Mao by Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine

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    M A O : T H E R E A L S T O R Y

    A L E X A N D E R V . P A N T S O V

    W I T H S T E V E N I . L E V I N E

    S i m o n & S c h u s t e r

    New Y o r k L o n do n T o r o n t o S y d n e y N ew D e l h i

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    o the memory o my grandather,

    Georgii Borisovich Ehrenburg (19021967),

    A Russian Sinologist,

    One o the irst biographers o Mao Zedong,

    And the author whose works inspired me greatly

    Alexander V. Pantsov

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    I N T R O D U C T I O N

    M Y T H S A N D

    R E A L I T I E S

    Hiic fgu mi bjci bigphi. Y h chg wiig uch

    bigphi i uig u h b cicumc. T bigph

    mu puu migy i pubih upubih uc, i iy gug, hu h c umu chi,

    wiw uh c m um h, ik h igh bc

    bw h pubic p h pi p, jug h wim

    y h ubjc h p iim. Such icui muipi

    wh h ubjc h bigphy i h c ciy h juy

    gu i c. Ti i ciy h c wih M Zg, h u

    m Chi. Bu w, m h hiy-f y hi h i 1976,

    wih h imp w cum m Chi cui cc

    mj chi i h m Si Ui, c, m uc, mcmp pi h m imp Chi i m im c

    b w. T i h im hi bigphy.

    b u, M h b h ubjc umu bigphi i W

    gug ic h Amic jui Eg Sw f w w M

    i y ju p i mipi, i Juy 1936. A y Sw pubih h

    y h cpic Red Star Over China, iui bk h hp

    hp hiy mi i pi hi y. F wh i bu h i-

    g W-gug M bigphi ig m which u wbigphy igifcy pi i wh ig why h cu b-

    w h gui cmm cum h Chi Cmmui Py

    h yug Amic p k pc.

    Ay w-kw jui by h mi-1930, Sw w my

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    2 MAO

    ymphic h Chi cmmui mm, hugh h w

    Mi. Amg h mim mi which h w, icuig h New

    York Herald ribune, Foreign Afairs, h Saturday Evening Post, h jy

    pui big ip-mi, uik my h i p- i Chi, wh py p hi p-cmmui iw.

    I w pciy hi pui h c h i h

    h Chi Cmmui Py, icuig M Zg. Ty i mk

    u h hiy--y- Amic imp hi pubic img -

    p hi piic iuc. Sw h hi w kig u M.

    A mbiiu jui wih iic h big y, h jump h p-

    puiy i cp. Ech m i u h h hi

    w pup. Sw i i B, i h Shi pic, Juy13, 1936, ju w y M Zg him up cmp i h m

    w. M w ig m Giim Chig Ki-hk,

    h h Ni Gm h h Nii Py (h

    Gumig, GMD), wh c h iic iu h

    Chi R Amy.

    M g Sw qu i iiw, i which h f

    pk gh bu hi chih yuh b uiig hi c

    cmmui uiy. T cmmui h m hw chic

    pickig Sw. T impib Amic cm iw M wiphiph-kig, Licqu i ppc, ppicciu, ygig,

    -cf. H ciy bi i hi w iy u, Sw

    c.1 cibig M mgu i hi bk uig g igh

    i h ci c wh hy m, Sw w M mui h

    ciic jui. Oc hi mii w ccmpih, Sw u

    Bijig wih hi pciu bg wkig h mucip h

    bcm Red Star Over China.

    Ju M Sw h hp, Red Star Over China c -

    i, picuy mg ib icu i i h W. I ii-m py M mic uiy uck ymphic ch

    wih W iiui wih h u fgu icigy

    uhii Chig Ki-hk. Sw piig wk h my

    ubqu bk by uh wh w quy m ymphic i

    hi pici M. T w y mj pi which h

    wk i m Sw. Whi Sw iw M ihu w

    Si Mim, h wi h y h 1930, h Chi-

    Cmmui Py (CCP) u M hip h bcm u-mu -i. Accig hi iw, M, ip hik

    c, h bicy ic him m Mcw, uik h gmic

    Chi Sii whm h h b i ipy ugg. M ;

    h w hi w m, uhic Chi uiy, Si g.

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    MYTHS AND REALITIES 3

    Ti w M mi ci uh yig pi h Chi -

    ui Amic .

