M.A.R Vidushani
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TOMATO Solanum Lycopersicum
Fruit and vegetable production (EAG 254-2)Export Agriculture Degree Program
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Content Introduction Cultivars/ varieties & crop improvementsCrop managementPostharvest handling & value additionCommon pest & diseases, nutritional
disorders & management strategies
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INTRODUCTION
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Introduction
Tomato is one of the most widely cultivated important vegetable crop in the world. At present, about 160 million tons of fresh tomatoes are produced from 4.7 million ha (FAOSTAT,2011)
Tomatoes are native to south America, but were bought to Europe sometime in the 15th century, where they soon became popular & were exported around the world
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Nomenclature & Classification
Kingdom- Plantae
Unranked- Angiosperms
Unranked- Eudicots
Unraked- Asterids
Order- Solanales
Genus- Solanum
Species- S. Lycopersicum
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Botany
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It is a perennial plant & typically grows to 1-3 meters in height; but the stem is weak that often sprawls over the ground
Roots Two kinds of root systems, taproot and fibrous.
Stems Tomatoes are herbaceous plants, they have non-
woody stems Stems move the water and minerals from the
roots to the shoots
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Leaves The leaf has two parts, the petiole and the
blade The petiole of the leaf is the thin stalk that
holds the leaf away from the stem The blade is the flat part of the leaf that
grows from the end of the petiole
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Flower Yellow in color and is scented to attract pollinators
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Fruit It is a berry fruit & considered as a vegetable
for culinary purposes Fruit develops from the ovary of the flower It's fleshy and each tomato contains seeds
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Tomatoes undergo 04 main stages of growth during their life;
1. Seed germination
2. Vegetative stage
3. Flowering stage
4. Fruiting stage
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Statistics On Cultivation & Production
China , the largest producer, accounts for about one quarter of the global output followed by India & US ( source: FAOSTAT,2011)
In Sri Lankan production, 80% is confined to six districts and those major producing districts are Badulla, Nuwara Eliya, Kandy, Matale, Anuradhapura & Ratnapura. In 2010, 7261 ha of land were cultivated and harvest of 75335 MT of tomatoes was obtained. ( Dep. Of census & statistics)
Top producers of tomatoes in world
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Exportation
Maldives is the main destination & second destination is Seychelles mainly exports from Sri Lanka. According to the total production, In Sri Lanka the majority is consumed locally
With respect to tomato exports, according to the department of customs, only 1631kg of tomatoes were exported in 2005 & increased only up to 10194 kg in 2009
In 2020 tomato exports from Sri Lanka reduced rapidly & it shows that tomato exports are at a very low level compared to the production
The only local destination for fresh tomatoes is the consumers who purchase tomatoes in the form of a fresh fruit
Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, morocco, France are the top countries that exported tomato in 2019
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Importation
The Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates & Thailand are the main suppliers of tomato imports to Sri Lanka
For the 8th year in a row Sri Lanka recorded growth in imports of overseas purchases of tomatoes in 2020.
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Varieties/ Cultivars
Most cultivars produce red fruits, but a number of genotypes with yellow, orange, pink, purple, green, black or white fruit are also available
Multi-colored & striped fruits are also quite striking
KWR, T 146, T 245, Thilina, Biyan, Lanka saver (goraka takkali), Roma, Mahesha, K.C. 01, Rajitha, Tharidu, Ravi, Rashmi, VF6203, Super Shepherd Pepper, TSH04
As the crop improvements there are some newly introduced varieties; hybrids- TSH35, TSH18, TSH24, TSH26, TSH25, TSH28, TSH29, TSH31, TSH32, TSH33, Beefsteak TSH27
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Uses Important source of vitamin
Important cash crop for medium scale commercial farmers
Contributes to a healthy well balanced diet- rich in minerals, vitamins, amino acid, sugars & dietary fibers
It contains much vitamin B & C, iron & phosphorus, ripe tomato contains 93%-94% of water
Use to preventing cancers
Use to prevent diabetes, diseases of the heart & blood vessels, cataracts & asthma
Consume as canned food & sauce
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CULTIVARS/CROP VARIETES AND IMPROVEMENT
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KWR
Determinate type (bush type)
Recommended areas are low, mid & up country
Resistant to bacterial wilt
Wilt resistant
Fruits are ; orange red in colour, bearing period 2-3.5, small to medium size, acidic, average weight 50g
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T 146
Determinate type
Recommended mid, dry & up country IZ
Moderately resistant
Bacterial wilt fruits are; orange red in colour with green shoulder, bearing period 2-3.5 months, medium size, average weight 90g
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Thilina
Semi determinate type
Fruits are orange- red in colour
1st harvest about 2.5 months after transplant
Planting; medium size, thick pericarp, hard fruits, average weight 85-95g
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Mahesha
Hybrid variety
Potential high yield
Resistant to bacterial wilt
Fruits are ; red colour, average weight 125g
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Resistant to cracking
Superior shelf life in store
Large size
VF resistant, tolerant to bacterial speck & pinnacle herbicide
TSH35Resistant to verticillium & Fusarium
Tolerant to bacterial speck
Tolerant to pinnacle herbicide
