Transformative Chemical Sector Hampers DevelopmentOpportunitiesPromoting Dialogue among thePrivate SectorNancy Ezzeddine

About the authorNancy Ezzeddine, who is trainedin economics and development,is an economic researcher at theLebanese Center for Policy Studies (LCPS). Her work focuseson economic impacts and trendsin Lebanon. Ezzeddine is co-authoring a study on the governance of Lebanon's oil andgas sector. She previously workedas a consultant for the Economicand Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) studying a range of social, economic, andsustainable development topics.

LCPS Policy BriefThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

March 2017 Number 24

Executive SummaryDespite the limited diversification of Lebanon’s product space, the country has been adding new products in industries with higher complexity. The chemical sector is considered one of the most diversifiedindustrial sectors in Lebanon, and could prove key in the future development of the country. Expansion of the chemical sector is considered a step toward increasing the diversity of Lebanon’s exportsby populating the product space, moving from simpler products to more complex ones. However, due to several competitive disadvantages—notably a lack of technical human capital, non-supportive industrialpolicies, and a lack of capacity to safely produce high-risk chemicals—the Lebanese chemical sector has remained concentrated in the production of specialty chemicals spanning the end value chain. Despite its potential, the sector requires serious reform and support.

A number of sectoral priorities were identified during discussions includingexport fees, safety, quality, and limited expertise. The roundtable discussion concluded with participants agreeing that collaboration between the public and private sectors should focus on supportinginnovative industrial policies to bolster diversification and promote expansion across the value chain; spurring academic and institutional developments aimed at creating a source of human expertise for the sectorto draw on; and encouraging technical research and development to identify and foster innovation aimed at producing high-end chemicals.

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا

This research has benefitedfrom the support of the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE),under the project titled ‘Enhancing Democracy ThroughPublic-Private Dialogue II’.This research has benefitedfrom the support of the Centerfor International Private Enterprise (CIPE), under theproject titled ‘EnhancingDemocracy Through Public-Private Dialogue II’. This policy brief discusses outcomesfrom the meeting arrangedwith the chemicals workinggroup on October 11th, 2016.

LCPS Policy Brief

IntroductionThe Lebanese manufacturing sector remains weak representing a marginalproportion of the economy with a history of missed development opportunities.Lebanon continues to register the worst trade deficit in the region, primarily dueto the large dependency on imports and weak export channels. The tradedeficit, $15.65 billion by December 2016, has recorded a 3.56% yearly increase(BLOMINVEST). In 2015, Lebanon recorded a trade deficit of $15.12 billionwith total imports of $18.08 billion and total exports of $2.95 billion (Ministryof Industry). This development in the sector has been restricted by limiteddevelopments in industrial policy, weak financing schemes, and several tradeagreements that weaken the position of Lebanese exports. Moreover, withsluggish growth, fingers are being pointed at the country’s ongoing electricitycrisis and the war in Syria. The latter has had a clear effect, curtailingLebanon’s sole land export route to the region. However, Lebanese industry has significant potential for growth and

development should adequate policies be adopted. One avenue to formulateand implement such policies is through a sustainable mechanism of public-private dialogue (PPD) that increases accountability and transparency of thoseefforts and processes aimed at enhancing Lebanese industry. In this respect,the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies (LCPS) and the Association of LebaneseIndustrialists (ALI), with the support of the Center for International PrivateEnterprise (CIPE), have convened cluster-oriented working groups in order tosupport industrial associations and enterprises in realizing their leadershiprole in the PPD process and identified consensus policy priorities of theindustrial business community in Lebanon. The meetings provide space fordialogue among private sector representatives to identify policy solutionsthrough a collaborative process coupled with sound economic research inaddressing key challenges facing the sector.1

Through its role as dialogue facilitator, LCPS introduced evidence-basedresearch to the PPD. Using the methodology of product space mapping, thediscussion encourages industrialists to move beyond narrow transactionalconcerns to broader issues and opportunities of policy change, export-orientedgrowth, and institutional reform. This allows dialogue participants to betterunderstand which and what mix of specific legal frameworks, regulatory rules,labor training services, market access rules, and infrastructure can significantlypromote different types of economic activities. In this sense, the study’smethodology suggests that Lebanon has the potential to climb the ‘Stairwayto Heaven’ by facilitating the development of new complex products. Theseproducts are attractive in terms of the tradeoff between distance and complexityand their potential strategic value to improve the position of the country.Accordingly, Lebanon should focus on providing support and public inputs(such as infrastructure, regulation, etc.) to existing industries with the aim ofimproving their productivity and ability to conquer attainable opportunities.

2

1‘The setting in which private-sector interests wouldcommunicate their requestsfor assistance to the government, and the latterwould goad the former intonew investment efforts.’Dany Rodrik (2004)

This analysis is based on theLCPS report titled ‘Lebanon'sManufacturing Sector: Inactionand Untapped Potential’ thatanalyzes Lebanon's productspace and identifies strategicoptions in undertaking structural transformation.

Transformative Chemical Sector Hampers Development Opportunities 3

The chemical sector is one of the most diversified sectors in the country.Recognizing its potential to diversify the country’s industrial standing, thesecond sectoral working group convened representatives from different chemicalindustrial associations. The agenda included discussions on the main challengesfacing the sector, the feasibility of developing new complex chemical products,and prospects for expanding exports and export destinations. The agenda alsocovered broader cross-cutting discussions of policy reforms across the wholeindustrial sector. This served the purpose of gearing more focus towards thesector, focusing on practical solutions, and incentivizing participants tocollaborate to reach common goals.

Complex Products in the Chemical ClusterA product space is an industrial map that allows to visually understand therelatedness between all the different products traded in the global economy.This network mirrors the productive capacity and embedded knowledge of acountry through highlighting products that the country currently exports.This allows to better understand the existing capabilities and the potentialopportunities thereafter. Products that are directly connected share most ofthe requisite production capacities – both tangible and intangible inputs.Products that lie at the periphery of the network are usually less sophisticatedproducts, including for instance raw materials and fresh vegetables. The furthertoward the center of the map products are located, the more sophisticatedthey are. Using the methodology of product space mapping, LCPS research suggests

that Lebanon’s industrial sector has significant potential for development. Theeconomic complexity index (ECI)2 of Lebanon is not very high, but it is closeto many complex products according to the product space. Therefore, Lebanonhas the potential to produce these products without having to employ manynew capabilities. Based on the opportunity gain index—which quantifies howmuch a country’s position would improve relative to more complex products ifthe country starts making the product—and the product complexity index(PCI)—a number unique to each product that captures how much productiveknowledge the product requires—Lebanon should focus on facilitating thedevelopment of newer, more complex products. In this sense, this study’smethodology suggests that Lebanon has the potential to climb the ‘Stairwayto Heaven’ by jumping short distances to more complex products.

2The ECI is a number unique toeach country that measuresthe amount of productiveknowledge contained in thecountry.

LCPS Policy Brief

Figure 1

Lebanon’s product space in 2014

The color nodes represent products that Lebanon currently exports with revealed comparativeadvantage (RCA greater than one). The pale nodes are those in which Lebanon does not have asignificant presence (RCA less than one). The color of each node corresponds to its ‘community’,a grouping of products requiring related productive knowledge similar to the notion of a sector.

Figure 1 shows that Lebanon’s product space has not diversified significantly.The country primarily produces low-complexity materials, which are locatedon the right side or periphery of the product space, making knowledgeaccumulation more difficult. Despite the limited diversification of Lebanon’sproduct space, the country has been adding new products in industrieswith higher complexity, particularly the chemicals (purple) and machinery(blue) clusters. Precisely, the chemical sector is one of the most diversifiedsectors in the country, proving key in the future development of the countryand an important step toward increasing the diversity of Lebanon’s exportsby populating the product space, moving from the simpler products on theright side to more complex products on the left side. There are about 110different items produced in this sector, including basic chemicals, soaps anddetergents, cosmetics, plastic, rubber, oil refining, and paints and varnishes.The manufacturing of chemicals—including plastics and rubber—is the

seventh-largest national industrial sector in terms of contribution to GDP,accounting for LBP 465 billion in 2013, up from LBP 391 billion in 2011. Thereare about 365 factories in Lebanon operating in this sector, accounting foraround 9% of total industrial firms in the country, with a total workforce of4,000 employees (Ministry of Industry).

4

Source The Observatory of Economic Complexity (2014).

Gold

Jewellery

Diamonds

ScrapIron

ScrapCopper

ElectricGenerating Sets

Brochures

Potatoes

OtherProcessedFruits and

Nuts

FlavoredWater

Refrigerators

OtherFurniture

Chocolate

RawPlastic

Sheeting

OtherProcessedVegetables

RawSugar

HairProducts

Perfumes

PackagedMedicaments

ScrapAluminium

InsulatedWire

Non-Knit

Women'SSuits

Other EdiblePreparations

Citrus

IronStructures

PlasticLids

ElectricalTransformers

ToiletPaper

PaperContainers

RawTobacco

RawLead

PreciousStones

CleaningProducts

Sauces andSeasonings

PureOliveOil

Lettuce

Applesand

Pears

LeatherFootwear

PickledFoods

OtherPrepared

Meat

IndustrialFood

PreperationMachinery

BeautyProducts

BuildingStone

StoneProcessingMachines

PaperNotebooks

PreparedCereals

Wine

PittedFruits

NonaqueousPaints

VehicleParts

ElectricalControlBoards

AluminiumBars

PrefabricatedBuildings

Water

Pasta

Grapes

ConfectionerySugar

OtherPlastic

Sheetings

AnimalOrgans

PetroleumGas

BakedGoods

OtherColoringMatter

Centrifuges

NitrogenousFertilizers

LiftingMachinery

BaseMetal

Watches

Cement

Soap

CombustionEngines

Jams

PlasticHousewares

Spark-IgnitionEngines

HardLiquor

Onions

SyntheticMonofilament

LightFixtures

Other KnitGarments

IndustrialFatty

Acids, Oilsand

Alcohols

OtherPlastic

Products

ElectricMotors

Non- Knit...

OtherPrintedMaterial

DeliveryTrucks

NonaqueousPigments

Spices

AqueousPaints

CelluloseFibersPaper

ElectricMotorParts

Sheepand

Goats

OtherFruits

FruitJuice

Low-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

ElectricalPower

Accessories

IndustrialFurnaces

Wheat

OtherSyntheticFabrics

KnitMen'SSuits

Equineand

BovineHides

WheatFlours Tanned

Equine andBovineHides

RawAluminium

AluminiumStructures

SeedOils

Seats

RubberworkingMachinery

LightPure

WovenCotton

MetalMountings

Wadding

Beer

PlasticPipes

MachineryHaving

IndividualFunctions

RubberTires

BoatPropellers

LargeConstruction

Vehicles

WoodCarpentry

HandSaws

OtherVegetables

ExcavationMachinery

AirPumps

OtherHeating

Machinery

OtherAluminiumProducts

OtherIron

Products

Washingand Bottling

Machines

ShapedPaper

EssentialOils

Polishesand

Creams

Cheese

DriedLegumes

Small IronContainers

ShavingProducts

KnitT-Shirts

Other PaperMachinery

MaltExtract

OrganicCompositeSolvents

MetalMolds

Cars

OtherSmall Iron

Pipes

KnitSweaters

IronHousewares

KaolinCoatedPaper

OtherNuts

StoneWorking

Machines

Tomatoes

HouseLinens

EngineParts

SheepHides

OtherFootwear

AluminiumFoil

CerealMeal andPellets

RecoveredPaper

Non-Knit Babies'Garments

Mattresses

KnitWomen'S

Suits

ElectricHeaters

LightRubberized

Knitted FabricLiquidPumps

IceCream

Newspapers

Trailers

Non- Knit...

ElectricalIgnitions

PaperLabels

KnitSocks and

Hosiery

Semi-Finished

Iron

Non- Knit...

