hoepli. Pallanza. pp: 47/ 373-378.

443) Margalef, r., Montoliu, c. 1990. estudi d’una riera. Generalitat de catalunya. Departament d’ensenyament. Direcció General d’Ordenació i Innovació educativa. edicions raima, Moià. 91 pp.

1991444) Margalef, r. 1991. algunes inspiracions

que l’ecologia teòrica deu a la química. In: Miscel·lània enric cassacas. alegret, s., arias, J.J., Barceló, D., casal, J., rauret, G. (eds.). Publicacions de la Universitat autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra. pp: 233-235.

445) Margalef, r. 1991. comments on rivers and models. Limnética. 7: 185-190.

446) Margalef, r. 1991. el estado de los humedales refleja el trayecto horizontal inferior del ciclo global del agua. curso de humedales de la cuenca del Duero hábitats de descarga de aguas subterráneas en el acuífero de los arenales actuaciones para su protección castillo de la Mota. Medina del campo. 30 de septiembre - 4 de octubre de 1991. Medina del campo (Valladolid): Junta de castilla y León. conserjería de Medio ambiente y Ordenación del territorio. servicio de educación ambiental. pp: 17-20.

447) Margalef, r. 1991. G. evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991). algas. 9: 2-4.

448) Margalef, r. 1991. Individuation of structure in ecology. In: Proceedings of the International symposium on Form and Function in Zoology. Lanzavecchia, G. Valvassori, r. (eds.). selected symposia and Monographs U.Z.I., 5. Bormio (sondrio) October 2-4,1989. Mucchi editore. Modena. pp: 325-334.

449) Margalef, r. 1991. La predicción ecológica: in-certidumbre y riesgo. In: Forum Deusto. tercer ciclo: el presente discontinuo. Universidad de Deusto, Bilbao. conferencia celebrada el 21 de marzo de 1991. pp: 217-231.

450) Margalef, r. 1991. networks in ecology. In: theoretical studies of ecosystems. the network perspective (M. Higashi & t.P. Bums. eds.). cambridge University Press. cambridge. pp: 41-57. category: Papers. Language: english.

451) Margalef, r. 1991. Paper dels museus de ciències naturals en la sensibilització vers la protecció del medi. La Vitrina. 6: 40-44.

452) Margalef, r. 1991. Perspectives de la creació científica (a catalunya). In: La recerca a catalunya, repte de futur. Generalitat de catalunya. comissió Interdepartamental de recerca i Innovació tecnològica, cIrIt. Barcelona. pp. 205-218.

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453) Margalef, r. 1991. teoría de los sistemas ecológicos. estudi general (Universitat de Barcelona). ciències experimentals i matemàtiques. 1. Publicacions Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. 290 pp.

454) Margalef, r. 1991. the skin of the oceans and vertical inorganic carbon exchange. In: Oceans, climate and man. Proceedings of the International conference held in turin, april 15th-17th, 1991. pp. 1-14.

1992455) Margalef, r. 1992. Les fonts del Montseny.

La sitja del Llop. 3: 3-3.456) Margalef, r. 1992. Oblik biosfery. Institut

d’Oceanologia. nauka. Moskva. 213 pp.457) Margalef, r. 1992. Planeta azul, planeta

verde. Biblioteca scientific american. XIV. Prensa científica. Barcelona. 265 pp.

458) Margalef, r. 1992. Population dynamics converges with succession theory. In: Marine eutrophication and Population Dynamics. Proceedings of the 25th european Marine Biology symposium. pp: 135-141.

459) Margalef, r. 1992. Prefaci. In: els rius i la Vegetació. Geografia General dels Països catalans. enciclopèdia catalana, Barcelona. pp: XV-XX.

460) Margalef, r. 1992. Prólogo. In: de sostoa, a., Ferrer, X. naturaleza en Iberoamerica. Un solo mundo. Lunwerg editores, Barcelona. pp. 7-7.

