Manual on Typewriting Office Assistantship · 2014. 1. 23. · Typewriting English Higher can be...
Transcript of Manual on Typewriting Office Assistantship · 2014. 1. 23. · Typewriting English Higher can be...
Manual on
Typewriting For
Office Assistantship (2nd year)
K.V.Subbarao, M.A., M.Com., M.Com., Ph.D., PGDTCA
Sr. Lecturer in CCP, Government Polytechnic for Women,
Nellore.
STATE INSTITUTE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
& BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
Nampally, Hyderabad
Preface At the outset I am very much thankful to the State Institute of Vocational
Education and Board of Intermediate Education, A.P., Hyderabad for the innovative
and sincere effort of bringing out this manual for the students of “Office Assistantship”.
The intention of the author behind bringing out this book is to help prepare the students
achieve proficiency in the art of typewriting. There are number of books available in
the market which provide similar guidance and they can also be utilised for achieving
better skills. This book acts as a supplement. The examination papers provided at the
end of the book enable the student practise under standard test conditions.
By this time the student will have acquired a degree of proficiency in the subject
and the curriculum set out for the second year embarks on increasing the speed and
accuracy in the subject. This book is based on the syllabus prescribed for the second
year Vocational Students of Office Assistantship. The questions are arranged in such a
manner that it provides an opportunity for the student to prepare well for the
examinations. Of course, the practise questions are certainly lengthier when compared
to the examination question papers without compromising the quality or standard of
instruction. At all times, the standard prescribed by the State Board of Technical
Education and Training, A.P., Hyderabad is kept in view. Equivalency with regard to
Typewriting English Higher can be obtained when the syllabus and pattern of the
S.B.T.E.T. is followed and exactly for this purpose all the questions are set.
Thanks are due to the colleagues, friends and Sri S. Anand, Lecturer in
Commerce, Krishnaveni Govt. Junior College, Chittoor for their valuable cooperation
and guidance and the Department of Technical Education for providing an
opportunity for taking up this assignment.
Valuable and constructive suggestions to help improve the efficacy of the
manual are certainly welcome and will merit consideration in future editions.
--Dr. K.V.Subba Rao
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SYLLABUS
The organisation of the book is as follows:
i. Professional Letter
ii. Business Letter
iii. Application for a post
iv. Government Memorandum
v. Government Order
vi. Tabular statement with sub columns
vii. Official Letter
viii. Balance Sheet
ix. Income & Expenditure Statement
The procedure for typing the question is explained first, followed by an illustrated
question with its solution. The exercises on the question are arranged next. It is felt that
the student gets sufficient practice, if not extensive, for improving his skill.
The grade speed passages at the end will enable the student achieve the required
skills in a progressive manner.
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A PROFESSIONAL LETTER 1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the PROFESSIONAL
LETTER error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format.
2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom
Margin (BM) each.
1) Type Telephone No. by pressing the back space key from the RM depending upon the number of letters. Eg: Count the characters in “Telephone: 2226496”. It comes to 18. Take the carriage to the extreme RM. Press the back space key 18 times. Start typing Telephone No. now. OR Find the lengthiest line of the Telephone No/From Address/Date. Count the number of characters in that line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters) from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree at which you should start typing the Telephone No/Each line of From Address/Date. Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You should start typing at the 52nd degree.
2) Take Double Line space. Start typing the name of the professional (together with his/her qualifications) in capital letters from 10 degrees of LM. Take Single Line space, type his/her profession with initial capital letters. Hint: Separate any two qualifications with comma. Eg: M.A., M.L.,
3) Give Double Line space. Type each line of the From Address in Single Line space (as detailed in Step 1). Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line of the From Address.
4) Give Double Line space. Type the Date of the letter (as
detailed in Step 1). Note: The lengthiest line of Telephone No/From Address/Date decides the degree at which you should start typing these items on the RH side. The lengthiest line should touch the RM.
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5) Give Double Line space. Type To Address in block form starting from 10 degrees of LM using Single Line space. Note: Punctuation similar to From Address.
6) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the
letter. (Dear Sir, ) 7) Give Double Line space. Start typing the body of the
letter in Single Line space using Double Line space in between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from the LM.
8) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph. 9) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”.
10) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the
name of the professional in upper case and within brackets. Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” and the name of the professional. Find out the lengthiest one of the two lines and type it in such a way that the last character touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the above two lines are centered to each other.
4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.
5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Professional
Letter in the prescribed format.
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Format of PROFESSIONAL LETTER
Telephone: 2226496 C.S.BHAGAWAN, M.A., M.L., Consultant. 19, Jayaprakash Road, Bangalore - 506 002. Dated 29th September, 1999. Mr. Ram Kumar, 14/267, Bhagyanagar, Bombay. Dear Sir, I have received your letter and I am pleased to give you the advice you seek. I understand that you are just completing your University studies, having obtianed a degree in Economics and that you are hoping to become a Stock Exchange Broker and that you have been offered a Clerkship with Messrs. Rao and Company. I note that you have always been very interested in facts and figures, and that for many years you have taken great interest in the stock markets, with some financial success. You will realise, I am sure, that there is considerable risk in this work, and that absolute integrity is of the utmost importance. From what I know of you, I think you would be suitable for this work, and I recommened you to accept the Clerkship. I send my best wishes to yourself and your father. When you have settled down, I like you to call in and see me. Thanking you, Yours faithfully, (C.S.BHAGAWAN)
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A BUSINESS LETTER 1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the BUSINESS LETTER
error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom
Margin (BM) each. 1) Type Telegrams starting from 10 degrees of the LM. Put
the telegraphic address in quotations and use capital letters to type it. Use a colon ( : ) immediately after the word Telegrams as shown here. Eg: Telegrams: “ NATIONAL”
2) Type Telephone No. by pressing the back space key from the RM depending upon the number of letters. Eg: Count the characters in “Telephone: 2226496”. It comes to 18. Take the carriage to the extreme RM. Press the back space key 18 times. Start typing Telephone No. now. OR Find the lengthiest line of the Telephone No/From Address/Date. Count the number of characters in that line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters) from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree at which you should start typing the Telephone No/Each line of From Address/Date. Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You should start typing at the 52nd degree.
