MARCH OF DIMES€¦ · 1 All birth defects, including those not specifically listed in the table....
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The country names in this chart are taken from UNICEF, 2003 © March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 2006 www.marchofdimes.com/globalprograms [email protected] 1 All birth defects, including those not specifically listed in the table. Totals are adjusted for the effects of known preventive strategies. 2 The birth prevalence of cardiovascular defects is estimated in the model to be the same for all countries (7.9 per 1,000 live births). The estimates for specific countries are expected to change as additional empirical data become available and in countries that apply preventive strategies. 3 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency predisposing to neonatal jaundice or hemolytic anemia. 4 Low-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of less than $826. 5 Middle-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of $826 - $10,065. 6 High-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of more than $10,065. 7 Birth prevalence without the application of known preventive strategies. Refer to Box 2 in the text. President, March of Dimes: Jennifer Howse, Ph.D. Authors: Arnold Christianson, FRCP Edin. National Health Laboratory Service & University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Christopher P. Howson, PhD. Global Programs, March of Dimes, White Plains, New York Bernadette Modell, PhD, FRCP, FRCOG. Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, U.K. Research Assistant: Shelley Grim, BSc(Hons), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Publication Assistant: Rachel Diamond, March of Dimes Medical Advisor: Michael Katz, M.D, March of Dimes Editor: Mary Hager, B.A., M.A. Public Relations and Wall Chart Concept: Hoffman & Hoffman Worldwide, Vienna, Virginia Design: Kristof Creative, Mount Juliet, Tennessee Children Born with Birth Defects Annually 1 2001 Annual Births (000s) Birth Defects of the Cardiovascular System 2 Neural Tube Defects Pathological Hemoglobin Disorders Down Syndrome G6PD Deficiency 3 TOTAL 1 Prevalence (per 1,000 live births) LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES 4 Afghanistan 80,741 1,078 7.9 2.0 0.6 2.1 3.1 74.9 Angola 49,865 697 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 1.8 71.5 Armenia 1,922 36 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 53.4 Azerbaijan 6,753 107 7.9 3.1 1.2 1.3 0.1 63.1 Bangladesh 251,221 4,284 7.9 4.7 0.7 1.6 1.0 58.6 Benin 20,962 269 7.9 2.7 23.1 2.1 1.3 77.9 Bhutan 4,378 75 7.9 4.7 0.0 2.1 2.1 58.4 Burkina Faso 42,951 558 7.9 2.7 22.4 2.1 1.0 77.0 Burundi 16,066 284 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 0.7 56.6 Cambodia 30,905 479 7.9 1.9 6.1 2.1 5.9 64.5 Cameroon 33,921 558 7.9 2.0 5.6 2.1 1.1 60.8 Central African Republic 8,661 144 7.9 2.0 3.6 2.1 2.4 60.1 Chad 22,857 396 7.9 2.0 2.5 2.1 1.1 57.7 Comoros 1,528 28 7.9 1.3 0.4 2.1 0.8 54.6 Congo 9,965 139 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 2.0 71.7 Congo, Dem. Republic of the 179,639 2,507 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 2.0 71.7 Côte d’Ivoire 36,418 581 7.9 2.7 6.6 2.1 2.5 62.7 East Timor 140 2 7.9 0.7 1.0 2.1 10.5 60.3 Equatorial Guinea 1,318 20 7.9 2.0 10.0 2.1 1.8 65.9 Eritrea 8,270 152 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4 Ethiopia 154,944 2,848 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4 Gambia 3,186 51 7.9 2.7 7.9 2.1 1.0 62.5 Georgia 3,002 56 7.9 2.0 0.2 1.2 0.0 53.6 Ghana 43,460 653 7.9 2.7 11.4 2.1 1.6 66.6 Guinea 26,300 365 7.9 2.7 16.9 2.1 1.6 72.1 Guinea-Bissau 3,375 55 7.9 2.7 6.2 2.1 1.6 61.4 Haiti 14,942 256 7.9 1.8 4.5 2.1 1.2 58.4 India 1,613,502 25,112 7.9 4.7 1.2 1.6 2.4 64.3 Indonesia 263,154 4,440 7.9 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.9 59.3 Kenya 60,283 1,080 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.2 55.8 Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 20,925 387 7.9 4.7 0.0 0.8 0.1 54.1 Kyrgyzstan 7,424 101 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 73.5 Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. 13,299 197 7.9 1.9 9.5 2.1 5.5 67.5 Lesotho 3,663 68 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.7 53.9 Liberia 11,155 172 7.9 2.8 9.6 2.1 1.6 64.9 Madagascar 39,903 696 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 1.4 57.3 Malawi 29,567 525 7.9 1.3 1.6 2.1 1.3 56.3 Mali 35,793 583 7.9 2.7 6.5 2.1 1.3 61.4 Mauritania 6,620 120 7.9 2.7 0.6 2.1 1.0 55.2 Moldova, Republic of 2,760 50 7.9 2.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 55.2 Mongolia 3,053 57 7.9 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 53.9 Mozambique 45,526 795 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 1.4 57.3 Myanmar 68,587 1,173 7.9 0.7 4.0 1.7 3.1 58.5 Nepal 49,180 821 7.9 4.7 0.2 2.1 3.4 59.9 Nicaragua 9,144 173 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.5 0.1 52.9 Niger 40,232 625 7.9 2.7 9.8 2.1 1.0 64.4 Nigeria 345,753 4,702 7.9 2.7 18.0 2.1 2.0 73.5 Pakistan 396,920 5,340 7.9 2.0 1.2 1.9 2.4 74.3 Papua New Guinea 9,762 180 7.9 1.5 0.3 2.1 1.8 54.5 Rwanda 17,598 320 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 0.4 55.0 Sáo Tomé and Principe 375 6 7.9 2.0 6.4 2.1 2.0 62.5 Senegal 22,400 369 7.9 2.7 6.3 2.1 0.9 61.4 Sierra Leone 16,734 232 7.9 2.7 16.7 2.1 1.7 71.3 Solomon Islands 938 18 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1 Somalia 26,169 481 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4 Sudan 89,997 1,098 7.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 3.0 82.0 Tajikistan 11,205 149 7.9 2.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 75.2 Tanzania, United Rep. of 84,344 1,393 7.9 1.3 5.6 2.1 1.5 60.5 Togo 11,461 182 7.9 2.7 7.5 2.1 1.9 63.0 Tuvalu 16 0 7.8 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1 Uganda 74,468 1,222 7.9 1.3 6.4 2.1 1.1 60.9 Ukraine 21,800 400 7.9 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 54.5 Uzbekistan 28,836 533 7.9 2.0 0.2 1.1 0.0 54.1 Viet Nam 87,333 1,586 7.9 1.9 0.9 1.7 2.1 55.1 Yemen 68,881 953 7.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 0.9 72.3 Zambia 27,130 448 7.9 1.3 5.6 2.1 1.6 60.6 Zimbabwe 25,694 459 7.9 2.3 0.4 2.0 1.3 56.0 Low-Income 4 4,749,269 73,924 7.9 3.1 3.8 1.8 1.9 64.2 584,002 births 225,482 births 283,127 births 133,186 births 137,506 births WORLD 7,881,603 131,751 7.