    A y h 1940 y 1950, ig Amic Chi ch-

    icuig Jh Kig Fibk, Bjmi I. Schwz, C B, Rb Nh ppu wh bcm h cic mui bu M

    ipc, bh wih pc hi i wih Si hi iw

    Chi.2 Ty w h Si miu M ci him p

    ii h h cmmui. Fuhm, h upug h Chi-

    ui i h cuyi u h hip M m i-

    p h h Mi iw gig h hiic h wkig

    c. Chi p ui w h pig c i wh pmi b

    mic p ui hughu h pci w. Ah pi bw h Si Chi cmmui pi i h y 1960,

    Rui Chi uh w imi i.

    Mwhi, M uw pmui m w--h u-

    iy cmm i wh bigph i h y 1960 c h

    mp h bu , i c h bu chig Chi w.3

    A pcimig h bihm h Pp Rpubic Chi (PRC)

    Ocb 1, 1949, M m i h Fbi Ciy i Bijig, h m

    impi qu. A h cu hi piy p i h wig

    y, h bcm iccib cp hi c cgu mmb hiug. Hi pubic ppc w cuy g-mg hi i-

    iw pucm um icigy Dphic chc. T

    W-gug bigphi M pubih uig hi iim, icuig

    h b , by h pmi Chi ch Su R. Schm i 1967,4 w

    cuc gy h bi pubih Cmmui Py cum;

    M pubih wiig, pch, m; impi ig-

    wh h b g uic wih M; w mmi by piic

    cquic i; iy h c uc. T

    hi M ipc ci pi Mim Chicicumc ciu ccupy c g.

    A f gc, hi hi m w-u. Ui h 1949, M

    ii Mcw c, Si i kw him py. A

    h m im, gi p cig M i-Lii ccuig him

    h ci i kyim guy ch h Kmi m iu

    uc imi ii ui h Chi Cmmui Py. Tu

    Khuhch i h Si ci M c Mi pp

    gic.5

    I h 1950, h wih Cg h Si Cm-mui Py cm Siim, M him c h h

    Si miu him.6

    O c ipci, hw, h ci wim gig M -

    ihip Si h Si Ui u u b wg. I iy,

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    4 MAO

    wy ib Si Chi chi , M w ihu w

    Si wh k pi u h B hi yy wh

    i m h Si m y Si h.

    Ti i i my why hugh m M i w. T uh h g p i h c chi h CCP,

    h Si Cmmui Py, h Cmmui Ii (Cmi).

    Oy cy h h chi bcm ib, i wh i p. T

    m iig iumb i gig M pici, uk,

    p i ci i upubih cum gig M, hi

    mi, hi i, p i h m C Py Achi

    h C Cmmi h Si Cmmui Py i Mcw. T B-

    hik bg giz h chi hy h Ocb Rui 1917. Fm h y bgiig i mi k w cc cum

    y h hiy h Bhik py, bu h hiy h i-

    i b cmmui mm. A h iquii h

    Cmi i 1943, i cumy cci w h

    C Py Achi. I h 1950 h chi h Cmmui Im-

    i Buu (Cmim) w pi h. Fiy, i Ju 1999, h

    m Cmmui Yuh Lgu Achi w mg i h cci.

    y h ci chi kw h Rui S Achi

    Sci Piic Hiy. A bi uy h c h chihighigh hi impc uc w imi h w h h-

    ughy mi hi bigphy M Zg.

    Fi, hy h bigg piy cum i h w h

    ii cmmui mm h hiy h Cmmui Py

    h Si Ui (CPSU). Ty hu bu w mii wi cu-

    m, 12,105 phgphic mi, 195 cumy fm, which

    giz i 669 hmic cci. A c cmp h chi

    i i cci pp h Chi cmmui m-

    m. T icu umiu f h CCP gi h EcuiCmmi h Cmi (ECCI); h CCP C Cmmi iu

    ccu fci cip; h Cmi h Bhik py i-

    ci Chi; h pp Li, Si, ky, h Bhik

    ; c p Chi cmmui Chi ii p-

    i h Cmi; p i my ig Chi

    uii.

    T cci pi cum ig h Chi cmmui

    i picu i. Uik my h chi mi, h w p m ch uig h bi pi h Yi igic

    hw i h y 1990. Ti cci h wy b cu i p-

    c ci h chi. E y pubic cc h f i highy -

    ic. Oy y w pcii, icuig u, A V. P,

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    MYTHS AND REALITIES 5

    h b pmi cc h mi ciu jy uch c-

    c h bi p i wih chii ch i cmpy

    Rui. Ti ic cci cmpi 3,328 p i, icuig

    h M Zg, Liu Shqi, Zhu Ei, Zhu D, Dg Xipig, WgMig, my h p mmb h CCP hip.