TSH04 Tolerant to high rainfall & disease pressure
TSH27Beefsteak Resistance to
yellow shoulder syndrome
TSH29
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Crop Improvements Wild tomatoes are small, green & largely unappetizing but through
the biotechnological developments there are many varieties of tomatoes have introduced
Polygalacturonase was inserted into tomato & this enzyme degrades pectin, a component of the tomato cell wall, causing the fruit to soften and after expressing this gene it cause to delaying fruit ripening process
DNA Plant Technology(DNAP), Agritope & Monsanto developed tomatoes delayed ripening
Insecticidal toxin from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis has been inserted into plants & cause to the resistance to tobacco hornworm, tomato fruit worm, tomato pinworm & tomato fruit borer
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Tomato resistant to a root knot nematode have been created by inserting a cysteine proteinase inhibitor gene from taro
Ceropin B gene in giant silk moth introduced into tomato to resistance to bacterial wilt & bacterial spot
pest resistant tomatoes can reduce the ecological foot print of tomato production while at the same time increase farm income
The concentration of pro-vitamin a was increased by adding a bacterial gene encoding phytoene desaturase
Tobacco osmotic gene introduce into tomato that cause to held higher water content, drought tolerance & salt stress
By inserting Mi gene there is a contribution of biotechnology to root knot nematode control in tomato & somatic hybridization also use to get improvements to tomato.
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CROP MANAGEMENT
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Nursery Management
Suitable period is mid of march or end of august Recommended 1m3m raised beds & required to
remove clods of earth & stubble Bed should prepared by using farmyard manure
& fine sand Paddy straw can use as mulching material
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Field Establishment
Required 21 -27 temperature℃ ℃ pH should 5.8-6.8 Elevation 1000-2000m
Soil Required mineral soil that has proper water
holding capacity and aeration and is free of soil.
Prefers to deep well drained sandy loam soils.
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Transplanting Seedlings should be transplant to the field 3-4
weeks after sowing. Week before transplanting seedlings should be
hardened by reducing application of water Seedlings of 15-25 cm tall with 3-5 true leaves are
most suitable for transplanting Transplanting should be done in the afternoon or
on a cloudy day reduce the transplanting shock.
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Watering
Watering is important to the plant regularly especially during flowering & fruit formation period
Weed Control
Hand weed at 3rd & 6th week after planting is require as weed control
Spacing - 80 cm x 50 cmSeed rate - 300g-400g /Hac-1
Fertilizer Application
Liming
Organic manure
Chemical Fertilizer :- Urea, TSP, MOP, N, P2O, K2O
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Tomato plant requires frequent shallow cultivation especially during 1st month in the field
As considering about pH value and other requirements fungicides can apply if it is required
Harvesting is depending on the variety & the purpose of that each variety is used; first picking in about 60-80 days after transplanting
Fruits are normally harvested early in the morning or evening
Harvesting can be done by twisting motion of hand to separate fruits from the stem & harvested fruits should kept in shade
Generally there will be 7-11 harvests in a crop life span & average yield per hectare is 20-25 t/ha for normal varieties and 50-60 t/ha for hybrid varieties
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POST HARVEST HANDLING AND VALUE ADDITION
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Harvesting and Post –harvest Technology
Depending on the variety, fruits become ready for first picking in about 60-80 days after transplanting.
Fruits are normally harvested early in the morning or evening. The fruits are harvested by twisting motion of hand to separate
fruits from the stem. Harvested fruits should be kept in shade
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Grading
Damaged, rotten and cracked fruits should be removed.
On the basis of the size of fruits, three grades are common,
small ( 255 g)medium (100-255 g) Large (> 255 g)
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Packaging For local markets, the fruits are
packed in bamboo baskets or plastic crates.
Use rigid 30 cm ventilated plastic crates. It is better to use polyethylene liner to improve quality.
For exports, the fruits are packed in cardboard telescopic boxes
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Storage Techniques
• Cold storage conditions are 13-210c and 90.95% relative humidity
• In cold storage, unripe tomatoes can be stored for 4 weeks at a temperature of 8-100 C with 85-90 % relative humidity
• Enclose in seated low density polyethylene bags before storing at low temperature
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Transporting If produce is packed in plastic
crates stock them in lorries for transport
Use ventilated lorries Do not open lorries Protect from sun light and rain
careful loading and unloading
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Value Addition
Tomato Value Added Products
1) Tomato Puree
2) Tomato Juice
3) Mixtures of Vegetable Juice
4) Tomato Ketchup
5) Tomato Jam
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6) Tomato Powder
7) Tomato Sauce
8) Tomato Pickle
9) Tomato Chutney
10) Dried tomato
11) Tomato Soup
12) Tomato Paste
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COMMON PEST AND DISEASE, NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
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Common Pest and Diseases
Pest control
Cut worm (Agrotis spp)
The young plants are cut from the base
Tomato pod borer (Heliothis armigera)
Damaged leaves
Bores in fruits
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Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
Mature larvae, migrate and cause extensive damage to leaves and fruits.