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3 59.8 1,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births Children Born with Birth Defects Annually 1 2001 Annual Births (000s) Birth Defects of the Cardiovascular System 2 Neural Tube Defects Pathological Hemoglobin Disorders Down Syndrome G6PD Deficiency 3 Total 1 Prevalence (per 1000 live births) HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES 6 Andorra 52 1 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 51.6 Australia 10,387 249 7.9 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.2 41.7 Austria 2,956 71 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.1 41.6 Bahamas 367 6 7.9 1.8 7.7 1.7 1.2 61.2 Bahrain 807 11 7.9 1.2 5.1 2.3 5.1 73.4 Belgium 4,552 102 7.9 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.0 44.6 Brunei Darussalam 382 7 7.9 1.9 0.4 1.8 2.0 54.7 Canada 15,545 342 7.9 1.6 0.2 1.8 0.0 45.5 Cyprus 590 11 7.9 1.2 6.4 1.6 2.4 53.7 Denmark 2,835 61 7.9 1.2 0.1 1.6 0.1 46.5 Finland 2,276 52 7.9 0.9 0.0 1.2 0.0 43.8 France 29,084 733 7.9 1.2 0.3 1.9 0.1 39.7 Germany 30,543 697 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.8 0.1 43.8 Greece 5,280 96 7.9 1.5 2.3 1.6 2.7 55.0 Iceland 206 4 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 51.6 Ireland 3,021 57 7.9 2.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 53.0 Israel 6,106 126 7.9 1.4 0.0 1.9 0.7 48.5 Italy 21,838 505 7.9 0.5 0.6 1.9 0.0 43.2 Japan 61,668 1,192 7.9 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.7 Korea, Republic of 33,220 611 7.9 4.7 0.0 1.1 0.1 54.4 Kuwait 2,624 35 7.9 1.2 0.8 2.1 4.7 74.9 Liechtenstein 24 0 7.9 1.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 51.9 Luxembourg 259 5 7.9 1.0 0.1 1.9 0.0 51.7 Monaco 26 1 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 51.4 Netherlands 8,399 175 7.9 1.1 0.2 2.0 0.1 48.0 New Zealand 2,473 53 7.9 1.7 2.2 2.0 0.1 46.7 Norway 2,417 53 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 45.6 Portugal 5,413 113 7.9 0.6 0.1 1.5 0.5 47.9 Qatar 734 10 7.9 1.2 1.5 2.3 3.4 73.4 San Marino 17 0 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 59.2 Singapore 2,601 48 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.1 54.2 Slovenia 788 17 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 46.3 Spain 15,586 359 7.9 1.1 0.0 2.0 0.2 43.4 Sweden 3,382 75 7.9 1.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 45.1 Switzerland 2,763 65 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 42.5 United Arab Emirates 3,114 41 7.9 1.2 1.2 2.1 3.4 75.9 United Kingdom 28,602 653 7.9 1.7 0.3 1.8 0.1 43.8 United States 182,786 3,827 7.9 1.4 0.4 1.7 0.0 47.8 High-Income 6 493,720 10,464 7.9 1.4 0.3 1.7 7 0.1 47.2 82,668 births 14,954 births 3,051births 17,840 births 1,371 births WORLD 7,881,603 131,751 7.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3 59.8 1,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births Children Born with Birth Defects Annually 1 2001 Annual Births (000s) Birth Defects of the Cardiovascular System 2 Neural Tube Defects Pathological Hemoglobin Disorders Down Syndrome G6PD Deficiency 3 TOTAL 1 Prevalence (per 1,000 live births) MIDDLE -INCOME COUNTRIES 5 Albania 3,050 59 7.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 0.0 52.9 Algeria 50,207 750 7.9 2.0 0.5 2.9 0.9 66.9 Antigua and Barbuda 57 1 7.9 1.8 4.0 1.6 1.0 57.4 Argentina 37,976 724 7.9 2.1 0.0 1.7 0.1 52.5 Barbados 168 3 7.9 1.8 3.0 1.4 1.3 56.0 Belarus 5,005 91 7.9 2.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 55.0 Belize 325 6 7.9 2.5 0.9 1.3 0.7 54.2 Boliva 14,779 267 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 55.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,100 39 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 53.8 Botswana 2,639 49 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.7 53.9 Brazil 192,260 3,363 7.9 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.6 57.2 Bulgaria 3,179 62 7.9 1.9 0.2 0.9 0.9 51.3 Cape Verde 702 13 7.9 2.7 0.9 1.7 0.0 54.1 Chile 15,125 287 7.9 1.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 52.7 China 963,997 18,841 7.9 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.4 51.2 Colombia 54,347 979 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 55.5 Cook Islands 23 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3 Costa Rica 4,739 92 7.9 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.2 51.5 Croatia 2,721 54 7.9 0.6 0.0 1.5 0.4 50.4 Cuba 6,329 134 7.9 1.8 2.5 1.0 0.5 47.2 Czech Republic 4,043 90 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.0 0.0 44.9 Djibouti 1,771 25 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.0 70.8 Dominica 56 1 7.9 1.8 3.1 1.1 1.0 56.0 Dominican Republic 11,189 201 7.9 1.8 2.8 1.1 1.2 55.7 Ecuador 17,497 308 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.6 0.2 56.8 Egypt 109,209 1,672 7.9 2.2 0.3 1.9 2.9 65.3 El Salvador 8,870 167 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.4 0.2 53.1 Estonia 612 12 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.0 Fiji 1,024 20 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 51.2 Gabon 3,432 48 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 1.8 71.5 Grenada 113 2 7.9 1.8 4.0 1.4 1.0 56.7 Guatemala 21,821 409 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.8 0.1 53.4 Guyana 915 17 7.9 2.0 0.9 1.5 0.7 53.9 Honduras 11,109 204 7.9 2.5 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.5 Hungary 4,348 89 7.9 2.8 0.0 1.1 0.0 48.9 Iran, Islamic Republic of 102,681 1,592 7.9 2.0 0.6 1.8 3.4 64.5 Iraq 61,862 823 7.9 1.8 1.5 2.0 3.4 75.2 Jamaica 3,163 54 7.9 1.8 5.6 1.2 1.2 58.6 Jordan 12,388 169 7.9 3.3 0.8 2.1 0.6 73.3 Kazakhstan 14,229 263 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 54.1 Kiribati 154 3 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3 Latvia 920 18 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 51.1 Lebanon 4,350 69 7.9 1.8 0.6 1.9 1.7 63.0 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 10,673 146 7.9 2.2 0.6 2.6 1.4 73.1 Lithuania 1,716 33 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 52.0 Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. of 1,336 25 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 53.4 Malaysia 29,214 522 7.9 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.1 56.0 Maldives 670 11 7.9 2.0 6.4 1.7 1.7 60.8 Malta 263 5 7.9 1.1 0.2 1.8 0.8 52.6 Mauritius 1,017 19 7.9 1.3 0.4 1.4 0.4 53.5 Mexico 121,464 2,296 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.4 0.1 52.9 Micronesia, Federated States of 206 4 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.5 Morocco 56,321 775 7.9 2.2 1.1 2.3 0.8 72.7 Namibia 3,387 63 7.9 2.3 0.2 2.1 0.4 53.8 Nauru 12 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 51.2 Niue 2 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.5 Occupied Palestinian Territory 10,105 132 7.9 5.5 0.8 2.1 1.1 76.6 Oman 7,032 94 7.