March 10, 2014

Imagine that you have live in Florence, Italy immediately following the Black Death.  You have survived, but many around you have not.  Describe your environment.  How do you feel?

Please turn in your homework (Unit 4 Sneak Peak, #1-10) and signed Progress Report

The onset of the Black Death, was described by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375)

Why did the Renaissance occur?

The Renaissance

The Italian Renaissance

1. The Italian Renaissance

a. Causesi. Increased trade with Asia and other regions as a result

of the Crusadesii. Growth of large, wealthy city-states in Italyiii. Renewed interest in the Classical learning of the

Ancient Greece and Romeiv. Rise of rich and powerful merchants, who became

patrons of the artsv. Increased desire for scientific and technical knowledgevi. Desire to beautify cities

b. Humanismi. Scholars began to think about the characteristics of a

good educationii. Rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin and Greek

1. Became known as the humanities and gave use to the movement known as humanism

iii. Humanist emphasized individual accomplishmentiv. 3 writers who contributed to the movement

1. Dante Alighieri2. Giovianni Boccacio3. Franceso Petrarch

c. Secular Writersi. Focus was secular- they had a worldly rather than a

spiritual focus

ii. Baldassare Castiglione1. Wrote “The Courtier”

a. Describes how gentlemen and women should act during the Renaissance

b. Book suggests 4 ideasi. Speak of serious

subjects as well as amusing ones

ii. Know Latin and Greek

iii. Well acquainted with poetry and history

iv. Be able to write prose as well as poetry

iii. Niccolo Machiavelli1. Was a political philosopher

and statesman2. Experiences shaped his

view on how governments should rule

3. Wrote “The Prince”a. Encourages harsh treatment

of citizens and rival statesb. Advises rulers to separate

moral from politicsc. Insists a ruler must do

whatever is necessary to maintain power

d. Science

i. Nicholas Copernicus1. Challenges the

church’s idea about nature

2. Polish astronomer3. Suggested that the

sun sat at the center of the universe, orbited by planets and stars

ii. Galileo Galilei1. Italian astronomer2. Wrote that the earth

orbited the sun3. Placed under house

arrest by church officials

e. Patrons

i. The Medici1. A wealthy, powerful

family that ruled Florence and supported the arts

2. Lorenzo de Medicia. Supported some of the

most talented artist of the day

2. Italian Renaissance Artists

a. Leonardo da Vincii. Was a painter, writer,

inventor, architect engineer, mathematician, musician, and philosopher

ii. Two famous paintings 1. The Mona Lisa2. The Last Supper

iii. Recorded ideas for building armored tank of a flying machine

iv. Sketches of the human anatomy

v. Designed and built canals

vi. Developed a machine to cut threads in screws

v. Designed the first machine guns

b. Michelangelo Buonarroti

i. Two famous sculptures

1. Pietaa. Communicated

themes of grief, love, acceptance and immorality

2. David

ii. Sistine Chapel1. Scenes from the Old

Testament painted on the ceiling

c. Raphaeli. Renowned painter

and architectii. “The School of

Athens”1. Is a fresco (a painting

made on fresh moist, plaster)

2. Shows Plato and Aristotle surrounded by philosophers from the past and present who were admired by the humanists

d. Danoto Bramantei. Architect who

designed St. Peter’s Basilica

The Northern Renaissance

1. Northern Renaissance

a. Hanseatic Leaguei. A merchant organization that controlled trade

throughout Northern Europe1. Helped ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread to the North

ii. Artists who fled from Italy also helped spread ideas

b. Johannes Gutenburgi. Cast letters of the

alphabet onto metal plates and locked plates into a wooden press

ii. With this text could be printed on both sides of the paper

iii. 1st publication was the Bible

iv. Explosion of printed material quickly spread Renaissance ideas

2. Philosophers and Writings

a. Erasmusi. Wrote about the need for a

pure and simple Christian life, stripped of the rituals and politics of the church on earth

ii. Advised the education of children

iii. Works would fan the flames of the growing discontent with the Roman Catholic Church

