MAPPING THE RESEARCH PRODUCTIVITY OF

GREEN COMPUTING: A SCIENTOMETRIC STUDY

Research Scholar Research Supervisor

M. Surulinathi Dr. R. Balasubramani

Introduction

Introduction Cont…

By keeping this view in mind, the researcher intends to undertake the study on “Mapping the Research Productivity of Green Computing: A Scientometric Study”.

This study attempts to analyse the performance of researcher working in the field of Green Computing in terms of growth rate, authorship pattern, scattering of articles in different sources, institution wise distribution and so on.

CHAPTERIZATION

The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter presents the Introduction about

Scientometrics and Green Computing. The second chapter discusses the related Review of

Literature and its impact on the present research. The third chapter describes the Research Design of

the study.The fourth chapter presents the detailed Data

Analysis and Discussions. The fifth chapter reports the findings, suggestions

and Conclusion.

Concept of Green Computing

Green Computing is to use computers and related resources in eco friendly ways. Such practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing units (CPUs), servers and peripherals as well as finding innovative ways of reducing resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste.

Green Computing is an emerging applications in computing technology that can reduce energy consumption effectively, which leads to significant CO2 emission reduction.

Concept of Bibliometrics and Scientometrics

According to Prichard, “bibliometrics means the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other communication media".

Nalimov and Mulchenko(1969) of USSR defined scientometrics as the quantitative methods which deals with the analysis of science viewed as an information process.

Scientometrics is “the study of the measurement of scientific and technological progress” (Garfield, 1979).

Sample Review Karpagam and S. Gopalakrishnan (2011)2 have analysed the growth pattern of Nanoscience

and Nanotechnology literature in India during 1990-2009 (20 years). The Scopus international multidisciplinary bibliographical database has been used to identify the Indian contributions on the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The study measures the performance based on several parameters, country annual growth rate, authorship pattern, collaborative index, collaborative coefficient, modified collaborative coefficient and subject profile. Further the study examines national publication output and impact in terms of average citations per paper, international collaboration output and share, contribution and impact of Indian Institutions and impact of Indian journals.

Kademani et al. (2008)37 attempted to analyse the growth and development of Vacuum research in Nuclear Science and Technology, as reflected in publication output covered by International Nuclear Information System (INIS) database during 2002-2006. A total of 12027 papers were published in the field of vacuum science. United States topped the list with 1936 (16.10%) publications followed by Japan with 1770 (14.70%) publications. The highest number of publications (3276) were published in 2004. The average number of publications published per year were 2405.4. The highest number of publications were in 'Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields' with 2644 (21.98%) publications. The authorship of collaboration trend is towards multi-authored papers. The highly productive institutions were: Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (Japan) with 366 publications, University of Tokyo (Japan) with 274 publications, Hiroshima University (Japan) with 245 publications, Osaka University Japan (Japan) with 224 publications and Chinese Academy of Science (P-R-China) with 223 publications. The most preferred journals for publication were: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology-A with 857 papers, Physical Review -D with 765 papers, Journal of High Energy Physics with 500 papers, Thin Solid Films with 311 papers, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena with 309 papers, and AIP Conference Proceedings with 308 papers.

Sample Review

Karpagam, R and S. Gopalakrishnan (2011). Mapping of nanoscience and nanotechnology research in india: A scientometric analysis, 1990-2009. Scientometrics, 89(2), 501-522.

Kademani, B S et al. (2008). Scientometric mapping of vacuum research in nuclear science & technology: a global perspective. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 114(1), 1-12.

RESEARCH DESIGN: The Structure

The major objectives:

To examine the growth of research productivity of Green Computing research during 1956- 2011.

To identify the Document type and Journal wise distribution of publications in Green Computing.

To determine the authorship pattern and the nature of collaboration and co-authorship pattern and determine the degree of collaboration in Green Computing research.

Objectives

To identify the continental with country-wise distribution of publications.

To assess the Institution wise research concentration of Green Computing.

To identify the highly cited papers with Citation Map in the field of Green Computing.

To find out the historiography of Local Citation Scores and Global Citation Scores links for selective journals and authors.

To identify the authors and Institutions wise h-index, g-index and gh-index.

HYPOTHESES

Keeping the objectives stated above in view, the following hypotheses are formulated and tested with appropriate statistical tools:

The relative growth rate of total scientific publications show a progressive increase and the doubling time for publications reflects an increasing trend.

The journal source of publication of Green Computing research output absorbs the predominant place in comparison with other source of publications.

