marco programatico nacional 2012-2016 _2

1

GOVERNMENT OF PERU INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY

AGENCY

CCOOUUNNTTRRYY PPRROOGGRRAAMMMMEE FFRRAAMMEEWWOORRKK

22001122 –– 22001166

On behalf of the Government:

______________________________________

Carlos Barreda Tamayo President Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN)

_____________________

Date

On behalf of the International Atomic Energy Agency:

______________________________________

Kwaku Aning Deputy Director General Head, Department of Technical Cooperation

_________________ ___

Date

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................................................. 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 5

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................. 6

2. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES AND ACTIVITIES RELEVANT TO THE

AGENCY’S TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME .......................................................................... 7

2.1 Strategic basis for preparation of Peru’s CPF ...................................................................7

2.1.1 Regional Strategic Profile (RSP) 2007–2013....................................................................7

2.1.2 Peru Plan 2021 ................................................................................................................7

2.1.2.1 State policies under the national agreement ..............................................................7

2.1.2.2 National objectives related to the IAEA technical cooperation programme............9

2.1.2.2.1 National Objective 2: Equal opportunities and access to basic services ............9

2.1.2.2.2 National Objective 4: Competitive economy with high level of employment

and productivity ...................................................................................................................11

2.1.2.2.3 National Objective 5: Balanced regional development and adequate

infrastructure........................................................................................................................12

2.1.2.2.4 National Objective 6: Natural resources and environment ...............................13

2.1.2.1 Ideas for programmes and projects suggested in CEPLAN that are related to the IAEA

technical cooperation programme............................................................................................15

3. RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE..................................................... 16

4. OVERVIEW OF AGENCY PAST AND PRESENT TECHNICAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES

IN THE COUNTRY.................................................................................................................................................. 18

4.1 Background..........................................................................................................................18

4.2 Cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) .............................18

4.2.1 Technical Cooperation with the IAEA in figures .......................................................19

4.2.2 Some results achieved through the IAEA/TCP ...............................................................21

4.2.3 National technical cooperation programme with the IAEA ..........................................22

ENVISIONED COUNTRY PROGRAMME OUTLINE.................................................................................... 23

5.1 Description of the programme programme ......................................................................23

5.1.1 HUMAN HEALTH .....................................................................................................26

5.1.1.1 Nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, dosimetry and medical physics ......................26

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5.1.2 RADIATION SAFETY AND SECURITY ...............................................................27

5.1.2.1 Radiation Safety ..............................................................................................................27

5.1.3. MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES...............................................................28

5.1.3.1 Establishment of baseline ...........................................................................................29

5.1.3.2 Diagnostics of strategic aquifers with limited hydrogeological information......30

5.1.4 ENERGY......................................................................................................................32

5.1.5 INDUSTRY ..................................................................................................................32

5.1.5.1....Development of tissues grafts in medicine.............................................................32

5.1.5.2.... Development of hydrogels to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis and serious burns34

5.1.6 FOOD SECURITY......................................................................................................35

5.1.6.1 Seed improvement ...................................................................................................36

5.1.6.2 Insect pest control ...................................................................................................36

5.1.6.3 Food irradiation ......................................................................................................37

5.1.6.4 Monitoring of pesticide residues and other chemical contaminants in food......38

5.1.6.5 Appropriate soil and agricultural water use.........................................................38

5.1.6.6 Animal production and health ...............................................................................39

5.1.7 ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................39

5.2 Projects for the 2012-2013 cycle.........................................................................................41

ANNEX 1: LIST OF RESOURCE INSTITUTIONS...................................................................43

ANNEX 2: RESOURCE ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS ......................................................41

ANNEX 3: PLAN OF ACTION.....................................................................................................42

ANNEX 4: TREATIES UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE IAEA SIGNED BY PERU ........44

ANNEX 5: SOME NATIONAL INDICATORS ..........................................................................47

ANNEX 6. NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY OF THE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND

MINES FOR THE PERIOD 2010–2040 .......................................................................................49

...........................................................................................................................................................49

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document, entitled “Country Programme Framework (CPF): 2012–2016” is the programming tool that provides strategic guidance for the technical cooperation in the near and medium term between the IAEA and Peru. Preparation of this Programme Framework is based on a process of consultation with relevant national stakeholders to determine the priority needs or problems where nuclear technology could make a significant contribution in the sectors of human health, management of water resources and the environment, agriculture and food security, energy and also nuclear safety and security. To support this process, thematic meetings and field visits were conducted between national authorities, IAEA Technical Officers and experts, as well as with relevant international organizations, for discussing synergies, challenges and potential areas of cooperation. The formulation of the document used as framework the existing strategy documents of relevance to cooperation planning in the country, such as the Regional Strategic Profile (RSP) 2007–2013, the “Peru Plan 2021” and the “Institutional Strategic Profile of IPEN 2010–2016”. In particular, the information set down in the “Strategic Guidelines for National Development 2010–2021” was used to define the structure of the document and context in which the technical cooperation programme with the IAEA (IAEA/TCP) could contribute to solving priority needs and to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The document also reflects the past cooperation with the IAEA including statistics and key results. Moreover, a review is made of the development assistance being provided to the country at the bilateral, multilateral and international level, identifying those IAEA/TCP related areas where cooperation could be complemented and strengthened. Finally, this document presents the seven priority areas and sub-areas identified where nuclear tecnologies could play a key role in the country’s development in the short and medium term:

i. Human Health: Cancer diagnosis and treatment by strengthening nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy and quality assurance in medical uses by strengthening dosimetry and medical physics.

ii. Radiation safety and security: Improvement of the existing regulatory infrastructure for nuclear and radiation safety, as well as emergency preparedness and radioactive waste management.

iii. Water resources management: Improvement of integral water management, evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination, and identification of new aquifer resources.

iv. Nuclear electric power generation: Development of studies to include nuclear power as an alternative source in the national energy matrix.

v. Industry: Use of radiation for sterilization of medical products and production of new materials.

vi. Food security: Seed improvement, insect pest control, food irradiation, appropriate soil and water use and animal production and health.

vii. Environment: Improvement of integral soil and water management, detection and monitoring of contaminants and their sources in soil, air, fresh water, oceans, coastal zones and food, combating toxic algae (HABs), analysis of land and water degradation, and management and remediation of contaminated, desertified or saline zones.

Furthermore, cross-cutting activities necessary for the sustainability of the results were identified,

such as the need to support human resources development in specific sectors where the use of nuclear

techniques offers added value.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1. The Country Programme Framework (CPF) is a programming tool that provides a frame of reference for technical cooperation between the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its Member States in the near and medium term and where nuclear technology can make a significant contribution to addressing development priorities.

2. The Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN) began the process of preparing the CPF in

October 2009, using as basis the Peru Plan 2021: Strategic Guidelines for National Development, the Institutional Strategic Profile of IPEN 2010-2016, the National Energy Policy 2010–2040 and the Regional Strategic Profile for Latin America and the Caribbean (RSP). The National Liaison Officer (NLO) was designated as the Coordinator for this process.

3. In February 2010, a process of consultation was organized amongst different stakeholders from sectors where nuclear technologies could make a significant contribution, namely: Human Health, Water Resources and Environmental Management, Agriculture and Food Security, Energy, Safety and Security.

4. In March 2010, in order to highlight the key issues that could be addressed through the

application of nuclear technologies, a meeting was organized with the relevant ministries, universities and institutions, including the Peruvian Agency for International Cooperation (APCI) and the Strategic Planning Agency “CEPLAN” responsible for preparing the National Development Plan 2010–2021.

5. To support this process, in May 2010, various thematic meetings and field visits were conducted between national authorities, IAEA Technical Officers and experts, as well as with relevant international organizations, with the aim of raising the awareness on the contributions that nuclear technologies could offer for addressing development needs.

6. Specifically, the national participating stakholders in this thematic meetings included: the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Energy and Mines, the Ministry of Environment, the National Agricultural Health and Food Safety Service (SENASA), Essalud (Social Security), the Peruvian Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN), the University of San Marcos, the National Agrarian University de La Molina, the Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Piura University and the Engineering National University. The international organizations involved were: the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Pan American Center for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Word Food Programme (WFP), the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS).

7. This CPF consultation process gave raise to discussion forums in which synergies, challenges and potential areas of cooperation were identified. This document reflects the priority areas identified in the process that have strong Government support and commitment. The “Strategic Guidelines for the National Development 2010–2021” were used for structuring the document and defining the context in which the technical cooperation programme with the IAEA (IAEA/TCP) could contribute to solving priority needs and to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This CPF document is expected to serve as an assistance framework for focusing the resources in few high quality projects that contribute to the socioeconomic development of the country.

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RSP 2007-2013

PERU PLAN 2021

CPF 2012-2016

PEI 2010-2016

(IPEN AND

OTHER SECTORS)

2. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES AND ACTIVITIES

RELEVANT TO THE AGENCY’S TECHNICAL COOPERATION

PROGRAMME

2.1 Strategic basis for preparation of Peru’s CPF

8. The CPF 2012—2016 is based on existing strategy

documents of relevance to cooperation planning in

the country, such as the Regional Strategic Profile

(RSP) 2007–2013, the Peru Plan 2021 and the

Institutional Strategic Profile (PEI) 2010–2016.

9. This strategic background can be seen in Figure 1.

Fig. 1.

2.1.1 Regional Strategic Profile (RSP) 2007–2013

10. It is considered highly important to take into account the regional strategic priorities of the ARCAL regional agreement, established under the Regional Strategic Profile for Latin America and the Caribbean (RSP) that was approved at the extraordinary meeting of the Board of ARCAL Representatives (BAR) held in June 2007.

11. The RSP is the basis for the preparation of regional programmes to be implemented using nuclear technology, and serves fundamentally as an aid in the project submission and selection process under ARCAL, in accordance with its specific procedures and the following areas identified in order of their priority: food security, human health, environment, energy and industry, and radiation safety.

2.1.2 Peru Plan 20211

12. Through the National Centre for Strategic Planning (CEPLAN), Peru has defined the

“Strategic Guidelines for National Development 2010–2021”, the objective of which is to provide the basis for formulating the “Strategic Plan for National Development 2021”.

13. The information given in this document has been used as the basis for defining the context in

which the technical cooperation programme with the IAEA (IAEA/TCP) can contribute and how it is linked to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

2.1.2.1 State policies under the national agreement 14. The National Agreement has adopted 31 State policies, which have been grouped into four

thematic areas: (i) democracy and rule of law; (ii) equality and social justice; (iii) national competitiveness; and (iv) an efficient, transparent and decentralized State. These can be seen in detail in Figure 2.

1 Source: “Strategic Guidelines for National Development 2010–2021”

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Fig. 2. State Policies under the National Agreement

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EEqquuaalliittyy aanndd ssoocciiaall

jjuussttiiccee

NNaattiioonnaall

ccoommppeettiittiivveenneessss

EEffffiicciieenntt,, ttrraannssppaarreenntt

aanndd ddeecceennttrraalliizzeedd SSttaattee

Democratic system and

rule of law

Poverty reduction Affirmation of the

social market economy

Efficient and

transparent State

Democratization and

strengthening of party

system

Equal opportunities

without discrimination

Competitiveness,

productivity and

economic formalization

Institutional framework

of armed forces

Affirmation of national

identity

Universal access to

education, and

promotion of culture

and sport

Sustainable

development and

management of the

environment

Ethics, transparency and

eradication of

corruption

Institutionalization of

dialogue and consensus

Universal access to

health and social

security services

Development of science

and technology

Eradication of drug

trafficking

Strategic planning and

transparency

Access to full, decent

and productive

employment

Development of

infrastructure and

housing

Full applicability of the

Constitution and human

rights

Foreign policy for

democracy and

development

Promotion of food

security and nutrition

Expansion of markets

with reciprocity

Access to information

and freedom of

expression

Civil security and

eradication of violence

Strengthening of the

family and protection of

children

Agricultural and rural

development

Elimination of terrorism

and national

reconciliation

Political, economic and

administrative

decentralization

Fiscal sustainability and

reduction of the public

debt

National security

15. These 31 State policies under the National Agreement form the basis for defining the

development strategy, which comprises six national objectives:

National Objective 1: Fundamental rights and human dignity National Objective 2: Equal opportunities and access to basic services National Objective 3: Decentralized State to serve citizens and development National Objective 4: Competitive economy with high level of employment and productivity National Objective 5: Balanced regional development and adequate infrastructure National Objective 6: Natural resources and environment

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16. Figure 3 shows the links between the six planned national objectives.

Fig. 3. Strategy: Linkage of the national objectives

2.1.2.2 National objectives related to the IAEA technical cooperation programme

17. Of the six national objectives, those that are related to the IAEA technical cooperation programme are identified below, as well as the respective relevant policy guidelines and their contribution to meeting the goals set for attainment of the MDGs.2

2.1.2.2.1 National Objective 2: Equal opportunities and access to basic services

18. National Objective 2 seeks to achieve universal access to basic high quality services — education, health, water and sewage systems, electricity, Internet and others — and equal opportunities so that everybody can develop his/her maximum potential as a human being.

