Mapping the Energy Use in Xinjiang Province of China173672/FULLTEXT01.pdf · Mapping the energy use...
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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Mapping the Energy Use in Xinjiang
Province of China
Lu Tang
February 2009
Master’s Thesis in Energy System
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ProgrammeExaminer Alemayehu Gebremedhin
Supervisor Alemayehu Gebremedhin
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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Acknowledgement
This master thesis was written at Gavle University. After several
months’ work, I have some important acknowledgements to make to
people who helped me substantially in the writing of the study.
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Alemayehu
Gebremedhin for his patience and support throughout my writing. I
really appreciate his constructive criticism and advice as well as his
positive attitude towards me. It encouraged me to keep working hard
when times were tough.
Further, I would like to thank my opponents Xin Li and Yu Deng.
Finally, I would like to thank some people who helped me translate
the websites and provide me with their valuable opinions. And
according to related information from my thesis, I promise that there
are no copies in my thesis.
Lu Tang
February, 2009
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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Abstract
Energy plays an important role in Xinjiang’s development. In this
thesis, the author’s purpose is to map the energy use in Xinjiang
Province.
The author collected all kinds of information to introduce the
background about Xinjiang, then, use some pictures and data to
prove that Xinjiang is rich in energy, such as coal, natural gas,
petroleum, and some renewable energy, for example solar, wind
power and biomass. In addition, the author introduces Xinjiang in the
forms of hydro electricity, wind power and thermal power, electricity
generation and the situation of electricity market in Xinjiang. At last,
the author introduces the situation of waste treatments in Xinjiang.
In this thesis, the author makes a conclusion. Although, Xinjiang is
rich in energy, it still should save energy, develop energy, strengthen
the cooperation with other developed countries and the
environmental protection.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgement .........................................................................................................2
Abstract..........................................................................................................................3
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................4
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................6
2. Background of Xinjiang ...........................................................................................7
2.1 Geography ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Population....................................................................................................................... 8
3. Energy Use in Xinjiang.............................................................................................9
3.1 The Situation of Energy Use in Xinjiang ..................................................................... 9
3.1.1 Energy Production and Consumption ...................................................................... 9
3.1.2 Problems .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Non-productive consumption...................................................................................... 17
3.3 Coal in Xinjiang ........................................................................................................... 20
3.4 The Petroleum in Xinjiang....................................................................................... 20
4. Electricity.................................................................................................................23
4.1 Electricity Generation ................................................................................................. 23
4.2 Electricity Balance....................................................................................................... 24
4.3 Electricity Cost............................................................................................................. 26
5. Renewable Energy...................................................................................................27
5.1 Solar Energy in Xinjiang............................................................................................. 27
5.1.1 Plan for Solar-energy Use ........................................................................................ 28
5.1.2 Economy .................................................................................................................... 29
5.1.3 Problems .................................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Biomass Energy in Xinjiang ....................................................................................... 30
5.2.1 Plan for biomass Use ................................................................................................ 31
5.2.2 Benefits and problems .............................................................................................. 31
5.3 Natural Gas in Xinjiang .............................................................................................. 32
6. Municipal Waste......................................................................................................34
6.1 Treatment ..................................................................................................................... 34
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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6.1.1 Landfill ...................................................................................................................... 34
6.1.2 Incineration ............................................................................................................... 34
6.2 Problems ....................................................................................................................... 34
6.3 Suggestions ................................................................................................................... 35
7. Conclusion and discussion .....................................................................................36
Reference .....................................................................................................................38
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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1. Introduction
Energy is significant to our life. We use it in our daily life. We can not
live without it.
Energy is used directly and converted to supply light, heat and power
for human beings. With the high-speed economy and technology
development, more and more types of energy appear. Meanwhile,
energy is used in more and more areas of society.
Energy plays an important role in Xinjiang’s development. Xinjiang is
rich in energy resources such as solar, wind power, petroleum, natural
gas and coal. Besides, Xinjiang also has many mineral resources, such
as, iron, copper, nickel and jade (stone for ornaments).
In this thesis, the author first introduces the background of Xinjiang
and then the situation of energy use in Xinjiang, such as coal, oil and
some renewable energy. At last, the situation about municipal waste
in Xinjiang is introduced.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
2. Back njiang ground of Xi
2.1 Geography
Xinjiang is located in the northwest of China. Its area is 1.66 million
square kilometers, accounting for one-sixth of the total area of
China.
Xinjiang is the largest provincial-level administrative region in China.