461) Margalef, r. 1992. ramon Margalef. In: the system in the sea. applying ecosystem Principles to Marine Fisheries. Platt, D.D. (ed.). the Island Institute conference at Harvard University. June 16-18, 1992. Vol. 2. conference proceedings. pp: 31-33.

1993462) camarasa, J.M., Margalef, r. 1993.

L’artificialització antròpica de la biosfera. In: Biosfera. 1. Planeta viu. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 289-318.

463) Margalef, r. 1993. Biotic diversity and energy flow, forcing from man and nature. In: Biological Indicators of Global change. the royal academy of Overseas sciences. Brussels. pp: 9-15.

464) Margalef, r. 1993. el planeta blau. In: Biosfera. 1. Planeta viu. pp: 1/ 145-163.

465) Margalef, r. 1993. energia per fer i desfer. In: Biosfera. 1. Planeta viu. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 179-208.

466) Margalef, r. 1993. Éssers vius i informació. In: Biosfera. 1. Planeta viu. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 209-233.

467) Margalef, r. 1993. exploring alternative models of populations, resources and ecosystems. In: the system in the sea. applying ecosystems principles to Marine Fisheries. David D. Platt (ed.). the Island Institute conference at Harvard University. pp: 2/ 174-184.

468) Margalef, r. 1993. Matèria per la vida. In: Biosfera. 1. Planeta viu. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 164-178.

469) Margalef, r. 1993. Presentación. In: La ciencia natural del hombre. “el manuscrito de rusia” (1944-1948). Introducción al estudio comparado del comportamiento. Lorenz, K. edición de agnes von cranach. tusquets, Barcelona. pp. 7-11.

470) Margalef, r. 1993. troglobionts and modes of evolution. Mémoires de Biospéologie. 20: 13-17.

471) Margalef, r. 1994. Biodiversity, diversity and production. Biodiversity and production in the ocean: a grand challenge for european cooperation in marine science: outcome of the ecOPs euroconference held in san Feliu de Guixols, 4-8 May 1994. pp: 3-4.

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1994472) Margalef, r. (ed). 1994. Limnology now: a

paradigm of planetary problems. elsevier. 553 pp.

473) Margalef, r. 1994. a la recerca de l’estructura. Funcionament i evolució de la Biosfera. en: Les relacions entre ciència i societat a la catalunya a la fi del segle XX. Fundació catalana per la recerca. col·lecció ciència i societat. pp 49-57.

474) Margalef, r. 1994. Dificultats inherents a la predicció ecològica. In: entorn, tecnologia i societat. Del Passat al Futur. Margalef,r., Bertranpetit, J., Bellés, X. (eds.). treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. Vol. 45: 147-155.

475) Margalef, r. 1994. Diversity and biodiver-sity- their possible meaning in relation with the wish for sustainable development. anais da academia Brasileira. 66: 3-14.

476) Margalef, r. 1994. Dynamic aspects of diver-sity. Journal of Vegetation science. 5: 451-456.

477) Margalef, r. 1994. el continent i el conting-ut. In: Biosfera. 10. Litorals i oceans. Folch, r. (ed.) enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. 10: 17-24.

478) Margalef, r. 1994. el gran riu planetari. In: Biosfera. 10. Litorals i oceans. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 325-332.

479) Margalef, r. 1994. el río planetario. I congreso argentino de Limnología. tankay. Facultad de ciencias naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad nacional de tucumán. tucumán. sept. 1994. pp:. 1-11.

480) Margalef, r. 1994. els fonaments del sistema pelàgic: plàncton, nècton, plèuston. In: Biosfera. 10. Litorals i oceans. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 47/55.

481) Margalef, r. 1994. els productors primaris: el fitoplàncton. In: Biosfera. 10. Litorals i oceans. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 56-81.

482) Margalef, r. 1994. energia i artefactes exo-somàtics: Un element de competició darwin-iana. Ponències presentades en el: seminari sobre ecologia i economia. associació per a les nacions Unides a espanya. Barcelona, març de 1994. pp: 18-22.

483) Margalef, r. 1994. Letter to the editor. ecological engineering. 3: 90-91.