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 3.4 74.8 Palau 13 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3 Panama 3,268 61 7.9 2.5 0.2 1.4 0.7 53.6 Paraguay 9,342 170 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.1 55.0 Peru 33,090 606 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 54.6 Philippines 109,239 2,065 7.9 1.9 0.6 1.9 0.0 52.9 Poland 19,573 370 7.9 2.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 52.9 Romania 12,825 233 7.9 2.5 0.0 0.9 0.2 55.0 Russian Federation 52,721 1,230 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 42.9 Saint Kitts and Nevis 44 1 7.9 1.8 5.8 1.7 1.3 59.3 Saint Lucia 171 3 7.9 1.8 4.5 1.2 1.0 57.0 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 115 2 7.9 1.8 3.4 1.6 1.5 56.8 Samoa 208 4 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1 Saudi Arabia 58,108 715 7.9 1.2 3.6 2.1 6.7 81.3 Seychelles 162 3 7.9 1.3 0.1 1.3 1.0 53.8 Slovakia 2,789 55 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 50.7 South Africa 58,962 1,105 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.2 53.4 Sri Lanka 20,652 332 7.9 2.0 0.6 1.9 1.9 62.2 Suriname 430 8 7.9 2.0 0.9 1.3 0.8 53.7 Swaziland 1,714 32 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.4 53.6 Syria 37,008 495 7.9 1.8 1.6 2.1 2.8 74.8 Thailand 70,045 1,170 7.9 0.7 5.6 1.5 3.6 59.9 Tonga 104 2 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.2 0.0 52.2 Trinidad and Tobago 944 17 7.9 1.8 2.8 1.6 0.8 55.5 Tunisia 12,857 176 7.9 2.2 1.4 2.2 0.9 73.0 Turkey 88,288 1,424 7.9 3.0 0.6 1.3 0.0 62.0 Turkmenistan 6,998 127 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 55.1 Uruguay 3,051 58 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 52.6 Vanuatu 313 6 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1 Venezuela 30,212 577 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.5 0.3 52.4 Yugoslavia 6,474 120 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 53.9 Middle-Income 5 2,638,614 47,363 7.9 1.8 0.5 1.4 0.8 55.7 374,165 births 83,468 births 21,719 births 66,268 births 38,155 births WORLD 7,881,603 131,751 7.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3 59.8 1,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births Red: Highest Rates of Birth Defects—greater than 69.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Orange: High Rates of Birth Defects—between 61-69.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Yellow: Moderate Rates of Birth Defects—between 52.1-60.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Green: Lowest Rates of Birth Defects—less than 52.1 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Gray: No data. Source: United Nations. This map does not reflect a position by the March of Dimes on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers. United Kingdom Germany Belgium Ireland Luxembourg Austria France Liechtenstein Switzerland Slovenia Monaco Andorra San Marino Portugal Spain Greece Israel Italy Malta Morocco Tunisia W. Sahara Algeria Libya Cape Verde Mauritania Gambia Guinea-Bissau Senegal Guinea Sierra Leone Mali Liberia Côte d’Ivoire Burkina Faso Ghana Togo Benin Niger Nigeria Sáo Tomé & Principe Cameroon Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congo Congo, Dem. Rep. of Angola Zambia Namibia Botswana Oman Saudi Arabia Egypt Yemen Eritrea Djibouti Chad Ethiopia Sudan Somalia Central African Rep. Uganda Kenya Seychelles Rwanda Burundi Tanzania, United Rep. of Comoros Malawi Madagascar Mauritius Zimbabwe Mozambique Swaziland Lesotho South Africa Estonia Latvia Lithuania Croatia Bosnia & Herz. Slovakia Hungary Belarus Yugoslavia Romania Albania Moldova, Rep. of Macadonia Bulgaria Ukraine Turkey Cyprus Georgia Armenia Lebanon Syria Occupied Palestinian Terr. Azerbaijan Jordan Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Iraq Iran, Islamic Rep. of Turkmenistan Russian Federation Kyrgystan Tajikistan Kuwait Mongolia Afghanistan Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates Pakistan Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Japan Korea, Rep. of China Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh Taiwan Myanmar India Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. Thailand Cambodia Viet Nam Philippines Palau Brunei Sri Lanka Maldives Micronesia Papua New Guinea Soloman Islands Nauru Vanuatu Kiribati Tuvalu Samoa Fiji Niue Tonga Malaysia Singapore Indonesia East Timor New Caledonia Australia New Zealand Iceland Greenland Finland Sweden Norway Poland Czech Rep. Denmark Netherlands United States Canada Mexico St. Kitts & Nevis Antigua & Barbuda Bahamas Cuba Haiti Dominican Rep. Dominica St. Lucia St. Vincent & Gren. Barbados Grenada Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Brazil Uruguay Agentina Costa Rica Panama Colombia Ecuador Peru Boliva Paraguay Cook Islands Chile Jamaica Belize Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua * Rankings are determined by prevalence rates, which have been calculated to the third decimal place, but are stated to the first decimal place, due to space limitations. Sudan Saudi Arabia Benin Burkina Faso Occupied Palestinian Territory United Arab Emirates Tajikistan Iraq Kuwait Afghanistan Oman Syria Pakistan Nigeria Kyrgyzstan Qatar Bahrain Jordan Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Tunisia Morocco Yemen Guinea Congo Congo Dem. Rep. Angola Gabon Sierra Leone Djibouti Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. Algeria Ghana Equatorial Guinea Egypt Liberia Cambodia Iran, Islamic Rep. of Niger India Azerbaijan Lebanon Togo Côte d’lvoire Sáo Tomé and Principe Gambia Sri Lanka Turkey Mali Guinea-Bissau Senegal Bahamas Uganda Maldives Cameroon Zambia Tanzania, United Rep. of East Timor Central African Republic Nepal Thailand Indonesia Saint Kitts and Nevis San Marino Bangladesh Jamaica Myanmar Haiti Bhutan Chad Antigua and Barbuda Madagascar Mozambique Brazil Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and The Grenadines Ecuador Grenada Burundi Malawi