    T i M Zg i h m impi. I ci f

    um uiqu pp, icuig hi piic p; pi cp-

    c; gphic c mig bw M Si, Si

    Zhu Ei, M Khuhch; M mic c, cmpi by

    hi Si phyici; c ccu by KGB Cmi g; p

    mi gig M wi chi, icuig h bih cifc

    hi piuy ukw ih chi, b i Mcw; ccui giM wi by hi piic mi wihi h CCP hip; iy

    Si mby KGB c mg h piic iui

    i h PRC m h 1950 h y 1970. We are the rst biographers

    o Mao to make use o all these materials materials that proved invaluable in

    reassessing Maos private and political lie.

    Suppmig h Rui Chi chi uc i g um

    bigphic mi, miicc, hbk pubih i c

    y i h PRC. Amg hm mmi ii M ci,

    pmu, i, cquic h hpu i u ip-i M i.

    N imp cum m h i highy ic c-

    ci h C Cmmi h CCP i Bijig, cy m

    kw hugh h Chi hii. T chi mi

    icu hi-um M Zg mucip, ig m

    h uig h PRC; -um chic h M c b

    i Shh; c M pi k; iu cci M

    piuy ukw pp, pch, cmm, ciiqu, ,

    py.Ou bigphy M Zg i b up h uiqu chi

    wy ib cum w my iiw wih pp wh

    kw M. A uch i i up--. A c bigphy M by Jug Chg

    J Hiy, Mao: Te Unknown Story, w ciiciz i h cmic

    cmmuiy h gu uibiiy i jugm.7 W i

    i h hcmig by mkig cu icimiig u

    wi y uc h y h bigph, wighig ic cuy,

    pig u cu jugm um by piic ci-i. Ti ipi iu w u p h G Hmm

    h muic fgu h h w uiy y, p

    p, phiph piici, hub phi. W

    hw h M w ih i m, bu h cmpic fg-

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    6 MAO

    u wh i i hi b big bu ppiy gi ii

    pc hi cuy. Y h m umu , hig pp him

    i cu--c piic igic upi, bkig i hi cu

    piy whi uuig him wih ycphic cui. Wihu ub h w h g upi h wih cuy, bu uik

    Li Si, h w y piic u bu i

    uiy. N y i h pm ic cmic ci m,

    bu h bugh bu i ui i m mici Chi

    h ui mi Chi, which h b gu i cii w. Tu i

    w M wh w h w pc Chi h Chi pp,

    wh h g b pi by h p W w Jp. Y

    hi mic pici puc i gi h c h i mii Chi.

    W i wi iy iig hum y h

    i M chc hi p miy i w

    hi piic miiy hip. I i f wih ciig i m

    mmi iiw h p M , hub, h, i,

    , w gi, hi, m, piic ifgh. Fm

    my g w hw M m cmp m, ubjc bu

    p pi w igh mic i, m g c

    wi mbii wh chi iuy uimi pw uig hi -hip h Chi Cmmui Py h Pp Rpubic Chi.

    Ou g w w iig pi h w hp wi gg

    wh kw i bu M Chi. W i cib h ki-

    cpic y pp M cu h pc i Chi wh h

    i, ui, wk, , m hi i ig Shhchg

    h Fbi Ciy i Bijig, wh h i iu mp. Ou

    bk, which h hiy m Chi hugh h i i m im-

    p , i cy h , m, u Chi.

    Ou ch h uc my w ig c bu Mi h qui u i cmmy ccp iw h hiy h

    Chi cmmui mm, h hiy h PRC, picuy

    M him. O h bi i ch, w cum h ciuig

    fci pc up Mcw h CCP m i uig i 1921

    hugh h y 1950. Cu i h i M ugg h h

    hiy h CCP h im c b u y i k i ccu

    i ciuig pc Mcw uhii picy guic

    ici. Achi mi mj fgu uch Zhg Gu, ZhuEi, Liu Shqi, Ci H, Qu Qiubi, Dg Zhgi, Wg Rui, Ch

    Yu, Li Li, G Gg, Yu Xuig, h ugg h h CCP

    mi ubi Si hi iu, wh c h Cm-

    i h h CCP i hi h. Ti i m,

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    MYTHS AND REALITIES 7

    mp, by c h cu humiiig igi -

    ciicim h ig Chi cmmui w c ug bcu

    g mik kyi ciiy. T i ic uggig

    h i 1938 Si w pig mj hw i Cmi ci,icuig Zhu Ei, Liu Shqi, Kg Shg, Ch Yu, Li Li, m

    h. H h bck wy m hi p, my p h CCP

    migh h bcm hi icim. Sm cum, hw, ugg h h

    mu m h CCP g h Sh Cmi Cg, h

    i JuyAugu 1935.