484) Margalef, r. 1994. Per què és tan difícil fer prediccions interessants. In: el Món cap on anem. nadal, J. (ed.). pp: 241-261.

485) Margalef, r. 1994. suport material per a il·lusions exosomàtiques. revista d’etnologia de catalunya. 5: 46-53.

486) Margalef, r. 1994. the place of epi-continental waters in global ecology. In: Limnology now, a paradigm of planetary problems. r. Margalef (ed.). elsevier. amsterdam. pp: 1-8.

487) Margalef, r. 1994. through the looking glass: how marine phytoplakton appears through the microscope when graded by size and taxonomically sorted. scientia Marina. 58: 87-101.

488) Margalef, r., Bertranpetit, J., Bellés, X. (eds.). 1994. entorn, tecnologia i societat. Del passat al futur. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 45. 191 pp.

489) Margalef, r., Bertranpetit, J., Belles, X. 1994. Presentació. In: Margalef, r., Bertranpetit, J., Belles, X. (eds.). entorn, tecnologia i societat. Del Passat al Futur. treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. 45: 7-7.

490) Margalef, r., Flos, J. 1994. La dinàmica marina. In: Biosfera. 10. Litorals i oceans. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 25-43.

1995491) alcover, J.a., catalan, J., comelles, M.,

Margalef, r. 1995. Uns mons que s’esvaeixen. In: Biosfera. 9. tundra i insularitat. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 431-436.

492) Margalef, r. 1995. aplicacions del caos matemàtic determinista en ecologia. In: Ordre i caos en ecologia. ciències experimentals i Matemàtiques, nº6, Univ. Barcelona pp: 171-184.

493) Margalef, r. 1995. ecologia, artefactes i energies externes. In: reptes de la ciència a les portes del segle XXI. Bellés, X., estruch, J. (eds.). rubes, Barcelona. pp: 49-51.

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494) Margalef, r. 1995. Fitoplancton del nW del Mediterraneo (Mar catalan) en junio de 1993, y factores que condicionan su produc-ción y distribución. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 55: 1-56.

495) Margalef, r. 1995. La ecología, entre la vida real y la física teórica. Investigación y ciencia. 225: 66-73.

496) Margalef, r. 1995. tenim idea de com funciona la Mediterrània?. arxius de les sec-cions de ciències. Institut d’estudis catalans. 100: 127-136.

497) Margalef, r., alcover, J.a., altaba, c.r., camarasa, J.M. 1995. De l’aïllament a la insularitat. In: Biosfera. 9. tundra i insularitat. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 329-337.

1996498) Margalef, r. 1996. ¿Pueden ser de origen

endógeno las grandes catástrofes de la bios-fera? La otra sombra de Gaia. In: La lógica de las extinciones. agustí, J. (ed.). Metatemas 42. tusquets editores, Barcelona. pp: 155-184.

499) Margalef, r. 1996. apropiació de l’aigua epicontinental i cicle global. In: Quinzè congrés de metges i biòlegs de llengua catalana. llibre de ponències. pp. 35-46.

500) Margalef, r. 1996. Information and uncer-tainty in living systems, a view from ecology. Biosystems. 38: 141-146. category: Papers. Language: english.

501) Margalef, r. 1996. La gestió de les aigües continentals. In: Biosfera. 7. Boscanes decí-dues. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 335-337.

502) Margalef, r. 1996. La gestión de los embalses y su repercusión medioambiental. I congreso regional del agua 11-13 junio 1996. Junta de castilla y León. Valladolid. pp: 239-242.

503) Margalef, r. 1996. Una ecología renovada a la medida de nuestros problemas. colección cuadernas, no. 3. Fundación césar Manrique, Madrid. 115 pp.

504) Margalef, r., Dudley, camarasa, J.M., Ibero, c., Peck, t.J. 1996. La vida als rius i als llacs. In: Biosfera. 7. Boscanes decídues. enciclopedia catalana BIOsFera. pp: 156-172.