Barbados Dominica Zimbabwe Malaysia Kenya Dominican Republic Trinidad and Tobago Colombia Bolivia Moldova, Republic of Mauritania Turkmenistan Viet Nam Romania Belarus Greece Rwanda Paraguay Brunei Darussalam Peru Comoros Ukraine Honduras Papua New Guinea Eritrea Somalia Ethiopia Korea, Republic of Belize Singapore Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. Cape Verde Yugoslavia Lesotho Botswana Guyana Mongolia Seychelles Bosnia and Herzegovina Namibia Suriname Cyprus Georgia Panama Swaziland Mauritius Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. of Armenia South Africa Guatemala El Salvador Ireland Mexico Poland Philippines Nicaragua Albania Chile Uruguay Malta Argentina Venezuela Tonga Vanuatu Samoa Tuvalu Solomon Islands Lithuania Lichtenstein Japan Luxemburg Iceland Andorra Costa Rica Niue Micronesia Monaco Palau Kiribati Cook Islands Bulgaria Nauru Fiji China Latvia Estonia Slovakia Croatia Hungary Israel Netherlands Portugal United States Cuba New Zealand Denmark Slovenia Norway Canada Sweden Czech Republic Belgium Germany United Kingdom Finland Spain Italy Russian Federation Switzerland Australia Austria France 39.7 41.6 41.7 42.5 42.9 43.2 43.4 43.8 43.8 43.8 44.6 44.9 45.1 45.5 45.6 46.3 46.5 46.7 47.2 47.8 47.9 48.0 48.5 48.9 50.4 50.7 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.2 51.2 51.3 51.3 51.3 51.3 51.4 51.5 51.5 51.5 51.6 52.9 51.6 51.7 51.7 51.9 52.0 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.1 52.2 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.6 52.7 52.9 52.9 52.9 52.9 53.0 53.1 53.4 53.4 53.4 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.6 53.9 53.6 53.7 53.7 53.8 53.9 53.8 53.9 53.8 53.9 53.9 54.1 54.1 54.1 54.1 54.2 54.2 54.5 54.4 54.4 54.4 54.4 54.5 54.5 54.6 54.7 54.6 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.0 55.1 55.1 55.2 55.2 55.4 56.0 55.5 55.5 55.7 55.8 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.3 56.6 56.7 56.8 57.4 56.8 57.0 57.2 57.3 57.3 57.7 59.2 58.4 58.4 58.5 58.6 58.6 59.3 59.3 59.9 59.9 60.1 60.5 60.6 61.4 60.8 60.8 60.9 61.2 61.4 61.4 62.0 62.2 62.5 62.5 62.7 63.0 63.0 63.1 64.3 64.4 64.5 64.5 64.9 65.3 65.9 66.6 66.9 67.5 60.3 70.8 71.5 71.5 71.7 71.7 72.1 71.3 72.3 72.7 73.0 73.1 73.3 73.4 73.4 73.5 73.5 74.3 74.8 74.8 74.9 74.9 75.2 75.2 75.9 76.6 77.0 77.9 81.3 82.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 * Birth Defects Prevalence per 1,000 Live Births. Every year, an estimated 7.9 million children—6 percent of total births worldwide—are born with a serious birth defect of genetic or partially genetic origin. About 3.3 million children under the age of five die each year from birth defects. For those who survive, these disorders can cause lifelong mental, physical, auditory, or visual disability. Hundreds of thousands more are born with serious birth defects of post-conception origin, the result of exposure to environ- mental factors, including alcohol, rubella, syphilis, and iodine deficiency. The MOD Global Report on Birth Defects identifies for the first time the severe, and previously hidden, toll of birth defects, high- lighting the extent of this serious and vastly underappreciated global public health problem. The report shows that birth defects exact a particularly harsh toll in middle- and low-income countries where 94 percent of the births with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of these children occur. Also, the report provides the first systematic, country-by-country summary of annual births of infants with serious birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin. Besides poverty, the main reasons for the variations among rich and poor countries in birth prevalence rates of serious birth defects include (1) survival advantage against malaria for carriers of sickle cell and thalassemia genes; (2) frequency of consanguineous marriages; (3) differences in the percentage of older mothers; and (4) sharp disparities in maternal and child health services. Five common serious birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin in 2001 were: Congenital heart defects—1,040,835 births Neural tube defects—323,904 births Hemoglobin disorders (thalassemia and sickle cell disease)— 307,897 births Down syndrome (trisomy 21)—217,293 births Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency— 177,032 births Combined, these five conditions accounted for about 25 percent of all of birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin. To date, more than 7,000 different birth defects of genetic or par- tially genetic origin have been identified. Countries have been grouped by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: Low-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of less than $826 and accounted for an estimated 4.75 million serious birth defects in 2001, 60.2 percent of the world’s total. Middle-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of $826-$10,065 and accounted for an estimated 2.67 million serious birth defects, 33.5 percent of the world’s total. High-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of more than $10,065 and accounted for an estimated 0.50 million serious birth defects, 6.3 percent of the world’s total. T H E H I D D E N T O L L O F D Y I N G A N D D I S A B L E D C H I L D R E N GLOBAL REPORT ON MARCH OF DIMES
Transcript of MARCH OF DIMES€¦ · 1 All birth defects, including those not specifically listed in the table....
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1 All birth defects, including those not specifically listed in the table. Totals are adjusted for the effects of known preventive strategies.
2 The birth prevalence of cardiovascular defects is estimated in the model to be the same for all countries (7.9 per 1,000 live births). The estimates for specific countries are expected to change as additional empirical data become available and in countries that apply preventive strategies.
3 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency predisposing to neonatal jaundice or hemolytic anemia.
4 Low-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of less than $826.
5 Middle-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of $826 - $10,065.
6 High-income: These countries have a gross national income (GNI) per capita per year of more than $10,065.
7 Birth prevalence without the application of known preventive strategies. Refer to Box 2 in the text.
President, March of Dimes:Jennifer Howse, Ph.D.