iv. Works were later censored and condemned by the Church

b. Sir Thomas Morei. Wrote “Utopia”ii. Contains both

criticism of English government and society and a vision of a perfect society based on reason

c. William Shakespearei. English playwrightii. Inspired by ancient

and contemporary works of literature

iii. Plays helped spread ideas of the Renaissance to a mass audience

d. Christine de Pisani. Italian writerii. Wrote “The City of

Women”1. She discusses

different views of women and their role in society

iii. Championed equality and education for women

3. Artists

a. Albrecht Dureri. Used the Italian

techniques of realism and perspective in his own work

ii. Works exhibited features unique to the northern Renaissance

1. Painted in oils

b. Jan van Eycki. Focused on landscapes

and domestic lifeii. Fused the everyday

with the religious through the use of symbolism in paintings

1. A single candle or the light streaming through a window are representations of God's presence

Primary Source Analysis

• Map and Medici letter

Home Fun!

• Read "Faces of History" on pages 442 of your textbook (or online textbook)

• Answer the questions on DaVinci and Michelangelo

• Due tomorrow

March 12, 2014

• Complete the Sneak Peek #11 – 17 using pages 447 – 454 from your text.

The Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

a. Dissatisfaction with the Churchi. Unhappy with taxesii. Disapproved Indulgences

1. Approved by Pope Leo X2. Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope that people

could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory

iii. Disapproved other church practicesiv. Growth of Nationalism

1. People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the church

b. Early Reformers

i. John Wycliffe1. Born in England

around 13302. Believed the earth

should give up earthly possessions

ii. Jan Hus1. Born in Southern

Bohemia in 1370 2. Preached against the

immortality and worldliness of the Catholic Church

3. Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII

4. Later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at the stake

Page 450

2. Martin Luther

a. Ninety-five Thesesi. Luther denied that

Indulgences had any power to remit sin

ii. Criticized the power of the pope

iii. Criticized the wealth of the Church

1. Theses was intended for church leaders

2. Nailing them to the door was common practice

3. Intended to stimulate discussion among the intellectuals

b. Luther’s Messagei. He contradicted basic Catholic belief when he insisted

that God’s grace cannot be won by good works1. Believed all that was needed was faith

ii. Declared the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus Christ

iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of the scripture

1. To prove this point, translated the Bible into German

iv. Christian practices should only come from the Bible

c. Reactions to Lutheri. 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Lutherii. 1521, Diet of Worms

1. Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Assembly

2. Edict of Wormsa. Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his writingsb. Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading

iii. 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of Christianity

3. Spread of Protestantism

a. Ulrich Zwinglii. Born in Switzerlandii. Preached ideas similar to

Luther, however his reforms went even further than Luther’s

iii. Established a church based on the idea of a theocracy

iv. Protestants and Catholics went to war over this

v. Zwingli died in battle in 1531

b. John Calvini. Most important

Protestant reformer, next Luther

ii. Preached the doctrine of predestination

1. Holds that God knows who will be saved before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation

iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a theocracy

iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior

v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory

4. Protestantism spreads to Englanda. A King’s Protest

i. Henry VIII1. Became king in 1509, at

the age of 172. Was a devout Catholic3. 1525, he asked for an

annulmenta. His wife, Catherine of

Argon, had only produced one child, which was girl named Mary

b. He did not believe she would have a son

4. Pope would not agree to the annulment

b. The Reformation Parliamenti. Henry summoned the Parliamentii. Parliament declared that England no longer considered

itself under the authority of the popeiii. Henry VII became the head of the Church of England

1. He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed land among the nobles

iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn1. Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine

null and void2. Anne gave Henry another daughter named Elizabeth

v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 15343. This required subjects to take an oath declaring Henry

VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

c. Henry’s Heirsi. He had a total of six

wivesii. Third, wife Jane

Seymore, gave Henry a male heir, his named, Edward VI

iii. Edward VI1. Took the throne in

1547 at the age of 9, died before the age of 16

iv. Mary1. Henry’s first daughter,

becomes Queen of England

2. Returned England to the authority of the pope

3. Earned the title, Bloody Mary, because of how many people she killed for their protestant beliefs

d. Elizabeth’s Reigni. Elizabeth I

1. 1st act was the new Supremacy Act of 1559

2. Persecuted anyone who worshiped as Catholic

3. Firmly established the Church of England

Primary Source Analysis: 95 Theses• In your small group, read the 95 Theses.