1997505) Margalef, r. 1997. algal mats, estromatogels

i estromatolits: una relíquia a conservar. Bolletí de la societat d’Història natural de les Balears. 40: 11-15.

506) Margalef, r. 1997. Dinámica de los ecosistemas: ¿hacia dónde camina el planeta? In: La Interpretación de la problemática ambiental: enfoques basicos. colección Medio ambiente y educación ambiental. Dir: novo, M., coord: Lara, r. Fundación Universidad- empresa, Madrid. 1997. Vol. 1. pp: 75-98.

507) Margalef, r. 1997. Introducción. In: La Biosfera. Vernadsky, V. colección economia y naturaleza. serie textos Básicos. Fundación argentaria, navalcarnero. pp: 9-18.

508) Margalef, r. 1997. Irreversibility of information and its implications for living systems. Microbiologia sem. 13: 357-360.

509) Margalef, r. 1997. On ecological topics of current interest and retaled quantifiable models. In: Biological models. rinaldo, a., Marani, a. (eds.). Istituto Veneto di scienze. Venice. pp: 145-196.

510) Margalef, r. 1997. Our Biosphere. excellence in ecology. 10. ecology Institute. Oldendorf/Luhe. 176 pp.

511) Margalef, r. 1997. rapports historiques et dynamiques entre diversité et biodiversité. Geobios. 21: 107-111.

512) Margalef, r. 1997. turbulence and marine life. In: Lectures on plankton and turbulence. Marrasé, c., saiz, e., redondo, J.M. (eds.). Institut de ciències del Mar. Barcelona. scientia Marina. pp: 61.1/ 109-123.

1998

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513) Margalef, r. 1998. earth-level man-made changes to which not enough attention is paid. the earth’s changing Land Gcte-LUcc Open science conference on Global change. Barcelona (spain), 14-18 March 1998. neswsletter. pp. 3/ 2-2.

514) Margalef, r. 1998. elements limitants, explotabilitat i diversitat: homenatge a Bolòs i al fòsfor. acta Botanica Barcinonensia. 45: 633-643.

515) Margalef, r. 1998. Progreso: una valoración subjetiva entusiasta de casi la mitad de los cambios en los sistemas vivos. In: el progreso ¿un concepto acabado o emergente? Wagensberg, J., agusti, J. (eds.). Metatemas 52, tusquests editores. Barcelona. pp: 169-192.

516) Margalef, r. 1998. Prólogo. In: supervivientes de la Biodiversidad. Bellés, X. rubes. Barcelona. pp: 7-10.

517) Margalef, r. 1998. red tides and ciguatera as successful ways in the evolution and survival of an admirable old phylum. In: Harmful algae, Proceedings of the VIII International conference on Harmful alagae Vigo, spain 25-29 June 1997. reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.-L., Wyatt, t. (eds.). Xunta de Galicia. Integovernmental Oceanographic comission of UnescO. pp: 3-7.

1999518) Margalef, r. 1999. Discurs d’acceptació com

a doctor honoris causa de ramon Margalef. Universitat d’ alacant. pp: 1-6.

519) Margalef, r. 1999. Discurs de contestació: Hidrodinámica i fitoplàncton en el mar català: memòria llegida per l’acadèmica electa Dra. Marta estrada i Miyares en l’acte de la seva recepció el dia 2 de septembre de 1999. Memorias de la real academia de ciencias y artes de Barcelona. 58: 59-61.

520) Margalef, r. 1999. ecología y economía: ¿ajenas, divergentes o complementarias? Pirineos. 153154: 175-181.

521) Margalef, r. 1999. Francesc español (1907-1999), biólogo y naturalista ejemplar. Miscel·lània Zoològica. 22.1: 148-150.

522) Margalef, r. 1999. Francesc español (1907-1999), exemplary biologist and naturalist. Miscel·lània Zoològica. 22.1: 151-153.

523) Margalef, r. 1999. Francesc español coll (1907-1999), biòleg i naturalista exemplar. Miscel·lània Zoològica. Museu de Zoologia. ajuntament de Barcelona. 22: 145-147.