WoodworkingMachines

ScrapPlastic

Iron GasContainers

Bran

PostageStamps

OtherCloth

Articles

UsedClothing

IronIngots

Other PureVegetable Oils

Bovine

OtherUncoated

Paper

Marble,Travertine and

Alabaster

PorcelainTableware

Legumes

VegetableSaps

Felt orCoatedFabric

Garments

UnprocessedSynthetic Staple

Fibers

AluminiumCans

InteriorDecorativeGlassware

Valves

PapermakingMachines

CoatedFlat-

Rolled Iron

UncoatedPaper

FrozenBovineMeat

SyntheticFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

Cabbages

KnitMen'SShirts

SawnWood

OtherHandTools

OtherOily

Seeds

IronBlocks

GlazedCeramics

WoodFiberboard

Microscopes

TropicalFruits

WoodOrnaments

AluminiumPlating

Whey

IronRailway

Products

BathroomCeramics

Transmissions

PerfumePlants

Non- Knit...

OtherConstruction

Vehicles

ForgingMachines

IronStovetops

Brooms

Bellsand Other

MetalOrnaments

WovenFabric ofSynthetic

StapleFibers

Non-Knit

Women'SShirts

PreciousMetal

Scraps

WindowDressings

RubberFootwear

RolledTobacco

Non-Knit Women'SUndergarments

Corn

UncoatedKraft Paper

Tea

Hot-Rolled

Iron

PoultryMeat

Coffeeand TeaExtracts

Water andGas

Generators

DairyMachinery

ProcessedFish

LiquidDispersingMachines

SpecializedVehicles

PlasticBuildingMaterials

SyntheticFabrics

Sulfates

High-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

AbrasivePowder

RubberBelting

ElectricFilament

ArtificialVegetation

SafetyGlass

IronRadiators

ProcessedTomatoes

Soupsand

Broths

SowingSeeds

Other Women'SUndergarments

OtherLeatherArticles

FacialTissue

LocustBeans,

Seaweed, SugarBeet, Cane,

for Food

OtherRubber

Products

Yeast

Thermostats GlassBottles

LargeFlat-RolledStainless

Steel

PulleySystems

Sausages

OtherCast IronProducts

Rice

IronFasteners

VinylChloridePolymers

OtherLive

Plants

ParticleBoard

HeavyPure

WovenCotton

Concentrated Milk

OilSeed

Flower

FloatGlass

DriedFruits

PotassicFertilizers

Pearls

CopperPipe

Fittings

CoatedMetal

SolderingProducts

FrozenVegetables

Melons

FermentedMilk Products

OtherCeramicArticles

Cucumbers

ShapedWood

Curbstones

CranesIronPipe

Fittings

CementArticles

Leatherof OtherAnimals

Coconuts,Brazil Nuts,

andCashews

Alcohol> %80Abv

HeavyMixedWovenCotton

OtherStainlessSteel Bars

Honey

CastingMachines

Non-Knit Men'SUndergarments

Motor-Working

Tools

IronPipes

Non-Knit

Women'SCoats

InstructionalModels

AluminiumHousewares

CutlerySets

IronSheetPiling

HouseholdWashingMachines

Glues

MetalStoppers

Interchangeable ToolParts

Antiques

Plywood

LightSynthetic

CottonFabrics

ElectricFurnaces

HeavySynthetic

CottonFabrics

TannedSheepHides

MetalLathes

Other FrozenVegetables

ElectricSoldering

Equipment

Knit Women'SUndergarments

PreservedMeatIron

Toiletry

DriedVegetables

PackingBags

OtherSteelBars

SteamTurbines

Embroidery

SilkFabrics

Hydrogen

Large IronContainers

Hot- Rolled...

MetalworkingMachines

Sulfonated,Nitrated orNitrosated

Hydrocarbons

OrnamentalCeramics

Newsprint

CuttingBlades

Non- Fillet...

Eyewear

GardenTools

OtherEngines

SurveyingEquipment

OtherInorganic

Acids

ExplosiveAmmunition

OtherCopper

Products

VacuumCleaners

OtherSugars

CocoaButter

Gypsum

MetalworkingMachine Parts

Cold-Rolled

Iron

UnpackagedMedicaments

SyntheticFilament Tow

OtherCarpets

RootVegetables

Padlocks

OtherNitrogen

Compounds

PlasterArticles

TextileProcessingMachines

GlassMirrors

WovenFabrics

Opto-Electric

InstrumentParts

Tractors

CeramicTableware

OtherVegetable Oils

Milk

KnitActiveWear

InsulatingGlass

RockWool

TechnicalUse Textiles

GlassFibers

BallBearings

TextileFootwear

TannedGoatHides

VeneerSheets

OtherPrecious

MetalProducts

IronCloth

OtherMetal

Fasteners

Gas andLiquid FlowMeasuring

Instruments

DrillingMachines

LetterStock

ProcessedFish

Basketwork

Tullesand NetFabric

SoilPreparationMachinery

PlasticWash

Basins

TuftedCarpets

Videoand CardGames

StrandedCopper Wire

Non- Fillet...

RecreationalBoats

MillingStones

RailwayCargo

Containers

CutFlowers

Granite

MixedMineral orChemicalFertilizers

Non-WovenTextiles

CopperPipes

KnitBabies'

Garments

OtherWood

Articles

Pens

Textile FiberMachinery

VehicleChassis

Eggs

Hand-WovenRugs

FootwearParts

ElectricalLighting and

SignallingEquipment

Amino-Resins

CopperPlating

RubberSheets

HarvestingMachinery

PlasticCoatedTextileFabric

StrandedIron Wire

Safes

Blankets

TherapeuticAppliances

Postcards

DentalProducts

OtherFirearms

Other KnitClothing

Accessories

CocoaPaste

Bandages

Rubber

MedicalFurniture

OtherNon-KnitClothing

Accessories

RoughWood

Clays

ProcessedCereals

AnimalFood

BovineMeat

SoybeanOil

Bovine,Sheep,

and GoatFat

PropylenePolymers

PartyDecorations

UnglazedCeramics

NarrowWovenFabric

RollingMachines

Bedspreads

KnitWomen'S

Shirts

MetalFinishingMachines

GasketsMonofilament

WoodCrates

OtherAgriculturalMachinery

OtherLarge Iron

Pipes

RubberPipes

-

Non-Iron and

Steel Slag,Ash andResidues

FlexibleMetal

Tubing

Knit Men'SUndergarments

Flat Flat...

Butter

EyewearFrames

...

Sheepand Goat

Meat

Wrenches

Starches

AluminiumPipes

RawIronBars

KnitWomen'S

Coats

OtherVegetableResidues

Buses

Solderingand

WeldingMachinery

Large Flat...

PileFabric

Polymer Ion-Exchangers

Hydrometers

IronWire

CoalTar Oil

FishFillets

CocoaPowder

OtherNon-MetalRemoval

Machinery

QuaternaryAmmoniumSalts and

Hydroxides

SunflowerSeeds

Twineand

Rope

Poultry

CorrugatedPaper

HandTools

CastIron

Pipes

CocoaBeans

LiquidFuel

Furnaces

OtherIronBars

PetroleumJelly

HairTrimmers

IronChains

RubberInnerTubes

DraftingTools

BoilerPlants

Margarine

KnitMen'SCoats

IronNails

KnittedHats

Asphalt

GroundNuts

SteamBoilers

Crustaceans

OtherNickel

Products

LargeCoated

Flat-RolledIron

ArtificialFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

UsedRubber

Tires

Coke

Awnings,Tents, and

Sails

UtilityMeters

DyeingFinishingAgents

Molluscs

WoodFrames

FuelWood

CentralHeatingBoilers

PalmOil

PolyamideFabric

CoconutOil

VegetableParchment

CoalBriquettes

Flat-Rolled

Iron

SewingMachines

RefractoryCements

CombedWool or

Animal HairFabric

Bicycles

Graveland

CrushedStone

OtherStone

Articles

IronSprings

MetalOffice

Supplies

Felt

IronPowder

ProcessedTobacco

Lighters

FakeHair

BreathingAppliances

MetalworkingTransfer Machines

Labels

VendingMachines

FrozenFruits and

Nuts

ElectricalInsulators

Ammonia

BabyCarriages

LightMixedWovenCottonRefractory

Bricks

ArtificialFilamentSewingThread

Metal PicklingPreparations

Carbon-Based

Electronics

TensileTesting

Machines

EdibleOffal

OtherZinc

Products

KnittingMachines

Metal-Rolling

Mills

AluminiumWire

Compasses

OtherMeat

Umbrellas

RevolutionCounters

TobaccoProcessingMachines

Netting

FlaxWovenFabric

TrafficSignals

Saddlery

Carbon

TannedFurskins

AsphaltMixtures

MetalInsulatingFittings

Pencilsand

Crayons

OtherFloating

Structures

Rapeseed

OtherInedibleAnimal

Products

Foliage

Peat

CompoundedUnvulcanised

Rubber

MaltRaw

Cotton

AnimalMeal andPellets

GlassWorking

Machines

CardedWool or

Animal HairFabric

ArtificialGraphite

Sand

Non-Retail

Artificial...

RubberTextileFabric

Non-Retail PureCotton Yarn

Buttons

Steel

Wire

Horses

FrictionMaterial

KnittingMachine

Accessories

RailwayFreight

Cars

Barley

Decals

Soybeans

SpecialPurpose

Ships

PitchCoke

AluminiumOxide

Zippers

VehicleBodies

Enzymes

StrandedAluminium Wire

LocomotiveParts

-

FishingShips

StainlessSteel Wire

InorganicSalts

-

WorkTrucks

Non-Retail

Synthetic Staple...

ToolPlates

-

Carbides

Sorghum

Electricity

RapeseedOil

-

RailwayPassenger

Cars

ot-Rolled

S inless teel...

Self-Propelled Rail

Transport

CaseinPigs

PigMeat

i

Bulbsand

Roots

LeadOre

SoybeanMeal

DetonatingFuses

StarchResidue

Sulphur

AluminiumOre

ZincOre

ChromiumOre

TitaniumOre

Niobium,Tantalum,

Vanadium andZirconium

Ore

StainlessSteel Ingots

RawFurskins

Asphalt

SteelIngots

OtherMetals

Sodiumor

PotassiumPeroxides

Oxometallic orPeroxometallic Acid

Salts

Fluorides

Nitritesand

Nitrates

PreciousMetal

Compounds

y enzenes any nap a enes

s

VegetableAlkaloids

...

Non-Retail

Combed...

Fishing andHunting

Equipment

TugBoats

Manganese

RefractoryCeramics

PigIron

ElectricLocomotives

Passengerand Cargo

Ships

HydraulicTurbines

Looms

OtherLocomotives

OtherSea

Vessels

ArmoredVehicles

Planes,Helicopters,

and/or Spacecraft

WeaponsParts and

Accessories

Source The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC).

Transformative Chemical Sector Hampers Development Opportunities 5

Expansion in Chemical Exports Lebanese industry benefits, primarily, from an advantageous geographic positionin the MENA region that provides it with access to a 350 million market.Accordingly, exports from the chemical clusters have increased significantly,indicating the key role this cluster could play in Lebanon’s future development.In 2015, total chemical exports reached $411 million (corresponding to390,000 tons). Exports of chemical products accounted for 14% of totalindustrial exports in 2015, placing it in third place in terms of the most exportedindustrial products (figure 2).

Figure 2

Lebanon's total exports in 2014

In a descriptive report of the chemical sector, IDAL comparatively describesvariations in trade activity across different industries. Notably, Lebanon isconsidered a net exporter of inorganic chemicals and fertilizers. For example,year 2015, inorganic chemicals accounted for 2% of Lebanon’s total exports,and fertilizers accounted for 3%, compared to an import level of 0% for bothindustries. In great contrast, other chemical industries have registered largetrade deficits despite the growth and development of the sector. Other mainchemical exports, as presented in Figure 2, are constituted primarily of essentialoils, resinoids, cosmetics, and toilet preparations (27% of total chemical exports)and plastics and articles thereof (26% of total chemical exports). In comparison,plastics and articles thereof comprise 40% of chemical imports; essential oils,resinoids, cosmetics, and toilet preparations 14%; and miscellaneous chemicalproducts 10%.