HYPOTHESES

The distribution of Green Computing research output in journals and articles conform the implications of Bradford’s law.

The implication of Lotka’s law related with author productivity in Green Computing research output is scrutinized.

There has been an increasing trend in collaborative research during the study period.

METHODOLOGY

The required data was collected from Web of Science database for the period 1956-2011. It can be seen that nearly 3324 bibliographic records of contribution in field of Green Computing over the period of 56 years.

The researcher applied the search strings “Green Computing or Green IT” that has used for the data extraction from the database of SCI, SSCI and A&HCI (totally fifty six years) to download the records based on the above strings.

METHODOLOGY

A total of 3324 records were downloaded and analyzed by using the Histcite , VOSviewer and Bibexcel software applications as per the objectives of the study.

Further based on citation per paper with Citation map, number of high quality papers, and relative quality index are also applied to find out the quality of the research output.

It is analytical in nature with the suitable statistical tools applications in strengthening the empirical validity.

OTHER TOOLS

Used by the Histcite software the researcher makes a graph map (called historiography) for the selected option of top forty records for related studies. Historiography is commonly defined as the "history of historical writing."

VOSviewer can be used to create maps based on network data. Maps are created using the VOS mapping technique and the VOS clustering technique.

BibexcelThis software is designed to assist a user in

analysing bibliographic data.

The idea is to generate data files that can be imported to Excel, or any program that takes tabulated data records, for further processing.

h-index

The h-index is based on a list of publications ranked in descending order by the Times Cited. The value of h is equal to the number of papers (N) in the list that have N or more citations.

Others

Journal Citation Report (IF)Citation MapCo-Author Network MapFree Mind Knowledge MapCitation Report

LIMITATIONS

This study makes a special attention only on the performance of research output in Green Computing reflected in Web of Science database.

This study covers the period from 1956 to 2011 only.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS: On the field

Year Wise Sharing of Publications From the below table, could clearly see

that during the period 1956 - 2011 a total of 3324 publications were published.

Before 1990, there is no regularity in publications in this area, but the researcher has got the data from the year of 1956 and taken for the analysis.

Table 4.1 – Shows Year Wise Distribution of Publications

S.No. Year Publications Percent of 3324 TLCS TGCS

1 1956 1 0.0 0 102 1967 1 0.0 0 13 1968 1 0.0 0 94 1971 1 0.0 3 635 1973 1 0.0 0 06 1975 1 0.0 0 247 1978 2 0.1 0 08 1980 1 0.0 3 259 1985 1 0.0 0 310 1986 1 0.0 0 811 1987 1 0.0 1 712 1990 8 0.2 0 71

Total 3324 100.00 414 44640

1991-2000

13 1991 73 2.2 84 170814 1992 101 3.0 68 227415 1993 95 2.9 48 192516 1994 112 3.4 106 275017 1995 103 3.1 101 191218 1996 115 3.5 0 284419 1997 109 3.3 0 255720 1998 134 4.0 0 254321 1999 138 4.2 0 266722 2000 146 4.4 0 2547

2001-201123 2001 136 4.1 0 245924 2002 147 4.4 0 328725 2003 148 4.5 0 287226 2004 172 5.2 0 245827 2005 202 6.1 0 237628 2006 197 5.9 0 204029 2007 238 7.2 0 222330 2008 217 6.5 0 149431 2009 259 7.8 0 97332 2010 263 7.9 0 45533 2011 199 6.0 0 55

Total 3324 100.00 414 44640

The study also reveals all these 3324 publications have 414 TLCS and 44640 TGCS it shows that there is a healthy trend in citation is found among the Scientists belongs to Green Computing.

Publications

Citations

Calculating the h-index Value

Total Number of Publications : 3324Total Citations : 44640Average Citations : 13.43h-index : 80No. Papers Author, Title, Journal, Year No of Citation

80

Hsiao GC, Kleinman REMathematicalfoundations for errorestimation in numericalsolutions of integralequations in electromagneticsIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION. 1997 MAR; 45 (3): 316-328

80

Table 4.7 – Shows the Authorship Pattern S.No Authorship Pattern Publications % No. of

authors %

1 Single Author 512 15.40 512 4.952 Double Authors 1023 30.78 2046 19.793 Three Authors 883 26.56 2649 25.624 Four Authors 421 12.67 1684 16.285 Five Authors 220 6.62 1100 10.646 Six Authors 114 3.43 684 6.617 Seven Authors 53 1.59 371 3.598 Eight Authors 39 1.17 312 3.029 Nine Authors 26 0.78 234 2.26

10 Ten & Above Authors 33 0.99 749 7.24

Total 3324 100 10341 100

Co-Author Visualizer

Out of the total 3324 number of publications, author Cederbaum LS is high in number 34 and Global citation Scores 652 and more over he has published more than 600 papers in other discipline too (Source: Web of Science and Scopus 605) .