Meanwhile, Xinjiang is located in the hinter land of Eurasian
continent and bordering with Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, India and Afghanistan. [5]
Figure 1 the Map of China
Some data on climate, forest and water is given below . [1]
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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Table 1 Climate, forest and water information of Xinjiang
Item Unit 2006
Annual average
temperature ℃
12.7
Annual sunshine hours hour 2500-3500
Annual precipitation mm 150
The highest temperature ℃
40
Climate
The lowest temperature ℃
-20
Woodland Area 10000hectares 180.73 Forest
Resource Forest-coverage Rate % 2.94
Surface water volume 100 million m3 793 Water Resource Groundwater volume 100 million m3 572
Note: Xinjiang is characterized by arid climate, substantial sunlight
and heat but scarce rainfall. Generally, the highest temperature is in
July and the lowest temperature is in January.
2.2 Population
The following table shows the population of Xinjiang in 2005 and
2006 [1 . ]
Table 2 Population Information of Xinjiang [1 ]
(10000 persons) Item 2005-2006
Total population at the year-end 200.5194
Urban 690.11
Rural 1373
sex 1008.05
Female 950.9
Birth rate (‰) 16.02
Death rate (‰) 5.1
Natural growth rate(‰) 10.8
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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
3. Energy Use in Xinjiang
3.1 The Situation of Energy Use in Xinjiang
3.1.1 Energy Production and Consumption
The following tables show some important data of energy use in
Xinjiang . According to the tables we can find some information
about how the energy is used in Xinjiang.
[1]
Table 3 Total production of energy and its composition in Xinjiang
(1978 -- 2005)
Percentage of Total Energy Production (%) Year Total Energy
Production
(10000 tons
of SCE)
Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Hydropower
and
Wind power
1978 1410.75 60 35.8 2.4 1.8
1980 1527.72 58.4 36.5 3.1 2
1985 2092.47 60 34.1 3.5 2.4
1990 2801.57 58.8 35.8 2.4 3
1995 4266.06 50.1 43.5 3.6 2.8
1996 4755.5 49.3 44.1 3.9 2.7
1997 5130.6 46.2 45.4 5.5 2.9
1998 5095.18 45.1 45.7 6.2 3
1999 5246.28 41.8 47.4 7.9 2.9
2000 5419.77 40.6 48.7 7.9 2.8
2001 5720.04 38.7 48.6 9.7 3
2002 6156.05 39.5 47.3 10.5 2.7
2003 6657.43 41.1 46 10.2 2.7
2004 7112.95 41.4 45.3 10.7 2.6
2005 8175.74 37.9 42.1 17.3 2.7
Note: the coefficient for conversion of electric power into SCE
(standard coal equivalent) is calculated on the base of the data of
average coal consumption in generating electric power in the same
year. The same is with the following tables.
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From table 3 we can find that the total production of energy increases
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
year by year, but the percentage of natural gas, hydropower and wind
power is small, which is due to relatively immature technology and
limited natural source. And from 1980 to 2005 the coal’s percentage
of total energy production decreased because natural gas is rich in
Xinjiang and its reserves ranked first in the country. In recent years,
Xinjiang increases the efforts to develop and widely use natural gas.
Additionally, the price is lower than coal, therefore, because of the
promotion of natural gas, the coal’s percentage in total energy
production decreased accordingly at that time.
Table 4 Total consumption of energy and its composition in Xinjiang
Percentage of Total Energy
Consumption (%)
Year
Total Energy
Consumption
(10000 tons
of SCE)
Coal Crude
Oil
Nature
Gas
Hydropower
and
Wind power
1978 979.27 72.5 21.5 3.4 2.6
1980 1026.45 71.3 21.1 4.6 3
1985 1410.89 72 19.3 5.1 3.6
1990 1924.45 69.6 22.5 3.5 4.4
1995 2733.01 66.2 23.8 5.6 4.4
1996 3045.16 65.1 24.8 6 4.1
1997 3208.24 63.3 24.3 7.8 4.6
1998 3279.75 62.2 24.9 8.2 4.7
1999 3215.02 62.9 23.1 9.2 4.8
2000 3316.03 63.9 23.3 8.6 4.5
2001 3496.44 60.4 21.6 13.2 4.8
2002 3622.4 62.2 20.5 12.7 4.6
2003 4064.43 60.3 21.7 13.1 4.9
2004 4784.83 61 20.1 15 3.9
2005 5506.49 56.1 26.2 13.7 4
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From Table 4 , we can see that from 1978 to 2005 the total energy
consumption also increased year by year, since coal could be used in
many places. It occupies a big percentage, because the population in
[1]
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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Xinjiang is not very big, so the percentage of crude oil, natural gas,
hydropower and wind power are not so big.