Source The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC).

LCPS Policy Brief

Figure 3

Evolution of Lebanese chemical exports & imports

Figure 4 considers exports of phosphatic fertilizers, the most exportedproduct in the chemical manufacturing sector ($704 million). From the figurebelow it is evident that exports have increased significantly in the past sevenyears and are destined primarily for Asia, Maghreb, Europe, and Latin America.

Figure 4

Phosphatic fertilizers exports

6

1,000,000

900,000

800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

02012 2013 2014

Chemical Imports ($) Chemical Exports ($)

Source Lebanese Customs (2016).

Brazil Italy0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Expo

rt V

alue

Year

SyriaIran

Bangladesh

Africa Asia South America Europe North America

Transformative Chemical Sector Hampers Development Opportunities 7

Table 1 provides a more detailed presentation of trade partners for each ofthe different chemical industries.

Table 1

Lebanon’s main trade partners for each chemical industry

Producing Specialty Chemicals in the Light ChemicalSectorDespite the sector’s potential to do so, Lebanon has not invested in producinghighly complex and/or sophisticated products. As the sector’s value chain infigure 5 shows, in terms of activities, Lebanese chemical production hasbeen restricted to the manufacturing of polymers and specialty chemicals asintermediate inputs to various industries. The majority of plants in this sectorare limited to mixing plants, and the manufacture of basic materials has beenminimal given the lack of raw materials (IDAL).

Inorganic chemicals

Organic chemicals

Fertilizers

Paints & derivatives

Perfumery & derivatives

Soaps & derivatives

Glues, adhesives, & derivatives

Explosives, pyrotechnic products,

& derivatives

Photographic or cinematographic

materials

Miscallaneous chemicals

Plastics & articles thereof

Rubber & articles thereof

Industry

Main country of import, % of total imports fromthis country

Turkey, 22%

China, 27%

Italy, 16%

Italy, 12%

France, 27%

Egypt, 22%

Germany, 15%

France, 30%

China, 28%

Germany, 16%

KSA, 21%

China, 31%

Main export destination, % of total exports towardthis country

Spain, 37%

Syria, 22%

Bangladesh, 49%

KSA, 17%

Iraq, 25%

KSA, 21%

Iraq, 13%

Ethiopia, 84%

Syria, 35%

KSA, 35%

Syria, 20%

KSA, 11%

Source Lebanese customs (2016).

LCPS Policy Brief

Figure 5

Value chain of the chemical sector and number of companies with activities in each division

Figure 5 clearly demonstrates the concentration of production in plasticindustries (80%) distributed between the perfumery industry (29%) and thepaints industry (26%). 11% of companies are concentrated on the productionof specialties and derivatives including soaps and paints. Only 7% focus onthe production of basic chemicals and no companies produce petrochemicals.

IDAL describes some of the prosperous chemical industries today including:

Packaging: The recent decrease in the oil prices has caused a significant boomin the Lebanese packaging industry. Moreover, with the recurrent use of plasticas a raw material in the packaging industry, the industry has been able tocapitalize on the decreasing costs of input to advantageously compete andpenetrate new markets in the MENA region.

Plastic Recycling: The use of plastic as a industrial raw material has increasinglyencouraged plastic recycling for its potential environmental and economicbenefits. On average, Lebanon produces 2.55 million tons of waste every year.Plastic recycling could be used to transform different kinds of plastics usedin different forms.

Paints and Other Coating Products: The paints and coating industry hasregistered an exponential growth, particularly in the MENA region with anoverall production of 2.09 million tons in 2013. This growth has been coupledwith a rise in real estate and construction in high-income countries with an

8

Basic ChemicalsOrganic Chemicals: 8Inorganic Chemicals: 7Fertilizers: 10

Petrochemicals

n

n

n

PolymersPlastic and articles thereof:288Plastics-rubber& articlesthereof: 18

n

n

SpecialtiesPaints & derivatives: 97Soaps & derivatives: 64Perfumeries &derivatives: 105Other: 49Photographics orcinematographicgoods: 14Glues and adhesives: 11Explosives, pyrotechnicproducts, & derivatives: 7

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

Source IDAL (2016).

Transformative Chemical Sector Hampers Development Opportunities 9

increased demand for paints and coating material. With an estimated growthrate of 3.6% per year, this industry is projected to reach over 2.5 million tonsby year 2018.

Potential Diversification in the Chemical SectorTo shed light on how to increase the average complexity of a country’sproduction, the product space can provide clues about what new productsare feasible given Lebanon’s constraints. These clues consider the tradeoffbetween existing productive knowledge (distance), complexity of a new product,and future diversification possibilities that new productive knowledge wouldbring. Accordingly, the product space identifies three target products in thechemical community (HS2: 28-39) that are attainable given the country’sproductive knowledge. As a group, the chemical community is clustered in thebottom left of the product space. Accordingly, this cluster is farther in distance,and therefore harder to develop based on present productive knowledge inthe country, but has high values of PCI or COG. New products belonging tothis community would increase the average complexity of Lebanon’s exportbasket, compensating for the cost of developing them. Target products areidentified in table 2.

Table 2

Recommendations for Lebanon

A few products in the chemical community stand out in the table presentedabove given world trade figures in those product categories. For example, theproduct with the largest potential market is medicaments, packaged (code3004), whose world trade for 2014 totaled over $3.9 trillion.

3004

3005

3105

HS4 Product Name

Medicaments, packaged

Wadding, gauze, and bandages

Mineral or chemical fertilizers, mixed

Source LCPS (2016).

LCPS Policy Brief

Policy RecommendationsGiven its ECI and the relative short distance to nearby products, Lebanon iscategorized as a country calling for parsimonious industrial policy ‘in thesmall’. Countries in this category should focus on providing support and publicinputs (such as infrastructure, regulation, etc.) to existing industries with theaim of improving their productivity and ability to jump to nearby opportunities.Despite this, Lebanon’s ECI has been relatively stable since 1995, fluctuatingbetween -0.4 and 0. Lebanese industrial sector has suffered from several missed opportunities

with a weak industrial policy to spur growth and development. While industrialpolicy has never been a priority in Lebanon’s national economic planning,the sector’s occasional booms have been a result of positive external shocksand individual entrepreneurship efforts. Today, it has become essential todevelop a comprehensive reformative policy that fosters diversification in theindustrial sector, particularly the promising chemical sector. To do so, Lebanonmust prioritize the sector, invest in research and development, improve infra-structure, and support innovation. This process should be addressed in thecontext of a broader policy dialogue, which brings together governmentagencies led by the Ministry of Industry (MOI) and industrialists to developpolicies which promote diversification.This analysis concludes with the following policy recommendations derived

from the the main challenges identified during dialogue sessions with thechemical working group:

Prioritize industrialization as part of the country’s developmental planThe absence of a comprehensive industrial policy and the inefficiency ofextension programs have failed to promote diversification and innovationin the chemical sector. The sector suffers from high export and import fees,including port fees, transport costs, customs, and high import fees on rawmaterial necessary for chemical production. The sector also suffers from anumber of structural problems such as monopolized markets, poor financialintermediation, and an overvalued exchange rate, all of which are mainlya result of weak policy-making and an unfavorable legal and regulatoryenvironment, which in turn discourage investment and diversification in thesector.There has been inadequate coordination and consultation between public

and private sector stakeholders and between concerned ministries responsiblefor chemical manufacturing development. At the national level there are alarge number of actors involved, deeply influencing the sector.Information on chemicals is a pillar for system development and decision-

making in the chemicals management field. Therefore, it is necessary to havean accurate and complete database on chemical substances, including properties,impact on humans and environment, chemical production, use, import, and

10

Transformative Chemical Sector Hampers Development Opportunities 11

export, among others. Each ministry has scattered information on chemicalproduction that needs to be entered on a shared database in order to maximizeefficiency of existing legal instruments.

Ensure product safety and compliance with international standardsEnvironmental problems result from the mismanagement of chemicals atdifferent stages, spanning from production to final disposal. Uncontrolled useand handling of chemicals and improper management of activities involvingchemicals can result in stress on the environment. Environmental problemsdue to chemical production and use are negatively affecting the Lebaneseatmosphere, soil, and water reserves. Continuous monitoring is very limitedin Lebanon. Moreover, several of the current associations that comprise the chemical

manufacturing sector lack technical expertise and chemists. The quality ofchemical products varies greatly between different associations that operatewithin the same price competitive markets. Accordingly, quality qualificationsand testing should be tightened to adopt a quality standard in the industry. Several bodies in Lebanon share responsibility for testing and quality

regulations for chemical industries. In this respect, quality regulations contradictone another in many cases. Moreover, the lack of credible and qualifiedlaboratories conducting product testing and issuing quality certificationsprohibits many products from being qualified. Exporting chemical products is also very costly due to testing and qualifi-

cation procedures. In several situations, there is no central laboratory to testand certify chemical products. Accordingly, industrialists are required to testtheir products in Europe prior to exporting them, which could prove very costly.Some effort is also required for the improvement of cooperation among

laboratories, which could result in more effective controls on chemical testing.Improvement in the quality and quantity of relevant laboratories in Lebanonis recommended, especially in regions that lack such facilities. Moreover, sincethe quality of the analyzed data and the laboratory’s technical competenceare important, laboratories should make an effort to attain standardizedaccreditation.

Develop technical research and marketing strategiesThe rates of local research and development (R&D) activity within theLebanese chemical sector are quite low. A number of companies invest inmarket research and business development, but very few venture into productdevelopment and innovative scientific research activities. Moreover, there areno education institutes providing technical studies on chemical manufacturingin Lebanon and important investments are still needed in this field. Accordingly,this has limited diversification in the chemical sector, which has remainedconfined to a transformative sector. To diversify and compete with international

LCPS Policy Brief

markets, a comparative advantage of expertise and laboratories is required.Chemical products are potentially dangerous goods and experienced chemistsare needed in order to effectively work with and capitalize on their potential.The majority of chemical firms are micro or small family-owned enterprisesthat do not have the financial or human resources to independently performR&D activities. Accordingly, various parties such as the MOI and MOA, theSyndicate of Chemical Industrialists, and universities and research centers,should collaborate to produce specialized studies about different chemicalproducts and industries within the chemical sector.

12

LCPSAbout the Policy BriefA Policy Brief is a short piece regularly published by LCPS that analyzes keypolitical, economic, and social issues and providespolicy recommendations to a wide audience of decision makers and thepublic at large.

About LCPSFounded in 1989, theLebanese Center for PolicyStudies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisanthink-tank whose missionis to produce and advocatepolicies that improve goodgovernance in fields suchas oil and gas, economic development, public finance,and decentralization.