    Si i icu M Zg hi bcki. I, i w Si

    him h Cmi h i M i pw i h Chi

    Cmmui Py. b u, M w ik E Gmy W U-bich, Bugi Zhik, h p C

    E Eup cmmui pi, bu h c g b y ub h

    h w y Si, whm h k guic w upp.

    (Ou m h M-Si mig i Dcmb 1949Juy 1950

    i ig i hi pc. Equy gm i u ccu M uy

    i wih Si uig h K W. Si i y ui K

    bu h mp wk h Ui S by iig i i cic

    y wih Nh K, bu wih Chi. By ig Si i

    pk ui c h gb.) I w y Si h i Mch1953 h M bg ic him m h Si hip. H cm

    iw Khuhch uuwhy bu iby him

    wih cmp. W hw h p miy bw M Khuhch

    w h mi h Si-Si i. By h 1960 hi i

    h c g h h b uim. Dwig up

    h m Si c chi w m h i h 1960 Si-

    Si i bcm h h Si hip h bgu

    ci m ii i h i h PRC, uch ukig

    mic ck gi h PRC iui c bwig up Chimic i.

    W i p ii bjci pi h gig M

    m h 1950 hi h i Spmb 1976, pi mk by M

    uciu mp m Chi ciy g h i uiquy

    Mi ciim uig h G Lp Fw (195861) h Cuu

    Rui (196676), h cu gy c. A h

    mi h bi h w chi mi wih h

    im iiyig h chig bjci p ii mg p whm M, icigy pi h g, kiuy mipu

    c hi im.

    I c ci iw, w hw h h Cuu Rui

    w my M f ugg pw, bu h iu i gicy

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    8 MAO

    w chi hi upi ii cig w, i ciiz i

    w, i ciy. By h mi-1960 M h cm bi h h cii

    cuci cipiic i w iuci. E h c-

    uci ciim pp wu mi i giic. Ech pwu hb gy g mig uig cpiim. Tu, i hig

    w ju w i, h Cmmui Py i cu g.

    T i why h i h cici h i wu b impib bui

    cmmuim wihu f yig h , ii u Chi cu-

    u. Hw, h biuy uim hum u. T mijugm

    cu h iu y h Cuu Rui, bu h i

    Mi pjc. T ym bck cmmuim, k gim

    ciy, h M ii i wih M him.I ccui, u k hii w ih bm pi

    M. I i y c wih M. H i wb

    y, h him i, K M. T k w u, h, w

    py i i i h m pwu iui piic

    h wih cuy. I i u hp h hi bk wi hp

    chi p m ccu uig M, h im

    cuy h puc him, h Chi h c.

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    P A R T O N E

    T H E A P P R E N T I C E

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    1

    T H E F O S T E R C H I L D O F

    T H E B O D H I S A T T V A

    T Suh Chi ig Shhchg, i Xig cuy, Hu p-

    ic, i i w y quz bw hi c wih g

    ic pi, h bu ky b. I h ic m Shh

    Mui, which g i m h ig i picuy by

    Buhi. A bch i u m Chgh, h pici cpi,

    h w, which i c Shh. I k h c i bu

    h hu h hu-mi ic. A i bu pk ih b qu ig h iwy i wi ii. Chim M

    bihpc! Chim M bihpc! cy h cuc. A jig, h-

    hu i big yu ig , which k yu p ic f

    u-f p g, hi-m bick hu cum muum.

    h igh imi ighy m ypic p wig. T

    mph i h ypic u cmmuiy. A m ig ik my

    h i Hu, i i iiguih by big h bihpc m wh

    chg h hiy hi cuy wh iuc i i hughu

    h w g hi h.My h ihbi h ig wihi hi y w u-

    m M. Ti w wh hi c h . A h pp m

    M c hi ig bck h b wi M ihu, i

    ighbig Jigi pic wh h hi i gi i h mi-

    uh cuy k p i h cmpig h impi my i Yu-

    pic gi h Mg, wh h u Chi ic h 1270.