Authors:Arnold Christianson, FRCP Edin. National Health Laboratory Service & University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Christopher P. Howson, PhD. Global Programs, March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
Bernadette Modell, PhD, FRCP, FRCOG. Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, U.K.
Research Assistant:Shelley Grim, BSc(Hons), University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Publication Assistant: Rachel Diamond, March of Dimes
Medical Advisor: Michael Katz, M.D, March of Dimes
Editor: Mary Hager, B.A., M.A.
Public Relations and Wall Chart Concept: Hoffman & Hoffman Worldwide, Vienna, Virginia
Design: Kristof Creative, Mount Juliet, Tennessee
Children Bornwith Birth Defects
Annually1
2001 AnnualBirths (000s)
Birth Defects of the Cardiovascular
System2
Neural Tube Defects
PathologicalHemoglobin
DisordersDown Syndrome
G6PDDeficiency3 TOTAL1
Prevalence (per 1,000 live births)
LO
W-I
NC
OM
E C
OU
NT
RIE
S4
Afghanistan 80,741 1,078 7.9 2.0 0.6 2.1 3.1 74.9
Angola 49,865 697 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 1.8 71.5
Armenia 1,922 36 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 53.4
Azerbaijan 6,753 107 7.9 3.1 1.2 1.3 0.1 63.1
Bangladesh 251,221 4,284 7.9 4.7 0.7 1.6 1.0 58.6
Benin 20,962 269 7.9 2.7 23.1 2.1 1.3 77.9
Bhutan 4,378 75 7.9 4.7 0.0 2.1 2.1 58.4
Burkina Faso 42,951 558 7.9 2.7 22.4 2.1 1.0 77.0
Burundi 16,066 284 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 0.7 56.6
Cambodia 30,905 479 7.9 1.9 6.1 2.1 5.9 64.5
Cameroon 33,921 558 7.9 2.0 5.6 2.1 1.1 60.8
Central African Republic 8,661 144 7.9 2.0 3.6 2.1 2.4 60.1
Chad 22,857 396 7.9 2.0 2.5 2.1 1.1 57.7
Comoros 1,528 28 7.9 1.3 0.4 2.1 0.8 54.6
Congo 9,965 139 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 2.0 71.7
Congo, Dem. Republic of the 179,639 2,507 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 2.0 71.7
Côte d’Ivoire 36,418 581 7.9 2.7 6.6 2.1 2.5 62.7
East Timor 140 2 7.9 0.7 1.0 2.1 10.5 60.3
Equatorial Guinea 1,318 20 7.9 2.0 10.0 2.1 1.8 65.9
Eritrea 8,270 152 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4
Ethiopia 154,944 2,848 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4
Gambia 3,186 51 7.9 2.7 7.9 2.1 1.0 62.5
Georgia 3,002 56 7.9 2.0 0.2 1.2 0.0 53.6
Ghana 43,460 653 7.9 2.7 11.4 2.1 1.6 66.6
Guinea 26,300 365 7.9 2.7 16.9 2.1 1.6 72.1
Guinea-Bissau 3,375 55 7.9 2.7 6.2 2.1 1.6 61.4
Haiti 14,942 256 7.9 1.8 4.5 2.1 1.2 58.4
India 1,613,502 25,112 7.9 4.7 1.2 1.6 2.4 64.3
Indonesia 263,154 4,440 7.9 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.9 59.3
Kenya 60,283 1,080 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.2 55.8
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep. 20,925 387 7.9 4.7 0.0 0.8 0.1 54.1
Kyrgyzstan 7,424 101 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 73.5
Lao, People’s Dem. Rep. 13,299 197 7.9 1.9 9.5 2.1 5.5 67.5
Lesotho 3,663 68 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.7 53.9
Liberia 11,155 172 7.9 2.8 9.6 2.1 1.6 64.9
Madagascar 39,903 696 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 1.4 57.3
Malawi 29,567 525 7.9 1.3 1.6 2.1 1.3 56.3
Mali 35,793 583 7.9 2.7 6.5 2.1 1.3 61.4
Mauritania 6,620 120 7.9 2.7 0.6 2.1 1.0 55.2
Moldova, Republic of 2,760 50 7.9 2.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 55.2
Mongolia 3,053 57 7.9 1.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 53.9
Mozambique 45,526 795 7.9 1.3 2.5 2.1 1.4 57.3
Myanmar 68,587 1,173 7.9 0.7 4.0 1.7 3.1 58.5
Nepal 49,180 821 7.9 4.7 0.2 2.1 3.4 59.9
Nicaragua 9,144 173 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.5 0.1 52.9
Niger 40,232 625 7.9 2.7 9.8 2.1 1.0 64.4
Nigeria 345,753 4,702 7.9 2.7 18.0 2.1 2.0 73.5
Pakistan 396,920 5,340 7.9 2.0 1.2 1.9 2.4 74.3
Papua New Guinea 9,762 180 7.9 1.5 0.3 2.1 1.8 54.5
Rwanda 17,598 320 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 0.4 55.0
Sáo Tomé and Principe 375 6 7.9 2.0 6.4 2.1 2.0 62.5
Senegal 22,400 369 7.9 2.7 6.3 2.1 0.9 61.4
Sierra Leone 16,734 232 7.9 2.7 16.7 2.1 1.7 71.3
Solomon Islands 938 18 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1
Somalia 26,169 481 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.4
Sudan 89,997 1,098 7.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 3.0 82.0
Tajikistan 11,205 149 7.9 2.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 75.2
Tanzania, United Rep. of 84,344 1,393 7.9 1.3 5.6 2.1 1.5 60.5
Togo 11,461 182 7.9 2.7 7.5 2.1 1.9 63.0
Tuvalu 16 0 7.8 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1
Uganda 74,468 1,222 7.9 1.3 6.4 2.1 1.1 60.9
Ukraine 21,800 400 7.9 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 54.5
Uzbekistan 28,836 533 7.9 2.0 0.2 1.1 0.0 54.1
Viet Nam 87,333 1,586 7.9 1.9 0.9 1.7 2.1 55.1
Yemen 68,881 953 7.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 0.9 72.3
Zambia 27,130 448 7.9 1.3 5.6 2.1 1.6 60.6
Zimbabwe 25,694 459 7.9 2.3 0.4 2.0 1.3 56.0
Low-Income4 4,749,269 73,9247.9 3.1 3.8 1.8 1.9
64.2584,002 births 225,482 births 283,127 births 133,186 births 137,506 births
WORLD 7,881,603 131,7517.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3
59.81,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births
Children Bornwith Birth Defects