Contact InformationLebanese Center for Policy StudiesSadat Tower, Tenth floorP.O.B 55-215, Leon Street,Ras Beirut, LebanonT: + 961 1 799301F: + 961 1 799302info@lcps-lebanon.orgwww.lcps-lebanon.org

LCPS تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملاThe Lebanese Centerfor Policy Studies

يذيفنت صخلمتاجتنم دلبلا فاضأ ،نانبل يف تاجتنملا ءاضف عونت ةيدودحم نم مغرلا ىلعنم صاخ لكشب يئايميكلا عاطقلا ربتعيو .ديقعتلا ةعفترم تاعانص يف ةديدجيف دالبلا ةيمنت يف يساسأ هنأ تبثي دقو ،نانبل يف اعونت تاعاطقلا رثكأعونت ةدايز هاجتاب ةوطخ يئايميكلا عاطقلا يف عسوتلا ربتعيو .لبقتسملاتاجتنم نم لاقتنالاو ,تارداصلا تاجتنم ءاضف ءلم لالخ نم ةينانبللا تارداصلااميس الو ،ةديدع ةيسفانت تايبلس نأ ريغ .اديقعت رثكأ تاجتنم ىلإ ةطاسب رثكأتقبأ دق ،ةمعادلا ةيعانصلا تاسايسلاو ينفلا يرشبلا لامسأرلاب ةلصتملا كلتجاتنإ ىلع ةزكترملا ةفيفخلا تاعانصلا ةناخ يف نانبل يف يئايميكلا عاطقلا.تايوايميكلاب ةصاخلا ةميقلا فرط ىلع دتمت يتلا ةصصختملا ةيئايميكلا داوملا

ىلإ جاتحي وهف ،عاطقلا اذه اهنزتخي يتلا ةريبكلا تاناكمإلا نم مغرلا ىلعولالخ عاطقلل تايولوألا نم ددع ديدحت مت دقو .معدلاو ليهأتلا ةداعإ نم ريثكلاتاعانصلا باحصأو تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا نيب تمت يتلا تاشاقنلا.صصختلا ةيدودحمو ،ةدوجلاو ،ةمالسلاو ،ريدصتلا موسر تنمضتو ,ةيئايميكلانيب ام نواعتلا زيكرت بوجو ىلع نيكراشملا نيب قافتا ىلإ تاشاقنلا تصلخو؛عونتلا معدل ةركتبملا ةيعانصلا تاسايسلا ىلع صاخلاو ماعلا نيعاطقلالاثتمالا ىلع عيجشتلل تاردقلا ءانبو ؛عسوتلا عيجشتل ريوطتلاو ةينفلا ثاحبألاوريياعمل لاثتمإلا عيجشت لجأ نم ليومتلاو ؛ةدوجلاو ةمالسلل ةيلودلا ريياعملل.ةيملاعلا ةدوجلاو ةمالسلا

ةبتاكلا نعةيداصتقا ةثحاب نيدلازع يسنانتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا ىدل(SPCL). راثآلا ىلع اهثاحبأ زكرتويف ةيداصتقالا تاهاجتالاويف نيدلازع تكراش دقو .نانبلعاطق ةمكوح لوح ةسارد دادعإدقو ،نانبل يف زاغلاو طفنلا

ىدل ةراشتسمك تلمع نأ قبسةيعامتجالاو ةيداصتقالا ةنجللاثيح ،(اوكسالا) ايسآ برغلعيضاوملا نم افيط تجلاعةيداصتقالاو ةيعامتجالاةيمنتلاب ةقلعتملا لئاسملاو .ةمادتسملا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم٤2 مقر ددعلا7102 راذآ

يليوحت يئايميك عاطقةيمنتلا صرف قوعيصاخلا عاطقلا نمض راوحلا زيزعتنيدلازع يسنان

معدلا نم ثحبلا اذه دافتسا دقلتاعورشملا زكرم نم مدقملانمض ،(EPIC) ةصاخلا ةيلودلاناونع لمحي يذلا عورشملا راطإلالخ نم ةيطارقميدلا زيزعت‘ماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلاصخلملا اذه شقانيو .’2 صاخلاوعم دقع يذلا عامتجالا جئاتنيف ةيئاميكلا لمعلا ةعومجم.6102 لوألا نيرشت11

ةماع ةسايس صخلم2

ةمدقملاعاطقلا خيرات رهظيو ،ينانبللا داصتقالا يف ريبك نزو تاذ ةعانصلا ربتعت الىلع نانبل لجسيو .نانبل اهتوف يتلا ةديدعلا ةيمنتلا صرف ىدحإ يعانصلااهنم انينثتسا اذإ قرشملا ةقطنم يف يراجتلا نازيملا يف زجع أوسأ ماودلا

ماعو .ةيونسلا تادراولاو تارداصلا نيب لئاهلا توافتلا ببسب كلذو ،نيطسلفذإ ،رالود رايلم21،51 ىلإ نانبل يف يراجتلا نازيملا يف زجعلا ةميق تلصو ،5102رايلم59،2 تارداصلا تلجس اميف ،رالود رايلم٨،0٨1 تادراولا يلامجإ ةميق تغلبليومتلا ططخ نم دودحم ددعب رصحنت ةيعانصلا ةسايسلاف ،مويلا امأ .رالودداحتالا عم ةيراجتلاتايقافتالا نم ددعبو ،ةموعدملا ةدئافلا تالدعم تاذ ةيعانصلاماهتالا عباصأ ريشت ،ومنلا ؤطابت لظ يفو ،كلذ ىلإ .ةيبرعلا نادلبلاو يبوروألارثأ ناك دقو .ايروس يف برحلا ىلإ امك ،دالبلا يف ةرمتسملا ءابرهكلا ةمزأ ىلإ

ريدصتلل نانبل اهمدختسي يتلا ةديحولا ةيربلا قيرطلا رتب ذإ ،احضاو ةريخألا هذه .ةقطنملل

تاسايسلا تدمتعا ول ةيمنتلاو ومنلل ةريبك تاناكمإ ةينانبللا ةعانصلل نأ ريغعضو يف اهذيفنتو تاسايسلا هذه لثم ةغايصل قرطلا ىدحإ نمكتو .ةمئالملايف ةيفافشلاو ةلءاسملا ززعت ،صاخلاو ماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلل ةمادتسم ةيلآتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا اعد ،ددصلا اذه يفو .ةينانبللا ةعانصلاب ضوهنلا ةيلمع(SPCL) نيينانبللا نييعانصلا ةيعمجو (ILA), ةيلودلا تاعورشملا زكرم نم معدبتاسسؤملاو تايعمجلا معدل ىحنملا ةيعاطق لمع تاعومجم,(EPIC) ةصاخلاماعلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلا ةيلمع يف يدايرلا اهرودب عالطضالا يف ةيعانصلايف يعانصلا لامعألا عمتجمل اهيلع قفاوتم ةيتاسايس تايولوأ اوددحو ،صاخلاوديدحتل ،صاخلا عاطقلا يلثمم نيب ام راوحلل الاجم تاعامتجالا تحاتأ دقو .نانبلنأشب ميلس يداصتقا ثحبب نورقم ينواعت راسم لالخ نم ةيتاسايسلا لولحلا

.1عاطقلا هجاوت يتلا ةيساسألا تايدحتلا ةجلاعمةمئاق اثاحبأ راوحلل رسيمك هرود لالخ نم تاسايسلل ينانبللا زكرملا مدق دقو

طئارخ مسر ةيجهنم مادختسابو .ماعلاو صاخلا نيعاطقلا نيب راوحلل ةلدألا ىلعةقيضلا ةيلماعتلا لغاوشلا يطخت ىلع نييعانصلا شاقنلا عجشي ،تاجتنملاءاضفيريدصتلا ومنلاو ،تاسايسلا رييغت صرف يفو لمشأ لئاسم يف صوغللاومهفي نأ راوحلا يف نيكراشملل كلذ حيتيو .يسسؤملا حالصإلاو ،ىحنملاتامدخو ،ةيميظنتلا دعاوقلاو ،ةينوناقلا رطألا نم جيزم يأ ديدحتلابو لضفأ لكشبضهني نأ هنأش نم ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلاو ،قوسلا ىلإ ذافنلا دعاوقو ،ينهملا بيردتلاةيجهنملا ريشت ،ددصلا اذه يفو .ةيداصتقالا ةطشنألا عاونأ فلتخمب ريبك دح ىلإريوطت ليهست لالخ نم ،’ةنجلا ىلإ ملسلا‘ قلست ةيناكمإ كلتمي نانبل نأ ىلإ

ديقعتلاو ةفاسملا ةلداعم ةهجل ةباذج تاجتنملا هذه ربتعتو .ةدقعم ةديدج تاجتنمنأ نانبل ىلع .دالبلا ةناكم زيزعت يف ةلمتحملا ةيجيتارتسالا اهتميق ثيح نمو،ةمظنألاو ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا لثم) ةيموكحلا تالخدملاو معدلا ريفوت ىلع يلاتلاب زكريصرفلا صانتقا ىلع اهتردقو اهتيجاتنإ نيسحت فدهب ،ةدوجوملا تاعانصلل (خلإ .ةحاتملا

١حلاصم لصوت يذلا راطإلا‘اهتابلط هلالخ نم صاخلا عاطقلاثيحو ،ةموكحلا ىلإ ةدعاسمللصاخلا عاطقلا ةموكحلا ثحت.’ةديدج ةيرامثتسا دوهج وحن (٤002) كيردور يناد

ريرقتلا ىلإ ليلحتلا اذه دنتسيوينانبللا زكرملا هدعأ يذلاةعانصلا عاطق‘ ناونعب تاساردلل

تاقاطلاو سعاقتلا :نانبل يفءاضف للحي يذلا’ةلغتسملا ريغددحيو نانبل يف تاجتنملاءارجإ يف ةيجيتارتسالا تارايخلا.عاطقلا يف يلكيهلا لوحتلا

ىلع هتردقب ارارقإو .دالبلا يف اعونت رثكألا تاعاطقلا نم يئايميكلا عاطقلا ربتعينع نيلثمم ةيعاطقلا لمعلا ةعومجم تعد ،نانبل يف يعانصلا عاطقلا عيونتتاشاقن لامعألا لودج نمضتو .عامتجالل ةيعانصلا ةيئايميكلا تايعمجلا فلتخمةيئايميك تاجتنم ريوطت ىودجو ،عاطقلا هجاوت يتلا ةيساسألا تايدحتلا لوحلودج ميمصت متو .ريدصتلا تاهجوو تارداصلا ةدايز تايناكمإو ،ةديدج ةدقعمتاشقانملا داعتبا مدع نامضل ةكرتشمو ةلماش لئاسم اضيأ نمضتيل لامعألا،زيكرتلا نم اديزم راطإلا اذه رفويو .اقاطن عسوألا تاسايسلا عنص ةيلمع نعةكرتشملا فادهألا غولب صرف نم ديزي امك ،نواعتلل نيكراشملل ربكأ تازفحمو .ةكرتشملا تاسايسلا ةغايصو

ةيئايميكلا ةعومجملا يفةدقعم تاجوتنميف ةدوجوملا ةفرعملا وأ ةيجاتنإلا ةقاطلا سكعت ةكبش تاجتنملا ءاضف لكشي.اهنع ةيتأتملا صرفلاو اهكلتمي يتلا تاردقلا ىلع ةءاضإلا لالخ نم ،نيعم دلبيف اهلوادت متي يتلا تاجتنملا فلتخم نيب طبارتلا نيبت ةيعانص ةطراخ وهومظعم رطاشتت ةطراخلا ىلع طبارتلا ةديدشلا تاجتنملاف .ماع لكشب داصتقالاامأ .ءاوس دح ىلع ةسوململا ريغو ةسوململا تالخدملا يأ—ةبولطملا تاردقلانمضتت ،اينقت ةروطتم ريغ تاجتنم يهف ةطراخلا فارطأ ىلع ةعقاولا تاجتنملاىلإ تاجتنملا تهجتا املكو .ةجزاطلا راضخلاو ماخلا داوملا لاثملا ليبس ىلع .اروطت رثكأ تناك املك ،ةطراخلا طسو

ينانبللا زكرملا ثاحبأ حرتقت ،تاجتنملا ءاضف ةطراخ مسر ةيجهنم مادختسابودعي الو .ريوطتلل ةريبك تاناكمإ كلتمي نانبل يف يعانصلا عاطقلا نأ تاساردلل