    T Mg mi c w by h b my h mk Zhu

    Yuzhg, wh i 1368 pcim him h mp w Chiyy, h Mig. T i i Yu, M ihu mi c

    gi i 1380 k h hi chi Hugug (w kw

    Hu), wh hy i Xigig cuy, uh Xig. Sm

    y w hi m h Xig cuy m

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    12 MAO

    hi hm i Shhchg. Ty w h pgi h M c i

    Shh.1

    T uu upm Chi w b i uch miy, h

    M Yichg, h ih y h h mh h Y h Sk ccig h u c. By h ci yic ckig,

    hi w i h ih y h ig Emp Gugu, h Qig

    (Mchu) yy, which h u Chi ic 1644. T Gugu (Bigh

    Bgiig) h bgu i 1875, pcim i h m h yug m-

    p Zii, wh w h u y , by hi m u, h Emp

    Dwg Ci Xi. Accig h W c, h bih , jyu

    i y Chi miy, ccu i h miy M Yichg D-

    cmb 26, 1893.M h cu hy ci hi hppi, bu hi mh w w-

    i. T bby w y big, h w i h migh b b u

    him. Sh h y gi bih w wh h i i icy. Wp-

    pig h wb i wig ch, h Buhi u wh

    w iig i h mui, wih i h y, k h k

    h i. Bu h u u. T bby k y hhy, h w

    wy him. T hmi u, cmmig py

    u h chi w-big, i h iugh mh kp h .

    Schig up h bby, h mh uh h h hu i igh-big iic. T h pp i m mp pch p

    w- high ck ic h Bhi Gu Yi, h G

    Mcy. Pig h, phyicy miy hu, h py

    h h Bhi wu g bcm h mh.2

    I kpig wih ii, h p h bih mh w quicky

    im h bih h by w p hm. I i h

    b gi, hy wu h b gi h.

    T Chi ci h i mh p i h wmb h f

    y i, bby w ci b y bih. A ciiu qui h h wb b w i ch w m hi h

    u. M u, upp bb y ki cgi,

    w hug b h c. T i w bh y h hi y, i

    h pc gu wh w w iw him h f im. O

    h y h i f bh, h h p cifc h pii

    h c, pu i gig i h i h bhw,

    ymbizig mi hh. Pickig up h i, h mh h him

    h miwi wh h i i h iy. Hig h i hbby h, h miwi i, Fi, b m, c, b wi, hi, b

    cuig. Aw h p ck b gi h i muh,

    m, g, i, B qui. A c w pc h i ch

    h h wu wigh , bi gg w pc gi hi chk

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    THE FOSTER CHILD OF THE BODHISATTVA 13

    hppi. A ig m which i ci g w i u h

    i wi. A mh h i h wu b h, ig ck

    hi h mp h p h ck. Ti w imp

    which h i w gi m. Gu gi gh, bigig gi my, pk, fh, ui, c gg.

    Fm im immmi, p h ch m hi wb

    wih h i Di u-. I ccc wih ii, M

    Yichg cu h c gmc, wh i him h u

    h w ig i hi m, bcu hi w ckig i hi hcp.3

    T wih h gmc i wih h impi h c g-

    gic chic. Ech gi h pcifc Chi chc

    i h w upp b u i h gi m h m hpicu gi. T gi m hm cu b qui i,

    bu hm h ci h cmm chc h mmb-

    hip i h gi which hy bg. I h gi Yichg

    wb (h wih gi h M c), hi igif w h

    chc ze, h i which ci h h k h w

    m. T chc ze h u mig: i igif miu

    mi w ki, g, bfcc. M Yichg ch

    dong, mig , h c chc h i gi m. T

    m Zg w uuuy buiuBc h E! A h mim, gi i ccc wih ii, h chi w gi c, u-

    fci m b u pci, cmi cci: Ruzhi, which m

    Dwy Ochi. M mh g him y h m, shi, , which

    w upp pc him m miu hi hi kihip wih

    h Bhi. Sic M w h hi i h miy, hi mh c

    him shisanyazi, iy h Ti Chi Nm S.

    M Zg w b i m huh. Bi hi h

    mh h w y hi p gh. (M Zg p

    gmh, m Liu, h i i y b hi bih, My 20,1884, wh h w hiy- y .) T miy ccupi y h

    h hu, h wig. Nighb i i h h h. I

    h hu w p ic py i bck, pi bmb g.

    Am y i h ig m i hu huh w p.

    H huig wk iy p yi i icm.