Annually1
2001 Annual Births (000s)
Birth Defects of the Cardiovascular
System2
Neural Tube Defects
PathologicalHemoglobin
DisordersDown Syndrome
G6PDDeficiency3 Total1
Prevalence (per 1000 live births)
HIG
H-I
NC
OM
E C
OU
NT
RIE
S6
Andorra 52 1 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 51.6
Australia 10,387 249 7.9 0.6 0.0 1.9 0.2 41.7
Austria 2,956 71 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.1 41.6
Bahamas 367 6 7.9 1.8 7.7 1.7 1.2 61.2
Bahrain 807 11 7.9 1.2 5.1 2.3 5.1 73.4
Belgium 4,552 102 7.9 1.2 0.1 1.2 0.0 44.6
Brunei Darussalam 382 7 7.9 1.9 0.4 1.8 2.0 54.7
Canada 15,545 342 7.9 1.6 0.2 1.8 0.0 45.5
Cyprus 590 11 7.9 1.2 6.4 1.6 2.4 53.7
Denmark 2,835 61 7.9 1.2 0.1 1.6 0.1 46.5
Finland 2,276 52 7.9 0.9 0.0 1.2 0.0 43.8
France 29,084 733 7.9 1.2 0.3 1.9 0.1 39.7
Germany 30,543 697 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.8 0.1 43.8
Greece 5,280 96 7.9 1.5 2.3 1.6 2.7 55.0
Iceland 206 4 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 51.6
Ireland 3,021 57 7.9 2.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 53.0
Israel 6,106 126 7.9 1.4 0.0 1.9 0.7 48.5
Italy 21,838 505 7.9 0.5 0.6 1.9 0.0 43.2
Japan 61,668 1,192 7.9 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.7
Korea, Republic of 33,220 611 7.9 4.7 0.0 1.1 0.1 54.4
Kuwait 2,624 35 7.9 1.2 0.8 2.1 4.7 74.9
Liechtenstein 24 0 7.9 1.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 51.9
Luxembourg 259 5 7.9 1.0 0.1 1.9 0.0 51.7
Monaco 26 1 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 51.4
Netherlands 8,399 175 7.9 1.1 0.2 2.0 0.1 48.0
New Zealand 2,473 53 7.9 1.7 2.2 2.0 0.1 46.7
Norway 2,417 53 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 45.6
Portugal 5,413 113 7.9 0.6 0.1 1.5 0.5 47.9
Qatar 734 10 7.9 1.2 1.5 2.3 3.4 73.4
San Marino 17 0 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 59.2
Singapore 2,601 48 7.9 1.3 1.2 2.1 1.1 54.2
Slovenia 788 17 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 46.3
Spain 15,586 359 7.9 1.1 0.0 2.0 0.2 43.4
Sweden 3,382 75 7.9 1.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 45.1
Switzerland 2,763 65 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 42.5
United Arab Emirates 3,114 41 7.9 1.2 1.2 2.1 3.4 75.9
United Kingdom 28,602 653 7.9 1.7 0.3 1.8 0.1 43.8
United States 182,786 3,827 7.9 1.4 0.4 1.7 0.0 47.8
High-Income6 493,720 10,4647.9 1.4 0.3 1.7 7 0.1
47.282,668 births 14,954 births 3,051births 17,840 births 1,371 births
WORLD 7,881,603 131,7517.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3
59.81,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births
Children Bornwith Birth Defects
Annually1
2001 Annual Births (000s)
Birth Defects of the Cardiovascular
System2
Neural Tube Defects
PathologicalHemoglobin
DisordersDown Syndrome
G6PDDeficiency3 TOTAL1
Prevalence (per 1,000 live births)
MID
DL
E -
INC
OM
E C
OU
NT
RIE
S5
Albania 3,050 59 7.9 1.5 1.6 1.3 0.0 52.9
Algeria 50,207 750 7.9 2.0 0.5 2.9 0.9 66.9
Antigua and Barbuda 57 1 7.9 1.8 4.0 1.6 1.0 57.4
Argentina 37,976 724 7.9 2.1 0.0 1.7 0.1 52.5
Barbados 168 3 7.9 1.8 3.0 1.4 1.3 56.0
Belarus 5,005 91 7.9 2.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 55.0
Belize 325 6 7.9 2.5 0.9 1.3 0.7 54.2
Boliva 14,779 267 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.8 0.1 55.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,100 39 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 53.8
Botswana 2,639 49 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.7 53.9
Brazil 192,260 3,363 7.9 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.6 57.2
Bulgaria 3,179 62 7.9 1.9 0.2 0.9 0.9 51.3
Cape Verde 702 13 7.9 2.7 0.9 1.7 0.0 54.1
Chile 15,125 287 7.9 1.9 0.0 1.8 0.0 52.7
China 963,997 18,841 7.9 1.3 0.0 1.0 0.4 51.2
Colombia 54,347 979 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 55.5
Cook Islands 23 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3
Costa Rica 4,739 92 7.9 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.2 51.5
Croatia 2,721 54 7.9 0.6 0.0 1.5 0.4 50.4
Cuba 6,329 134 7.9 1.8 2.5 1.0 0.5 47.2
Czech Republic 4,043 90 7.9 0.8 0.0 1.0 0.0 44.9
Djibouti 1,771 25 7.9 2.2 0.0 2.1 0.0 70.8
Dominica 56 1 7.9 1.8 3.1 1.1 1.0 56.0
Dominican Republic 11,189 201 7.9 1.8 2.8 1.1 1.2 55.7
Ecuador 17,497 308 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.6 0.2 56.8
Egypt 109,209 1,672 7.9 2.2 0.3 1.9 2.9 65.3
El Salvador 8,870 167 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.4 0.2 53.1
Estonia 612 12 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.0
Fiji 1,024 20 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 51.2
Gabon 3,432 48 7.9 2.0 15.6 2.1 1.8 71.5
Grenada 113 2 7.9 1.8 4.0 1.4 1.0 56.7
Guatemala 21,821 409 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.8 0.1 53.4
Guyana 915 17 7.9 2.0 0.9 1.5 0.7 53.9
Honduras 11,109 204 7.9 2.5 0.0 2.1 0.1 54.5
Hungary 4,348 89 7.9 2.8 0.0 1.1 0.0 48.9
Iran, Islamic Republic of 102,681 1,592 7.9 2.0 0.6 1.8 3.4 64.5
Iraq 61,862 823 7.9 1.8 1.5 2.0 3.4 75.2
Jamaica 3,163 54 7.9 1.8 5.6 1.2 1.2 58.6
Jordan 12,388 169 7.9 3.3 0.8 2.1 0.6 73.3
Kazakhstan 14,229 263 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 54.1
Kiribati 154 3 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3