نم ديدعلا نم بيرق ةنكل ،ادج اعفترم نانبل يف2(ICE) يداصتقالا دقعتلا رشؤمةيناكمإ كلتمي نانبل نإف ،يلاتلابو .تاجتنملا قاطن بسحب ةدقعملا تاجتنملا.ةديدجلا تاردقلا نم ديدعلا مادختسا ىلإ ةجاحلا نود نم تاجتنملا هذه جاتنإدلب عضو نسحت ىدم سيقي يذلا(IGO) صرفلا بساكم رشؤم ىلإ ادانتساو،جتنملا اذه عنصب دلبلا أدب اذإ اديقعت رثكألا تاجتنملا ضعب ىلإ ةبسنلاب نيعمنم لكل ايدرف ددحت ةميق وهو(ICP) جتنملا ديقعت رشؤم ىلع اضيأ ءانبوزكري نأ نانبل ىلع ،جتنملل ةمزاللا ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا ىدم ىلإ ريشتو تاجتنملاةيجهنم حرتقت ،قلطنملا اذه نمو .اديقعت رثكأو ثدحأ تاجتنم ريوطت ريسيت ىلعةريصق تافاسم زايتجا لالخ نم’ةنجلا ملس‘ قلست ىلع ةردقلا نانبلل نأ ةساردلا.اديقعت رثكأ تاجتنم عنصل

3 ةيمنتلا صرف قوعي يليوحت يئايميك عاطق

٢ ددحت ةديرف ةميق وهICE ـلاىدم سيقتو نادلبلا نم لكليف ةدوجوملا ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا .دلبلا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم٤

.(دحاو نم رثكأACR) ةحضاو ةنراقم ةيزمب ايلاح نانبل اهردصي يتلا تاجتنملا ناولألا دقع لثمت.(دحاو نم لقأACR) ريبك روضحب نانبل اهيف عتمتي ال يتلا تارداصلا ةبحاشلا ناولألاب دقعلا لثمتوةلص تاذ ةيجاتنإ ةفرعم بلطتت يتلا تاجتنملا نم ةعومجم وأ ،’ةعامج‘ دقعلا نم لك نول لثمي .عاطقلا موهفمل ةهباشم

دلبلا جتنيو .ريبك لكشب اعونتم سيل نانبل يف تاجتنملا ءاضف نأ1 مسرلا نيبيفرط ىلع وأ نميألا بناجلا ىلع ةدوجوم ،يساسأ لكشب ديقعتلا ةليلق داومءاضف عونت ةيدودحم نم مغرلا ىلعو .ةفرعملا مكارت بعصي ام ،تاجتنملا ءاضف،اديقعت رثكألا تاعانصلا يف ةديدج تاجتنم دلبلا فاضأ ،ينانبللا تاجتنملاعاطقلا ربتعيو .(قرزألا) تالآلاو (يزمرقلا) تايوايميكلا يتعومجم يف اميسالوهنأ نهرب دقو ،نانبل يف اعونت تاعاطقلا رثكأ نم ديدحتلا هجو ىلع يئايميكلا

تارداصلا عونت ةدايز هاجتاب ةمهم ةوطخو ،دلبلل ةيلبقتسملا ةيمنتلل يرورضىلع ةطاسب رثكألا تاجتنملا نم لاقتنالاب ،تاجتنملا قاطن ءلم لالخ نم ةينانبللاوحن عاطقلا اذه جتنيو .رسيألا بناجلا ىلع اديقعت رثكألا تاجتنملا ىلإ نميألا بناجلا،تافظنملاو نوباصلا تاجتنمو ،ةيساسألا تايوايميكلا نمضتت ،ةفلتخم ةعلس011داومو تاناهدلاو طفنلا ريركتو طاطملاو كيتسالبلاو ليمجتلا تارضحتسمو .عيملتلا

عباس ،ةيطاطملاو ةيكيتسالبلا داوملا اهيف امب ،تايوايميكلا عينصت فنصيتغلب يتلا يلحملا جتانلا يلامجإب هتمهاسم ثيح نم ينطو يعانص عاطق ربكأ563 وحن نانبل مضيو .1102 ماع رايلم193 لباقم ،3102 ماع ةينانبل ةريل رايلم56٤ةيعانصلا تاكرشلا يلامجإ نم ٪9 براقي ام لثمت ،عاطقلا اذه يف طشني اعنصم .فظوم000٤ ىلإ اهيف ةلماعلا ديلا عومجم لصيو ،دالبلا يف

1 مسرلا

4١0٢ ماع نانبلل يجاتنإلا ءاضفلا

4١0٢ يداصتقالا ديقعتلا دصرمردصملا

Gold

Jewellery

Diamonds

ScrapIron

ScrapCopper

ElectricGenerating Sets

Brochures

Potatoes

OtherProcessedFruits and

Nuts

FlavoredWater

Refrigerators

OtherFurniture

Chocolate

RawPlastic

Sheeting

OtherProcessedVegetables

RawSugar

HairProducts

Perfumes

PackagedMedicaments

ScrapAluminium

InsulatedWire

Non-Knit

Women'SSuits

Other EdiblePreparations

Citrus

IronStructures

PlasticLids

ElectricalTransformers

ToiletPaper

PaperContainers

RawTobacco

RawLead

PreciousStones

CleaningProducts

Sauces andSeasonings

PureOliveOil

Lettuce

Applesand

Pears

LeatherFootwear

PickledFoods

OtherPrepared

Meat

IndustrialFood

PreperationMachinery

BeautyProducts

BuildingStone

StoneProcessingMachines

PaperNotebooks

PreparedCereals

Wine

PittedFruits

NonaqueousPaints

VehicleParts

ElectricalControlBoards

AluminiumBars

PrefabricatedBuildings

Water

Pasta

Grapes

ConfectionerySugar

OtherPlastic

Sheetings

AnimalOrgans

PetroleumGas

BakedGoods

OtherColoringMatter

Centrifuges

NitrogenousFertilizers

LiftingMachinery

BaseMetal

Watches

Cement

Soap

CombustionEngines

Jams

PlasticHousewares

Spark-IgnitionEngines

HardLiquor

Onions

SyntheticMonofilament

LightFixtures

Other KnitGarments

IndustrialFatty

Acids, Oilsand

Alcohols

OtherPlastic

Products

ElectricMotors

Non- Knit...

OtherPrintedMaterial

DeliveryTrucks

NonaqueousPigments

Spices

AqueousPaints

CelluloseFibersPaper

ElectricMotorParts

Sheepand

Goats

OtherFruits

FruitJuice

Low-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

ElectricalPower

Accessories

IndustrialFurnaces

Wheat

OtherSyntheticFabrics

KnitMen'SSuits

Equineand

BovineHides

WheatFlours Tanned

Equine andBovineHides

RawAluminium

AluminiumStructures

SeedOils

Seats

RubberworkingMachinery

LightPure

WovenCotton

MetalMountings

Wadding

Beer

PlasticPipes

MachineryHaving

IndividualFunctions

RubberTires

BoatPropellers

LargeConstruction

Vehicles

WoodCarpentry

HandSaws

OtherVegetables

ExcavationMachinery

AirPumps

OtherHeating

Machinery

OtherAluminiumProducts

OtherIron

Products

Washingand Bottling

Machines

ShapedPaper

EssentialOils

Polishesand

Creams

Cheese

DriedLegumes

Small IronContainers

ShavingProducts

KnitT-Shirts

Other PaperMachinery

MaltExtract

OrganicCompositeSolvents

MetalMolds

Cars

OtherSmall Iron

Pipes

KnitSweaters

IronHousewares

KaolinCoatedPaper

OtherNuts

StoneWorking

Machines

Tomatoes

HouseLinens

EngineParts

SheepHides

OtherFootwear

AluminiumFoil

CerealMeal andPellets

RecoveredPaper

Non-Knit Babies'Garments

Mattresses

KnitWomen'S

Suits

ElectricHeaters

LightRubberized

Knitted FabricLiquidPumps

IceCream

Newspapers

Trailers

Non- Knit...

ElectricalIgnitions

PaperLabels

KnitSocks and

Hosiery

Semi-Finished

Iron

Non- Knit...

WoodworkingMachines

ScrapPlastic

Iron GasContainers

Bran

PostageStamps

OtherCloth

Articles

UsedClothing

IronIngots

Other PureVegetable Oils

Bovine

OtherUncoated

Paper

Marble,Travertine and

Alabaster

PorcelainTableware

Legumes

VegetableSaps

Felt orCoatedFabric

Garments

UnprocessedSynthetic Staple

Fibers

AluminiumCans

InteriorDecorativeGlassware

Valves

PapermakingMachines

CoatedFlat-

Rolled Iron

UncoatedPaper

FrozenBovineMeat

SyntheticFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

Cabbages

KnitMen'SShirts

SawnWood

OtherHandTools

OtherOily

Seeds

IronBlocks

GlazedCeramics

WoodFiberboard

Microscopes

TropicalFruits

WoodOrnaments

AluminiumPlating

Whey

IronRailway

Products

BathroomCeramics

Transmissions

PerfumePlants

Non- Knit...

OtherConstruction

Vehicles

ForgingMachines

IronStovetops

Brooms

Bellsand Other

MetalOrnaments

WovenFabric ofSynthetic

StapleFibers

Non-Knit

Women'SShirts

PreciousMetal

Scraps

WindowDressings

RubberFootwear

RolledTobacco

Non-Knit Women'SUndergarments

Corn

UncoatedKraft Paper

Tea

Hot-Rolled

Iron

PoultryMeat

Coffeeand TeaExtracts

Water andGas

Generators

DairyMachinery

ProcessedFish

LiquidDispersingMachines

SpecializedVehicles

PlasticBuildingMaterials

SyntheticFabrics

Sulfates

High-Voltage

ProtectionEquipment

AbrasivePowder

RubberBelting

ElectricFilament

ArtificialVegetation

SafetyGlass

IronRadiators

ProcessedTomatoes

Soupsand

Broths

SowingSeeds

Other Women'SUndergarments

OtherLeatherArticles

FacialTissue

LocustBeans,

Seaweed, SugarBeet, Cane,

for Food

OtherRubber

Products

Yeast

Thermostats GlassBottles

LargeFlat-RolledStainless

Steel

PulleySystems

Sausages

OtherCast IronProducts

Rice

IronFasteners

VinylChloridePolymers

OtherLive

Plants

ParticleBoard

HeavyPure

WovenCotton

Concentrated Milk

OilSeed

Flower

FloatGlass

DriedFruits

PotassicFertilizers

Pearls

CopperPipe

Fittings

CoatedMetal

SolderingProducts

FrozenVegetables

Melons

FermentedMilk Products

OtherCeramicArticles

Cucumbers

ShapedWood

Curbstones

CranesIronPipe

Fittings

CementArticles

Leatherof OtherAnimals

Coconuts,Brazil Nuts,

andCashews

Alcohol> %80Abv

HeavyMixedWovenCotton

OtherStainlessSteel Bars

Honey

CastingMachines

Non-Knit Men'SUndergarments

Motor-Working

Tools

IronPipes

Non-Knit

Women'SCoats

InstructionalModels

AluminiumHousewares

CutlerySets

IronSheetPiling

HouseholdWashingMachines

Glues

MetalStoppers

Interchangeable ToolParts

Antiques

Plywood

LightSynthetic

CottonFabrics

ElectricFurnaces

HeavySynthetic

CottonFabrics

TannedSheepHides

MetalLathes

Other FrozenVegetables

ElectricSoldering

Equipment

Knit Women'SUndergarments

PreservedMeatIron

Toiletry

DriedVegetables

PackingBags

OtherSteelBars

SteamTurbines

Embroidery

SilkFabrics

Hydrogen

Large IronContainers

Hot- Rolled...

MetalworkingMachines

Sulfonated,Nitrated orNitrosated

Hydrocarbons

OrnamentalCeramics

Newsprint

CuttingBlades

Non- Fillet...