524) Margalef, r. 1999. the play diversity/biodi-versity in the construction of the Biosphere, as exemplified in the Mediterranean phytoplankton and as expression of the operation of very general principles. Journal of Mediterranean ecology. 1: 3-10.

525) Margalef, r. 1999. Vies metabòliques alternatives incorporades per l’evolució: la constructivitat de la vida. societat catalana de Biologia. sessió inaugural curs univ.1999-2000. 3-11-99. pp: 1-16.

2000526) Margalef, r. 2000. eco-evo: el espacio

donde se encuentran la ecología y la evolu-ción o la dinámica sucesional del ecosistema como matriz de la evolución. In: congreso de ecología. santiago de compostela, 2000. pp: 1-1. abstract.

527) Margalef, r. 2000. el front de les recerques en biologia. Presentació del volum cap on va la biologia moderna, 1971. In: La biologia a l’alba d’un nou mil·leni . Bertranpetit, J. (ed.). treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. pp: 50/ 9-12.

528) Margalef, r. 2000. el marco ecológico para iluminar la sociedad actual. In: economía, ecología y sostenibilidad en la sociedad ac-tual. J.M. naredo & F. Parra (eds.). ediciones siglo XXI. Madrid. pp: 51-65.

529) Margalef, r. 2000. Lo que se llama ecología y posibles condicionantes de nuestro futuro. In: Hacia una ideología para el siglo XXI. ante la crisis civilizatoria de nuestro tiempo. alcina, J. cales, M. (eds.). akal universitaria. serie interdisciplinar. pp: 329-344.

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530) Margalef, r. 2000. Organització de la bios-fera i reflexions sobre el present i el futur de la nostra espècie i de la ciència ecològica. In: La biologia a l’alba d’un nou mil·leni . Bertranpetit, J. (ed.). treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. pp: 50/ 47-59.

2001531) Margalef, r. 2001. exosomatic structures

and captive energies relevant in succession and evolution. In: thermodynamics and ecological modelling. Jørgensen, s.e. (ed.). Lewis Publishers. Boca raton. pp. 5-15.

532) Margalef, r. 2001. Menudencias que cuentan. In: Opinion. temas de debate. La Gaia ciencia. La Vanguardia, 10 Junio 2001. pp: 33-33.

533) Margalef, r. 2001. the top layers of water bodies, a most important although relatively neglected piece of the biosphere plumbing. In: a marine science Odyssey into the 21st century. J. Gili, J. M. Pretus and t. t. Packard (eds.) scientia Marina. pp: 65.2/ 207-213.

2002534) Margalef, r. 2002. Diversidad y biodivers-

idad. In: La diversidad biológica de españa. Pineda, F.D., de Miguel, J.M., casado, M.a., Montalvo, J. (coordinators-editors). Prentice Hall, Madrid. pp: 3-5.

535) Margalef, r. 2002. La superficie del planeta y la organizacion de la biosfera: reacción a los nuevos mecanismos añadidos por el poder creciente de los humanos. Munibe. 53: 7-14.

2003536) Margalef, r. 2003. De com la civilització

modifica l’entorn i accelera la dinàmica d’una evolució global amb inversió de la topologia original dels espais continentals humanitzats. In: Un tast de canvi global. Marrasé, c., Llebot, J.e. (eds.). treballs de la societat catalana de Biologia. pp: 54/ 9-12.

537) Margalef, r. 2003. Un naturalista eminent que mira, admira i trascendeix la seva terra. In: Guillem colom casanovas, naturalista i geòleg: pioner i mestre de la micropale-ontologia espanyola. Guillem Mateu (ed.). Universitat de les Illes Balears. p. 17-22.

2005538) Margalef, r. 2005. retos de la ecología.

Grandes líneas del funcionamiento de la cubierta viva del planeta. In: Filosofía de las ciencias naturales, sociales y matemáti-cas. estany, a. (ed.). 2005. enciclopedia Iberoamericana de Filosofía 28. consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas. ed. trotta, Madrid. pp. 163-175.

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