Single Vs Multi Authors

S. No. Authorship Pattern Publications %

1 Single Author 512 15.40

2 Multiple Authors 2812 84.59

Total 3324 100.00

Degree of Collaboration

To determine degree of collaboration in quantitative terms, the formula given by K. Subramanyam (1983) was used.

Where C = Degree of collaborationNM = Number of multi authored papersNS = Number of single authored papers

The formula is

NMCNM NS

28122812 512

C 0.845C

Table 4.12 – Shows Rate of Citation of Indian AuthorsYear No. of Indian Author Articles Number of Citations Number of CPP

1991 1 2 2.001992 2 16 8.001993 5 22 4.401994 3 23 7.671995 1 3 3.001996 2 0 0.001997 2 11 5.501998 5 26 5.201999 5 12 2.402000 3 49 16.332001 1 4 4.002002 4 17 4.252003 7 130 18.572004 6 38 6.332005 9 27 3.002006 6 23 3.832007 8 107 13.382008 19 53 2.792009 15 62 4.132010 17 9 0.562011 7 0 0.00Total 128 634 115.34 (5.49)

Table 4.13 – Shows Continent Wise Research output of Green Computing

Rank Continents Contributing countries No of recs. Percentage TLCS TGCS

1 Europe 44 (48.35) 1663 40.87 660 22653

2North America

5 (5.49) 1317 32.37 606 23144

3 Asia 17 (18.68) 743 18.26 245 6193

4South America

7 (7.69) 101 2.48 42 730

5 Australia 2 (2.20) 68 1.67 14 883

6 Africa 16 (17.58) 50 1.23 14 274

Total 91 4069 100 1640 55476

Table 4.20 – Shows h-index and g-index for Top 10 Countries

S.No. Country Publications TGCSh-index g-index

1 USA 1109 20747 62 144

2 Germany 270 4407 35 66

3 France 263 4724 35 69

4 Italy 209 2584 27 51

5 Japan 204 2836 26 53

6 Peoples R China 192 1065 17 33

7 UK 181 2750 28 52

8 Canada 167 1916 23 44

9 Spain 145 1758 24 42

10 India 128 685 12 26

Table 4.21 – Shows Language wise distribution of Publications

# Language Publications % TLCS TGCS

1 English 3276 98.6 413 44499

2 French 11 0.3 1 623 German 3 0.1 0 04 Japanese 2 0.1 0 65 Russian 2 0.1 0 16 Spanish 2 0.1 0 47 Chinese 1 0.0 0 08 Hungarian 1 0.0 0 09 Rumanian 1 0.0 0 0

10 Unspecified 25 0.8 0 68

Table 4.22 – Shows Bibliographic Form-Wise Distribution of Publications

S.No Document Type Records % TLCS TGCS

1 Article 2957 89.0 378 410562 Article; Proceedings Paper 266 8.0 10 19613 Review 47 1.4 4 11704 Note 31 0.9 19 3215 Letter 10 0.3 3 486 Editorial Material 5 0.2 0 117 Correction 2 0.1 0 358 Meeting Abstract 2 0.1 0 89 Article; Book Chapter 1 0.0 0 17

10 Correction, Addition 1 0.0 0 511 Item About an Individual 1 0.0 0 012 News Item 1 0.0 0 8

Table 4.26 – Shows Impact Factor and Immediacy Index for First 20 Journals

S.No. Journal Publications Citations IFh-index

1 PHYSICAL REVIEW B 166 3615 3.772 32

2 JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 91 2176 3.149 28

3 PHYSICAL REVIEW D 69 2006 4.964 22

4 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION

66 956 2.011 18

5 GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 64 1050 2.411 18

6 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES

63 750 2.711 16

7 BULLETIN OF THE SEISMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

58 1059 2.027 19

8 NUCLEAR PHYSICS B 50 1496 4.642 19

9 JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS 47 1246 6.049 15

10 JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

39 418 1.644 13

Table 4.28 – Shows h-index for First 30 Institutions

S.No. InstitutionPublication

sTGCS

h-index C/A

1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

42 703 1616.74

2 University Heidelberg 42 639 18 15.213 IstNazlFis Nuclear 36 550 13 15.284 University Illinois 34 514 18 15.125 CNRS 31 1100 13 35.486 University California San Diego 28 519 18 18.547 University Coimbra 26 129 7 4.968 University Nacl Autonoma Mexico 26 168 8 6.469 University Tokyo 26 138 8 5.31