The above two tables show us from 1978 to 2005, the total energy
productions are higher than the total energy consumption because
Xinjiang’s energy reserve area is the biggest in China, and the
energy resources are sold to the neighboring provinces and the
developed provinces in East China.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Table 5 Overall Energy Balance [1]
(10000 tons of SCE)
Item 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Total Energy Available for
Consumption
1470.48 2045.32 2883.61 3430.05 5349.17
Primary Energy Output 2092.47 2801.57 4266.06 5419.77 8175.74
Inflow from other Provinces
(Autonomous Regions and
Municipalities)
2.54 2.26
8.29
25.59
58.17
Outflow 583.47 694.89 1414.05
2144.79
3172.41
Stock Changes in the Year -40.99
-58.78
24.35
53.99
95.71
Total Energy Consumption 1410.89
1924.45
2733.01
3316.03
5506.49
Consumption by Sector
Farming, Forestry, Animal Husbandry,
Fishery and Water Conservancy
127.3
134.91
189.13
274.97
314.25
Industry 679.58 1095.22 1571.88 1860.26 3440.83
Construction 41.16 41.16 63.01 81.73 43.22
Transportation, Post and
Telecommunications Services
89.24
99.72
152.77
189.76
413.77
Commerce, Catering Services,
Materials Supply, Marketing and
Storage
12.98
26.28
51.37
93.83
138.39
Others 104.98 99.12 205.04 164.57 177.51
Residential Consumption 355.65
428.04
499.84
650.91
978.54
Consumption by Usage
Final Consumption 1337.2 1825.44 2587.35 3148.77 5086.96
Industry 605.94 996.27 1426.22 1692.96 3021.27
Losses in Processing and
Transformation
26.76
27.9
62.06
91.25
228.26
Coking 13.86 13 27.56 72.05 77.6
Petroleum Refining Other Losses 7.41 13.16 33.49 75.99 62.18
Other Losses 46.68 71.05 83.6 76.05 191.27
Balance 59.59 120.87 150.6 114.02 -157.32
Note: a) Industry data includes the data of village-run industry. (The
same is with the following tables).
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b) Electric power and heat are converted on the basis of equal
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
caloric value. Therefore, losses in processing and
transformation exclude losses in power generation and
heating.
c) Data on imports include the petroleum consumed by the
Xinjiang airplanes in refueling abroad. Data on exports
include the petroleum consumed by the foreign airplanes in
refueling in Xinjiang
Some explanation in Table 5:
Final energy consumption: it refers to the total energy
consumption by material production sector, non material
production sector and households in the province in a given
period, but excludes the consumption in conversion of the
primary energy into the secondary energy and the loss in the
process of energy conversion [1 . ]
Loss during the process of energy conversion: it refers to the
total input of various kinds of energy for conversion, minus
the total output of various kinds of energy in the province in a
given period. It is an indicator to show the loss that occurs
during the process of energy conversion . [1]
Loss: it refers to the total loss of energy during the course of
energy transport, distribution and storage, and the loss
caused by any objective reason in a given period. The loss of
various kinds of gas due to gas discharges stocktaking is
excluded [1 . ]
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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
The following table shows some important data about the energy use
in Xinjiang [1]
Table 6 Elasticity Ration of Energy Production [1 ]
Year Growth Rate of
Energy
Production Over
Preceding Year
(%)
Growth Rate
of
Electricity
Production
Over
Preceding
Year (%)
Growth Rate of
Gross Domestic
Production(GDP)
Over Preceding
Year (%)
Elasticity
Coefficient Of
Energy
Production
Year (%)
Elasticity
Ratio
of
Electricity
Production
1980 7.8 3.6 7.2 1.08 0.5
1985 11.6 11.5 16.9 0.69 0.68
1990 5.8 10.8 11.7 0.5 0.92
1995 7.8 13.4 9 0.87 1.49
1996 11.5 12.9 6.4 1.8 2.02
1997 7.9 10.7 11 0.72 0.97
1998 -0.7 4.8 7.3 0.66
1999 3 7.3 7.1 0.42 1.03
2000 3.3 8.1 8.2 0.4 0.99
2001 5.5 8 8.1 0.68 0.99
2002 7.6 7.4 8.1 0.94 0.91
2003 8.1 10.5 10.8 0.75 0.97
2004 6.8 13.3 11.1 0.61 1.2
2005 14.9 16.6 10.9 1.37 1.52
Note: The Gross Production Value is calculated at comparable
prices and the same is with the following tables.