    M Zg p gh, M Epu, h b p hi i

    i, ig hi b-i. M Zg h, M Yichg, hw,

    w b wch him m py. A y chi, Yichg wb Ocb 15, 1870. A h g h w bh gi h

    h y h him, m W Qimi. Ty w mi f y

    . S w, ccu hi h b, Yichg w

    i h c Xig Amy. (Xig, h ii m Hu, w m

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    14 MAO

    h Xig Ri, which w hugh h pic.) Wh M Yichg

    u g bc, by pig hi ccumu my py h w

    b m h hi h h , bcm ip cui-

    . H w cu icib, bu y hwkig ug. Acc-ig M Zg ugh, wh iy h hi m h h, M

    Yichg p, Py i h u ig much p-

    ig much. Py cm m ibiiy um. Wh c

    um wi h ugh i by; wh c wi qu mu-

    i g! 4 Yichg wi, wh w kw i h ig Suqi (Simp

    i)5 bcu h iuy g, hp him mk hi wy i

    h w. By h im M Zg w , h y hi gh i,

    M Yichg by i icib i h mg up mmy cqui bi m .6 Eigh y i, yug bh,

    Zmi, w b, y h gh h, hi , m

    Z. I ii h chi h w wh h i pi

    M Zg bih, M p h w ugh, bu bh hm

    i uig icy.

    M mh i imbu h wih h w igiu ig.

    Duig hi chih cc, M ccmpi hi mh

    Buhi mp, h m h h migh bcm mk.

    M h, hw, i h h wih, bu ih i h bjc ymuch. H Buh wih c pc, hugh h g uw

    ig hi. I hpp h c, m h ig, h h cu-

    ig h . M h w if, bu ppy w h

    ig. M ig i ppi ici. M h ip hi

    wig m high. Awy igiu kpic ui h, h w bg

    ci him.7

    Ahugh M Yichg pc Buh, h hugh i m

    uu hi gp h wim Cuciim, h ii

    phiphy i m h yig h ci phiph Cuciu(551479 BCE) hi w. Chi piic ym w b C-

    uci picip h m m pci m humiy. Acc-

    ig Cuciu, pp h uf h c c (li) bw by

    H, mg which h m imp w humiy (ren), fi piy

    (xiao), iu (de). Oy by big h Hy w cu

    chi h high hic i, h g h Cuciim i .

    Iiiu ccic mi whh cuy w h

    chig Cuciu, bu pcic m i w impib h c wihu kwg h yig h phiph. A biiy

    jugg qui m Cuciu w cy i ci -

    ci p. Ay wh w umii wih hAnalects Cuciu h

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    THE FOSTER CHILD OF THE BODHISATTVA 15

    h bk h cic c, icuig hMencius, h Great Learning,

    h Golden Mean, w ci uuc.

    T, upiigy, M h, wh h y w y

    chig, w g hi m Cuci ig. Yichgh wui gig hiy pc bcu h h b ub

    b hi c wih cii m Cuciu. T cu i u i

    h , wh h m hi p kwg h c-

    ic. M ugh wi h h gh ci h pi, L my

    bcm ju uch uc m i my bh. 8 Acc-

    igy, M Zg w pi my ch i Shh, wh

    h w qui mmiz h Cuci cic.

    M mmiz h yig h phiph puy uii-i , quih h i gum by iucig p qui

    pciy h igh mm, bu h m-hic pcp Cuciu

    m h c i hi u. M ugh cu hw h

    h c b hi w ch i gum. O h y, h wi,

    wh h ch w b m ch, Fh ugg hi

    cm h hy g wimmig i p. Wh h ch w

    hi u bhig i hi bihy ui, h ci hi -

    my ic ci puih hm. Bu Fh piwih qui m hAnalects i which Cuciu pi bh-

    ig i c w. Fh p hi bk, c h qu-

    i, h w Cuciu u u. T ch w

    mmb h Cuciu y h i hi, bu h cu

    c. Iui, h w cmpi Gh.

    Yu Ruzhi i buy ubb. Oc h kw m h

    m, I wi g ch him!

    M w quy p pyig qui m Cuciu i hi piipu wih hi h, wh cy cu hi big ipc-

    u zy. Smim M w u, bu uuy h ipu by

    him. Hi h, wh piz fi piy b h Cuci pi-

    cip, wu hh hi wh h cic him. I ki yu,

    uch mg wh pc u wh, h hu M.9 H

    whipp hi w h . M mh mb h ig

    i hm, bu uuy i.

    T miy cic, h cuy hi h, h hi mh, whm h gy pii, iiby c h

    chc M. H gw i pi pu b ub-

    b h hi h, whm h gy mb.10 Ahugh ii by hi

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    16 MAO

    h mp, M him bcm icigy hh, bi,

    hg.