19. The specific strategy for achieving this objective is to combat poverty and extreme poverty by

ensuring universal access to high quality education and to health and social security services, as well as equal opportunities for all.

2 Source: “Strategic Guidelines for National Development 2010–2021” pps 97–109

Fundamental rights and human

dignity

Competitive economy

with high level of

employment and

productivity

Equal opportunities

and access to basic

services

Natural resources and

environment

Decentralized

State to serve

citizens and

development

Balanced regional development and adequate infrastructure

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Areas and policy guidelines relevant to the TCP with the IAEA and their relationship

with the Millennium Development Goals

Areas Relevant Policy Guidelines Identified Contribution of the IAEA/TCP

Relationship

with the

MDGs3

Diagnosis and treatment of cancer and

cardiovascular diseases through the

establishment of adequate capacities in

radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and medical

physics in public hospitals

MDG 4, 5

and 6

1. To decentralize the health services and ensure universal access to health care, social security, drinking water and basic sanitation, giving priority to members of the population subject to poverty and vulnerability, and adopting an intercultural focus.

Support for development of integrated water

resources management programmes that

ensure sustainability for adequate management

of drinking water and other uses

MDG 7

2. Ensure universal access to reproductive health services and give priority to activities that reduce the mortality of mothers and children aged 0–5 years

Utilization of nuclear techniques to improve

maternal health, nutrition of the child

population and of women

MDG 1, 4, 5

and 6

Health and Social Security

3. Prevent and control communicable, chronic degenerative, mental and drug addiction related diseases

Preventing the communication of infectious diseases by applying nuclear techniques Programme of Action for Cancer Therapy (PACT) Detection of resistance to medications: tuberculosis, malaria, HIV

MDG 4, 5

and 6

1. Ensure access by the entire population to foods providing adequate amounts of energy and nutrients 2. Promote sustainable and diversified food production without food dependency

3. Promote regional diets, reconstructing food consumption patterns that better connect cities to their rural environment and foster employment

Food safety by means of irradiation Nuclear techniques to improve and increase crops Nuclear techniques for agricultural pest control (fruit fly free areas) Nuclear techniques for soil and water management and crop nutrition Improvement of animal health and productivity

MDG 1

4. Promote increased per capita consumption of sea food and inland fishery products

Food Security

5. Boost the establishment of mechanisms to evaluate and mitigate the impact on food security of natural, economic and social emergencies

Nuclear techniques to detect toxins in fish and

molluscs

3 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG1); To achieve universal

primary education (MDG2); To promote gender equality and empower women (MDG3); To reduce mortality for the under-

5s (MDG4); To improve maternal health (MDG5); To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (MDG6); To ensure

environmental sustainability (MDG7); To develop a global partnership for development (MDG8)

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2.1.2.2.2 National Objective 4: Competitive economy with high level of employment and

productivity

20. The aim of National Objective 4 is to achieve a dynamic and diversified economy with a developed domestic market, competitively integrated into the world economy within a framework of stable rules that promote private investment with high employment generation and increased labour productivity, seeking a return to the promotion of exports with more added value, incorporating knowledge.

21. Boosting activities that generate work is key to development of the domestic market and the

establishment of productive activities aimed at this market and which, on account of their competitiveness, also have export potential. In this way, it is hoped to form a modern and homogeneous productive structure in all departments, with forward and backward source linkage, in which citizens have market access to goods and services.




Relationship

with the

MDGs4

Integration into global markets

1. Stimulate competitive exportable production with high added value, boost the establishment of a chain for logistics and information for competitive foreign trade, support the associative organization of small and medium-sized enterprises into export consortiums, and promote public-private alliances for investment in foreign trade infrastructure.

Productive structure

1. Strengthen national industries focused on the domestic market and promoting their participation in international markets.

Access to markets

1. Promote development of the third sector or solidarity economy (productive chains, strategic alliances, subcontracting) to convert peasant farming into commercial farming and MYOPERs* into formal small and medium-sized enterprises.

Nuclear techniques to improve and increase crops Nuclear techniques for agricultural pest control (fruit fly free areas) Nuclear techniques for soil and water management and crop nutrition Food irradiation to improve the quality and export capacity of domestic products Sterilization of products for health, blood, cosmetics and packaging Preservation of artefacts Improvement of materials/processes (e.g. protheses) Hygienization of sewage Detoxification of industrial waste water Non-destructive determination of corrosion and deposits Improvement in oil production

MDG 1





* Translator’s Note: Unknown abbreviation, possibly a corruption of MYPEs: micro and small enterprises.

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Relationship

with the

MDGs4

1. Foster the development of science and technology activities and innovation in national, departmental and local spheres, and the generation of technology based small and medium-sized enterprises

Strengthen existing capacities in the country regarding the application of nuclear techniques for development and prosperity, and enable competition with other countries in this sphere.

All the

MDGs

2. Promote a national culture that encourages creativity, scientific research, technological development and that boosts socialization and appropriation of science, technology and innovation, with a view to membership of the knowledge society.

Innovation and technology

3. Promote the generation of synergies between private industry, academia, research institutes and the State so as to develop joint science, technology and innovation activities/projects.

2.1.2.2.3 National Objective 5: Balanced regional development and adequate infrastructure

22. National Objective 5 aims to generate decentralized development of the productive and social infrastructure in order to achieve balanced land possession and competitiveness of regional productive activities.

23. Possession of Peruvian territory will become balanced through the establishment of a new

land act that will do away with pre-existing disparities. In doing so, it is essential to have a decentralized productive and social infrastructure ensuring that the departments and geographical regions are competitive.




Relationship

with the

MDGs5

MDG

Regional

development

1. Promote investment by regional governments in construction, improvement and asphalting of highways and regional roads; development of the energy infrastructure, irrigation, human capital and productive innovation,

Energy planning and study of the nuclear

power option and energy generation





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Relationship

with the

MDGs5

with a view to increasing substantially labour productivity, especially in agriculture, the agro industry and manufacturing.

2.1.2.2.4 National Objective 6: Natural resources and environment

24. The purpose of National Objective 6 is to achieve rational and sustainable use of natural

resources so as to ensure the conservation of biodiversity and other resources for future generations, as well as the people’s right to enjoy a balanced environment, appropriate for the development of their life.

25. Attainment of this objective requires decisive action on the part of the State in regulating the

sustainable exploitation of natural resources and the quality of the environment, the creation of economic incentives for good management of the environment, and the establishment of efficient environmental supervisory, evaluation and control mechanisms for companies. To this should be added the stimulus of mechanisms for information and citizen participation, as well as environmental education at all education levels.




Relationship

with the

MDGs6

1. Promote evaluation and appraisal of the natural heritage with a view to its sustainable use, combined with economic efficiency and social justice. 2. Conduct activities to protect biodiversity, to control forest loss, to ensure fishery sustainability and to conserve the native genetic heritage. 3. Promote efficiency in the use of water, focusing on integrated management of basins, through investment in infrastructure for storage, technology based irrigation and the reuse of waste water.

Natural

resources and

the

environment

4. Regulate environmental quality, paying special attention to water, air and solid waste, as well as sustainable use of natural resources, supervising and controlling strict

Radiation safety and security essential for protection of the environment from the use of ionizing radiation Nuclear techniques to mitigate damage to and contamination of the environment Nuclear techniques to analyse radioactivity in the environment Improvement of integral water management Vulnerability of aquifer strata to contamination Identification of new aquifer resources ATLAS hydrologists Sea water intrusion Investigation of reserve leaks

MDG 7





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Relationship

with the

MDGs6

compliance with the regulations with a view to protecting the health of people and the ecosystems.

5. Promote the adoption of measures to mitigate and adapt to climate change at the three government levels.

Improvement of integral soil and water management Analysis of land and water degradation Detection and monitoring of contaminants and their sources in soil, air, fresh water, oceans, coastal zones and food Management and remediation of contaminated, desertified or saline zones Control of toxic algae (HABs)

26. In addition, it should be pointed out that Peru has adopted a national policy for the

environment by means of supreme decree No. 012-2009-MINAM pursuant to the political constitution of the State. This policy was formulated on the basis of analysis of the country’s environmental situation and includes the following main policy areas in which nuclear technologies can contribute in a fundamental way, as set forth in the table.

National Policy of the Environment Main Policy Areas Thematic Areas Research Themes

Policy area 1: Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources and biological diversity

Thematic area: 7. Marine-coastal ecosystems. (f) To promote the sustainable use of marine resources, monitoring and supervision of contaminant discharges into national territorial sea, giving priority to the zones closest to the coast.

Research theme 1: Study of contaminant dispersion in coastal marine waters with submarine emitters

Thematic area 1: Integrated contamination control. (c) To conduct activities to restore the quality of the water, air and soil in areas affected by environmental liabilities.

Research theme 2: Remediation of environmental liabilities

Thematic area 2: Water quality. (b) To identify, monitor and control the main sources of contaminant effluents, with emphasis on the basins that supply water to urban centres and to specify in that regard the role of the authorities at the three government levels.

Research theme 3: Studies of the origin of contamination in surface and ground waters

Research theme 4: Management of radioactive waste. (f) To manage the risks to health and the environment from the use of chemical substances and hazardous materials, especially among potentially exposed persons

Policy area 2: Integral management of environmental quality

Thematic area 5: Chemical substances and hazardous materials. (b) To promote the prevention and control of environmental risks associated with the use, management and final disposal of chemical substances and hazardous materials

Research theme 5: Study of the presence of mercury in nature, in environmental samples and living organisms

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2.1.2.1 Ideas for programmes and projects suggested in CEPLAN that are related to the

IAEA technical cooperation programme 27. The CEPLAN will promote, organize and manage the National Priority Development

Programmes and Projects (PRODENA) bank to realize the vision and the goals proposed in the PLADES [Labour Development Plan]. Below are listed programme and project ideas for reference purposes to launch this process.

Priority development programmes and

projects

Identified Contribution of the

IAEA/TCP

Relationship

with the MDGs7

Nuclear techniques to identify underground aquifers for the supply of drinking water

Programme for integrated management of basins with communities, multidistrict authorities and multiregional authorities Nuclear techniques for sustainable

management of aquifers

MDG 1, 7

Nuclear techniques to evaluate sedimentation in dams Energy planning

Programme for renewable energy development.

Study of nuclear option for power generation

MDG 7

Supply of medical equipment for cancer treatment Training of medical staff in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine Combating cancer, training in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine Nuclear techniques to improve maternal health Nuclear techniques to improve the nutrition of the child population Nuclear techniques to improve the nutrition of women

MDG 4, 5 and 6 Programme for universalization of preventive health services and institutionalization of protection networks.

Radiation safety and security infrastructure as part of the basic infrastructure and support for the productive infrastructure

All the MDGs





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3. RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE

28. In addition to the technological research and development activities conducted in cooperation

with the IAEA, Peru maintains technical cooperation and assistance relations with institutions in such countries as Argentina, Brazil, the Russian Federation, South Korea and the United States of America.

29. For the past five years it has been participating in the International Radiological Threat

Reduction Programme. Under this programme it has been receiving cooperation from the United States Department of Energy to improve the security systems of its nuclear reactors and of establishments in which radioactive sources are located that are of national relevance.

30. Cooperation with the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) of the Argentine

Republic has enabled the design, construction and equipping of the Peru Nuclear Centre now called the Oscar Miro Quesada de la Guerra Centre (RACSO).

31. In line with the institutional strategic plan, discussions are under way with the National

Nuclear Energy Commission of Brazil and with the National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina concerning the creation of a trinational company for the production and marketing of fission molybdenum-99.

32. Also, to comply with its aims, IPEN receives international cooperation from bilateral sources

represented by friendly governments and from multilateral sources such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA/OAS), amongst others.

33. Set down below is a table on the areas in which cooperation is given in Peru by United Nations system agencies, related to the IAEA technical cooperation programme.8

COOPERATION ORGANIZATION

AREAS RELATED TO THE IAEA/TCP WHERE

COOPERATION COULD BE COMPLEMENTED AND

STRENGTHENED

UNICEF - United Nations Children's

Fund • Child survival and development. • HIV/AIDS and children. • Emergencies.

UNFPA - United Nations Population

Fund • Reproductive health. • Autonomy and empowerment of women. • Stabilization of the world population and quality of life.

UNESCO – United Nations Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization • Protection and preservation of cultural and natural wealth. • Community development to sponsor full integration into the knowledge society.

UNDSS - United Nations Department of

Safety and Security • Support in emergency situations resulting from security incidents.

UNDP - United Nations Development

Programme • Poverty reduction. • Energy and the environment. • HIV/AIDS.

WFP - World Food Programme • Breaking the poverty cycle.

8 Source: “UN-Peru Information Kit”

17

COOPERATION ORGANIZATION

AREAS RELATED TO THE IAEA/TCP WHERE

COOPERATION COULD BE COMPLEMENTED AND

STRENGTHENED

• Investing in the future of children. • Food for a new start.