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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Table 7Elasticity Ration of Energy Consumption [1]
Year Growth Rate of
Energy
Consumption
Over Preceding
Year (%)
Growth Rate of
Electricity
Consumption
Over Preceding
Year (%)
Growth Rate
Of Gross
Domestic
Product
(GDP)
Over
Preceding
Year (%)
Elasticity
Coefficient Of
Energy
Consumption
Year (%)
Elasticity
Ratio
of Electricity
Consumption
1980 4.5 3.6 0.6 0.63 0.5
1985 13.6 11.5 16.9 0.8 0.68
1990 9.3 10.8 11.7 0.79 0.92
1995 4.9 13.4 9 0.54 1.49
1996 11.4 12.9 6.4 1.78 2.02
1997 5.4 10.7 11 0.49 0.97
1998 2.2 4.8 7.3 0.3 0.66
1999 -2 7.3 7.1 1.03
2000 3.1 8.1 8.2 0.38 0.99
2001 5.4 8 8.1 0.67 0.99
2002 3.6 7.4 8.1 0.44 0.91
2003 12.2 10.5 10.8 1.13 0.97
2004 17.7 13.3 11.1 1.59 1.2
2005 15.1 16.6 10.9 1.39 1.52
Here is some explanation about elasticity ratio of energy [1 , ]
Elasticity ratio of energy production is an indicator to show the
relationship between the growth rate of energy production and the
growth rate of national economy. The formula is:
The average growth rate of national economy can be shown by the
gross national product, gross domestic product and other indicators,
depending upon the purposes or needs. The gross domestic product is
used in calculation of the ratio.
~ 15 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Elasticity ratio of energy consumption is an indicator to show the
relationships between the growth rate of energy consumption and the
growth rate of national economy. The formula is:
Elasticity ratio of electricity production is an indicator to show the
relationship between the growth rate of electricity production and the
growth rate of national economy. Generally speaking, the growth rate
of electricity production should be higher than that of national
economy. The formula is:
Elasticity ratio of electricity consumption is an indicator to show
the relationship between the growth rate of electricity consumption
and the growth rate of national economy. The formula is:
According to the tables above, we can have some basic ideas of the
situation of energy in Xinjiang. From the tables and figure we can find
the total energy production is growing year by year.
~ 16 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang
Province of China
3.1.2 Problems
(1) The impact of coal’s high consumption
Because coal is a unique advantageous resources of Xinjiang, it is
still the main energy consumption, and the industries are still the
major groups of coal consumers. Then, the pollution from coal
combustion is serious in Xinjiang.
(2) The development of oil and gas is restricted in Xinjiang
The natural gas is limited demand for market in Xinjiang. The
reasons include nature, history and society, and Xinjiang’s
economic development is slow, existing facilities can not meet the
demand of Sinotrans (China National Heavy Machinery Corp).
3.2 Non‐productive consumption
Non-productive consumption means the energy consumption used by
residence, commerce, and other sectors which are not producer.
The consumptions of each resource are shown in the following
tables [1 . ]
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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
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Table 8 The average annual energy consumption for non-production purposes by variety
Year
Total
(10000
tons of
SCE)
Coal
(10000
tons of
SCE)
Kerosene
(10000
tons of
SCE)
Liquefied
petroleum
Gas(10000
tons of
SCE)
Nature
Gas
(100
million
cu. m)
Heat
(10
billion
Kio-joule
)
Electricity
(100
million
KWh)
1980 330.44 404.1 1.7
1985 355.65 421.72 0.71 3 2.38
1990 428.04 479.37 0.58 5.35 160.02 4.22
1995 499.84 527 0.5 8.94 177.29 10.22
1996 522.59 537.33 0.56 9.59 180.55 12.35
1997 594.82 549 0.5 8.66 1000 14.06
1998 617.55 570 0.65 98.2 0.05 1000 15.98
1999 609.22 580 0.75 10.1 0.11 864 16.83
2000 650.91 590 0.75 10.89 0.13 1611.81 17.6
2001 703.97 600 0.67 12.31 0.46 2209.66 19.5
2002 752.1 610 0.1 14.22 0.32 3112.58 19.2
2003 782.21 625.04 16.62 0.6 3191.14 20.37
2004 901.88 605 17 1 3363.45 24.26
2005 978.54 500.79 0.55 12.96 1.92 6219 27.1
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 19 ~
Table 9 Annual average per-capital energy consumption for Non-Production Purpose
Year
Annual Per Capita
Consumption for
Non-production
Purpose
(Kg of SCE/person)
Coal
(Kg)
Electricity
(KW /h)
Kerosene
(kg)
Liquefied
Petroleum
Gas
(kg)
Nature
Gas
(cu.m)
1980 258 315 13.25
1985 261 310 17.49 0.52 2.2
1990 268 313 27.6 0.38 3.5
1995 301 317 65.6 0.3 5.33
1996 299 318 73.1 0.33 5.67
1997 330 331 81.8 0.29 5.04
1998 353 326 91.45 0.37 5.61 0.03
1999 343 327 94.82 0.42 5.69 0.62
2000 353 320 95.33 0.41 5.9 0.7
2001 375 320 103.93 0.36 6.56 2.45
2002 395 320 100.78 0.05 7.46 1.68
2003 404 323 105.33 8.59 3.1 2004 459 308 123.58 8.66 5.09
2005 487 249 134.8 0.27 6.45 9.55
From the above tables, we can find that compared with other
consumptions, the consumptions of coal, electricity, and natural gas
are so similar, the coal used in Xinjiang has large proportion in the
total non-productive consumptions as in the total energy
consumption.