• Discuss the questions on the bottom. Each person will be the scribe for 2 questions. (The entire group will work on #9)

Return Unit 3 Test

March 13, 2014

1. How did England become a Protestant nation?

2. If Martin Luther had not posted his theses back in 1517, would the Reformation ever have happened? Take a position on this question and write a few sentences in support of that position.

The Counter Reformation

1. Reforming the Catholic Churcha. Early Reformers

i. Girolano Savonarola1. He preached against the

abuses of the church2. Called for churches to

melt their gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the Church

3. Would eventually be excommunicated

4. 1498- He was executed in Florence

b. Jesuitsi. Their work renewed

the churches emphasis on spirituality and service

ii. Their name means the Society of Jesus

iii. Order was founded in 1534, by Ignatuis of Loyola

1. Approved by the pope in 1539

iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else

v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation

1. Established missions, schools, and universities

c. The Council of Trenti. Convened by Pope Paul III in 1545

1. Met off and on until 1563

ii. Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues1. Addressed the corruption of the clergy2. Training of priests was regulated3. Financial abuse curbed4. Sales of indulgences abolished

iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith, made by the Protestants

1. Believed church could help believers achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith

iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant that there would be no compromise between Protestants and Catholics

d. Reforming Catholics

i. Charles Barromeo1. Archbishop of Milan

(1560-1584)2. Took action to

implement reforms ordered by the council, i.e. built new schools for the education of priests

ii. Francis of Sales1. Regained the district

of Savoy, that had turned to Calvinism

2. Founded a religious teaching order for women

e. Women and the Church

i. Women in religious orders began to take on more active roles in the Church

ii. Teresa of Avila1. Became a nun at the age of 202. Had her own strict rules regarding fasting, prayers and

sleep3. Founded the Carmelite orders4. Her reported visions of Christ and Catholic faith

inspired many to remain Catholic

f. The Inquisitioni. Church court meant to counter the Reformation

1. Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542)

ii. Tried people accused on being Protestantiii. Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition in

1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition1. Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews

and later Protestants

iv. Index of Forbidden Books1. A list of books that the Church warned people not to read

2. Religious and Social Effects

a. Changes in Religioni. Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this

was due mostly to the Jesuitsii. Religious turmoil increasediii. Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to religious

freedom

b. Persecution and Hysteriai. Both Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or

leave Spainii. Jews moved into Southern and Eastern Europe

1. In some places Jews were forced to live in a particular part of the city called a ghetto

iii. People feared witchcraft1. Accused people of practicing witchcraft2. Penalty was death

c. Political Effectsi. Rising sense of national identityii. Protestant Reformation, indirectly encouraged the

formation of independent states and nations

3. Religious Wars and Unrest

a. Italian Warsi. 1527, the Holy Roman

Emperor Charles V sacked Rome

ii. 1558, the Italian Wars ended

iii. Significance1. Credited with

expanding the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe

b. Conflicts among Germansi. 1524, tens of thousands of Germans stormed castles

and monasteries1. Known as the Peasant's Rebellion

a. Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power

ii. 1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran Princes of Germany

iii. War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555

1. Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects would practice

c. Conflicts between Religions

i. Huguenots (French Protestants) fought against Catholics

ii. Henry of Navarre1. He was a Huguenot2. When he became king, he

brought stability to France by converting to Catholicism

3. 1598, he issued the Edict of Nantes

a. Granted religious freedom for Huguenots

Renaissance and Reformation MVPs• Eye contact!

• Stay focused

• Classwork : take notes on the figures (will be collected)