Latvia 920 18 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 51.1
Lebanon 4,350 69 7.9 1.8 0.6 1.9 1.7 63.0
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 10,673 146 7.9 2.2 0.6 2.6 1.4 73.1
Lithuania 1,716 33 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 52.0
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. of 1,336 25 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 53.4
Malaysia 29,214 522 7.9 1.9 1.4 2.1 2.1 56.0
Maldives 670 11 7.9 2.0 6.4 1.7 1.7 60.8
Malta 263 5 7.9 1.1 0.2 1.8 0.8 52.6
Mauritius 1,017 19 7.9 1.3 0.4 1.4 0.4 53.5
Mexico 121,464 2,296 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.4 0.1 52.9
Micronesia, Federated States of 206 4 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.5
Morocco 56,321 775 7.9 2.2 1.1 2.3 0.8 72.7
Namibia 3,387 63 7.9 2.3 0.2 2.1 0.4 53.8
Nauru 12 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 51.2
Niue 2 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.5 0.0 51.5
Occupied Palestinian Territory 10,105 132 7.9 5.5 0.8 2.1 1.1 76.6
Oman 7,032 94 7.9 1.2 1.6 2.1 3.4 74.8
Palau 13 0 7.9 1.5 0.0 1.3 0.0 51.3
Panama 3,268 61 7.9 2.5 0.2 1.4 0.7 53.6
Paraguay 9,342 170 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.7 0.1 55.0
Peru 33,090 606 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.8 0.1 54.6
Philippines 109,239 2,065 7.9 1.9 0.6 1.9 0.0 52.9
Poland 19,573 370 7.9 2.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 52.9
Romania 12,825 233 7.9 2.5 0.0 0.9 0.2 55.0
Russian Federation 52,721 1,230 7.9 2.5 0.0 1.1 0.0 42.9
Saint Kitts and Nevis 44 1 7.9 1.8 5.8 1.7 1.3 59.3
Saint Lucia 171 3 7.9 1.8 4.5 1.2 1.0 57.0
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 115 2 7.9 1.8 3.4 1.6 1.5 56.8
Samoa 208 4 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1
Saudi Arabia 58,108 715 7.9 1.2 3.6 2.1 6.7 81.3
Seychelles 162 3 7.9 1.3 0.1 1.3 1.0 53.8
Slovakia 2,789 55 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 50.7
South Africa 58,962 1,105 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.2 53.4
Sri Lanka 20,652 332 7.9 2.0 0.6 1.9 1.9 62.2
Suriname 430 8 7.9 2.0 0.9 1.3 0.8 53.7
Swaziland 1,714 32 7.9 2.3 0.0 2.1 0.4 53.6
Syria 37,008 495 7.9 1.8 1.6 2.1 2.8 74.8
Thailand 70,045 1,170 7.9 0.7 5.6 1.5 3.6 59.9
Tonga 104 2 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.2 0.0 52.2
Trinidad and Tobago 944 17 7.9 1.8 2.8 1.6 0.8 55.5
Tunisia 12,857 176 7.9 2.2 1.4 2.2 0.9 73.0
Turkey 88,288 1,424 7.9 3.0 0.6 1.3 0.0 62.0
Turkmenistan 6,998 127 7.9 2.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 55.1
Uruguay 3,051 58 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 52.6
Vanuatu 313 6 7.9 1.5 0.0 2.1 0.0 52.1
Venezuela 30,212 577 7.9 2.0 0.1 1.5 0.3 52.4
Yugoslavia 6,474 120 7.9 1.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 53.9
Middle-Income5 2,638,614 47,3637.9 1.8 0.5 1.4 0.8
55.7374,165 births 83,468 births 21,719 births 66,268 births 38,155 births
WORLD 7,881,603 131,7517.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 1.3
59.81,040,835 births 323,904 births 307,897 births 217,293 births 177,032 births
Red: Highest Rates of Birth Defects—greater than 69.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Orange: High Rates of Birth Defects—between 61-69.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Yellow: Moderate Rates of Birth Defects—between 52.1-60.9 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Green: Lowest Rates of Birth Defects—less than 52.1 birth defects per 1,000 live births. Gray: No data.
Source: United Nations. This map does not reflect a position by the March of Dimeson the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
United KingdomGermanyBelgiumIrelandLuxembourgAustriaFranceLiechtensteinSwitzerlandSlovenia
MonacoAndorraSan MarinoPortugalSpainGreece
Israel
Italy
MaltaMoroccoTunisiaW. SaharaAlgeriaLibyaCape VerdeMauritaniaGambiaGuinea-BissauSenegalGuineaSierra LeoneMali
LiberiaCôte d’IvoireBurkina FasoGhanaTogoBeninNigerNigeria
Sáo Tomé & PrincipeCameroonEquatorial GuineaGabonCongo
Congo, Dem. Rep. ofAngolaZambiaNamibiaBotswana
OmanSaudi ArabiaEgyptYemenEritreaDjiboutiChadEthiopiaSudanSomaliaCentral African Rep.UgandaKenyaSeychellesRwandaBurundiTanzania, United Rep. ofComorosMalawiMadagascarMauritiusZimbabweMozambiqueSwazilandLesothoSouth Africa
EstoniaLatviaLithuaniaCroatiaBosnia & Herz. SlovakiaHungary
BelarusYugoslaviaRomaniaAlbaniaMoldova, Rep. ofMacadoniaBulgariaUkraine
TurkeyCyprusGeorgiaArmeniaLebanonSyriaOccupied Palestinian Terr.AzerbaijanJordan
KazakhstanUzbekistanIraqIran, Islamic Rep. ofTurkmenistan
Russian FederationKyrgystanTajikistanKuwaitMongoliaAfghanistanBahrainQatarUnited Arab EmiratesPakistan
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.JapanKorea, Rep. of
ChinaNepalBhutanBangladeshTaiwanMyanmarIndiaLao, People’s Dem. Rep.ThailandCambodiaViet NamPhilippinesPalauBruneiSri Lanka
Maldives
MicronesiaPapua New GuineaSoloman IslandsNauruVanuatu
KiribatiTuvaluSamoaFijiNiueTonga
MalaysiaSingaporeIndonesia
East TimorNew Caledonia
AustraliaNew Zealand
IcelandGreenland
FinlandSwedenNorwayPolandCzech Rep.DenmarkNetherlands
United States
Canada
Mexico St. Kitts & NevisAntigua & Barbuda
BahamasCubaHaitiDominican Rep.