Secondly, we can find that coal use in non-productive ways was
increasing in the period from1985 to 2004, but it decreased in 2005.
That is because of energy saving policy and increased efficiency of
energy use in China. All the users should decrease the energy
consumption as much as they can.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Pro
vince of China
3.3 Coal in Xinjiang
Xinjiang’s coal reserves are the richest in China, according to the
survey, the estimated coal reserves are 1.82 to 2.19 trillion tons [2 in
2006. Xinjiang is one of the important mining area and the coal
reserves can reach 40.5% of the forecast of the whole country
reserves. The resource distribution is shown in the following
figure .
]
[2]
[19 ]
:Coal resource
Figure 2 the coal resource distribution in Xinjiang
3.4 The Petroleum in Xinjiang
Petroleum
~ 20 ~
Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource that takes millions of years to
form. Nonrenewable resources will run out, and can not be replaced.
Petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuel because they are found in
deposits of the earth and the fuels are burned and release the
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
chemical energy that is stored within this resource. All fossil fuels are
nonrenewable resources.
Xinjiang is a province with rich Petroleum resource. 1/3 of China’s
Petroleum is here. The main areas of petroleum in Xinjiang are
Karama and Zepce (Southwest). Recently, in Tarim and Turpan -
Hami Basin have been found many oil fields and Junggar Basin also
has been found to have new oil fields. Xinjiang has become a county
of oil and natural gas reserve base. The figure below shows the areas
with petroleum resources [2 . 0]
Figure 3 the petroleum distribution in Xinjiang [20]
Some advantages of Petroleum
~ 21 ~
• Petroleum is the most versatile fossil fuel. Yielding a vast
quantity of other products is from its further processing.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
• Petroleum is relatively easier to be stored and transported
between source and end users. The fact that it is liquid form
means it can be pumped through pipelines where possible and
containerized where it is not possible.
• Petroleum is cleaner and easier to burn than coal.
• Electricity produced from Petroleum is reliable.
Some disadvantages of petroleum
• Petroleum is a carbon-based fuel and the primary way it is
used is to burn it, releasing more than its weight in CO2
because of the added oxygen. CO2 is a greenhouse gas and is
expected by most scientists to be a cause of global warming [2 1]
• Some petroleum is now being strip mined in the form of tar
sands. This cause the area very hard to restore. [2 1]
~ 22 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
4. Electricity
4.1 Electricity Generation
The total capacity of the power stations in Xinjiang reached 47.74
million kW in 2007. Specifically, Dabancheng Wind Power Station is
one of the biggest stations in the China, and also is the biggest wind
power station in Asia. Xinjiang is fully using wind power resources,
and wind power generation in Xinjiang will become an important
alternative energy in the future. The following table shows some
power station and electricity generation capacity in Xinjiang .
[6]
[1]
Table 10 Some Power Stations in Xinjiang(10,000kW) [1 ]
Item Capacity year
Dabancheng Wind power station 40 2005
Hami hydroelectric power station 25 2005
Hami Thermal power station 67.8 2005
Figure 4 Dabancheng Wind Power Station [1 3]
~ 23 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Figure 5 Hami Hydroelectric Power Station [1 4]
Figure 6 Hami Thermal Power Station [15]
4.2 Electricity Balance
Electricity is the important energy in our daily life in almost any
industry, agriculture, or any other areas. The following table shows
the electricity balance in Xinjiang.