    Hi ubb my h h hpychgic w miy

    . T Hu, wh hi wih ib h pp-p, mu hughu Chi hi hh mpm. H ik

    hi , i h wy hy uuy chciz.

    My y M pi miciu Mi pi

    h cic wihi hi miy. I Juy 1936, wh h g h Amic

    jui Eg Sw qu iiw, h i:

    A mi p h my miy w f mou [1 mou mu

    i -ih c] . . . my h ccumu i cpi- i im puch m mou, which g h miy h

    u ich p. . . .

    A h im my h w mi p h bg i

    gi p ig, by which h m i my. A h

    bcm ich p, h m hi im h bui.

    H hi u-im m b, pu hi chi wk

    h m, w hi wi. I bg wk mig k wh I

    w i y . My h h hp hi bui. H impy

    puch gi m h p m h p i hciy mch, wh h g high pic. I h wi, wh h

    ic w big gu, h hi b wk h m,

    h h im h w muh . . . . H g u

    my wh, h m mg . . . . m h g

    ih gg m.

    Smwh , M, ughig, ,

    T w w pi i h miy. O w my h, h Ru-ig Pw. T Oppii w m up my, my mh, my

    bh, mim h b. [M w ig hi

    bh Zmi, ic hi bh Z h y b b.] I

    h Ui F h Oppii, hw, h w i-

    c pii. My mh c picy iic ck. Sh

    ciiciz y ipy mi mp p bi

    gi h Ruig Pw. Sh i i w h Chi wy. . . . My

    iici ic. T icic ugg i u miy wcy pig.

    Qu bw h hi w ucmm. M g

    i fc ipu wih hi h i h pc h, uhikb

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    THE FOSTER CHILD OF THE BODHISATTVA 17

    ipy impuc. I hi iiw wih Sw, M i hi h, I

    h him. 11

    M hiy h guy m hi wy i h w, buyig up h

    h p mgig m h cib -u, m w h hu Chi i . T mjiy Chi-

    p i i giig py. Gy pkig, -ih

    y-wih-cuy Qig Chi w my bckw, wi,

    mi cuy. Cpiim w ju i i icy h y m

    iu impc ciy. Cmpy cpii pi w b-

    ih i pc ik Shghi, iji, Wuh, m Shh. Oy

    i h w cii w h gwig cmic ppiy. I h ig i

    w i h ic ci im. T mjiy p pc bf m h mk. I h uum hy ypicy h p

    h gi hy hm, hiy icu pic, pf

    ik M h py hi b. I h pig, wh pic h i,

    hy h h buy bck ik mu gi, uig fci

    i h pc, ju i i mi.12 Pup h u

    uc, icuig gb, hm bgg, h i, wh

    m up igifc p h ppui, ughy 4045 mii u

    ppui bu 400 mii, w picuy i-ip -

    iy buim . A u h h Chi ppui wp umpy.13 T w h pp wh cmpuuy

    p ik M h tuhao (m ) buck. Sic

    i h cii h w w m pi h cu mpym

    h wh w i, h g m h ppui w cf wihi

    i i pc. T m hm cu f jb, pciy

    uig h ic-pig ic-hig . Bu m hm h

    uch uck. H gg fhy pp w g h u ,

    bggig m. I h mk qu w p hig ig,

    ig hi yug ugh, mim hi , whm hyh bugh wih hm i w wiw bk.

    My p ji mf-yp bi gg ik h i Sciy

    gg i bbig h tuhao. Cu iuci w cmm ccuc

    y i Hu, bu i h pic w.

    I h c wi 1906, h iic Pigig, bu 150 mi m

    Shh, w i h h iuci bgu by h Hgjig

    (Ppiy) ciy, bch h pwu Hgmg (R Bhh),

    which h bch i my pic i uh uh Chi. Picu-y ci h b bw Hu Jigi, bw Shh

    Pigig, i ugh hw h i Mchu yy (Qig), which

    h cqu Chi i h mi h h cuy,

    h piu Mig yy. T mmb h ciyh Bhh

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    18 MAO

    h Sw, hy y hmw bu by uiqu igiu iu

    h w kp hi m h uiii. Ty w big hp ch

    h i cicumc, hy bi i mgic Di Buhi

    cim w i hmim cy. Ty pcic mi ih bi h i phyic piiu ci (wushu qigong)

    wu hm iub.