PAHO/WHO - Pan American Health

Organization/World Health

Organization

• Support for the health sector in epidemiological monitoring, analysis of the health situation and disease control.

• Support for the health sector in the design of policies and strengthening of health systems and services.

• Support for national efforts to prevent and control environmental hazards that affect the health of the population.

• Support in promoting health. UNAIDS • Channels, strengthens and directs the skills, resources and

networks of influence that each of the agencies in the system

offer in combating HIV/AIDS. UNODC - United Nations Office on

Drugs and Crime • Improvement of citizen security/organized crime and terrorism.

ILO - International Labour Organization • Promotion of greater opportunities for job creation. IFAD - International Fund for

Agricultural Development • Capacity building of the poor in rural areas. • Fostering fairer access to productive natural resources and technology.

FAO — Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations • Agriculture • Animal husbandry. • Fishing. • Food security • Management of natural resources.

UNIC - United Nations information

centre • Dissemination of information about UN activities and the agreements reached by the organization’s various bodies and

commissions.

• Elaboration and free distribution of material on global UN topics.

• Support for the UN bodies in the dissemination of their work.

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4. OVERVIEW OF AGENCY PAST AND PRESENT TECHNICAL

COOPERATION ACTIVITIES IN THE COUNTRY

4.1 Background

34. Peru belongs to a group of countries, also comprising Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Chile, which started activities in the region more than half a century ago aimed at using nuclear technology for their national development.

35. In the 70s the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN), a decentralized public body for the energy and mining sector that was created to promote the peaceful applications of nuclear energy in various national development sectors, launched a nuclear plan whose stages aimed, firstly, to create a physical and human infrastructure to support the country’s nuclear development and, secondly, sought to achieve a development potential that would place the country amongst the more developed countries of the region, technologically speaking.

36. As part of the first stage of the plan, a contract was signed with Argentina’s National Atomic

Energy Commission for the design, construction and equipping of the Peru Nuclear Centre now called the RACSO Nuclear Centre, and a training programme was prepared and implemented whereby young graduates from the best universities in the country were selected and sent to finish their education in foreign universities, mainly in the United States of America.

37. To carry out the tasks set under the nuclear plan, the Peruvian State had to resort to foreign indebtedness of more than 100 million dollars with Argentina and to step up its participation in international bodies such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Inter-American Nuclear Energy Commission of the Organization of American States (OAS), amongst others.

38. This international technical cooperation has been a key additional factor in the efforts made by the Peruvian Government over the past 50 years. In particular, since the start of the country’s nuclear plan, the IAEA has transferred technology to the country worth more than 25 million dollars.

39. In recent years, and thanks to a strategic plan, new activity areas have been identified such as the use of genomics and biotechnology to improve the production of animal and plant fibres, the study of water contamination, human health, improvement of radiation safety and protection levels, amongst others.

40. The resources transferred for technical cooperation are vital in accelerating the country’s

technology transfer processes. Only in this way will it be possible to give greater added value to national production while complying with international standards required for the globalization and free trade processes.

4.2 Cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

41. The IAEA is the world’s principal international governmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the use of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. One of its main tasks is technology transfer through the implementation of international cooperation projects. The international cooperation projects can change a problematic situation characterized by some kind of shortage or the presence of negative factors, such as pests, droughts, floods, pandemics, into a much more favourable one thanks to the technology transferred by dynamic collaboration processes between the Agency and relevant national bodies. The IAEA facilitates the transfer of nuclear technology to the majority of its Member States for use in

19

applications in medicine, agriculture, industry, water resources management, nuclear safety and radiation protection, amongst others.

42. Peru has been an IAEA Member State since the year it was established in September 1957

and has been a prominent participant in its activities, having been on the Board of Governors 12 times and having once presided over the General Conference.

43. Peru has been involved not only in international technical cooperation programmes but

fundamental non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament issues where its leadership has been recognized by the international community.

44. In the plan for technology transfer through international technical cooperation projects, it

should be emphasized that since 1977 Peru has participated in projects with a high impact on national development through the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy and major research institutions and services like the National Service for Agricultural Health (SENASA), the Universities of San Marcos, the La Molina National Agricultural University, the Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University, the University of Piura, the University of Trujillo, the Honorio Delgado de Arequipa Hospital, the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases, the Essalud [Peruvian Social Security Institute] hospitals in Lima and Chiclayo, the Hospital of the Ministry of Health of Sullana (Piura) and Lima (Institute of Children’s Health), and the National Institute for Development (INADE) through its special Puyango Tumbes and Pasto Grande projects, the Tacna Special Project, and the Lake Titicaca Special Project.

4.2.1 Technical Cooperation with the IAEA in figures

45. The volume of technical cooperation received by Peru exceeds 25 million dollars, of which 60% corresponds to laboratory equipment and materials. As shown in Figure 4, of this total almost 20 million dollars were assigned through national cooperation projects, representing approximately 6% of the assistance given to the region. Also, of these 20 million for the national programme, 3.5 million were funds received from extrabudgetary sources.

Fig. 4. Funds received through national projects 1981–2010

Assistance received by the country under national projects during

30 years of cooperation

1981–2010

Total: US $19 890 900

of which extrabudgetary funds US $3 473 500

% in relation to assistance given to Latin America

and the Caribbean

Approx. 6%

46. The total assistance by area over the past 10 years under national, regional and interregional projects is shown on Figure 5. It can be seen that the highest disbursements have been in (1) radiation medicine and health; (2) isotope hydrology and isotopic and radiation applications in industry; (3) isotopic and radiation application in food and agriculture; (4) general development of atomic energy; and (4) nuclear and radiation safety and nuclear security.

20

Fig. 5. Total assistance by area

Disbursements by Area

(2000–2010)

Specific TC area National Regional Interregional Total

0 General development of atomic energy 411 002 502 581 58 893 972 476

1 Nuclear and atomic physics 322 607 38 169 9263 370 039

2 Nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry 621 470 180 814 -1 802 283

3 Fuel cycle and waste management 83 559 73 294 40 366 197 219

4 Nuclear engineering and technology 474 832 381 423 30 055 886 310

5 Application of isotopes and radiation

in food and agriculture

1 445 53 120 386 28 757 1 594 677

6 Radiation medicine and health 787 578 897 267 94 107 1 778 952

7 Application of isotopes and radiation

in biology and environment studies

7 342 70954 6585 84881

8 Isotope hydrology and isotope and

radiation applications in industry

909 325 746 151 209 1 655 685

9 Nuclear and radiation safety and

nuclear security

129 284 782 885 9 261 921 430

Total 5 192 534 3 793 925 277 495 9 263 954

47. The cooperation received in recent years has been directed at technological research and development areas that have been clearly identified thanks to a strategic plan prepared with IAEA cooperation. This plan, the preparation of which cost US $100 000, has on the one hand helped to determine our strengths as a nuclear institution and also to analyse the environment in order to envisage the threats and opportunities that might appear on the medium-term horizon.

48. Since the most important phase of any strategic plan is the implementation phase, as of 2004 a

series of management activities have been strengthened enabling the application of a results based management strategy.

49. In recent years the country has benefited from equipment donations from the United States

worth several thousands of dollars. The main equipment items received include: a liquid scintillation counter, software, electrometer, spectrophotometer, manual multimeter, electronic balance, bone grinder, submergible pump for pumping water, system for gamma spectrometry analysis and a DNA sequencer for studies on South American camelids.

50. 30% of the assistance received has been through the provision of advisory services by highly

qualified international experts who provide important services for the installation and testing of up-to-date techniques in medicine, agriculture, industry and for the dissemination of nuclear science and technology through national and international events.

51. As an example, 34 visits were conducted in 2009 by highly qualified experts who had participated in international events and also in specialized missions to put into practice highly important techniques for the country.

21

52. The third component is international participation in training courses, workshops, meetings, scientific visits and seminars which are conducted under international cooperation projects. Attention is drawn to the fact that during 2009 more than 60 persons travelled abroad under training fellowships offered by the IAEA and to meet various commitments related to the projects already mentioned.

53. Figure 6 shows the technical cooperation that the IAEA has given to Peru under the human

resources component over the last 10 years, and the corresponding cooperation that Peru has given to the IAEA.

Fig. 6. Technical Cooperation between Peru and the IAEA

Technical Cooperation between Peru and the International Atomic Energy Agency

2000–2010

Cooperation to Peru No. Technical Cooperation from Peru No.

Peruvians trained in courses outside Peru

739 Persons trained in courses in Peru (host)

595

Peruvian participants in meetings and workshops outside Peru

564 Participants in meetings and workshops in Peru (host)

519

Peruvians trained through fellowships outside Peru

321 Peruvians trained through fellowships inside Peru (host)

45

Peruvians trained through scientific visits outside Peru

142 Persons trained through fellowships inside Peru (host)

33

International experts who provided services to Peru

628 Peruvians who provided services as international experts (outside Peru)

279

Peruvians who lectured in courses outside Peru

40

54. It should also be mentioned that, although Peru has made no extrabudgetary contribution as a donor to date, as a State Party to the Co-operation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARCAL), it has provided advisory and training services using the infrastructure of the Nuclear Centre for Nuclear Research, which has a 10 MW research reactor, nuclear physics and chemistry laboratories, a national dosimetric calibration laboratory and a radioactive waste management plant, amongst others.

4.2.2 Some results achieved through the IAEA/TCP

55. Listed below in brief are some of the results achieved through the IAEA/TCP:

• Physical infrastructure established allowing utilization of nuclear technology to solve national development problems.

• Human resources trained with capacity to provide specialized services inside and outside the country.

• Consolidation of IPEN as the State promotion agency in the field of its peaceful applications of nuclear energy, at the same time strengthening its regulatory function in accordance with international norms and standards approved by the IAEA.

22

• Improved variables obtained for barley, quinoa and kiwicha that improve nutrition levels of the country’s high Andean inhabitants through inputs to such institutions as the Molina National Agricultural University.

• Improvement of the medical services provided by the Nuclear Medicine Centre managed by IPEN.

• Recognition of certain facilities, such as the Radioisotope Production Plant and the Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratories, as ARCAL recognized centres.

4.2.3 National technical cooperation programme with the IAEA

56. As can be seen from the following figure, the national technical cooperation programme with the IAEA during the 2009–2011 cycle, whose objectives were focused on (a) strengthening human capacities; (b) optimizing effective utilization of the RP-10 research reactor; and (c) improving the management of cancer and cardiac and brain diseases, was made up of the following projects:

Fig. 7. National projects 2009–2011

PROJECTS

2009–2011

OBJECTIVE INST. $US

PER/0/023 “Improving and strengthening human resource development and nuclear technology support”

Strengthening human capacities and development of science and technology

IPEN $123 365

PER/4/023 “To optimize the effective utilization of the RP-10 reactor”

To optimize the effective utilization of the RP-10 research reactor to support socio-economic development

IPEN $577 100

$40 000

footnote-a

PER/6/016 “To improve the management of cancer, cardiac and brain diseases through the establishment of a cyclotron and by using positron emitting tomography in clinical practice”

To improve the management of cancer and cardiac and brain diseases

IPEN

and

EsSalud

$367 350

23

ENVISIONED COUNTRY PROGRAMME OUTLINE

5.1 Description of the programme programme 57. The Government of Peru views the use of nuclear techniques as an important part of its

national policy on science and technology, given that they support the country’s goal of

achieving sustainable technological and economic development.

58. It is the Government’s policy to: a) promote increased use of nuclear technologies to ensure

both radiation protection and nuclear security at all levels of government; b) establish a nuclear regulatory framework and adequate infrastructure in keeping with international guidelines; c) harmonize the legal basis in the nuclear field with international law; and d) take maximum advantage of technical cooperation to address its national needs and priorities. Furthermore, it is a fundamental objective of the State in the field of scientific research, technology and transfer of innovation to give added value to national production by using the technologies that are available in institutes for technology research and development such as IPEN.

59. IPEN has a medium-term Institutional Strategic Plan (PEI) which clearly defines the role of nuclear technologies and involves a strong national commitment and the availability of human resources and materials. This plan is complemented by technical cooperation with international bodies such as the IAEA. This plan led to the defining of new areas of activity all aimed at achieving maximum utilization of existing facilities and resources.

60. Thus, a genome centre was envisioned which could serve all national research and

development institutions in a way that would improve national production and provide better tools to control diseases, including for example cancer. Along these lines a medium-term plan was made to place a cyclotron into service for rapid diagnosis and treatment cancer of at the hospitals of the Ministry of Health and the Peruvian Social Security Institute.

61. There are other areas of research which IPEN accords the highest priority, such as that related

to the study of materials. There is an urgent need to create a materials centre that would help replace the export of raw materials with those having added value such as tissue grafts and hydrogels for medical use. Other areas identified in the planning to date include the environment and the use of bioremediation techniques to neutralize the negative impact of environmental liabilities.