~ 24 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Table 11 Electricity Balance Sheet (100 million kWh) [1]
Item 1985 1990 1995 2000 20005
Total Energy Available for
Consumption
38.11 69.79 120.43 182.98 310.14
Output 38.11 69.79 120.43 182.98 310.14
Hydropower 8.64 14.25 22.82 30.54 46.49
Wind Power 0.08 0.34 1.73 2.32
Thermal Power 29.47 55.46 97.27 150.71 261.33
Total Energy Consumption 38.11 69.79 120.37 182.98 310.14
Consumption by Sector
Farming, Forestry, Animal
Husbandry, Fishery and Water
Conservancy
5.25 9.16 11.5 22.3 28.72
Industry 25.68 48.86 83.53 118.85 221.67
Construction 1.64 1.18 3.2 3.5 1.44
Transportation, Post And
Telecommunications Services
0.4 1.48 2.73 4 4.74
Commerce, Catering Services,
Materials Supply, Marketing and
Storage
0.16 0.81 2.3 6.9 11.09
Others 2.6 4.08 7 9.83 15.38
Residential Consumption 2.38 4.22 10.11 17.6 27.1
Consumption by Sector
Final Consumption 35.58 65.74 112.87 170.86 282.42
Industry 23.15 44.81 76.03 106.73 193.95
Losses in Transmission 2.53 4.05 7.5 12.12 27.72
~ 25 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Pro
vince of China
4.3 Electricity Cost
There are different prices of electricity for different users in Xinjiang.
The following table shows the different prices
Table 12 the Price of Electricity [7]
Sector Electricity price
(Yuan/ kwh)
Resident 0.469
Industry 0.348
Agriculture 0.224
Commerce 0.672
Non-industrial 0.457
Non-resident 0.524
1. 0.1Yuan=0.1126 SEK
2. Different parts have different prices, which are determined by the
development of China's national conditions and the development of
China’s electric bureau.
~ 26 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
5. Renewable Energy
Renewable energy refers to energy resources that occur naturally
and can repeat in the environment and have benefits to human
beings. Examples of renewable energies include solar energy, wind
power, biomass and geothermal energy (getting energy from the
heat in the earth).
Renewable energy encompasses many different types of
technologies at different stages of development and
commercialization, from the burning of wood for heat in the
residential sector (traditional and low-technology) to
wind-generated electricity (widespread and technically practical) to
processes such as biomass gasification for electricity generation (still
under development although some plants are operating). Xinjiang is
the place with abundant renewable energy. [22 ]
5.1 Solar Energy in Xinjiang
~ 27 ~
Xinjiang is characterized by arid climate. The sunshine hours are
2550 [8 to 3500 hours in the whole year and sunshine percentage
is 60% [8 to 80% . The radiation in total is 5430 ~ 6670 MJ/㎡ ,
the annual total radiant illumination is 10%-15% higher than
same-attitude areas in China and 15%-25% higher than
lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Secondly, the days of
sunshine are more than six hours, and reach 250~325days [8 ; the
total number of days with temperatures higher than 10℃ are
almost more than 150 [8 days.
] [8]
] [8] [8]
[8]
[8]
]
[8]
]
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province
of China
5.1.1 Plan for Solar‐energy Use
Since Xinjiang is rich in sunshine resource the use of solar energy
such as, solar water heaters, solar building (use of solar energy to the
building heating, air conditioning, hot water, electricity), solar thermal
power generation technology, solar energy smelting, solar drying,
solar greenhouses are some interesting application area. The
government has made series of plans for solar energy. The following
is the situation of solar use in Xinjiang.
(1) The promotion of photovoltaic power systems use. This system
mainly uses photovoltaic cells and is used in communications
systems and remote counties, villages, and other remote
islands without electricity. The use of solar photovoltaic began
in the 1970s, and rapidly developed in the 1980s. So far, the
installed capacity of solar photovoltaic is rising. In Xinjiang,
some large scale and small scale Photovoltaic power stations
are being built. [23 ]
(2) Solar heating. Use the local rich solar resource to provide the
energy for local people’s life. It can solve the problem of heating
in winter and improve the living conditions of local people;
moreover, it promotes local economic prosperity and social
stability also the ecological environment. In addition, it saves
much energy and fuel cost of the nation. [23 ]
~ 28 ~
(3) Solar biogas. This kind of technology uses the solar energy and
can be used in many areas such as the use of solar biogas for
cooking, illumination and shower in the daily life. Then, in the
area of agriculture, it could be used for greenhouse aquaculture
and feed cattle and it can also be used for the fertilizer cultivation
of various crops. Not in the least, in the area of environment, the
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
solar biogas fermentation technology is a pollution-free
treatment of cattle’s excretion and reduces the density of
mosquito and pests and the spread of various diseases and
morbidity. Finally, in the area of ecology, it replaces the
traditional energy and changes the rural area’s energy structure.