10 University Washington 26 823 13 31.65

Indian Institute

21 Duke University 21 445 15 21.19

22 NASA 21 517 10 24.62

23 Oak Ridge National Lab 21 338 8 16.10

24 University Fed Rio de Janeiro 21 145 6 6.90

25 CALTECH 20 460 10 23.00

26 Harvard University 20 985 13 49.25

27 Indian Inst Technology 20 62 5 3.1028 University So California 20 252 11 12.60

29 Ecole Polytechnique 19 147 6 7.74

30 Texas A&M University 19 274 8 14.42

Figure 4.4 – Shows Word wise Distribution of Publications (Words: 6404)

Figure 4.7 – Shows VOSViewer Screenshot of the Cluster Density View

Citation Map of Lebowitz et al.,

Out of the total 3324 number of publications, author leborwitz, JL is much less in number 2 but Global citation Scores 454 and single paper received 407 citations.

The average citation per article of Leborwitz is 227

Citation Map of PS Thenkabail, RB Smith and E De Pauw

Out of the total 3324 number of publications, author Thenkabail PS is much less in number 2 but Global citation Scores 277 and single paper received 234 citations.

The average citation per article is 138.5 in the field of Green Computing

Historiographs Analysis of Highly Cited Papers

Findings

The research productivity in Green Computing as evidenced from the study has the highest publication of 263 papers in 2010 followed by 259 papers in 2009 and 238 papers in 2007.

Finding from triennial growth rate, the period 1991-2011 has the highest publication in the subject of Green Computing.

Findings

Total number of publications is 3324 and 44640 times cited by others scientist, its average citation value is 13.43. The overall years h – index value is 80.

Out of the total 10341 authors subjected to this analyses in the subject of Green Computing. Single authored contribution is 14.68 percentage. It means that the collaborative authors’ contribution is very high.

Tested of Hypothesis

Hypothesis IThe relative growth rate of total scientific

publications show a progressive increase and the doubling time for publications reflects an increasing trend and hence “Hypothesis I” significantly proved positively.

Hypothesis IIThe journal source of publication of Green

Computing research output absorbs the predominant place in comparison with other source of publications and hence, “Hypothesis II” substantially proved.

Hypothesis The distribution of Green Computing research output in

journals and articles conform the implications of Bradford’s law and hence, “Hypothesis III” is not significantly proved.

Hypothesis The implication of Lotka’s law related with author

productivity in Green Computing research output is scrutinized and hence “Hypothesis IV” proved positively.

Hypothesis There has been an increasing trend in collaborative

research during the study period and hence, “Hypothesis VI” proved positively.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

Based on the findings, scientists should focus on the neglected areas by being hopeful to carry out more research actions in those areas of Green Computing research.

From the conclusion of this present study, the efficiency of the author could be recognized. Therefore, the individual scientist may be stimulated to distribute more number of contributions to enhance the single author contributions.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

The atmosphere and infrastructure are also very effective for the entire development of Green Computing research area.

The Universities and research institutions are to be provided with more financial assistance in the form of research grants to increase the quality of research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply indebted to Vice-Chancellor, Dr. K. Meena, and Registrar for offering me an opportunity for fulfilling my desire to obtain Ph. D. degree .

I would like to extend my whole hearted thanks to Dr. S. Srinivasa Ragavan, Professor & Head, for his kind help and encouragement.

I would like to record my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. R. Balasubramani, for his keen supervision and guidance from the very beginning of my research that has enabled me to complete the work on time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank all the Doctoral Committee members especially to Dr. S. Gopalakrishnan, Assistant University Librarian, Anna University, Chennai and Dr. B. Suresh, University Librarian, Madurai Kamaraj University for their constructive comments on my work.

 I record my profound sense of gratitude and thanks to Prof. M. Murugesan, Formerly Professor in English, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for his timely help in the submission of my thesis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my deepest gratitude to my colleagues, Scholars and Students for the their constant help and moral support throughout the period of my research.

External Examiner Dr. J. Dominic, Librarian & Head, Karunya University.

SALIS and IALA MembersI would like to record my deep love and admiration to my

mother T. Pooncholai for her painstaking care, support, encouragement, patience and unwavering love which helped me to grow to this height.

THANK YOU