62. The search for additional water reserves and the establishment of measures to prevent their

contamination are also priority areas that could be addressed using nuclear techniques. It has been determined that coastal aquifers are being contaminated by seawater intrusion along

Peru’s entire coastline, though primarily in Tacna and Máncora in the Piura Department. In

addition, there is an urgent need to study the recharge capacities of the aquifers and develop sustainable management manuals to preserve water resources.

63. Peru will also seek to participate in regional projects addressing priority areas with a view to

complementing its national programme and address priorities shared with other countries of the region, as identified in the Regional Strategic Profile. In this regard, in the medium term Peru will try to promote binational projects with its neighbouring country, Ecuador, as there are areas of common interest for both nations that can be addressed together through IAEA projects, particularly in the border region, in the fields of environmental protection, aquifer management and human health.

Comentario [MG1]: It is quite

unfortunate the agriculture and

livestock, important pillars for the

country and main source of

income for thousands of peasants

and farmers in the rural area, are

not considered among the priority

areas.

Comentario [AAN2]: No

control of the environment is

mentioned. The monitoring of the

environment on radionuclides and

radiation control should be

mentioned

Comentario [DMHF3]: 2011-

11-16. What kind of raw materials.

To be used for what? Should

clarify.

24

64. Below is a summary of the IAEA TC programme planned for the short and medium term

(2012–2016).

Priority

sectors IAEA contribution Areas/Activities

Human

health

1. Cancer determination and treatment through strengthening of nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy

2. Quality assurance in medical uses through strengthening of dosimetry and medical physics

Strengthening human resources at oncology units established in the regions and hospitals of the Ministry of Health and ESSALUD:

• Training of new doctors in radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and diagnostic radiology, as well as medical physicists and technicians

• Establishment of new protocols and work guidelines for the management of new technologies

• Strengthen services in hospitals in the country and create national training programmes in the three areas based on the new technologies

• Contribute to the National Cancer Control Programme

Radiation

safety and

security

1. Improving the regulatory, nuclear and radiation safety infrastructure

2. Strengthening radiation protection in medical exposure

3. Emergency preparedness and radioactive waste management

• Revision of law and standards

• Provision of dosimetry instruments for medical application and during the oversight and trial process

• Development and strengthening of human resources

• Implementation of national audit and intercomparison programmes for doses in radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and industrial irradiators

• Implementation of the recommendations from the IRRS mission in 2009

Water

resource

management

1. Improvement of integrated water management

2. Evaluation of aquifer vulnerability to contamination

3. Identification of new aquifer resources

• Establishment of plans for sustainable management of aquifer resources

• Isotopic measurements to obtain estimates of average groundwater residence times

• Identification of the source of certain contaminants in bodies of water

• Understanding salinization processes in aquifers

• Improving water balances in hydrographic basins under high pressure

• Establishing a baseline for the Peruvian Precipitation Isotropy Network (RPIP)

• Improving knowledge of seven catalogued aquifers representing key and/or potential sources of supply

Nuclear

electric

power

generation

1. Development of studies to include nuclear power as an alternative source in the national energy mix

• Incorporation of nuclear power generation in national energy plans

Industry 1. Use of radiation for sterilization of medical products and production

• Development/improvement of quality of tissue grafts for medical use


11-16. Will TC provide funds for

these instruments or the

instruments ¿ Specifically, what

type of instruments?


11-16. is radiotherapy equipment

or funds for such being provided

by TC?

Comentario [SR4]: It is

suggested to include in the next

column (areas/activities), some

elements that could better reflect

the priorities of Peru on

Emergency Preparedness and

Response. In this regard, and only

as examples, the following areas

could be included:

Specifically: The above referred

plan, medical response, others.

In general: Fully accomplishment

of the GS-R-2 standard.


11-16. Is this new? Do you have

more detailed information as to

the activities? Have you receive

specific s from the State?

25

Priority

sectors IAEA contribution Areas/Activities

of new materials • Production, certification and standardization of a series of

dressings (hydrogels) for the treatment of severe burns that could be marketed to ensure their sustainability

Food

security

1. Seed improvement

2. Insect pest control

3. Food Irradiation

4. Appropriate soil and water use

5. Animal production and health

• Update outdated technology to support possible sterile medfly commercialization in order to gradually achieve self-financing and to make possible horizontal transfer of the technology

• Calibrate irradiation equipment, obtain advice for the possible redesign of existing insect irradiation plants, construction and operation of new irradiation plants for phytosanitary purposes and training for current and new staff

• Expand the capacities of the laboratories of the national food monitoring system to monitor contamination of food by agrochemicals, heavy metals, veterinary medications and mycotoxins

• Increase the efficiency of water use by plants and recovery of eroded soils

• Monitoring genetic deterioration in fish and shellfish and in domestic camelids

• Building capacities to eliminate the screw worm

• Improving animal productivity through improved feeds and feeding, improved reproductive efficiency and breeding and better animal health and control of animal diseases

Environment

1. Improvement of integrated soil and water management

2. Detection and monitoring of contaminants and their sources in soil, air, fresh water, oceans, coastal zones and food

3. Control of toxic algae (HABs)

4. Analysis of land and water degradation

5. Management and remediation of contaminated, desertified or saline zones

• Promotion of sustainable use, monitoring and surveillance of marine resources

• Implementation of activities to restore water, air and soil quality

• Identification, surveillance and monitoring of the main sources emitting contaminating effluents

• Promotion of prevention and control of environmental risks associated with the use of chemical substances

• Management of health risks resulting from the use of chemical substances and hazardous materials

26

5.1.1 HUMAN HEALTH

5.1.1.1 Nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, dosimetry and medical physics

65. In Peru, cancer is the second leading cause of death9, According to WHO-IARC Globocan

2008, the country with a population of ca. 28.8 millions, is estimated to have 39 300 new

cancer cases and 24 800 cancer deaths occurring yearly. The five most common cancers are:

cervix uteri, breast, stomach, colorectum, and liver in women; and prostate, stomach, non-

Hodgkin lymphoma, lung and colorectum in men. Nevertheless, the citizenry has little access

to cancer diagnosis and treatment because there are but few public and private centres with

radiotherapy and nuclear medicine services, and most of those are in the capital city.

However, in line with the country’s policy of decentralization10, oncology units have been

constructed, or are being constructed, at hospitals in other parts of the country and have been

equipped with linear accelerators and high-dose brachytherapy machines.

66. Faced with this situation, the Government assigned the responsibility for managing cancer to

the Multisectoral Coalition “Peru Against Cancer”, which comprises entities such as hospitals

of the Ministry of Health, the care network EsSalud (social security for persons with paid

fixed employment), armed forces hospitals, private clinics and representative institutions

involved. This coalition’s strategic plan involves health promotion, cancer prevention and

consolidation of the process of decentralization of cancer care in the country, “based on work

coordinated and integrated by governmental and non-governmental institutions”. In that

respect, Peru requested IAEA’s assistance through the Programme of Action Cancer Therapy

(letter dated 7 March 2011) for an assessment of its national capacity and needs in cancer

control (imPACT), thus ensuring the integration of its radiation medicine diagnosis and

treatment capacity within its “National Plan to Strengthen Cancer Prevention and Control”.

67. The Institute for Neoplastic Diseases (INEN), to which the Ministry of Health has given the

managing role in oncology, works in coordination with the Multisectoral Coalition.

68. As part of this role there exists a Department of Health Promotion and Cancer Control as well as decentralized oncology units at various general hospitals in Lima and at the provincial level. In addition, INEN has interinstitutional cooperation agreements with some regional directorates of health, making it possible to strengthen campaigns promoting health and early diagnosis. There will also be two regional institutes for neoplastic diseases built, one in Trujillo for the northern macro-region, and the other in Arequipa for the southern macro-region. These are seen as examples of synergy between regional government and the central government, with technical advice by INEN11.

69. Nevertheless, Peru still has an unmet need for equipment and human resources with the

training and experience necessary for the safe and appropriate management of new nuclear techniques and technologies.

9 National Plan to Strengthen Cancer Prevention and Control in Peru. Multisector Coalition “Peru Against

Cancer”

10Supreme Decree No. 004-2003-SA and accompanying Regulation

11 Pinillos L. Cancer in Peru: Challenges for the Millennium. Available at

http://www.scielo.org.pe/pdf/amp/v23n2/v23n2a01.pdf

Comentario [CJ8]: According

to WHO-IARC Globocan 2008, with

a population of ca. 28.8 millions, it

is estimated that 39 300 new

cancer cases and 24 800 cancer

deaths occur yearly in Peru. The

five most common cancers are:

cérvix uteri, breast stomach,

colorectum, and liver in women;

and prostate, stomach, non-

Hodgkin lymphoma, lung and

colorectum in men.

Comentario [CJ9]: In that

respect, Peru requested IAEA’s

assistance through the

Programme of Action Cancer

Therapy (letter dated 7 March

2011) for an assessment of its

national capacity and needs in

cancer control (imPACT), thus

ensuring the integration of its

radiation medicine diagnosis and

treatment capacity within its

“National Plan to Strengthen

Cancer Prevention and Control”.

27

70. Thus, the country needs IAEA support to strengthen the training of technical staff and the general quality of the Oncological Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine services, as well as at units providing diagnostic imaging services, including quality assurance and training of medical physicists, with a view to complementing the efforts and investment made by authorities to assure the quality of these new services to the public.

71. In the short term, the programme will be focused on strengthening human resources at

oncology units established in the regions and hospitals of the Ministry of Health and EsSalud. The training will concentrate on training new doctors in the areas of radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiodiagnosis, as well as radiotherapy physicians, medical physicists and radiotherapy technicians to support those already working in the hospitals, as well as the establishment of new work guidelines and protocols for managing the new technology.

72. In the medium term, the programme will be focused on expanding the scope of the IAEA’s

contribution in order to strengthen the services in hospitals in the country and on creating national training programmes in the three priority areas, based on the new technologies. Also, the programme will take into account efforts made by the Government to develop a National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) based on the WHO recommendations and will create a Supervisory Committee of the NCCP, with PAHO participating in this process, among other entities.

5.1.2 RADIATION SAFETY AND SECURITY

5.1.2.1 Radiation Safety

73. Peru is committed to the establishment and strengthening of a sustainable infrastructure for radiation safety and protection. In its capacity as regulatory authority, IPEN exercises the functions of regulation and control of the safe use of ionizing radiation sources at the national level pursuant to Decree-law 21875. These functions include issuing licenses, developing radiation safety standards and exercising oversight. In addition, IPEN promotes and carries out activities and projects on occupational and environmental radiation safety, dosimetry and metrology of ionizing radiation sources, radioactive waste management and radiological emergency management.

74. With a view to improving radiation safety in the various sectors of society, Peru has been

participating in IAEA technical cooperation projects related to strengthening the regulatory authority, occupational radiation protection, radiation protection of patients, radiation protection of the public and radioactive waste, as well as radiological emergency preparednessand response and Education and training in radiation safety.

75. In the last decade, radiation safety standards were developed for radiotherapy, uranium and

industrial gamma radiography; the secondary standards dosimetry laboratory was built and placed in operation; pilot studies were carried out on guidance dose levels for patients undergoing radiodiagnosis and over 50 occupationally exposed professionals were trained in radiation protection.

76. The development of new techniques using ionizing radiation sources and the imminent

increase in radiological practices have stimulated the Government of Peru’s interest in

continuing to strengthen radiation safety in the medium term. As for the regulatory authority, the need exists to develop and update radiation safety standards, develop staff training programmes to oversee compliance with the standards, especially in the area of health, establish cooperation agreements with other regulatory authorities, incorporate nuclear safety principles in regulations and implement public information strategies.

Comentario [SR10]: Suggesti

on included, considering the scope

of Emergency Preparedness and

Response as Thematic Area.

28

77. As for radiation protection for workers, patients and the public, there is interest is improving metrology for ionizing radiation through implementation of new standards and irradiation facilities for radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis by employing new techniques in neutron and mixed field external dosimetry, internal dosimetry, biological dosimetry and environmental dosimetry, as well as radioactive waste management. In the field of radiation protection in medical exposure, control of dose and prevention of accidents and radiation injuries are key issues to take into account. Further, it is necessary to develop a national radiation emergency preparedness and response plan. There is an additional need to develop a national radiological emergency prevention and response plan and implement a national radiation protection programme for patients, to establish a radon measurement programme for homes and workplaces and consider the need for regulatory control of NORM industries, including the assessment of potential public exposure (IPEN Strategic Plan).

78. To achieve these goals, the Government of Peru requires IAEA support for the revision of

standards, provision of dosimetry instruments for medical application and during oversight, strengthening of infrastructure and accreditation of testing and calibration laboratories, training of human resources through courses, fellowships and scientific visits, and for implementing national audit and intercomparison programmes for doses in radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and industrial irradiators. Addressing existing exposure situations arising from indoor radon and from mining activities that generate NORM wastes and residues are new initiatives that require technical support and training for the regulatory body.

5.1.2.2 Nuclear Security

79. The risk that nuclear or other radioactive material could be used in malicious acts remains high and is regarded as a serious threat to international peace and security. It is well recognized that the responsibility for nuclear security rests entirely with each State and that appropriate and effective national systems for nuclear security are vital in facilitating the peaceful use of nuclear energy and enhancing global efforts to combat nuclear terrorism.