It reduces the use of wood fuel and thereby protects forest and
prevents water loss, soil erosion and water pollution. [23 ]
5.1.2 Economy
Table 13 Economy Benefit of Solar Energy [9 ]
Item Solar water
heaters
Electricity heaters Fuel heaters
Energy Solar 0.56yuan/degree 80 Yuan/kettle
Investment(Yuan) 4200 2800 1400
Longevity(year) 60 5 8
Use day 365 365 365
The fuel fee of per
family, per year
0 945 Yuan 846.8 Yuan
The fee of 15
years(Yuan)
4200 945(Yuan)*15(year)+
2800(Yuan)
=16975 Yuan
846.8(Yuan)*15(year)+
1400(Yuan)=14102 Yuan
Environment
pollution
nought nought exist
From this table, we can see that solar energy not only saves money,
but also saves energy and it is a clear energy and does not pollute the
environment.
5.1.3 Problems
There are some problems in the development of solar-energy use in
Xinjiang.
~ 29 ~
(1) Some problems about photovoltaic power systems use.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
● Few people grasp the photovoltaic technology
● Photovoltaic products’ system and manufacture are hampered,
and the creativity is also poor.
● Photovoltaic power generation products have no technical
standards.
● There are lot of raw materials, components that depend on
imports and mainland, so the cost of production equipment is
high.
(2) Some problems of solar heat use.
● The ability of research is weak and there is a lack of
professional technology teams.
● Xinjiang has not set up the supervision of product quality and
detection system yet.
5.2 Biomass Energy in Xinjiang
Biomass means "natural material." When biomass is burned, it
releases heat – just like the wood logs in the campfire. [17]
Biomass energy uses natural materials like trees and plants to make
electricity. It can also mean waste products like trash. [17]
Biomass is the second common form of renewable energy in the
United States, providing enough electricity to power more than two
million homes. [17]
~ 30 ~
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
5.2.1 Plan for biomass Use
Stalk is a green renewable energy. Xinjiang has largest-proportion of
cotton production in the whole country of China. Therefore the stalks
of cotton are richest there. Stalk is one kind of biomass energy and
people use stalk for burning, even for generating electricity. So it is
called green electricity.
Figure 7 stalk
Xinjiang has setup a power plant which uses the stalk to burn in 2008.
The generated electrical energy will reach 150,000,000 [1 kWh. This
project promotes environmental protection and develops Xinjiang’s
economy.
8]
5.2.2 Benefits and problems
Benefit
1. Ecological benefit
It has advantages to improve environment and reduce the air
pollution.
2. Economical benefit
It has advantages to increase people’s income
3. Social benefit
~ 31 ~
It could better improve energy structure in the whole country.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
Problem
1. High cost
2. Immature technology
5.3 Natural Gas in Xinjiang
Natural Gas is a vital component of the world's energy supply. It is
one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful energy in all the energy
sources.
There are some advantages of natural gas:
● Environment will be clean
● It is economical and efficient
~ 32 ~
Figure 8 the natural gas distribution in Xinjiang
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 33 ~
‘West-East natural gas transmission’ project
West China is rich in natural gas, but the people in the west of China
use the natural gas rarely in their life and the industry there is not
developed. On the other hand, in the east of the China there is a
shortage of natural gas and the people there have high demand for
natural gas and the industries are very developed. Therefore, the
government drafts the policy “West-East Natural Gas Transmission
Project”. This project not only promotes the economy of Xinjiang, but
also makes the best use of national resources.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
6. Municipal Waste
With China’s urban development, the amount of city waste will
rapidly increase. Hence, waste has become the focus of the current
environmental issues.
6. t 1 Treatmen
6.1.1 Landfill
The amount of waste is rapidly increasing and there is a lack of place
to landfill, but landfill is the main way of waste treatment in Xinjiang.
The garbage emission in Xinjiang is about 1700 tons [1 everyday, but
the capacity of landfill is just about 400 tons [1 .
0]
0]
6.1.2 Incineration
Beside landfill, incineration is another way of waste treatment.
According to information available, in 2002 Xinjiang had waster of
about 3200 tons per day but the capacity of incineration wastes
was just about 600 tons per day .
[11]
[11]
On the other hand, China has a plan to use the waste incineration for
generation electricity in the future. This project, not only saves the
land resource and reduces the environment pollution, but also uses
the resource rational and change the traditional way of waste
treatment.
6.2 Problems
(1) There is low effect of landfill treatment and secondary pollution is
evident. At first, the process of landfill could make many kinds of
harmful gases, and pollute the air and people’s health. Secondly, it
seriously pollutes the surrounding environment and underground
water sources. Finally, it occupies great amount land resource.
~ 34 ~
(2) Low efficiency of the comprehensive landfill utilization.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 35 ~
(3) Many garbage plants still have some safety problems. For
instance, some discarded chemicals or inflammable liquids will
cause explosion
6.3 Suggestions
(1) Reinforce supervision to manage the garbage plants.
