Name :- Manzoor NabiRoll No:- 04Course:- Forestry 4th sem Year:- 2014-15

Submitted to: Mr. VikramSingh

Submitted by: Manzoor Nabi

Contents:

Foot and Mouth Disease

Aphthous fever

Tiger Heart

Highly contagious

Some time fatal

Viral disease of cloven-footed animals

cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats

Occurrence

Asia, Africa,Europe the Middle East and South America

1. AETIOLOGY

causative agent

Family Picornaviridae genus Aphthovirus.

serotypes:

A

O

C

SAT1

SAT2

SAT3

Asia-1

Temperature:

progressively inactivated by temperatures above 50°C

pH:

Inactivated by pH <6.0 or >9.0

Disinfectants:

Inactivated by sodium hydroxide (2%), sodium carbonate (4%), and citric acid (0.2%).

2. EPIDEMIOLOGY

Hosts

Bovine

Sheep

Goat

Camel

Swine

Low mortality rate adult animals

Oftenly high mortality young due to myocarditis

TransmissionAnimate vectors

Inanimate vectors

Clinically affected animals

Inhalation

People wearing contaminated clothes or footwear or using contaminated equipment

Hay, feedstuffs, contaminated with the virus.

Contaminated water

3. Clinical signs Drooling of saliva Sticky, foamy

Anoraxia

Shivering

Pyraxia Raised temperature. (104-106 F)

Reduced milk yield

Lameness with reluctance to move

Sores and blisters on the feet, in the mouth or on the tongue

In case of females Sores and blisters on teat

Oftenly high mortality young due to myocarditis

Low feed intake painful tongue & mouth lesions

11

Postmortem findings :

Necrosis of heart muscle (tiger heart), usually only in young acutely infected animals.

Ulcerative lesions on tongue, palate, gums, pillars of the rumen and feet

4. Pathogenesis

Infection through inhalation, the most efficient method of infection, virus can also gain entry to tissues through ingestion, insemination and inoculation, and through contact with abraded skin..

Primary viral replication, after inhalation,takes place in the mucosal and lymphatic tissues of the pharynx.

Viraemia follows primary multiplication with further viral replication in lymph nodes, mammary glands and other organs as well as the epithelial cells of the mouth, muzzle, teats, interdigital skin and coronary band.

In these areas of stratified squamous epithelium, vesicle formation results from swelling and rupture of keratinocytesin the stratum spinosum

5. DiagnosisClinical signs

For Lab tests take 1g epithelium of lesions (ruptured or not)

ELISA

Complement fixation test

Serological tests

ELISA

Virus neutralisation test

All submissions should accompany a history

6. TreatmentTreatment usually not practiced, in some cases

o Anti-pyretics

o Anti-biotics

It is recommended that at the face of an outbreak, isolation and slaughter of diseased animals should be done

Animals at risk must be vaccinated and tested serologically in regular intervals of time.

Vaccination failure may occur due to

Lack of the prevailing serotype,

Poor amount of immunogen in the vaccine

7. Vaccination

•Proper Vaccine Schedule at the Farm with good Quality Vaccine•Vaccinate all the healthy animals with good quality vaccine including infected animals to minimize the shedding if FMD Virus.

FMD VRI vaccine: Aftovac pure

INACTIVATED VACCINE: Aftovax

Vaccinate only healthy animals

8. Control Disinfection

Disinfect equipments and floor with house hold bleach (2 parts with 3 parts water mixed thoroughly)

Remove all organic matter Manure, dirt, feed, etc.

Vehicles, shoes, equipment

Arrange separate cover-allsfor laborers for work place.

Improve vaccination procedure with cold chain

8. Losses due to FMD About six Arab losses are due to FMD in Pakistan

annually.

Production losses are more as compare to mortality.

Reduced milk production cause huge economic losses to farmers and on the national economy.

Milk production may be permanently affected, even in animals that have recovered

FMD can devastate industry early detection and response is key to minimizing economic impact.

What should Farmer do if he suspects that animals on his

farm may have FMD?

Separate the Infected animals from healthy ones

Livestock farmer have proper vaccine schedule on his farm with good quality vaccine or consult local veterinarian for good quality FMD vaccine.

If you suspect disease in any of your animals you must contact your local veterinarian.

And not to send your animals outside for grazing. Any delay could allow the disease to spread further.

THANKS