80. The IAEA assists States in carrying out their responsibilities for nuclear security through the

implementation of the Agency’s Nuclear Security Plan 2010 to 2013, approved by the Board of Governors and managed and implemented by the IAEA Office of Nuclear Security. This plan aims to achieve improved security worldwide for nuclear and other radioactive materials in use, storage and transport and of their associated facilities, as well as the implementation of relevant international legal instruments related to nuclear security. The objective is to support development of sustainable security infrastructures and to help improve aspects of nuclear security such as physical protection capabilities at facilities housing nuclear and other radioactive material, and the detection and response capabilities throughout a country.

81. The Nuclear Security Fund (NSF) is the established funding resource for the implementation

of the Agency’s Nuclear Security Plan. Assistance for establishing and enhancing the nuclear security infrastructure in a country should be requested directly through the Office of Nuclear Security.

5.1.3. MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES 82. The territory of Peru is divided into three large natural regions (coastal (Costa), Andean

highlands (Sierra) and jungle (Selva)), and has 84 of the world’s 103 existing zones of life.

Even though at the global level Peru can be considered a country with a large water supply (4.6% of global runoff), the contrast between demand and supply distribution (see Diagram 1) makes it a country with poor accessibility to water.

Comentario [SR11]: Please

consider if the prevention

component will be included in this

plan (usually it is not).

This comment is made considering

that “a plan needs to be made for

co-ordinating the national

response to the range of potential

nuclear and radiological

emergencies”

In addition, the comment made in

the paragraph 76 above, could

apply as well.

Comentario [KI12]: It is best

not to include this type of

information regarding the

landmass.

29

83. After 40 years, Peru has a new law on water resources (Law No. 29338) that will enable modernization of water management in the country; improving the administration of this resource to take care of demand for water by current and future generations and to contribute to the sustainable development of the country. The new law promotes integrated management of water and establishes the hydrographic basin as the management unit; this resource is addressed from the social, economic and environmental point of view.

Diagram 1. Supply of water and distribution by watershed 1993

84. Peru has 53 basins draining to the Pacific Ocean, many of which have significant aquifers in

their final sections which, for the most part, have not been studied. Poor exploitation of these basins could lead to contamination problems and, after that, to marine intrusion phenomena. Until now the inventory of these exploitable aquifers has not been taken into account in the national water balance, which has closed the door to major agricultural investment. Thus it is important to have an integrated approach to water management involving inter-disciplines with inputs from agricultural soil and water management scientists and hydrologists. On the other hand, the effects of global warming in Peru underscore the vulnerability of surface water resources.

85. Groundwater represents an enormous resource that can be managed only by having

knowledge of the aquifers and their recovery and recharge indices. In Peru, the knowledge available about groundwater is scarce. In this context, isotopic tools are irreplaceable in the study of an aquifer since they provide information on the origin and location of the recharge

sources of the aquifer, and also allow the ‘age’ of the water to be determined; information that

can be very relevant to evaluation of the resource and management decisions. Isotopic information is also extremely useful in areas related to the origins of contamination of the water resource (FCIHS, 2009).

86. Currently, thanks to the technical cooperation established with the IAEA, Peru has acquired

the logistical capacity to measure deuterium and oxygen-18 in water samples. In this way, in the immediate future it will be possible to obtain information on the concentrations of these

isotopes in many of the country’s water bodies. However, Peru recognises the importance of

continuing this technical cooperation because of the need to measure other isotopes enabling estimates to be made of the mean residence times of groundwaters, identification of the origin of certain contaminants in the water bodies, to understand the aquifer salinization processes and to improve the water balance of hydrographic basins subject to much pressure.

5.1.3.1 Establishment of baseline

87. In the immediate future, the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN) and the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (SENAMHI), by means of an agreement, will get the

30

Peruvian Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (RPIP) under way. In so doing, use will be made of the infrastructure of the SENAMHI meteorological stations and the IPEN isotope laboratory. The requirements for the isotope stations are the same as those needed for the stations that are part of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) administered by the IAEA and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The aim of the RPIP is to determine, on a national scale, the spatial and temporal distributions of deuterium and oxygen-18 in the precipitation over Peruvian territory. This information will serve as a baseline, not only for future isotope hydrology projects in the country, but also for other fields of science where there is an interest in knowing the isotopic variations in rain water, such as agriculture, forensic medicine, the food industry, antidrug authorities and ecology.

Figure 8. Meteorology of Peru. SENAMHI

5.1.3.2 Diagnostics of strategic aquifers with limited hydrogeological information

88. On account of the increase in demand for water, mainly because of the agro industrial sector and population growth, there is a need to evaluate the water resources that could potentially cover part of this increase in demand for water. For the medium term, it is planned to improve knowledge of seven aquifers which, because of their strategic location and their water quality, are catalogued as key sources and/or potential sources of supply.

89. The first aquifer is located in the La Punta-Callao sector in the Lima coastal zone. This is a

confined aquifer more than 80 metres deep with low mineralization water (approximately 600

µS/cm). This aquifer is exploited by only seven wells, one belonging to SEDAPAL that

supplies 30 000 people. At the present time, the recharge mechanisms and the size of this aquifer are not known. On account of its water quality, this aquifer represents a potentially exploitable resource. Through the application of isotopic methods, with the support of the IAEA, it is hoped to identify the origin of this water, including the mean residence times, and also to obtain estimates of the exploitable reserves.

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90. The second aquifer has been established in the Maure Formation (volcanic-sedimentary), in the hydrographic basin of the same name, in the south of Peru in the Tacna department. This aquifer partially supplies the population of Tacna through fourteen production wells. Due to the fact that the groundwater resources closest to this population are affected by various salinization processes and that the surface aquifer (fissured volcanic, located on the Maure) is over-exploited, it is hoped to increase water extraction from the Maure aquifer by extending the well field. Increasing exploitation would also have the purpose of covering the demand in the agricultural sector. Cooperation with the IAEA will be used to obtain reliable estimates

about the aquifer’s reserves and to identify with certainty its recharge mechanisms. Also,

efforts will be made to ascertain the possible consequences that an increase in exploitation of the Maure aquifer might have on the volcanic fissured aquifer.

91. In the lower part of the same region, in the Tacna department, in the zone known as La

Yarada, the aquifer closest to the population is manifesting serious marine intrusion problems because of over-exploitation. This aquifer is of vital importance in supplying this agricultural

area with its approximately 20 000 hectares of crops, above all olives. Many studies have

been conducted to evaluate the behaviour of this aquifer. Currently, a mathematical model is available for predicting its yield and the development of marine intrusion on the basis of various specific exploitation scenarios. However, the results produced by this model are being harshly criticized by some aquifer users. It is proposed that this model be validated using isotopic sampling in previously selected sectors of the aquifer.

92. The fourth aquifer is the Ica-Villacurí aquifer in the Ica department, 300 km south of Lima.

This aquifer is 90% exploited by the agro industrial sector. It is one of the most exploited aquifers in Peru. Hydrogeological studies and geophysical logging of this aquifer have been

carried out. On account of the continuous decrease in the aquifer’s reserves, the country plans

to embark on transfer projects, but the aquifer dynamics need to be understood in more detail and this can be achieved through the application of isotopic techniques.

93. The fifth aquifer is the Piura-Catacaos aquifer, of the semi-confined type, located in the north

of Peru in the department of Piura. This aquifer meets 50% of the demand for water from the

city of Piura (500 000 inhabitants). The other 50% is met by transferring surface water from

the Chira river whose headwater structure (Poechos) is in the process of silting up. For this reason, in the immediate future the groundwater will be the only secure source of water for

Piura. There is a need to improve knowledge of the aquifer’s recharge mechanisms, its

possible interaction with a surface aquifer that is contaminated by waste water discharges, and to estimate the exploitable reserves.

94. The sixth case study is located in the upper headwaters of the river Rimac. At the end of the

60s a tunnel was constructed for mine water drainage. However, in terms of flow magnitude this tunnel collects 4 m3/s of good quality water, possibly originating from the Atlantic watershed. Thanks to this water, the river Rima maintains sufficient flow throughout the year and contributes to the supply for the capital city and recharge of the aquifer, which also contributes to the potable water supply system. For these, and other, reasons, for Lima it is essential to establish the useful lifetime of the water sources that feed the river Rimac. It is hoped that isotopic techniques can improve knowledge of the origin of these waters.

95. The seventh case study is the Olmos sector in the Lambayeque department. It is a semi-arid

region. In Peru an irrigation project is already under way for transferring water from the river Huancabamba basin. While groundwater resources are being exploited in this region, the hydrogeological information on them is very limited. A forecast is needed of the effects of the irrigation system on these aquifers.

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5.1.4 ENERGY

96. The Peruvian Government has elaborated national plans that include and prioritize energy

related aspects, such as the Reference Plan for Electricity 2008–2017 (Ministry of Energy and

Mines, Lima 2009); National Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation for

competitiveness and Human Development — PNCTI 2006–2021 (National Council for

Science and Technology CONCYTEC, Lima 2005); Strategic Guidelines for National

Development 2010–2021 (National Planning Centre CEPLAN, Lima 2009).

97. Similarly, with support received from the IAEA studies have been carried out in energy

planning, such as: “Electric Planning Study conducted by ELECTRO PERU in cooperation

with the IAEA and IPEN” using the ENPEP model (70s), a nuclear power working group was

trained starting in the 80s, and uranium exploration campaigns have been carried out (1975–

1985); and more recently, the database obtained through specialized software like MAED, WASP, BALANCE and MESSAGE, supplied by the Agency, has been updated, and technical personnel have been trained through courses and workshops offered under projects RLA/0/038 and RLA/0/040.

98. The support received from the IAEA under various project cycles in the field of energy has involved the following national institutions: The Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) as the energy policy planning body, the Supervisory Agency for Investment in Energy and Mining (OSINERMIN) as the regulatory, supervisory and inspection body in the electricity, hydrocarbon and mining subsectors, the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN) as the body promoting the use of nuclear energy, the Economic Operation Committee of the National Interconnected System (COES) as the operator and coordinator of operation in the near, medium and long term of the National Interconnected Electricity System (SEIN), PETROPERU as the State operating company in the transport, refining, distribution and marketing of fuels and oil derivatives, and ELECTROPERU as the State company for electricity generation, transmission and marketing by the secondary system.

99. The State of Peru appreciates the support received from the IAEA for its activities in the field of energy and recognises the need to continue this support to carry on developing its capacities in the area. In particular, Peru hopes to receive support for the incorporation of nuclear electricity in the national energy plans, which is in line with the National Energy

Policy of the Ministry of Energy and Mines for the period 2010–2040, approved in May

2010. The first objective of this Policy seeks to reduce the vulnerability of national electricity generation through diversification of the national energy matrix based on the use of renewable energy sources conventional and non-conventional, hydrocarbons, geothermal and nuclear (www.minem.gob.pe: Normas Legales 429675, presented in Annex 6 for reference).

5.1.5 INDUSTRY

5.1.5.1 Development of tissues grafts in medicine

100. Health is essential for sustained human development. In this regard, nuclear techniques can

make an important contribution in addressing health problems and, in many cases, these techniques provide unique and low cost means of preventing, diagnosing and treating a wide variety of diseases and health related conditions. This is the case for the various radio-sterilized tissues currently processed in the country that offer an alternative in the treatment of patients requiring tissue repair as a result of burns, traumas and other diseases that involve tissue loss. These materials are used in medical practice in such diverse fields as: head and

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neck surgery, burns reconstructive surgery, traumatology, ophthalmology, etc., enabling lives

to be saved and also patients’ quality of life to be improved and handicaps prevented.

101. Tissue bank activities in the country started in 1997 at the “Rosa Guerzoni” Tissue Bank at

the National Institute of Child Health. This tissue bank was set up with IAEA support through IPEN. It is currently the only tissue bank in operation and distributes tissues and biological implants to treat burns, bone tumours, traumatisms, ophthalmological and odontological problems, amongst others. In addition, the processing of human skin dressings has begun. All the biological tissues produced are radiosterilized. The social and economic

impact of the activities of this tissue bank is high since, to date, 55 530 biological tissue units

have been processed, such as pigskin and amnion dressings and bone implants, supplying 37 national health institutions and benefiting approximately 6000 patients. It should be mentioned that, recently the Peruvian State has invested in the upgrading of equipment and for 2012 will have financing for the construction of a new plant for this tissue bank, upgrading the infrastructure, which includes liquid nitrogen equipment for the freeze drying of tissues. This Tissue Bank can improve the quality of the tissues produced, using a quality

management system throughout the tissue bank’s operation, and also is in a position to

acquire cell culture technology, which will extend the benefit of nuclear techniques to a larger number of patients.

