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Theory of Planned Behaviourand Physical Activity

EPHE 348



Origins

• Attitudes were a major focus in psychologyduring the 1930s

• Evidence was often not supportive ofattitude-behaviour relations



Problems with earlier research

• Aggregate assessment

• Specificity (action, context, time-frame,target)



Theory of Reasoned Action

• Fishbein & Ajzen (1975) postulated atheoretical model for understandingbehaviour centered around the attitudeconstruct

• Remains the most influential attitudemodel 30 years later



TRA

• Attitudes – overall evaluation of abehaviour

• Subjective norm – overall perceivedexpectation to perform the behaviour fromothers

• Intention – summary motivation to enactthe behavior



TRA Principles

• Attitude and subjective norm influencebehaviour through intention

• Importance of attitude and subjective normcan differ by behavior or target group



But what makes up an attitude?

• Attitudes are a function of underlyingbeliefs about the behavior – Weighted Expectancy x Value

• Norms are a function of normative beliefs(norm x value of referent)



Theory of Planned Behaviour

• Due to the popularity and demonstratedimportance of self-efficacy, the TRA wasextended to include a control construct

• Perceived behavioural control – ability ofthe individual to carry out the behaviour(skills, opportunity, resources)



Perceived Behavioural Control

• Also an E x V construct: – Belief of capability to overcome an obstacle x

the probability that the obstacle will occur

• Ajzen (1991) argues that PBC influencesintention and, to the extent that itrepresents real control, behaviour directly



Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985)

Attitude

Subjective Norm Intention Behavior

Perceivedbehavioral control

Figure 14.1



What causes the beliefs?

• Ajzen and Fishbein leave this open butinclude personal and observationalexperience, personality, demographics,environment, culture among others…



TPB and PA

• Over 100 studies with various populations• Intention related to PA large effect size

• Attitude and PBC are related to PA with amedium to large effect size and related tointention with a large effect size

• Subjective norm related to behaviour andintention with a small effect size



PA Beliefs

• Most important behavioural beliefs: – Stress relief, takes too much time, fun thing to do

• Most important behavioural value:

– Health, physical appearance/weight control• Most important normative beliefs and values:

– friends, family, spouse/romantic partner• Most important control beliefs and values

– Time – Fatigue



Multi-Component TPB• Attitude, subjective norm, and PBC are multi-faceted:

– Attitude = affect, instrumental

– Subjective norm = injunctive, descriptive

– PBC = skills, opportunity, resources

• Rhodes, R.E. , Blanchard, C.M. & Matheson, D.H. (2006). A multi-component model of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal ofHealth Psychology, 11, 119-137.

• Rhodes, R.E . & Courneya, K.S. (2003). Investigating multiple componentsof attitude, subjective norm, and perceived control: An examination of thetheory of planned behavior in the exercise domain. British Journal of SocialPsychology, 42 , 129-146.



Intention behavior relations

• Intention-behavior asymmetry is from intendersnot acting and not from nonintenders acting

• The more one intends to exercise, the morelikely one is to fail at achieving one’s intentions(>3 becomes very problematic)

• Rhodes, R.E ., Courneya, K.S. & Jones, L.W. (2003).Translating exercise intentions into behaviour:Personality and social cognitive correlates. Journal ofHealth Psychology, 8 , 449-460.



Temporal Profiles of Exercise Behavior Motivation

ACTION PLANNING ACTION CONTROL

Non- Intenders

Unsuccessful Intenders

Successful Intenders

AFFECTIVE EVALUATIONS

CONTROL EVALUATIONS

INSTRUMENTAL EVALUATIONS

SOCIAL NORMATIVE EVALUATIONS



TPB in intervention

• Few studies have focused on TPB-basedintervention

• Basic premise is that behaviour can bechanged three ways: – Increase or decrease a belief – Create a belief – Increase or decrease a value



Belief Tests

• Chatzisarantis & Hagger (2005)

• Study of Adolescents and modal vs nonbeliefs showed differences in intention viaattitude



Properties of Physical Activity Attitude

PhysicalActivity

Affective

Instrumental

Boring

Unpleasant



Attitude Tests

• Conner & Rhodes (2008)• Undergraduate samples given either

completely affective message orcompletely instrumental message

• Examined effect on attitudes, intention,and behaviour (2 weeks later)



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Time 1 Time 2

Control

Affective

Cognitive

Effect on Behaviour



Attitude Tests

• Parrott et al. (2008)

• Persuasive Messages sent toUndergraduates (3 week follow-up)• Focused on Instrumental followed by

Affective Attitude compared to nomessage• RESULTS – Dependent on baseline

status.



Making an Enemy an Ally

• Can the reinforcing and distractingproperties of video games be used to

facilitate exercise?



Physiological Effects(Warburton et al., 2007)

Experimental Condition

TRADITIONAL VIDEO

Maximal AerobicPower(mL

. kg-1

. min

-1)

0

20

30

40

50

60

PREPOST

**

Fitness results were better in the video game condition



Why? Attendance

Training Week

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

W

eeklyAttendance

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Traditional

Video *



Gamebike Fitness Attendance



What is going on with Attendance?

• Participants report lower exertion in thevideobike condition than controls despitehigher power output (Sarkany et al., 2006)

• Participants report greater affectiveattitude (i.e., enjoyment) in the videobike

condition (Rhodes et al., in press)



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Time 1 Time 2

A f f e c

t i v e

A t t i t u d e

Videobike

Standard Bike

**



Mechanism

Gamebike Affective Attitude Attendance Fitness

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