Whitefly (Bemisia tabacii)
Deformation of young leaves.
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Disease control
Damping Off (Pythium aphanidermatum) Damping off of tomato occurs in two stages,
Pre-emergence seedlings are killed just before they reach the soil surface
young radical and the plumule are killed
Post-emergence phase Infection of the young, juvenile tissues of the collar at the
ground level.
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Control
1. Prepare nursery beds in well drained virgin soil or subsoil2. Nursery sterilization
Apply 10cm leveled thickness at paddy husk and paddy straw on the nursery bed. Then burn it form opposite wind direction.
Covered the nursery beds with transparent polythene sheet for a minimum of seven continues sunny day
Treat seeds and drench soil with recommended fungicide like captan and thiram
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Downy mildew White patches on the lower surface of
leaves while the upper surface of leaves become yellowish then brown and leaves die, seedling death may result.
Control Use recommended fungicide like
Chlorothalonil (Dacornil)Propineb (Antrocol)MancozebManeb
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Blossom end rot Dark green water soaked spots appear
at the blossom end of the fruit and enlarge until the fruits begin to ripen. Affected tissues are hard and leathery initially but due to secondary infection, fruit rot can develop
Control Water regularly to avoid drought stress
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Leaf curl virus Leaves Curl upward Reduction of fruit size
Control Remove diseased plant Spray with insecticides for vector control
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Anthracnose
Sunken brown spots on fruits and leaves Discoloration of buds and die-back of plants
Control Remove and destroy infected plants Use recommended fungicides like
Chlorothalonil (Dacornil) 20 g/10 l-1Mancozeb 20 g/10 l-1Maneb 20 g/10 l-1
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Blight
The disease affects foliage stems and fruits water soaked spots on leaves enlarge in to brownish or purplish lesions
Under moist conditions a white mildew develops spores on the underside of leaves
Control Ensure field sanitation by eliminating diseased materials Grow resistant varieties
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Bacterial wilt
Sudden and permanent wilting similar to water stress
Discoloration of vascular tissue
Control
Crop rotation with non Solanaceae crops
Use wilt resistant verities
Soil sterilization with fungicides such as methyl bromide can be effective but is very costly
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Nutritional Disorders
Nitrogen
Deficiency
Lack of vigor in the plant, with thin stalks and rigid petioles
The leaves become pale green, yellow, or even reddish
Fruits are of lower caliber.
Excess
Stimulation of vegetative growth and falling of flowers. - pale green with yellow leave-
Maturation is irregular and reduces production yields
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-leaves cure upward-
Potassium
Deficiency The leaves curve upward Yellowish star-shaped spot at the fruit apex.
Excess Blocks elements such as zinc, iron, magnesium, and manganese.
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stunted growth-
Calcium
Deficiency Lack of vigor in the plant Rotting of the fruit at its apex.
Excess Stunted growth of the plant
-
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Magnesium
Deficiency Interveinal chlorosis on the most mature
leaves Yellowish or orangish tone at the center of
the leaves Excess
At high levels, magnesium competes with calcium and potassium for absorption by the plant -yellowish tone-
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Phosphorus
Deficiency
Mature leaves take on a purplish tone in their interveinal spaces and on the leaf backs
Loss of vigor
Curving of the stalk
Excess:
Blocks elements such as iron, zinc, or copper.
-
- purplish tone-
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Management Strategies
Tomato produced in the off-season usually receives higher prices in the market
With protective structures such as net houses and polyhouses, growers can produce tomatoes during the off-season
These structures, if carefully constructed and maintained, increase productivity and returns per unit area, and keep pests away
Integrated Pest Management Strategies
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Armyworms, aphids, whiteflies, cutworm, tobacco caterpillar, spider mites, and root nod nematodes are the major pests of tomato under protective structures
PM component technologies such as cultural practices, colored sticky traps, sex pheromone , traps, biopesticides, and natural enemies are highly effective in reducing the damage caused by pests
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Conclusion
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop. Tomatoes are
native to South America. The tomato is consumed in diverse forms, including
raw, as an ingredient in several dishes, sauces, salads, and drinks. It is a perennial
in its native habitat, although often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an
annual. Most cultivars produce red fruits, but a number of genotypes with yellow,
orange, pink, purple, green, black, or white fruit are also available. In addition,
postharvest handling aims to minimize losses at the least possible cost.
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Group Members
Ekanayaka E.M.Y.U.K UWU/EAG/18/037
Vidushani M.A.R UWU/EAG/18/038
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