102. In the same way, the Tissue Bank at the Archbishop Loayza National Hospital is being

established, with the Peruvian State covering the cost of construction and equipment. This is a hospital for adults in which 1500 surgical operations are carried out per month and in which it is planned to process human-origin biological tissues in the very near future. Recently, the Medical Director of the Tissue Bank has received training through the IAEA. Also, IPEN has provided advisory assistance to the Hospital as regards the technical specifications for equipment procurement, fine-tuning the plant design and fittings and aspects related to organization of a tissue bank. The requirements for this tissue bank are: training of operating personnel in the operation of a tissue bank, as well as the implementation of a quality management system.

103. In addition, the sustainability of the tissue bank activities will be enhanced through the recent

creation (2008) of the National Organization for Donation and Transplant (ONDT), a body that regulates all activities related to organ and tissue transplant at the national level.

104. Thus, it is in the national interest to meet the demand for biological dressings and implants for

patients who need them since this will avoid the need to import such material, improve clinical traceability and reduce costs for the public health system.

105. Accordingly, it is hoped with IAEA support to strengthen and expand the scope of the

activities of the tissue banks in the country as regards the number of patients treated with radiosterilized tissues and improvement in the quality and diversity of these products processed in Peru.

106. IAEA collaboration, with investment by the State of Peru as the counterpart, will enable

improvement in the quality and diversity of the tissues processed in the country, stimulate the donation of organs and tissues, and also make available to the population in most need advanced technologies that are not currently available for the treatment of various medical conditions. This can be achieved by means of the following joint activities:

a. ONDT: Increasing tissue donation in the country by means of activities to promote

donation and improving interinstitutional coordination under the stewardship of the ONDT.

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b. Improving the quality management system in all the processes involved in the tissue bank activities, including in the processing of biological implants and dressings in the country, based on the ISO 9001:2008 system. This includes the development of an information technology platform to support the Tissue Bank quality system.

c. Setting up a unit for cardiac valve processing and cryopreservation. This will cover the demand of most patients currently dependent on the import of cardiac valves at very high costs.

d. Establishing a cell culture laboratory in the tissue bank; cell therapy is the way forward that various tissue installations in the world are developing. IAEA support will make accessible, to the country, technology that offers training enabling patients with more than 60% burns, who are currently untreatable, to be treated.

e. As regards IPEN, in the field of “Tissue banks and radiation” equipping of the Medical

Product Irradiation Laboratory needs to be completed. Also, training is required to implement an ISO 9001:2008 quality management system and for the implementation, in the irradiation laboratories, of specific standards for tissue irradiation (ISO 11137:2006, IAEA Code of Practice). This will improve the quality of the services offered to the tissue banks, such as the quality of the tissue related research work that is carried out. Likewise, in order to continue strengthening the technology transfer of nuclear techniques in health, knowledge of cell culture and radiation needs to be acquired.

5.1.5.2 Development of hydrogels to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis and serious burns 107. The World Health Organization considers leishmaniasis diseases to be endemic diseases in

the tropical and subtropical regions of 88 countries. This disease has manifested itself in Peru in its cutaneous (Uta) and mucous cutaneous (Espundia) forms since pre-Colombian times, and affects one third of national territory (all the eastern Andean side and Amazonia). Thus, it is in the national and international interest to find new materials and drugs to combat this disease.

108. Also, according to ANIQUEM (Association of help for child burns victims) statistics, 60% of

people suffering burns in Peru are children and, of this percentage, 80% are children aged between 4 and 6. The majority of accidents occur in the poorest sectors of the country and the physical and psychological trauma for a child with these injuries is difficult to heal so treatment is both costly and time-consuming.

109. The aim is to develop a series of dressings (hydrogels) containing biologically active

components for the treatment of serious burns, and ulcers that are difficult to heal such as in leishmaniasis, that are low cost and can be made available to hospitals and people with limited resources.

110. Hydrogel preparation began at IPEN in 2004 using biocompatible and biodegradable

polymers, which are cross-linked with gamma irradiation to obtain sterile and ready-to-use materials for biomedical applications. In addition, a research project has been conducted on the Leishmanicidal effect of Croton lechleri extract desorbed from a biopolymer, funded by the Third World Academy of Science, 2005. In the course of development of these materials IPEN produced scientific articles, a patent was issued in 2007 (Indecopi patent No. C.I.P. 7C08B 37/08, A61L 15/00, Preparation of chitin and chitosan using gamma irradiation) and

currently a patent application is being submitted on the “Preparation of antimicrobial,

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, haemostatic and healing dressings for the treatment of

wounds, burns and ulcers”.

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111. Since 2004, the Cayetano Heredia University in Peru (http://www.upch.edu.pe), a non-profit-making foundation, in collaboration with a French research institute, Research Institute for Development (www.ird.fr) and with funding from the Government of France, has been studying various natural and synthetic products with leishmanicidal activity. A number of active compounds have already been identified (11 international publications and a patent in the United States of America) and their impact has been studied in experimental animal models. The introduction of these biological components (the majority of which are derived

from Peruvian medicinal plants) in the country’s hydrogels is under consideration with a view

to controlled and long-term release, which would reduce the cost of treatment with these materials.

112. The strategic association between the university and two research institutes will result in a

new scientifically standardized medicinal product that has been manufactured entirely in Peru using indigenous natural resources. The technology transfer is fully viable thanks to scientific collaboration with both the national (HERSIL S.A. Pharmaceutical Laboratories) and the French (AB7 industry) pharmaceutical industry.

113. The IAEA has supported many countries in developing commercial hydrogel-based products.

In Peru’s case, the basic research for the preparation of hydrogels obtained through gamma

irradiation, using biologically active additives for biomedical applications, is fully developed at the laboratory level, but additional support is required for the final production phase so as to obtain certified and standardized products that can be sold, thereby guaranteeing their sustainability.

5.1.6 FOOD SECURITY 114. Peru wants to promote the competitiveness and enhance the productivity of the agricultural

sector with the aim of increasing the supply of food at the national level and ensuring greater access to the international markets.

115. There has been a visible change in Peruvian agriculture in recent years, chiefly because of the

boom in agro exports which is bringing about greater integration of the production chains. Much of the expansion in export supply has been made possible by extension of the agricultural frontier in arid zones and restructuring for a more efficient irrigation system.

116. There are various irrigation projects which should lead to an increase in the production

indicators and, as a result, the average annual growth in agricultural production has been 3.5% in the last 10 years, and non-traditional exports have increased by 16.2%, representing approximately 30% of total non-traditional exports and resulting in economic growth in the interior of the country.

117. This restructuring of Peruvian agriculture is due principally to major investment in more

efficient irrigation systems and the management of agricultural water resources, which has enabled an increase in production and diversification of crops. Nevertheless, Peru still suffers from a major drawback in the application of new agro industrial techniques since, in many regions of the country, the minimum standards desired for control and management of agricultural soil and water resources and agricultural development have still not been attained.

118. Peru is still dependent on strategic inputs as regards, for example, seed and fertilizers. For

fertilizers alone, Peru’s annual imports are worth approximately US $300 million, a level that

represents about 99% of the total fertilizer supply.

119. The high level of fertilizer importation points not only to agricultural development biased

towards good practices and higher profitability, but also the sector’s great exposure to

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international price volatility and the absence of a local fertilizer industry. The efficient use of fertiliser inputs is an important issue in terms of farmer profitability and sustainable agricultural ecosystems (ecosystems services of soil and water resources). Local nutrient resources, such as Sechura phosphate rocks and crop residues, should be critically evaluated under various cropping systems and under different integrated nutrient management regimes.

120. Peruvian agriculture is distributed over three large regions: coastal (Costa), Andean highlands

(Sierra) and jungle (Selva). These, to a greater or lesser extent, suffer from a limited availability, or management of water, thus making them highly vulnerable to climate changes and variations with the consequent risk of shortfalls in agricultural production and, thus, in food security. On the other hand, Peru has an important export market based on the free trade agreements it has signed with other countries, which means that improvements in productivity, competitiveness, the protection of non-traditional products and products aimed at high value markets are inevitable.

121. Nuclear applications and related technologies have demonstrated their contribution to

countries by increasing yields and improving product quality through the development of improved seeds. Certain agricultural production dependent factors, and those of great interest to Peru, include: combating agricultural pests, raising animal productivity and preventing transboundary animal diseases, the efficient use of water and fertilizers, as well as protection of the soil, water resources and the environment.

122. The use of new techniques may help create generous funds for financing the development of

agricultural technology and infrastructure. In the same way, the formation of agricultural clusters should be promoted by project managers. And, finally, an appropriate infrastructure should be adopted for efficient functioning of the entire production chain.

5.1.6.1 Seed improvement 123. Nuclear and isotopic techniques help obtain improved seeds for drought and salinity resistant

crops. Radiation induced mutations, together with plant tissue culture and molecular characterization, have been used successfully in other countries, and Peru is no exception.

124. The country has gained experience in the application of nuclear techniques through its

participation in various IAEA projects, with successful results in obtaining high yielding, national prize winning, barley varieties; also, the first improved variety has been obtained of the traditional kiwicha crop, which has also been awarded a prize.

125. Based on the goals that Peru has set itself regarding development of the agrarian sector,

particularly with respect to improved productivity and consumption of traditional Andean products and to agricultural restructuring of the jungle area, current cooperation with the IAEA on plant improvement should be strengthened so that the experience acquired can be extended to include indigenous Andean species. Also, the current rice varieties, developed for

use by producers in a high-tech environment, can — using the processes developed under

previous cooperation projects — be modified for adaptation to the stress conditions to which

they are subjected in less technological areas, so that rice producers in the marginal jungle areas can benefit.

5.1.6.2 Insect pest control 126. Fruit and vegetable production is of great importance to Peru and is included in its

agricultural policy for maintaining, and gaining access to new, international markets. The fruit and vegetable sector is well developed. The production and export of mango and asparagus, in particular, is managed by strong and well organized associations that include

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producers, packers and sellers. In support of these activities, the Government has established a project for the suppression and eradication of fruit flies, which has been successful in eradicating from some valleys in southern Peru the Mediterranean fruit fly, one of the most serious scourges of fruit growing in South American countries. Furthermore, other pest fruit flies of the genus Anastrepha, including the South American fruit fly, A. fraterculus, are also present, also causing losses and intensive insecticide use, as well as hindering international trade of fruits and vegetables. There are also some moth pests that attack asparagus and the potential of developing and using the SIT against some of these should also be explored.

127. Peru is one of the few countries in the world currently operating a fruit fly eradication

campaign through the use of the sterile insect technique without any on-going cooperation activity with the IAEA. This isolation has meant that the strain being used in the Mediterranean fruit fly production plant and some of the procedures used in the mass-rearing process, as well as in the post-factory management of sterile males are obsolete. In addition, the methodology for production of sterile South American fruit flies to be started in the very near future could be improved significantly.

128. Protection of the Mediterranean fruit fly free areas already achieved in the south of the

country and the imminent start of area-wide control of the South American fruit fly, the main mango pest in the north of Peru, supports the idea of defining technical cooperation activities that could benefit Peru in both its domestic agriculture and in its agricultural trade in the international sphere.

129. Furthermore, Peru’s neighbouring Andean countries have expressed, in various forums and to

other international organizations related to agriculture, their interest in having trans-boundary fruit fly control projects with a view to establishing areas free from the prevalence of these

pests. This situation and Peru’s successful experience in using together with Chile the

technology for eliminating and suppressing the Mediterranean fruit fly, places Peru in a leading position vis-à-vis a potential Andean initiative aimed at fruit fly control. On the one hand, Peru would be in a position to improve sterile fly production procedures in its own production plants and, on the other hand, Peru would become a supplier of sterile flies to partners in the Andean region. The sale of these flies could gradually become an important factor in steering the plant in the direction of self-financing and, in addition, the horizontal

transfer of this technology to neighbouring countries could be included in Peru’s international

relations agenda. 130. The screwworm fly is a transboundary cattle pest. Paradoxically, this is the insect in which

the use of ionizing radiation was used successfully for the first time in pest control, and countries in North and Central America have extensive experience in eradicating this insect using the sterile insect technique. Thus, in the medium term it would be important for Peru to participate, under a regional cooperation project with the IAEA, in a feasibility study with a view of collecting and sharing technical information in order to build capacity enabling the country to participate in eliminating this livestock pest from the whole region.

5.1.6.3 Food irradiation 131. Irradiation of products has increased its acceptance as a phytosanitary treatment. The

International Plant Protection Convention, an organization to which Peru is a signatory, annually adopts new ionizing radiation-based phytosanitary treatments which open up new potential markets for traditional and non-traditional products. Currently, more than 80 countries permit the application of ionizing radiation as a prophylactic or phytosanitary treatment.

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132. Also, the Codex Alimentarius Commission and other competent international organizations are facilitating the use of irradiation as a sanitary treatment for animal and fish products, and so there is currently an opportunity for expanded access of these products to the international market.