    Sgig iuci i Pigig, h Hgjig ciy py p-

    cim i g i w g: 1) Ohw h Qig h

    Mig, 2) Dy h ich, hp h p. Rum bu h upiig

    quicky p hugh h ighbig iic Jigi Hu. Am

    wih b, p, w, h b iz h uuig iic,

    ckig h hm h tuhao pigig h lieshen (iy, h iii), h m h p p ppi h why u gy. Ty

    m wih h my uppi h iy ppu p

    h wi gi i hi hm. A pi h g w iib-

    u h p. A y gm p upp h upiig,

    bu h c pp w ub cm w g im. Zhg Gu,

    i Pigig, wh w h i y wh bcm

    h u h CCP M chi i i pw ugg, ymp-

    hiz wih h iucii, bu w if h. H mmb

    h c hi wy:

    Pp cm w h m mpy-h, h c-

    yig hig i i h. Bu w h yug cu

    hig cpi w ug g. A f li [ li i bu .3

    mi] w i m g h h W w . . . h

    hpkp cui u gi wkig i . . . Sic h

    h hp cu i ccmpy u, h ugg

    h w h p h igh. W w y hppy c-

    cp hi wm iii.I mu h b bu miigh wh cw hy

    uk m cyig b gg u m b u

    cu . . . bihig b u. Chp h ki h

    w u b g i hi b, m y. Ty b ic y

    u b , bw h. D ki hm, i h ugg.

    i hm up c hm , hi mii m hm

    bck wih big hiy i .

    T hpkp i py u. Pig h wb w g bck p, h pmi hm wi, ,

    yhig i h hp. A bcu h bg hi gg,

    w , hy i him. Pmium ciu

    whi; bu hy u , w cp bck h

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    THE FOSTER CHILD OF THE BODHISATTVA 19

    bm. A u guy ubi, w h ig

    umb.14

    Simi bi ccu i h pc, icuig Chgh, hHu pici cpi. I Shh mmb h E Bh Sciy,

    ji by h p p, i bi. Dmig i m

    h ich p, hy bg mm u h g E ic wihu

    chg! My h, M c, w ic mch w pig

    much gi h ciy m u iic, pi h hg. O hi c-

    igm w iz by h p ig hi wh w bu. I i

    ymphiz wih him. A h m im, I hugh h ig mh

    w wg .

    15

    T b w buy upp. A w g quicky h

    h h upiig, my whm w cpi, hi

    h ipy p h ifci uu wu-b b. p

    w i ci gi h E Bh Sciy i Shh. Ti

    w cugh cpi.

    Ecui i Chi w pubic. Cimi w i

    which bi mu w wi i bck chc. Ti

    m w i bhi hi bck hy w p u h ciy

    h cuyi i p c, pc by i big m b.Pp cw u bh i h pci. My hm ccmp-

    i h c g i i u. Ecig h cm i hi hi,

    h i fy hw h cm m h c h jm-pck

    qu. O h i, hig hi b cm, wu ppch

    h cimi, k b him, k gi wh h mu w .

    Ti w pc him m pib g by h u h immi-

    icim. Ti iu w h cm p c by giig

    him micum pc. T cm m w w m k,

    h i cu hi h wih wi bw. A hi, h cw i-p. Vig i w h u, pcc ik pubic cui w

    gui i. I w picuy ppci i uig h pci

    h cm hibi by by igig g huig g. T

    m i h cw wu b u y, H! H! (B! B!).

    Vic bg ic. I w i uch mph, i ciy wh

    hum i w wh hig, wh pp b ucigy y y

    ju mk m i h hp cpig py, h h chc

    M Zg, Zhg Gu, my h uu cmmui u-ii w g. P bi, M him ckwg, p-

    uc iib impi him uig hi chih iuc

    him hughu hi i.16

    Accig M him, Chi iu, b hiic

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    20 MAO

    ig wih upiig, bi, iuci, h mu i-

    uc hi wiw cciu. H gi uch

    wk Te Biography o the Ever Faithul Yue Fei, Water Margin, Te Ro-

    mance o Sui and ang, Te Tree Kingdoms, Journey to the West, bk -cibig h gy kigh, wi, u w h

    ppu bi. Ty pi h i bhh mg

    wi m h cu phyic gh. Ti h u h

    c i up gi ii wy.17

    M mh py i i h Bhi. H b wi

    w h hy b ph h M Gciu Buh, bu h h

    b, ic, ui. T hic phiphy Cuciu, h

    g humi, wi him c. I kw h Cic, bu iikhm, c M Eg Sw.18 Ay i y chih, u h

    iuc hi pic h, iciy iu, hi uuig, h

    ccu h p bi w h y wy igh. I yu

    mi humb bi, yu wu b b gi.19