(2) Reinforce the technical expert’s training to improve the business
management level and ensure the healthy development of
efficient safety; moreover, to ensure that municipal waste really
achieve safe disposal standards.
(3)Introduce advanced technologies and methods from other
developed countries, to reduce the environment pollution and
improve the municipal waste treatment system.
(4) Educate the people to be conscious of environmental protection.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 36 ~
7. Conclusion and discussion
From the analysis above, we can see that Xinjiang is a province with
rich resources and great potential for development. At present, coal,
natural gas, oil, solar and wind power are important recourses, and
they play a positive role for Xinjiang’s economy and society
development.
Firstly, coal is an important energy resource in Xinjiang. And as an
important energy, the development of coal in Xinjiang also influences
Xinjiang’s economy development.
Secondly, Wind power is also developed. In Xinjiang the wind power
is abundant, and wind energy is a renewable energy. Dabancheng
wind power station is one of the biggest wind powers in China.
Accordingly, it brings high economy benefits to China.
Finally, According to the tables, we can find that energy consumption
in industry is the biggest part which is more than the total
consumption of the other sectors in Xinjiang. It means that industry
take such important role in the economy. Since the energy use in
Xinjiang develops at a high speed, problems related with energy use
and energy efficiency and many other questions needs to be resolved.
So here are some suggestions to resolve the problems in the
development of energy use in Xinjiang
(1) Strengthening the environment protection
At present, the problem of environment protection becomes
more and more important in Xinjiang, which also has some
environmental problems, such as, air pollution, water resource
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 37 ~
pollution, and the green house effect. Using the cleaning energy,
limiting the amount of emission, recycling materials which can
be recycled are some good choices to protect the environment.
(2) Using the new technologies
Xinjiang still uses the traditional technologies in some process
of energy production. The technologies cause a big amount of
waste of energy. Hence, new technologies should be used to
save energy and to promote the efficiency of energy utilization.
(3) Developing more source of energy
There different types of energy resources in Xinjiang, for
example, wind power, natural gas, oil, solar energy. But
Xinjiang also need to develop other energy sources, such as,
bio-fuel, geothermal and nuclear energy.
(4) Strengthening the cooperation and communication with other
provinces and other developed countries. Some developed
countries have many developed methods and advanced
technologies.
(5) Reduce the total consumption of energy
From the table in the third part, we can see that the consumption
of coal is the biggest of all other energies in Xinjiang, and it is a
main sources of energy used in Xinjiang, and it is a
non-renewable energy. For the sustainable development of the
source, the consumption of energy must decrease. There should
be consciousness about saving energy. It is important for saving
our lives, the whole society and the whole country.
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 38 ~
Reference
[1] Provincial Statistical Bureau, Xinjiang 2007 Statistical Year book,
China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2007
[2] http://news.qq.com/a/20071221/002770.htm
[3] http://www.17you8.com/area/31_0_2001_0_0.aspx
[4] http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_3f97b097010004hk.html
[5] http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/9779765.html?si=1 [6] http://number.cnki.net/cyfd/MetaShow.aspx?year=2007&areacode=xj3100&zhibiao=%e5%8f%91%e7%94%b5%e9%87%8f&pn=%e6%96%b0%e7%96%86%e7%bb%b4%e5%90%be%e5%b0%94%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb%e5%8c%ba%e5%85%a8%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb%e5%8c%ba%e8%8c%83%e5%9b%b4&No= [7] http://www.xjpi.gov.cn/zfdj/new.php?lx=new&id=8822 [8] http://www.shineblog.com/user6/Eltekin/archives/2008/923891.shtml [9] http://www.bgtyn.cn/NewsView.asp?NewsID=1603 [10] http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/14801/21808/5525425.html [11] http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-09/02/content_546426.htm [12] http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200805/15/t20080515_15482810.shtml
[13]http://photos.nphoto.net/photos/2004-07/24/ff80808107fde3810107fe05aaa53523.shtml
Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China
~ 39 ~
[14]http://www.instablogsimages.com/images/2007/11/22/the-three-gorges-dam_7333.jpg [15] http://www.daylife.com/photo/0bElc5E9bO5Af [16]http://www.jingtemu.com/products-more.asp?base_id=139&id=27 [17]http://www.alliantenergykids.com/stellent2/groups/public/documents/pub/phk_ee_re_001503.hcsp [18]http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200805/15/t20080515_15482810.shtml [19] http://www.umetal.com/coalinfo/xj.html [20] http://ads.xjts.cn/zt/energy_map/
[21]http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=100602030559
4
[22]http://www.chinavalue.net/wiki/showcontent.aspx?titleid=19702&cid=7067
[23] http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/48249714.html