133. In Peru’s case, food irradiation can be considered another contributory factor in complying

with governmental strategies to maintain and increase access to new markets as well as promoting new products on the international market, since it guarantees the quality and safety of agricultural products and foodstuffs. Thus, cooperation with the IAEA in this field is considered to be a priority in the near and medium term because of its complementary nature at the post-harvest level to the pre-harvest insect pest control mentioned above and because, in some cases, it is a sine qua non in widening the range of products for export, improving their quality and increasing export volume. IAEA cooperation support could be given as regards the calibration of irradiation equipment, advisory assistance in the possible redesign of existing insect irradiation plants for multipurpose use, the construction and operation of new irradiation plants for phytosanitizing agricultural products, control of irradiated foodstuffs, as well as training of staff and education of new professional staff, since the private industry is very interested in operating irradiation plants for quarantine purposes; this

is quite obvious since growth in Peru’s agro-export has been very high in the last 10 years.

5.1.6.4 Monitoring of pesticide residues and other chemical contaminants in food.

134. This area, like food irradiation, is part of the governmental objective to maintain and broaden access to new markets as well as to promote new products on the international market, since it guarantees the quality and safety of foods for export. Here, the Codex Alimentarius Commission provides the standards, codes of practice and instructions that facilitate trade without detriment to the safety and quality of foodstuffs, benefiting all agents in the food chain from the primary producer to the consumer. Responsibility for the application of these standards for export products falls within the remit of the Ministry of Agriculture laboratories, headquartered at SENASA in Lima. In these laboratories, nuclear analytical techniques and isotopes are used to monitor contamination of foods with agrochemicals, heavy metals, veterinary medicines and mycotoxins.

135. These laboratories are adequately equipped and are participating in regional technical

cooperation projects with the IAEA. There is, however, a need to maintain cooperation to ensure that the techniques are used in the best way and that, at the same time, they are extended to other laboratories that are part of the national system for food control.

136. In this respect, the application of nuclear and related techniques to support and verify food

traceability mechanisms as a component of integrated food safety systems is an area of possible future cooperation with the IAEA.

5.1.6.5 Appropriate soil and agricultural water use

137. Peru is one of twelve countries considered to be megadiverse and it is estimated to have 60% to 70% of biological diversity. This advantageous situation has been threatened by inadequate management of existing land and water resources, bringing certain zones to a critical level of deterioration and generating problems of desertification, deforestation, salinization, loss of agricultural land, exhaustion of water sources, degradation of ecosystems and the disappearance of tree species.

138. The poverty that prevails among most peasants and small agricultural producers can be

explained in part by the inadequate use of inputs and degradation of the production basis of

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natural resources due to inappropriate land and water management practices that lead to negative imbalances between the extraction and regeneration of natural resources.

139. There will also be a need to promote activities for the management and productive use of

renewable natural resources, water, soil and plant cover through conservation measures for the soil and water, reforestation, improved technology transfer and rural infrastructure with a view to achieving sustainable agriculture.

140. Considering that access to water is a fundamental component of agricultural development in

Peru, one of the governmental strategies is to overcome this limitation through the better use and management of agricultural water.

141. Nuclear and isotopic techniques are a unique tool for improving our understanding of factors

affecting soil and water process and to develop soil and water management technologies and practices, particularly as regards more efficient use of water by plants and the rehabilitation of eroded soils. Application of nuclear technology for the efficient use of water is currently also an important factor in the development of plants tolerant to drought and salinity. Thus, potential cooperation with the IAEA in the technology of the efficient use of water and the adequate management of soils could, at the same time, strengthen cooperation in the field of plant improvement.

5.1.6.6 Animal production and health 142. Peru is a global leader in the export of fish. Fishing, and above all fish exports, constitutes a

major source of foreign currency. Aquaculture has unrivalled potential in view of the extent

of Peru’s coasts and water bodies. Thus, nuclear techniques are considered to have great value

in the near future, above all for controlling problems relating the species cultivated and potential genetic deterioration that could affect fish and shellfish under intensive cultivation systems.

143. Improving animal productivity through improved feeds and feeding, improved reproductive

efficiency and breeding and better animal health and control of animal diseases are area that need attention.

144. On the other hand, in the country’s domestic camelid sector it is recognized that there has

been deterioration in genetic variability. Nuclear technologies are of great importance in genetic characterization and so this is an area of potential cooperation with the IAEA in the medium term which could be of great help.

5.1.7 ENVIRONMENT

145. With regard to the environment, Peru’s will participate in the IAEA technical cooperation

programme through regional projects in areas related to the central goals of the National Policy on the Environment (described in Chapter 2). Specifically, such projects will seek to attain the following objectives:

146. Marine-coastal ecosystems: To promote the sustainable use of marine resources, monitoring

and supervision of pollutant discharges into national territorial sea water, giving priority to the zones closest to the coast.

147. Integrated pollution control: To conduct activities to restore the quality of the water, air and soil in areas affected by environmental liabilities.

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148. Water quality: To identify, monitor and control the main sources of polluting effluents, with emphasis on the basins that supply water to urban centres and to specify in that regard the role of the authorities at the three government levels.

149. Chemical substances and hazardous materials: To promote prevention and control of the environmental risks associated with the use, management and final disposal of chemical substances and hazardous materials, and to manage the risks to health and the environment posed by the use of chemical substances and hazardous materials, particularly among occupationally exposed persons.

5.1.8 NUCLEAR INFORMATION AND NUCLEAR KNOWLEDGE

MANAGEMENT:

5.1.8.1 International Nuclear Information System (INIS):

150. INIS is the world’s leading information system on all aspects of peaceful applications of

nuclear sciences and technology. INIS maintains and disseminate valuable nuclear information resources worldwide. These information resources include the INIS Database, with over 3.3 million references, and a unique INIS collection of over 600,000 full text documents. INIS is operated by the IAEA in close cooperation with its Member States.

151. The national INIS Centre is the focal point in each Member State for all INIS related

activities. An active national INIS Centre is crucial to support the country’s national nuclear

programme and activities. In particular, it ensures the provision of information services to end users in the country, i.e. scientists, researchers, universities and students; as well as ensures the preservation of national nuclear knowledge for future generations. It also increase visibility of national literature worldwide through dissemination of information contained in INIS products. Moreover, an active INIS centre can play a significant role in capacity building in information handling and processing. As a result, the national INIS Centre would be able to have an active and important role in supporting the national nuclear program for sustainable development.

152. Peru joined INIS in 1972. Additional support from the Government to the national INIS Centre is of paramount importance to (i) enable the national INIS center to maximise the benefit from INIS system (ii) ensure full coverage of national literature related to peaceful use of nuclear information science and technologies and submit to INIS system (iii) provide information services to end users, including university students (iv) promote INIS and reach out potential end users.

153. The IAEA could assist by providing expert advice, equipment, software and other tools, and training on nuclear information processing and other INIS related subjects at well-established national INIS centres.

5.1.8.2 Nuclear Knowledge Management

154. Developed and developing Member States face knowledge challenges. Many have nuclear knowledge management (NKM) programmes in place, but efforts are fragmented. Sufficient experience has not yet been gained by all. Developed countries are the custodians of nuclear knowledge accumulated over decades. There is a consensus that actions need to be taken to preserve key parts of that knowledge.

155. A second challenge is the effective transfer of knowledge between generations of workers, and the need to sustain and develop sufficient human resources to continue the operation of existing facilities, and to prepare for a possible expansion in the future.

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156. Developing countries face different knowledge challenges: capacity building, as well as

access to and transfer of knowledge to the “country of growth”. Knowledge and human

resources need to be built up for new nuclear power programmes, and knowledge needs to be sustained and not be brain-drained.

157. The INIS & NKM Section’s strategy for future and planned activities in the short and medium

term to help Member States manage nuclear knowledge comprises the following activities:

• Providing guidance for policy formulation and implementation of nuclear knowledge management, including the implementation of effective knowledge management systems:

• Strengthening the contribution of nuclear knowledge in solving development problems, based on the needs and priorities of Member States;

• Pooling, analyzing and sharing nuclear information to facilitate the creation of knowledge and its utilization;

• Preserving and maintaining nuclear knowledge through specific projects in the subject area; and

• Enhancing nuclear education and training.

158. Another important role for the IAEA is to assist in the transfer of knowledge from “centres of

competence” to “centres of growth”. This requires effective networking and communication-

all stakeholders have to be encouraged to work together and the IAEA can provide a mechanism and platform for doing so. The potentially high risk of knowledge loss and the additional cost of future generations must be avoided. The IAEA can help integrate this long-

term aspect into today’s strategic decisions.

5.1.8 TRAINING OF HUMAN RESOURCES

159. The use of nuclear techniques in such different sectors as health, agriculture, hydrology, nuclear safety, the environment and natural resources, requires a sound physical infrastructure for research reactors, nuclear physics and chemistry laboratories, dosimetry centres and other facilities so that technological research and development projects can be initiated and implemented. Another important component is personnel who have been through pre- and postgraduate education and training programmes.

160. Peru has a Higher Nuclear Study Centre (CSEN) which offers masters programmes in medical physics, nuclear energy and similar disciplines. Personnel training is a high priority for the country and the IAEA, and it is of interest to strengthen technical professional staff in the nuclear power field

5.2 Projects for the 2012-2013 cycle

161. Apart from the 2009–2011 national and regional, projects, which have been implemented so

far in the fields of human resources training, health and reactor operation and seafood safety, IPEN has started a process of identifying new technical cooperation projects (regional and

national) for the 2012–2013 cycle, which are partly based on IPEN’s Institutional Strategic

Comentario [CJDB13]: Modif

ication by NAEL: Audoley,

Alexandra

Comentario [CJDB14]: Modif

ication by NAEL: Audoley,

Alexandra

42

Plan (PEI), the Regional Strategic Profile (PER), and the current Country Programme Framework (CPF).

43

ANNEX 1: LIST OF RESOURCE INSTITUTIONS

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has the constitutional mission to represent the interests of the Republic of Peru abroad and has the mission to maintain bilateral and multilateral relations with other countries and international organizations.

More than 50 years ago the Republic of Peru created an institution which is now the Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy (IPEN) as the top governmental advisory body in the nuclear field, headed by the President of IPEN.

Nuclear facilities:

1. The Oscar Miro Quesada de la Guerra Nuclear Centre (RACSO), situated 40 kms from Lima, which comprises:

� A 10 MW nuclear research reactor; � A radioisotope production plant; � A radioactive waste treatment plant; � Auxiliary laboratories.

2. A multipurpose irradiation plant. 3. An IPEN-INEN Medical Centre, administered by the Institute of Neoplastic Diseases (INEN). 4. A national dosimetry calibration laboratory.

In addition, with regard to technology transfer, Peru has been participating since 1977 in international

technical cooperation projects through the following research institutions and services:

� National Service for Animal Health (SENASA)

� University of San Marcos

� La Molina National Agricultural University

� Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University

� University of Piura

� University of Trujillo

� Honorio Delgado de Arequipa Hospital

� National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases

� Essalud [Peruvian Social Security Institute] hospitals in Lima and Chiclayo

� Ministry of Health hospital in Sullana (Piura) and Lima (Institute of Children’s

Health)

� National Institute for Development (INADE) through its special Puyango Tumbes

and Pasto Grande projects, Tacna Special Project and lake Titicaca Special Project

39

INSTITUTIONS THAT HAVE COLLABORATED ON THE IAEA/TCP.