Eyewear

GardenTools

OtherEngines

SurveyingEquipment

OtherInorganic

Acids

ExplosiveAmmunition

OtherCopper

Products

VacuumCleaners

OtherSugars

CocoaButter

Gypsum

MetalworkingMachine Parts

Cold-Rolled

Iron

UnpackagedMedicaments

SyntheticFilament Tow

OtherCarpets

RootVegetables

Padlocks

OtherNitrogen

Compounds

PlasterArticles

TextileProcessingMachines

GlassMirrors

WovenFabrics

Opto-Electric

InstrumentParts

Tractors

CeramicTableware

OtherVegetable Oils

Milk

KnitActiveWear

InsulatingGlass

RockWool

TechnicalUse Textiles

GlassFibers

BallBearings

TextileFootwear

TannedGoatHides

VeneerSheets

OtherPrecious

MetalProducts

IronCloth

OtherMetal

Fasteners

Gas andLiquid FlowMeasuring

Instruments

DrillingMachines

LetterStock

ProcessedFish

Basketwork

Tullesand NetFabric

SoilPreparationMachinery

PlasticWash

Basins

TuftedCarpets

Videoand CardGames

StrandedCopper Wire

Non- Fillet...

RecreationalBoats

MillingStones

RailwayCargo

Containers

CutFlowers

Granite

MixedMineral orChemicalFertilizers

Non-WovenTextiles

CopperPipes

KnitBabies'

Garments

OtherWood

Articles

Pens

Textile FiberMachinery

VehicleChassis

Eggs

Hand-WovenRugs

FootwearParts

ElectricalLighting and

SignallingEquipment

Amino-Resins

CopperPlating

RubberSheets

HarvestingMachinery

PlasticCoatedTextileFabric

StrandedIron Wire

Safes

Blankets

TherapeuticAppliances

Postcards

DentalProducts

OtherFirearms

Other KnitClothing

Accessories

CocoaPaste

Bandages

Rubber

MedicalFurniture

OtherNon-KnitClothing

Accessories

RoughWood

Clays

ProcessedCereals

AnimalFood

BovineMeat

SoybeanOil

Bovine,Sheep,

and GoatFat

PropylenePolymers

PartyDecorations

UnglazedCeramics

NarrowWovenFabric

RollingMachines

Bedspreads

KnitWomen'S

Shirts

MetalFinishingMachines

GasketsMonofilament

WoodCrates

OtherAgriculturalMachinery

OtherLarge Iron

Pipes

RubberPipes

-

Non-Iron and

Steel Slag,Ash andResidues

FlexibleMetal

Tubing

Knit Men'SUndergarments

Flat Flat...

Butter

EyewearFrames

...

Sheepand Goat

Meat

Wrenches

Starches

AluminiumPipes

RawIronBars

KnitWomen'S

Coats

OtherVegetableResidues

Buses

Solderingand

WeldingMachinery

Large Flat...

PileFabric

Polymer Ion-Exchangers

Hydrometers

IronWire

CoalTar Oil

FishFillets

CocoaPowder

OtherNon-MetalRemoval

Machinery

QuaternaryAmmoniumSalts and

Hydroxides

SunflowerSeeds

Twineand

Rope

Poultry

CorrugatedPaper

HandTools

CastIron

Pipes

CocoaBeans

LiquidFuel

Furnaces

OtherIronBars

PetroleumJelly

HairTrimmers

IronChains

RubberInnerTubes

DraftingTools

BoilerPlants

Margarine

KnitMen'SCoats

IronNails

KnittedHats

Asphalt

GroundNuts

SteamBoilers

Crustaceans

OtherNickel

Products

LargeCoated

Flat-RolledIron

ArtificialFilament

Yarn WovenFabric

UsedRubber

Tires

Coke

Awnings,Tents, and

Sails

UtilityMeters

DyeingFinishingAgents

Molluscs

WoodFrames

FuelWood

CentralHeatingBoilers

PalmOil

PolyamideFabric

CoconutOil

VegetableParchment

CoalBriquettes

Flat-Rolled

Iron

SewingMachines

RefractoryCements

CombedWool or

Animal HairFabric

Bicycles

Graveland

CrushedStone

OtherStone

Articles

IronSprings

MetalOffice

Supplies

Felt

IronPowder

ProcessedTobacco

Lighters

FakeHair

BreathingAppliances

MetalworkingTransfer Machines

Labels

VendingMachines

FrozenFruits and

Nuts

ElectricalInsulators

Ammonia

BabyCarriages

LightMixedWovenCottonRefractory

Bricks

ArtificialFilamentSewingThread

Metal PicklingPreparations

Carbon-Based

Electronics

TensileTesting

Machines

EdibleOffal

OtherZinc

Products

KnittingMachines

Metal-Rolling

Mills

AluminiumWire

Compasses

OtherMeat

Umbrellas

RevolutionCounters

TobaccoProcessingMachines

Netting

FlaxWovenFabric

TrafficSignals

Saddlery

Carbon

TannedFurskins

AsphaltMixtures

MetalInsulatingFittings

Pencilsand

Crayons

OtherFloating

Structures

Rapeseed

OtherInedibleAnimal

Products

Foliage

Peat

CompoundedUnvulcanised

Rubber

MaltRaw

Cotton

AnimalMeal andPellets

GlassWorking

Machines

CardedWool or

Animal HairFabric

ArtificialGraphite

Sand

Non-Retail

Artificial...

RubberTextileFabric

Non-Retail PureCotton Yarn

Buttons

Steel

Wire

Horses

FrictionMaterial

KnittingMachine

Accessories

RailwayFreight

Cars

Barley

Decals

Soybeans

SpecialPurpose

Ships

PitchCoke

AluminiumOxide

Zippers

VehicleBodies

Enzymes

StrandedAluminium Wire

LocomotiveParts

-

FishingShips

StainlessSteel Wire

InorganicSalts

-

WorkTrucks

Non-Retail

Synthetic Staple...

ToolPlates

-

Carbides

Sorghum

Electricity

RapeseedOil

-

RailwayPassenger

Cars

Hot-Rolled

S ainless teel...

Self-Propelled Rail

Transport

CaseinPigs

PigMeat

i

Bulbsand

Roots

LeadOre

SoybeanMeal

DetonatingFuses

StarchResidue

Sulphur

AluminiumOre

ZincOre

ChromiumOre

TitaniumOre

Niobium,Tantalum,

Vanadium andZirconium

Ore

StainlessSteel Ingots

RawFurskins

Asphalt

SteelIngots

OtherMetals

Sodiumor

PotassiumPeroxides

Oxometallic orPeroxometallic Acid

Salts

Fluorides

Nitritesand

Nitrates

PreciousMetal

Compounds

y enzenes any nap a enes

s

VegetableAlkaloids

...

Non-Retail

Combed...

Fishing andHunting

Equipment

TugBoats

Manganese

RefractoryCeramics

PigIron

ElectricLocomotives

Passengerand Cargo

Ships

HydraulicTurbines

Looms

OtherLocomotives

OtherSea

Vessels

ArmoredVehicles

Planes,Helicopters,

and/or Spacecraft

WeaponsParts and

Accessories

5 ةيمنتلا صرف قوعي يليوحت يئايميك عاطق

ةيئايميكلا تارداصلا يف عسوتلاايقيرفإ لامشو طسوألا قرشلا ةقطنم يف يزكرملا يفارغجلا نانبل عقوم مدقيام مضي قوس ىلإ ذافنلا اهحنمت ،ةيئايميكلا تاكرشلا ىلإ ةبسنلاب ةمساح ةزيملكشب ةيئايميكلا تاعومجملا تارداص تدادزا ،هيلعو .نوبز نويلم053 ىلع وبرييف هب علطضي نأ عاطقلا اذهل نكمي يذلا يزكرملا رودلا ىلإ ريشي ام ،ظوحلم11٤ ةيئايميكلا تارداصلا يلامجإ غلب ،5102 ماعو .دالبلل ةيلبقتسملا ةيمنتلا

نم ٪٤1 ةيئايميكلا تاجتنملا تارداص تلكشو .(نط فلأ093 لداعت) رالود نويلمتاجتنملل ةثلاثلا ةبترملا يف اهفنص ام ،5102 ماع ةيعانصلا تارداصلا يلامجإ .(2 مسرلا) اريدصت رثكألا ةيعانصلا

2 مسرلا

4١0٢ ماع ةينانبللا تارداصلا يلامجإ

تاعاطقلا فالتخاب فلتخي يئايميكلا عاطقلا يف يراجتلا نانبل ءادأ نأ ريغماعو .ةدمسألاو ةيوضعلا ريغ ةيئايميكلا داوملل فاص ردصم نانبلف .ةيعرفلايلامجإ نم ٪3و ٪2 اعابت ةدمسألاو ةيوضعلا ريغ ةيئايميكلا داوملا تلكش ،5102الك يف ةئملاب رفص تلجس يتلا داريتسالا ةبسنب ةنراقم ،ةينانبللا تارداصلامغرلا ىلع ابلاس ىرخألا ةيئايميكلا تاعانصلل يراجتلا نازيملا يقبو .نيتعانصلا

ىرخألا ةيساسألا ةيئايميكلا تارداصلا لكشتتو .يئايميكلا عاطقلا يف ومنلا نمجربتلاو ليمجتلا تارضحتسمو ،تاجنتارلاو ،ةيساسألا تويزلا نم يسيئر لكشبنم ٪62) ةلصلا تاذ علسلاو ةيكيتسالبلا داوملاو (ةيئايميكلا تارداصلا نم 72٪)نم ٪0٤ نم ةيئايميكلا تادراولا لكشتت ،هيلع ءانبو .(ةيئايميكلا تارداصلا يلامجإ،تاجنتارلاو ،ةيساسألا تويزلا نم ٪٤1و ؛ةلصلا تاذ علسلاو ةيكيتسالبلا داوملا .ةفلتخملا ةيئايميكلا تاجتنملا نم ٪01و ،جربتلاو ليمجتلا تارضحتسمو

.(CEO) يداصتقالا ديقعتلا دصرمردصملا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم6

3 مسرلا

(يكريمألا رالودلاب) ةينانبللا ةيئايميكلا تادراولاو تارداصلا روطت

يف اريدصت تاجتنملا رثكأ يهو ،ةيتافسوفلا ةدمسألا يف٤ مسرلا رظنيتارداصلا نأ هاندأ مسرلا نم حضتيو .(رالود نويلم٤07) يئايميكلا عينصتلا عاطقيساسأ لكشب لسرت يهو ،ةريخألا عبسلا تاونسلا لالخ ريبك لكشب تعفترا دق .ةينيتاللا اكريمأو ،ابوروأو ،برغملاو ،ايسآ ىلإ

٤ مسرلا

ةيتافسوفلا ةدمسألا تارداص

000,000,1

000,009

000,00٨

000,007

000,006

000,005

000,00٤

000,003

000,002

000,001

021023102٤102

. (6١0٢) ةينانبللا كرامجلاردصملا ةيئايميكلا تارداصلاةيئايميكلا تادراولا

.(CEO) يداصتقالا ديقعتلا دصرمردصملا

ةيلامشلا اكريماابورواةيبونجلا اكريماايسآايقيرفإ

7 ةيمنتلا صرف قوعي يليوحت يئايميك عاطق

تاعانصلا نم لكل نييراجتلا ءاكرشلا لوح اليصفت رثكأ اضرع1 لودجلا مدقي .ةفلتخملا ةيئايميكلا

1 لودجلا

ةيئايميكلا تاعانصلا نم لكل نانبلل نويساسألا نويراجتلا ءاكرشلا

فيفخلا يئايميكلا عاطقلا يف ةصصختملا تايوايميكلا جاتنإعنص يف نانبل رمثتسي مل ،عاطقلا ديقعت ةدايزل ةيلاعلا تاناكمإلا نم مغرلا ىلعةصاخلا ةميقلا ةلسلس نم حضتي امكو .ةروطتملا وأ/و ديقعتلا ةيلاعلا تاجتنملالكشب اهتاطاشن تزكر دق ةينانبللا ةيئايميكلا تاكرشلا نإف ،(5 مسرلا) عاطقلابةطيسو تالخدمك ةصصختملا تايواـيـمـيـكـلاو تارـمـيـلوـبـلا عـنص ىـلـع يساسألظ اميف ،طلخلا تاطحمب عاطقلا اذه عناصم مظعم رصحنتو .ةفلتخم تاعانصلدروتست يتلا) ةيلوألا داوملا رفوت مدعل ارظن اليئض ةيساسألا داوملا عينصت .(يبرعلا برغملاو ايروس نم يساسأ لكشب

