Maranhão popular culture and folk religion · *Festa do divino espírito santo *Baile de São...
Transcript of Maranhão popular culture and folk religion · *Festa do divino espírito santo *Baile de São...
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Maranhão –popular culture and folk religion
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Maranhão
• located in the northeast Brazil
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Maranhão
• population: 6,8 million people (est. for 2013)
• capital: São Luís (pop. 1 million)
• urban population 63%
• One of the poorest states in Brazil (20,9% illiterate)
• Very mixed population (european, indigenous, african origins)
• Most of the people are afro-descendants
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Popular culture in Maranhão
• one of the brazilian states with the most extensive variety of cultural manifestations and a huge number of registered rhythms
• For example: *Tambor de crioula *Bumba-meu-boi *Festa do divino espírito santo *Baile de São Gonçalo *Farra de caixa *Cacuriá *Tambor de mina/Pajelança (afro religion)
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Popular culture in Maranhão
• Some characteristics:
– Interconnection between sacred and profane
– Mixing of different religious beliefs (popular catholicism, tambor de mina, indigenous beliefs)
– Festivities are usually organized as a votive gift
– Extremely important socially and also economically in the society of Maranhão
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Tambor de Mina (cura)
• Afro-Brazilian religion
• Basic characteristics are trance and possesion
• Supernatural entities are called encantados (the enchanted ones) and the invisible ones (voduns, orixás, caboclos, boiadeiros)
• Takes different forms in different regions and also mixes for example with umbanda, spiritism or indigenous pajelança (shamanism)
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Tambor de Mina (cura)
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Tambor de Mina (cura)
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Tambor de Mina (cura)
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Baile de São Gonçalo
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Baile de São Gonçalo
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Baile de São Gonçalo
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Tambor de crioula
• Informal dance of afro origin
• so called umbigada dance
• in 2007 it was considered as immaterial brazilian cultural heritage by IPHAN
• essential part of the cultural identity of the people of Maranhão
• São Benedito is the protector saint of tambor de crioula
• Usually organized as a votive gift
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Tambor de crioula
• in tambor de crioula the people form a circle (roda)
• women dance (coreira) and the men (coreiro) play the drums and sing
• 3 drums together are called parelha formed by meião, crivador and tambor grande
• In the dance the most crucial moment is punga (belly bump) represents fertility, matriarchal power and it’s connected with the beat of the big drum
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Tambor de crioula
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Tambor de crioula
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Tambor de crioula
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Tambor de crioula
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Tambor de crioula
• Many aspects: • Sometimes seen as a profane manifestation but at the
same time it has a strong religious side
• reflects sexual issues and the gender relationships in the community through the dialogue between women and men
• at the same time it’s a ritual and a way to have fun
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Bumba-meu-boi
• one of the biggest manifestations of popular culture in Maranhão
• huge street theater or performance telling a story of an ox (bull) through music, dance and costumes
• celebrated principally during St John’s at the end of June
• votive gift for St John or some other saints or enchanted ones (encantados)
• sacred and profane elements are extremely interconnected
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Bumba-meu-boi
• principle figure is an ox (very important economically in brazilian society since the conquest)
• Other figures in the performance: Catirina, Francisco, cowboys, caboclos (civilized indians), indians and the main singer
• Many different styles (sotaque): they are different in rhythm, instruments, dance, clothing and accessories
• The festival cycle goes from abril/may (beginning of the rehearsals) to september/october (the death of the ox)
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Bumba-meu-boi
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Bumba-meu-boi
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Bumba-meu-boi
• Some considerations:
– Essential part of the cultural identity of the people
– Strong religious side (”almost like a prayer”)
– Commercialization of the tradition (especially in São Luís) modifications in the dramaturgy and changes in the mentality of the people
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Bumba-meu-boi
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Bibliography
• Cunha, Ana S. de A. (ed.) : Boi de Zabumba é a nossa tradição. São Luís, MA: SETAGRAF, 2011.
• Ferretti, S.: Religions of african origin in Maranhão. Paris: Unesco, 1985.
• Ferretti, S.: Cultura popular e patrimonio imaterial: o contexto do tambor de crioula do Maranhão. São Luís, MA: Revista de políticas públicas, 8/2010, p.173-179.
• Sousa dos Reis, José R.: O abc do bumba-boi do Maranhão. São Luís, MA: Fort Gráfica, 2008.