Ministry of Agriculture

National Service for Animal Health (SENASA) Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 74 340 1486 Tel.: 0051 74 313 3300 Web: http://www.senasa.gob.pe/servicios/index.htm

Ibero Latin American Society of

Therapeutic Radiation Oncology

(ALATRO)

Avenida Angamos Este 2520 Surquillo 34 LIMA PERU Email: [email protected] Web: http://www.alatro.org/noticias.htm GERENS Management and Economy

School Avenida República de Panamá, 3505 - 4th floor San Isidro LIMA 33 PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 1 2754824 Tel.: 0051 1 2753271 Web: http://www.gerens.org National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases

Avenida Angamos Este 2520 Surquillo LIMA 34 PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 1 6204990 Tel.: 0051 1 6204990 Web: www.inen.sld.pe/ Radiotherapy Department

Avenida Angamos Este 2520 Surquillo LIMA 34 PERU Email: Fax: 0051 1 4484548 Tel.: 0051 1 4484548\

National Institute of Health

Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory Av. Defensores del Morro No. 2268 09 LIMA

PERU Email: [email protected] Tel.: 0051 1 251 6151

Peruvian Institute of Nuclear Energy

(IPEN)

Avenida Canadá 1470 PO Box 1687 LIMA 41 PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 1 2248991 Tel.: 0051 1 226 0030 Web: http://www.ipen.gob.pe/ Directorate for Nuclear Applications

Avenida Canadá 1470 PO Box 1687 LIMA 41 PERU Email: [email protected] Tel.: 0051 1 2260038

Technical Office of the National Authority

Calle Sánchez Carrión (Ex Justo Vigil) 456 Magdalena del Mar LIMA 17 PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 1 4422330 Tel.: 0051 1 2228286 Web: http://www.ipen.gob.pe/site/regulacion/auna.htm Pan American Health Organization

(PAHO)

Pan American Centre for Sanitary Engineering and Environmental Sciences (CEPIS) Los Pinos 259, Urb. Camacho La Molina PO Box 4337 LIMA 100 PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 14 378289 Tel.: 0051 14 371077 La Molina National Agricultural University

(UNALM)

Avenida la Universidad (no number) PO Box 456, La Molina LIMA PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 1 3495800 Tel.: 0051 1 3495799

40

Web: http://www.lamolina.edu.pe

Department of Biology Avenida la Universidad (no number) PO Box 456, La Molina LIMA

Radioisotope Laboratory

Avenida la Universidad (no number) PO Box 456, La Molina LIMA PERU Cereals and Native Grains Programme

Avenida la Universidad (no number) PO Box 456, La Molina

LIMA PERU

Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University

Avenida Honorio Delgado 430, Urbanización Ingeniería PO Box 5045 LIMA 31 PERU Email: [email protected] Fax: 0051 1 4823435 Tel.: 0051 1 4820252 Web: http://www.upch.edu.pe/

Photo: Oscar Miro Quesada de la Guerra Nuclear Centre (RACSO)

41

ANNEX 2: RESOURCE ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS

Peru CPF 2012–2016

___________________________________________________________________________

__

Date originated: Date updated:

US $

1. Historical reference figure from approved national programme (e.g. average of 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–1004), as an indicative planning figure12 for the period of coverage. Estimated government cash contribution13 for the planning period Estimated government in-kind contribution14 for the planning period

1 000 000 2 000 000

Total estimated resources 3 000 000

2. Preliminary estimates for the agreed programme/projects reflected in the CPF

Title US$

(i) Early detection of cancer through the operation of a cyclotron (ii) Towards integrated transboundary control of helminth zoonosis with emphasis on

fascioliasis and hydatidosis using DNA genotypification and nuclear techniques (iii) Improvement of uranium bearing potential by prospecting in igneous environments

of magmatism in Peru’s Cordillera Oriental (eastern mountain range) (iv) Evaluation of the role of nuclear power in expansion of electricity generating

capacity in the medium and long term (v) Improvement and strengthening of industrial irradiation techniques with emphasis

on industrial applications (vi) Reducing the environmental impact of national industry through radiotracer

technology applications and sealed sources of radiation (vii) Sustainable use of the water resources of the coastal aquifers affected by over-

exploitation through the Peruvian network of isotopes in precipitation

(viii) Strengthening radiation safety in Peru

490 000

250 000 260 000

500 000 470 000 400 000

430 000 2 000 000

Total estimated costs 4 800 000

3. Total estimated resources (1) less total estimated costs (2) -1 800 000

4. Estimated resource requirements 1 800 000

12 The country indicative planning figure does not obligate the Agency to provide such funding, nor does it suggest the

expectation of continued levels of Agency funding. The sole purpose is to assist planning and prioritization of the country

framework.

13 The indicative government cash contribution does not commit the government to the stated amount, but indicates the

intent and likelihood of such support.

14 In-kind contributions represent the value assigned to non-cash contributions such as providing experts, training courses,

and infrastructure. Planning for in-kind contribution can also include bilateral trade and intergovernmental cooperation

agreements in the respective programme area.

42

ANNEX 3: PLAN OF ACTION

CPF PLANNING

OPPORTUNITIES

(PROJECT IDEAS)

PROPOSED

ACTION

RESPONSIBI

LITY FOR

ACTION

POTENTIAL

PARTNERS EXPECTED

OUTPUT TIME

FRAME

RESOUR

CES US$

URANIUM MINING Improvement of uranium bearing potential by prospecting in igneous environments of magmatism in Peru’s Cordillera Oriental (eastern mountain range)

Nuclear prospecting for uranium using detection equipment and rock geochemistry. Identification of new indicators and/or anomalies enabling development of the country’s uranium bearing potential.

MEM INGEMMET IPEN

IAEA Review of prospecting units. Sample analysis in IPEN laboratories. Establishment of guidelines for exploitation of uranium deposits.

2012-2013

260 000

ENERGY Evaluation of the role of nuclear power in expansion of electricity generating capacity in the medium and long term

Approval of regulations by the electricity subsector. Establishment of a timescale. Staff training. Raising public awareness.

MEM IPEN ELECTROPERU

OSINERGMIN

IAEA Feasibility study for the installation of a nuclear power plant within 15 years

2012-2013

500 000

INDUSTRY AND HYDROLOGY Improvement and strengthening of industrial irradiation techniques with emphasis on industrial applications

Creation of local capacity to apply industrial irradiation techniques that boost agro export

IPEN SIN ADEX

-FAO /Joint FAO/IAEA Programme -IICA -United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - WHO: for laboratories, physicochemical methods and dosimetry control validation

Expand and improve the use of nuclear technologies to improve agro industrial productivity

2012-2013

470 000

ENVIRONMENT Reducing the environmental impact of national industry through radiotracer technology applications and sealed sources of radiation

Conduct environmental impact studies for air, soils and surface water. Evaluation of operating industrial units.

IPEN MEM PRODUCE UNI UNMSM Corporacion Plus Petrol, REPSOL, INGEOMINASCementos Lima

-CEA-France, by supplying some equipment and expert -CDTN-Brasil, by offering some training programs

Environmental radiation monitoring programme updated for the industrial sector

2014-2015

400 000

Sustainable use of the water resources of the coastal aquifers affected by over-exploitation through the Peruvian network of isotopes in precipitation

Improved knowledge about the country’s water resources. Study of groundwater dynamics. Establishment of national isotope network.

IPEN ANA INGEMMET

UNEP UNDP

Evaluation of dynamics and current status of ground water resources in the coastal valleys. Integrated and sustainable use of water resources

2012-2013

430 000

NUCLEAR SAFETY

43

CPF PLANNING

OPPORTUNITIES

(PROJECT IDEAS)

PROPOSED

ACTION

RESPONSIBI

LITY FOR

ACTION

POTENTIAL

PARTNERS EXPECTED

OUTPUT TIME

FRAME

RESOUR

CES US$

Strengthening radiation safety in Peru

Strengthening the regulatory authority. Updating the regulatory framework. Staff training

IPEN MINSA MINEM MEM MINIT INSN INDECI CONCYTEC

IAEA

Improvement of occupational radiation protection for patients and the general public

2012-2015

2 000 000

44

ANNEX 4: TREATIES UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE IAEA SIGNED

BY PERU

Title Date In force for

Peru Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the Agency

Non-Party

Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance by the International Atomic Energy Agency (RSA)

25.03.1980 25.03.1980

IAEA-Peru Agreement concerning the Application of Safeguards

02.03.1978 01.08. 1979

Additional Protocol to the Safeguards Agreement 17.03. 2000 23.07. 2001

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

03.03. 1980 10.02. 1995

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident

26.09. 1986 17.08. 1995

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency

26.09. 1986 17.08. 1995

Convention on Nuclear Safety 22.09. 1994 16.05. 1997

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

21.05. 1963 26.11. 1980

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management

05.09. 1997 Not ratified

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 25.09. 1996 25.09. 1997

Regional Co-operation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARCAL)

20.01. 2001 20.10. 1998

Other International Treaties

Title Date In force for

Peru

Non-Proliferation Treaty 01.07.1968 06.02.1970

Tlatelolco Treaty 14.02.1967 04.03.1969

45

IAEA Membership 30-Sep-57

Number of Accession: 52

Periods represented on the Board of Governors 1957-60 1967-69 1973-75 1977-79 1980-82 1984-86 1988-90 1997-99 2000-02 2003-04 2009-10 2010-11

Multilateral Agreements

Title In Force Status

Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the IAEA

Non-Party

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

1995-02-10 Accession: 1995-01-11

Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage

1980-11-26 Accession: 1980-08-26

Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident

1995-08-17 Accession: 1995-07-17

Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency

1995-08-17 Accession: 1995-07-17

Signature: 1994-09-22 Convention on Nuclear Safety 1997-09-29

Ratification: 1997-07-01

Optional protocol on the obligatory settlement of disputes

Non-Party

Joint Protocol Relating to the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention

Non-Party

Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management

Signature: 1998-06-04

Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage


Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage


Signature: 1998-10-20 Co-operation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARCAL)

2005-09-05 Ratification: 2001-03-28

Revised Supplementary Agreement Concerning the Provision of Technical Assistance by the IAEA (RSA)

1980-03-25 Signature: 1980-3-25

Third Agreement to extend the 1987 Regional Co-operative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (RCA)

Non-Party

Amendment of the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

Non-Party

46

Safeguards Agreements

Title In Force Status

Application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America

1979-08-01 Signature: 1978-03-02

Protocol Additional to the Agreement between the Republic of Peru and the IAEA for the Application of Safeguards in Connection with the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

2001-07-23 Signature: 2000-03-22

Last updated on 2011-04-11 by the Office of Legal Affairs (OLA).

47

ANNEX 5: SOME NATIONAL INDICATORS

Population According to the National Censuses of 2007, Peru had a population of 28 482 000 which, according to National Institute of Statistics and Information Science (INEI) projections, will reach 33 149 000 in 2021. In accordance with these estimates, by 2050 Peru will have come into alignment with global trends, reducing its average annual population growth rate to 0.33%.

Human Development and Poverty The international indicator of quality of life is the United Nations human development index (HDI), which takes into account life expectancy at birth, schooling and illiteracy percentages, as well as per capita income. According to this indicator, expressed as a value between 0 and 1 where 1 is the highest score, Peru’s HDI in 2007 was 0.806, placing the country 78th out of 182 countries. Compared with other countries in the region, Peru is below Chile, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil and Colombia, and above Paraguay, Bolivia and other Central American countries. It should be noted that the countries of the region have significantly improved their HDIs as compared with 1975, and the same is true of Peru. It is important to point out that the UNDP has used a different methodology to calculate the internal HDI. This methodology differs from the international HDI basically as regards education and income.15 According to the national HDI measurement, the following departments have the highest HDI levels: Callao (0.710) and Lima (0.703), followed by Tacna, Ica, Arequipa and Moquegua; whereas the departments with the lowest HDIs are Apurímac (0.488) and Huancavelica (0.464). As regards poverty, the data of the National Institute of Statistics and Information Science (INEI) indicate that 42.7% of the population were affected in 1997 and that 18.2% were suffering extreme poverty. In 2001, the poverty and extreme poverty figures increased to 54.8% and 24.4%, respectively. This result is associated with the 1998–2001 recession, which wiped out the improvements achieved in the previous period with social relief policies (PRONAA, FONCODES, Glass of Milk). The return to economic growth in recent years, especially as from 2006, has helped achieve significant improvements in 2008, with a reduction in poverty to 36.2% and extreme poverty to 12.6%. This result appears to have benefited from improved management of social programmes with efforts towards interinstitutional linkage and a more direct relationship with beneficiaries. It is observed, on the other hand, that poverty is unevenly distributed in the country, by inhabited areas and natural regions, as seen in the relatively low incidence of poverty in urban zones, 23.5% in 2008, whereas in the rural areas 59.8% of the population were affected. Analysis of poverty development leads to two conclusions: first, that the population’s well-being is very sensitive to the economic cycle; and, second, the strategy implemented in the 1990s failed to create capacities in the most vulnerable sectors for incorporation into sustainable productive activities, which would have avoided a decline into poverty in the long term.

15 The international HDI considers gross enrolment at all levels in addition to illiteracy, whereas the national HDI only

measures school attendance by children aged 5–19. With respect to income, for the international HDI the per capita GDP is

considered, whereas for the national HDI the per capita monthly family income.

48

Human Health

The health indicators in Peru vary substantially depending on geographic location, economic situation, urbanization levels or membership of ethnic-cultural groups. In the sierra (mountain range) and the selva (jungle), a healthy birth under good conditions is a right yet to be achieved. Nevertheless, there has been a clear drop in the national child mortality rate, which was reduced to 21 per 1000 live births in 1996, and subsequently to 20 in 2008.16

Food Security The World Food Summit held in Rome in 1996 declared the following on food security: “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” Strictly according to the above, food security does not yet exist in Peru, which can been seen in the information contained in Peru’s National Strategy for Food Security 2001–2015.17 In 2008, approximately 30.9% of the national population was suffering a calorie deficit18 in their food. This deficit was 42.5% in rural and 28.9% in urban households. It should be pointed out that the principal sources of energy and protein in Peru are rice and wheat. Despite the enormous wealth in marine fishing, the supply of hydrobiological products for direct human consumption represents barely 7% of the total fishery resources extracted, and provides only 10% of the total protein consumed by the Peruvian population.

16 INEI, Indicators of Results Identified in Strategic Programmes. June 2009.

17 Approved through D.S. 066-2004-PCM.

18 The National Institute of Health prepares a minimum calorie index that a person should ingest daily depending on age and

sex. Persons whose consumption is below this quantity are affected by a calorie deficit.

49

ANNEX 6. NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY OF THE MINISTRY OF

ENERGY AND MINES FOR THE PERIOD 2010–2040

marco programatico nacional 2012-2016 _2

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