٪73 ،اينابسإ٪22 ،ايروس

٪9٤ ،شدالغنبةيبرعلا ةكلمملا٪71 ،ةيدوعسلا٪52 ،قارعلاةيبرعلا ةكلمملا٪12 ،ةيدوعسلا٪31 ،قارعلا

٪٤٨ ،ايبويثإ

٪53 ،ايروس

ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا٪53 ،ةيدوعسلا

٪02 ،ايروس

ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا٪11 ،ةيدوعسلا

،ةيساسألا ريدصتلا ةهجوتارداصلا يلامجإ نم ٪دلبلا اذه ىلإ ةلسرملا

٪22 ،ايكرت٪72 ،نيصلا٪61 ،ايلاطيإ٪21 ،ايلاطيإ

٪72 ،اسنرف٪22 ،رصم

٪51 ،ايناملأ

٪03 ،اسنرف

٪٨2 ،نيصلا

٪61 ،ايناملأ

ةيبرعلا ةكلمملا٪12 ،ةيدوعسلا٪13 ،نيصلا

،يساسألا داريتسالا دلب تادراولا يلامجإ نم ٪دلبلا اذه نم ةعانصلا

ةيوضعلا ريغ تايوايميكلاةيوضعلا تايوايميكلاةدمسألااهتاقتشمو تاناهدلا

اهتاقتشمو روطعلاهتاقتشمو نوباصلا

ةقصاللا داوملاو غامصألااهتاقتشمو،ةيرانلا باعلألاو ،تارجفتملااهتاقتشمووأ يفارغوتوفلا ريوصتلا داوميئامنيسلاةفلتخملا تايوايمكلا

تاذ علسلاو ةيكيتسالبلا داوملاةلصلاةلصلا تاذ داوملاو طاطملا

.(6١0٢) ةينانبللا كرامجلاردصملا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم٨

5 مسرلا

ماسقألا نم لك يف ةطشانلا تاكرشلا ددعو يئايميكلا عاطقلل ةميقلا ةلسلس

داوـمـلا ةـعاـنص يف ةـطشنأب يئاـيـمـيـكـلا عاـطـقــلا تاــكرش نــم ٪0٨ عـلـطضا.تاناهدلا ةعانص يف ٪62و ،روطعلا ةعانص يف اهنم ٪92 لمعو ،ةيكيتسالبلا،ةيساسألا تايوايميكلا جاتنإ ىلع اهزيكرت (٪7 نم لقأ) تاكرشلا نم ةلق بصتوىلإ ريبك دح ىلإ دري ام ،تايواميكورتبلا لاجم يف لمعت تاكرش يأ بايغ يف .تالاجملا هذه يف ةيسفانتلا ريغ نانبل ةيزم:ركذن ،ايلاح اراهدزا فرعت يتلا ةيئايميكلا تاعانصلا نيب نمو

يف لمعت ةكرش26 ايلاح دجوتو .ةروف نانبل يف فيلغتلا ةعانص دهشت:فيلغتلاعقوم يف ةيكيتسالبلا بيضوتلا ةعانص نإو .ةيذغألل يكيتسالبلا فيلغتلا لاجمفيلاكت نيب نم طفنلا دعي ذإ ،ارخؤم طفنلا راعسأ ضافخنا نم ةدافتسالا اهلوخي .فيلغتلا ةعانص يف ةمدختسملا داوملا جاتنإل ةعفترملا تالخدملا

يف ةيلوأ ةدامك كيتسالبلا دامتعا وحن اهاجتا ينانبللا قوسلا دهشي ،كلذكديعصلا ىلع اضيأ هاجتالا اذه زربيو .جاجزلاو نداعملا نم الدب ،فيلغتلا ةعانص

٪5 هتبسن بكرم يونس ومن لدعمب فيلغتلا ةطشنأ ومنت نأ عقوتي ذإ ،يميلقإلاةبسنب ةنراقم) ايقيرفإ لامشو طسوألا قرشلا ةقطنم يف9102و٤102 نيب.رالود رايلم2،5٤ ىلإ رالود رايلم٤،53 نم يأ ،(٪٤ اهردق ةيلامجإ

ةيداصتقالاو ةيئيبلا عفانملا ببسب ةيبذاج كيتسالبلا ريودت دادزي:كيتسالبلا ريودتنم نط نويلم55،2 وحن نانبل جتنيو .هنع أشنت نأ اهنأش نم يتلا ةلمتحملاةداعإ ةطشنأ ريوطت عم ريبك لكشب هضفخ نكمي مقر وهو ،ايونس تايافنلانيليثيا يلوبلا اهيف امب ،كيتسالبلا عاونأ فلتخم ليوحت ىلإ ةفداهلا ريودتلايلوبلاو ،ةيذغألا فيلغتو ،داجسلاو ،ريراوقلا يف مدختسملا (TEP) تيلاثفيريت

.(6١0٢)’لاديإ‘ نانبل يف تارامثتسالا عيجشتل ةماعلا ةسسؤملاردصملا

تارميلوبلاعلسلاو كيتسالبلا٨٨2 :ةلصلا تاذ-ةيكيتسالبلا داوملاعلسلاو ةيطاطملا٨1 :ةلصلا تاذ

ةيساسألا تايواميكلاتايواميكلا٨ :ةيوضعلاريغ تايواميكلا7 :ةيوضعلا01 :ةدمسألا

تايواميكورتبلا

ةصصختملا داوملاتاناهدلا79 :اهتاقتشمونوباصلا٤6 :هتاقتشموروطعلا501 :اهتاقتشمو9٤ :كلذ ريغ

ريوصتلا علسوأ يفارغوتوفلا٤1 :يئامنيسلاداوملاو غامصألا11 :ةقصاللاتارجفتملاةيرانلا باعلألاو7 :اهتاقتشمو

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

9 ةيمنتلا صرف قوعي يليوحت يئايميك عاطق

تانازخو بيبانألا يف يساسأ لكشب مدختسملا(EPDH( ةفاثكلا يلاعلا نيليثيا .باعلألاو ،تارايسلا دوقو

ةقطنم يف ءالطلاو تاناهدلا ةعانص تجتنأ:ىرخألا ءالطلا تاجتنمو تاناهدلانأ عقوتيو ،3102 ماع نط نويلم90,2 نم رثكأ ايقيرفإ لامشو طسوألا قرشلاهردق يونس ومن لدعمب ،٨102 ماعلا لولحب نط نويلم5،2 نم رثكأ ىلإ لصتيف ةروفلاب قيثو وحن ىلع ءالطلا تاجتنمو تاناهدلا ىلع بلطلا طبتريو .6،3٪لخدلا ةعفترملا نادلبلا يف ومنلا عيرسلا ءانبلا عاطق نإف ،لعفلابو .ءانبلا عاطقيميلقإلا بلطلا عافترا ىلإ يدؤيس ايقيرفإ لامشو طسوألا قرشلا ةقطنم يفةمهم اصرف حتفي ام ،ةمداقلا تاونسلا لالخ ءالطلا تاجتنمو تاناهدلا ىلع .ريدصتلل

ةيئايميكلا ةعومجملا يف عيونتلا تايناكمإدلب جاتنإ ديقعت لدعم ةدايز ةيفيك ىلع ةءاضإلل تاجتنملا ءاضف ىلإ ءوجللا نكمياهدامتعا نكمملا ةديدجلا تاجتنملا لوح ةلدألا ضعب ريفوت هتعاطتساب ذإ ،نيعمنيب ةلداعم رابتعالا نيعب ةلدألا هذه ذخأتو .نانبل اهنم يناعي يتلا دويقلل ارظنعيونتلا تايناكمإو ،ديدجلا جتنملا ديقعتو ،(ةفاسملا) ةدوجوملا ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملاقاطن ددحي ،هيلع ءانبو .ةديدجلا ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا نع أشنت دق يتلا ةيلبقتسملا:قسنملا ماظنلا زمر) ةيئايميكلا ةعومجملا يف ةفدهتسم تاجتنم ةثالث تاجتنملا93-٨22SH) زكرتتو .دالبلا يف ةيجاتنإلا ةفرعملا ىلإ ادانتسا اهيلإ لصوتلا نكمينإف ،يلاتلابو .يجاتنإلا قاطنلا راسي لفسأ يف ةعومجمك ةيئايميكلا ةعومجملا

ةفرعملا ىلع ءانب ،بعصأ اهريوطت نأ ينعي ام ،ةفاسم دعبأ ةعومجملا هذهةفلك وأICP تاجتنملا ديقعت رشؤم ميق عافترا مغر ،دالبلا يف ةنهارلا ةيجاتنإلانم ديزت نأ ةعومجملا هذه ىلإ يمتنت يتلا ةديدجلا علسلا نأش نمو.GOC علسلاتاجتنملا ددحتو .اهريوطت ةفلك ضيوعتل ،ةينانبللا تارداصلا ةلس ديقعت ةبسن .2 لودجلا يف ةفدهتسملا

2 لودجلا

نانبلل تايصوت

٤00350035013

جتنملا مسإ HS4

ةفلغم ،ةيودأتادامض ،شاش ،تاوشحةجوزمم ،ةيئايميك وأ ةيندعم ةدمسأ

. (6١0٢) تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملاردصملا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم01

ارظن كلذو ،هالعأ لودجلا يف ةيئايميكلا ةعومجملا يف تاجتنملا نم ةنفح زيمتتزمرلا) ةفلغملا ةيودألا ربتعتو .تاجتنملا هذه تائف يف ةيملاعلا ةراجتلا ماقرألةيملاعلا ةراجتلا تغلب ذإ ،ربكألا تايناكمإلا تاذ جتنملا لاثملا ليبس ىلع (٤003 .٤102 ماع رالود نويلرت9،3 نم رثكأ جتنملا اذهب

ةماعلا ةسايسلا تايصوتيتلا ايبسن ةريصقلا ةفاسملاو يداصتقالا ديقعتلا رشؤمل ارظن ،نانبل فنصي.’ريغص قاطن ىلع‘ ةيعانص ةسايس يعدتسي ادلب ،ةبيرقلا تاجتنملا نع هلصفتتالخدملاو معدلا ميدقت ىلع زكرت نأ ةناخلا هذه يف ةفنصملا نادلبلا ىلع نيعتيونيسحت فدهب ةدوجوملا تاعانصلل (خلإ ،ةمظنألاو ،ةيتحتلا ةينبلا لثم) ةماعلاديقعتلا رشؤم يقب ،كلذ مغرو .ةبيرقلا صرفلا صانتقا ىلع اهتردقو اهتيجاتنإرفصلا نود نيب حوارت جومت عم ،5991 ذنم ايبسن ارقتسم نانبلل يداصتقالا

ةيمنتلا صرف نم ليوط خيرات ينانبللا يعانصلا عاطقلل .رفصلاو ةعبرأ ةلصاف .ةعئاضلا

تامدصلا ىلإ ريبك دح ىلإ ىزعتف ،عاطقلا اهفرع يتلا ةيضرعلا تاروفلا امأةرمث اهنوك نع اضوع ،ةيتاؤملا ةيلكلا ةيداصتقالا فورظلاو ةيباجيإلا ةيجراخلا