DominicaSt. LuciaSt. Vincent & Gren.BarbadosGrenadaTrinidad & Tobago
VenezuelaGuyanaSuriname
French Guiana
BrazilUruguayAgentina
Costa RicaPanama
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru
Boliva
ParaguayCook IslandsChile
Jamaica
BelizeGuatemalaHondurasEl SalvadorNicaragua
* Rankings are determined by prevalence rates, which have been calculated to the third decimal place, but are stated to the first decimal place, due to space limitations.
SudanSaudi Arabia
BeninBurkina Faso
Occupied Palestinian TerritoryUnited Arab Emirates
TajikistanIraq
KuwaitAfghanistan
OmanSyria
PakistanNigeria
KyrgyzstanQatar
BahrainJordan
Libyan Arab JamahiriyaTunisia
MoroccoYemenGuineaCongo
Congo Dem. Rep.AngolaGabon
Sierra LeoneDjibouti
Lao, People’s Dem. Rep.AlgeriaGhana
Equatorial GuineaEgypt
LiberiaCambodia
Iran, Islamic Rep. ofNigerIndia
AzerbaijanLebanon
TogoCôte d’lvoire
Sáo Tomé and PrincipeGambia
Sri LankaTurkey
MaliGuinea-Bissau
SenegalBahamas
UgandaMaldives
CameroonZambia
Tanzania, United Rep. ofEast Timor
Central African RepublicNepal
ThailandIndonesia
Saint Kitts and NevisSan MarinoBangladesh
JamaicaMyanmar
HaitiBhutan
ChadAntigua and Barbuda
MadagascarMozambique
BrazilSaint Lucia
Saint Vincent and The GrenadinesEcuadorGrenadaBurundiMalawi
BarbadosDominica
ZimbabweMalaysia
KenyaDominican Republic
Trinidad and TobagoColombia
BoliviaMoldova, Republic of
MauritaniaTurkmenistan
Viet NamRomania
BelarusGreece
RwandaParaguay
Brunei DarussalamPeru
ComorosUkraine
HondurasPapua New Guinea
EritreaSomaliaEthiopia
Korea, Republic ofBelize
SingaporeKazakhstanUzbekistan
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.Cape VerdeYugoslavia
LesothoBotswana
GuyanaMongolia
SeychellesBosnia and Herzegovina
NamibiaSuriname
CyprusGeorgiaPanama
SwazilandMauritius
Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Rep. ofArmenia
South AfricaGuatemalaEl Salvador
IrelandMexicoPoland
PhilippinesNicaragua
AlbaniaChile
UruguayMalta
ArgentinaVenezuela
TongaVanuatuSamoaTuvalu
Solomon IslandsLithuania
LichtensteinJapan
LuxemburgIceland
AndorraCosta Rica
NiueMicronesia
MonacoPalau
KiribatiCook Islands
BulgariaNauru
FijiChinaLatvia
EstoniaSlovakiaCroatia
HungaryIsrael
NetherlandsPortugal
United StatesCuba
New ZealandDenmarkSloveniaNorwayCanadaSweden
Czech RepublicBelgium
GermanyUnited Kingdom
FinlandSpain
ItalyRussian Federation
SwitzerlandAustralia
AustriaFrance 39.7
41.641.742.542.943.243.443.843.843.844.644.945.145.545.646.346.5
46.747.247.8
47.948.048.548.9
50.450.751.051.151.2
51.251.251.351.351.351.351.4
51.551.5
51.551.6
52.9
51.651.751.751.952.052.152.152.152.152.252.452.552.652.652.7
52.9
52.952.952.953.053.153.453.4
53.453.4
53.553.653.6
53.9
53.653.753.753.8
53.9
53.8
53.9
53.8
53.953.954.154.154.154.154.254.2
54.5
54.454.454.4
54.4
54.554.554.6
54.754.6
55.055.055.055.055.055.155.155.2
55.255.4
56.0
55.555.555.755.856.056.0
56.056.356.656.756.8
57.4
56.857.057.257.357.3
57.7
59.2
58.458.458.558.658.6
59.359.359.959.960.1
60.560.6
61.4
60.860.860.961.2
61.461.462.062.262.562.562.763.063.063.1
64.364.464.564.564.965.365.966.666.967.5
60.3
70.8
71.571.571.771.772.1
71.3
72.372.773.073.173.373.473.473.573.574.374.874.874.974.975.275.275.976.677.0
77.981.382.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
* Birth Defects Prevalence per 1,000 Live Births.
Every year, an estimated 7.9 million children—6 percent of total births worldwide—are born with a serious birth defect of genetic or partially genetic origin.
About 3.3 million children under the age of five die each yearfrom birth defects. For those who survive, these disorders can cause lifelong mental, physical, auditory, or visual disability.
Hundreds of thousands more are born with serious birth defects of post-conception origin, the result of exposure to environ-mental factors, including alcohol, rubella, syphilis, and iodine deficiency.
The MOD Global Report on Birth Defects identifies for the first time the severe, and previously hidden, toll of birth defects, high-lighting the extent of this serious and vastly underappreciated global public health problem.
The report shows that birth defects exact a particularly harsh toll in middle- and low-income countries where 94 percent of thebirths with serious birth defects and 95 percent of the deaths of these children occur.
Also, the report provides the first systematic, country-by-country summary of annual births of infants with serious birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin.
Besides poverty, the main reasons for the variations among rich and poor countries in birth prevalence rates of serious birth defectsinclude (1) survival advantage against malaria for carriers of sicklecell and thalassemia genes; (2) frequency of consanguineousmarriages; (3) differences in the percentage of older mothers; and(4) sharp disparities in maternal and child health services.
Five common serious birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin in 2001 were:
Congenital heart defects—1,040,835 births Neural tube defects—323,904 births Hemoglobin disorders (thalassemia and sickle cell disease)—307,897 births
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)—217,293 births Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency—177,032 births
Combined, these five conditions accounted for about 25 percent of all of birth defects of genetic or partially genetic origin. Todate, more than 7,000 different birth defects of genetic or par-tially genetic origin have been identified.
Countries have been grouped by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita:
Low-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of lessthan $826 and accounted for an estimated 4.75 million seriousbirth defects in 2001, 60.2 percent of the world’s total.
Middle-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of$826-$10,065 and accounted for an estimated 2.67 millionserious birth defects, 33.5 percent of the world’s total.
High-Income Countries have a GNI per capita per year of morethan $10,065 and accounted for an estimated 0.50 millionserious birth defects, 6.3 percent of the world’s total.
T H E H I D D E N T O L L O F D Y I N G A N D D I S A B L E D C H I L D R E N
G LOBAL R E POR T ONMARCH OF DIMES