طيطختلل ةيولوأ طق لكشت مل ةيعانصلا ةسايسلا نأ عقاولاو .ةيعانص ةسايسةعانصلا ريوطتل ةيرورض يئايميكلا عاطقلا ريوطت ةيناكمإ نإو .ينطولا يداصتقالاءاليإ مدعو تاسايسلا نيب قيسنتلا بايغ قئاوع ةيمنتلا تضرتعا دقو .ةينانبللانأ نآلا نانبل ىلع ،ةيجاتنإلا تايوتسم نيسحتلو .عاطقلا ريوطتل ةمزاللا ةيولوألانأو ،ةدوجلا يلاعلا ينهملا بيردتلا يف رمثتسي نأو ،ةيولوأ عاطقلا اذه يلويالو .ةيعانصلا تارداصلا ةيمنتل معدلا رفويو ،راكتبالا معديو ،ةيتحتلا هتينب نسحييذلا يتاسايسلا راوحلل اقاطن عسوألا قايسلا نمض ةيلمعلا هذه ةبراقم نم دبريوطتل نييعانصلاو ةعانصلا ةرازو اهدوقت يتلا ةيموكحلا تارادإلا نيب عمجي .عيونتلاب ضهنت يتلا تاسايسلا

تايدحتلا ىلإ ةدنتسملا ةيلاتلا ةيتاسايسلا تايصوتلا ىلإ ليلحتلا اذه صلخيو :ةيئايميكلا لمعلا ةعومجم عم راوحلا تاسلج لالخ اهديدحت مت يتلا ةيسيئرلا

دالبلل ةيومنتلا ةطخلا نمض عاطقلا ةيمنتل ةيولوألا ءاليإيف لشفلا ىلإ بيردتلا جمارب ةءافك مدعو ةلماشلا ةيعانصلا ةسايسلا بايغ ىدأعافترا نم عاطقلا اذه يناعيو .يئايميكلا عاطقلا يف راكتبالاو عيونتلا زيزعت،كرامجلاو ،لقنلا ةفلكو ،ئناوملا موسر كلذ يف امب ،داريتسالاو ريدصتلا موسر.يئايميكـلا جاـتـنإلل ةـيرورضلا ماـخـلا داوـمـلا ىـلـع ةـعـفـترـمـلا دارـيـتسالا موسرو،قاوسألا راكتحا رارغ ىلع ةيوينبلا لكاشملا نم ددع نم اضيأ عاطقلا يناعيولكشب ةئشان لماوع اهعيمجو ،فرصلا رعس مخضتو ،ةيلاملا ةطاسولا فعضو،ةمظانلاو ةينوناقلا ةئيبلا ةمءالم مدعو تاسايسلا عنص يف فعضلا نع يساسأ

.عاطقلا يف عيونتلاو رامثتسالا هرودب طبحي اميف ةحلصملا باحصأ نيب نييفاك رواشتلاو قيسنتلا نكي مل ،ىرخأ ةهج نم

11 ةيمنتلا صرف قوعي يليوحت يئايميك عاطق

عينصتلا ريوطت نع ةلوؤسملا ةينعملا تارازولا نيبو صاخلاو ماعلا نيعاطقلاىلع قيمع لكشب تاهجلا نم ريبك ددع رثؤي ،ينطولا ديعصلا ىلعو .يئايميكلاةيعارزلا ةيرشحلا تاديبـمـلاـب ةـلصـتـمـلا تاـطاشنـلا رـيدـت ةـعارزـلا ةرازوـف :عاـطـقـلاصتخت امنيب ،ةيعانصلاو ةريطخلا تايواميكلاب متهت داصتقالا ةرازوو ،ةدمسألاوةرازو نأ نيح يف ،ةيلزنملا تامادختسالل ةيرشحلا تاديبملاب ةماعلا ةحصلا ةرازويهف ةعانصلا ةرازو امأ .لورتبلا تاقتشم داريتسا نع ةلوؤسم هايملاو ةقاطلا

.لاثتمالا تافصاوم ديدحت لالخ نم ةيعانصلا تاجتنملا ةدوج ةبقارم نع ةلوؤسمعنصو ماظنلا ريوطت زئاكر نم ةزيكر تايواميكلاب ةلصتملا تامولعملا لكشت

تانايب ةدعاق دوجو يرورضلا نمف ،يلاتلابو .تايواميكلا ةرادإ لاجم يف رارقلارشبلا ىلع رثألاو ،صئاصخلا اهيف امب ،ةيئايميكلا داوملا لوح ةلماكو ةقيقدرومأ ةلمج نيب ،ريدصتلاو ،داريتسالاو ،مادختسالاو ،يئايميكلا جاتنإلاو ،ةئيبلاونم دب ال يئايميكلا جاتنإلا نأشب ةتتشم تامولعم تارازولا نم لك ىدلو .ىرخأ .ةدوجوملا ةينوناقلا تاودألا ةءافك ةدايز فدهب ةكرتشم تانايب ةدعاق يف اهلاخدإ

ةيلودلا ريياعملل لاثتمالاو تاجتنملا ةمالس نامضنم اءدب ،لحارملا فلتخم يف تايواميكلا ةرادإ ءوس نع ةيئيبلا لكاشملا أشنتطبض ريغب ةلوانملاو مادختسالا يدؤي نأ نكميو .يئاهنلا فيرصتلا ىتحو جاتنإلاىلإ تايواميكلا اهيف لخدت يتلا ةطشنألل ةمئالملا ريغ ةرادإلاو ةيئايميكلا داومللمادختسالاو جاتـنإلا نـع ةـئشاـنـلا ةـيـئيـبـلا لـكاشمـلا رـثؤتو .ةـئيـبـلا ىـلـع طـغضلانأ نيح يف ،نانبل يف يئاملا نوزخملاو ،ةبرتلاو ،ةيوجلا ةقبطلا ىلع نييئايميكلا .دلبلا يف ادج دودحم رمتسملا دصرلا

عينصتلا عاطق اهنم فلأتي يتلا ةيلاحلا تايعمجلا نم ديدعلا رقتفت ،كلذ ىلإتاجتنملا ةدوج توافتتو .نييئايميكلا ىلإ امك ينفلا صاصتخالا ىلإ يئايميكلايتلا قاوسألا سفن نمض لمعت يتلا تايعمجلا فالتخاب ريبك لكشب ةيئايميكلاتارابتخالاو ةدوجلا تالهؤم ديدشت نم دب ال ،هيلع ءانبو .ةيسفانت اراعسأ مضت .ةعانصلل ةدوجلا ريياعم دامتعال ةبولطملا

ةدوجـلاو راـبـتـخالا ةـمـظـنأ عضو ةـيـلوؤسم ناـنـبـل يف ىـتش تاـئيـه كراشتـتةدوجلا ةمظنأ نيب ام تاضقانت درت ،ددصلا اذه يفو .ةيئايميكلا تاعانصللتاربتخملا بايغ نإف ،كلذ ىلإ ةفاضإلابو .تالاحلا نم ديدعلا يف ةفلتخملاةدوجلا تاداهش رادصإو تاجتنملا ىلع تارابتخالا ءارجإل ةلهؤملاو ةقوثوملا .تاجتنملا نم ديدعلا لهأت عنمي

تاءارجإل ارظن ،ريبك لكشب ةيئايميكلا تاجتنملا ريدصت ةفلك عفترت ،كلذكصحفلا ءارجإل يزكرم ربتخم نم ام ،تالاحلا نم ديدعلا يفو .لهأتلاو رابتخالاصحف نييعانصلا ىلع نيعتي ،يلاتلابو .ةيئايميكلا تاجتنملا ىلع قيدصتلاو .ةظهاب فيلاكت هنع ىتأتت نأ نكمي ام ،اهريدصت لبق ابوروأ يف مهتاجتنم

هنأش نم ام ،تاربتخملا نيب نواعتلا نيسحتل دوهجلا ضعب لذب نم اضيأ دب الةدوج نيسحتب اذإ ىصوي .ةيئايميكلا تارابتخالل ةيلعاف رثكأ طباوض ىلإ يدؤي نأرقتفت يتلا قطانملا يف اميس ال ،اهددع ةدايزو نانبل يف ةلصلا تاذ تاربتخملا

ةماع ةسايس صخلم

ةءافكلاو ةللحملا تانايبلا ةدوج ةيمهأل ارظنو ،كلذك .تآشنملا هذه لثم ىلإ .دامتعالا ريياعم ديحوت ىلإ لصوتلل ادهج لذبت نأ تاربتخملا ىلع ،ربتخملل ةينفلا

قيوستلا تايجيتارتساو ةينفلا ثاحبألا ريوطتينانبللا يئايميـكـلا عاـطـقـلا نـمض رـيوـطـتـلاو ثحـبـلا تاـطاشن تالدـعـم رـبـتـعـتريوطتو قوسلا ثاحبأ يف تاكرشلا نم ددع رمثتسي نيح يفو .ادج ةضفخنمريوطـت ثاـحـبأ تاـطاشن ضوـخـب رـماـغـت يتـلا تاسسؤمـلا يه ةـلـيـلـق ،لاـمـعألاةيوبرتلا دهاعملا بايغ كلذ ىلإ فضأ .ةيراكتبالا ةيملعلا ثاحبألاو تاجتنملاةجاحلا تلاز ال ذإ ،نانبل يف يئايميكلا عينصتلا نأشب ةينفلا تاساردلا مدقت يتلايف عونتلا نم يلاتلاب كلذ دح دقو .لاجملا اذه يف ةريبك تارامثتسا ىلإ وعدتاندرأ ولو .ةيليوحتلا تاعانصلا راطإ يف روصحم لظ يتلا يئايميكلا عاطقلاةهجل ةيسفانت ةيزمب عتمتلا نم دب ال ،ةيملاعلا قاوسألا عم سفانتلاو عيونتلاام ،ةريطخ ةعلس لكشت نأ ةيئايميكلا تاجتنملا ناكمإبو .تاربتخملاو صاصتخالاةدافتسالاو لاعف لكشب لمعلا رييست فدهب ةربخ يوذ نييئايميك دوجو يعدتسيرغصلا ةيهانتم ةيلئاع عيراشمب ةيئايميكلا تاكرشلا مظعم رصحنتو .مهتاناكمإ نمريوطتو ثحب تاطاشن ءارجإل ةيفاك ةيرشب وأ ةيلام دراوم كلمت ال ةريغص وأةعانصلا يترازو لثم ،ةفلتخملا فارطألا ىلع نيعتي ،هيلع ءانبو .لقتسم لكشبعضول نواعتت نأ ،ثحبلا زكارمو تاعماجلاو نييئايميكلا نييعانصلا ةباقنو ةعارزلاوعاطقلا نمض تاعانصلاو ةيئايميكلا تاجتنملا فلتخمب لصتت ةصصختم تاسارد .يئايميكلا

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ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلم لوحوه ةماعلا ةسايسلا صخلملكشب ردصت ةريصق ةروشنمينانبللا زكرملا نع مظتنمعيضاوم للحت تاساردلل

ةيعامتجاو ةيداصتقاو ةيسايسيف تايصوت مدقتو ةيساسأةحيرشل ةماعلا تاسايسلارارقلا عانص نم ةعساو.ماع هجوب روهمجلاو

تاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملا لوحينانبللا زكرملا سسأتوه .9٨91 ماع يف تاساردلل

،توريب يف هرقم ثاحبألل زكرمةدياحمو ةلقتسم هترادإ

ةرصانمو جاتنإ هتمهم ،ايسايسىلإ ىعست يتلا تاسايسلايف ديشرلا مكحلا نيسحت،ةيزكرماللا لثم تالاجمةيلاملاو ،ةيداصتقالا ةيمنتلاو.زاغلاو طفنلاو ةماعلا

انب لاصتإللتاساردلل ينانبللا زكرملارشاعلا قباطلا ،تاداسلا جرب

نويل عراش ،55-215 .ب.صنانبل ،توريب سأر

+ 1039971169 :ت+ 2039971169 :ف

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