3) Take Double Line space. Type the name of the Company/Firm in capital letters and center it to the page.
4) Give Double Line space. Type the From Address in Single Line space. Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.
Hint: Follow the instructions in Step 2. 5) Give Double Line space. Type the Letter Reference No.
(if any, given in the manuscript) starting from 10 degrees of LM.
6) In the same line, type the Date of the letter as given in Step 2.
7) Give Double Line space. Type each line of the To Address in Single Line space). Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.
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8) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the letter. (Dear Sir, )
9) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20 degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.
10) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in Single Line.
11) Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “ and “Ref: “
12) Type three hyphens after the Reference. (---) 13) Give Double Line space. Start typing the body of the
letter in Single Line space using Double Line space in between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from the LM.
14) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph. 15) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”. 16) Take Single Line space and type “for so and so
Company name” in capital letters. Do not type “for” in capital letters.
17) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the designation of the person representing the firm/company in upper case. Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” , “for So and So Company,” and the “Manager.” (designation). Find out the lengthiest one of the three lines and type it in such a way that the last character touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the above three lines are centered to each other. IMPORTANT NOTE: It is also acceptable to type the Telegraphic address (Telegram) and the Telephone No. against the first and second lines of the From Address. These should be typed in Single Line space and started from 10 degrees of the LM.
4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.
5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Business Letter in
the prescribed format. ---
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Format of BUSINESS LETTER
Telegram: “NATIONAL” Telephone: 862314
NATIONAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY LIMITED
71, Gandhinagar, Secunderabad. Ref.No.777/99 dated: 28th September, 1999. The Principal, Modern School of Commerce, Vijayawada-1 Dear Sir, Sub: Sale of Second hand Typewriters - Reg. Ref: Your letter dated 2nd September, 1999.
--:o0o:-- We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter cited above enquiring us about the availability of second-hand typewriters. As desired by you we are herewith enclosing the price-list and the details of the typewriters. The machines have been thoroughly overhauled and they are in perfect working condition. We are to inform you that the prices are fixed and if you place the order for more than five machines, we give you marginal discount. As the typewriters are in great demand, we advise you to send your order without any loss of time. We would like to inform you that we are having not only English Typewriters but Telugu and Hindi Typewriters also. Thanking you, Yours faithfully,
for NATIONAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY LIMITED,
MANAGER.
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING AN APPLICATION
1. Objective : To facilitate the student to type the APPLICATION
error free with neat appearance in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each and 1 inch Top Margin (TM) and Bottom
Margin (BM) each.
1) Type the name of the place (Eg. Nellore, ). Put a comma after the place name. Take a Single Line space. Type the Date of the application. (Eg. 29th September, 1999). Hint: Find the lengthiest line of the Place/Date. Count the number of characters in that line. Deduct the counted length (no. of characters) from the total page width (minus the RM). The resultant figure is the degree at which you should start typing the Place/Date. Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the lengthiest line = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You should start typing at the 52nd degree.
2) Take Double Line space. Type the word “From” taking 10 degrees of LM. Do not type any punctuation mark after From/To.
Take Double Line space, type the From Address in Block form i.e., type each line of the From Address in Single Line space. Put a comma (,) at the end of each line and a full stop (.) at the end of the last line.
3) Give Double Line space. Type the word “To”. 4) Give Double Line space. Type To Address in Block form
starting from 10 degrees of LM using Single Line space. Note: Punctuation similar to From Address.
5) Give Double Line space. Type the salutation of the
letter. (Sir, )
should
expedite
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6) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20 degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.
7) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in
Single Line. Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “ and “Ref: “ 8) Type three hyphens after the Reference. (---) 9) Type the body of the Application using Single Line
space. Use Double Line space in between two paragraphs. Start every para leaving 5 spaces from the LM.
10) Type “Thanking you,” also like a paragraph. 11) Take Double Line space and type “Yours faithfully,”. 12) Give Triple Line space (for signature) and type the
name of the applicant in upper case and within brackets.
Hint: Count the no. of characters in “Yours faithfully,” and the name of the applicant. Find out the lengthiest one of the two lines and type it in such a way that the last character touches the RM. At the same time, make sure that the above two lines are centered to each other.
4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.
5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Application in
the prescribed format. ---
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Format of APPLICATION
Nellore, 29th December, 1999. From S. Kishore Kumar, Lecturer in Commercial & Computer Practice, Government Polytechnic, NELLORE. To The Principal, Syed Hashim College of Engineering & Technology, Pragnapur Main Road, GAJWEL. Sir, Sub: Appointment as Senior Lecturer in Computers - Application - Submitted.
-o-
With reference to your advertisement in the Indian Express on 20th September, 1999, I offer my services for the post of Senior Lecturer in Computers. I am a Commerce Graduate and passed M.C.A., in distinction from Andhra University. I have been working as a Lecturer in Commercial and Computer Practice since 10 years and handling the Computer subjects for DCCP students. I am aged 32 years with sound health. I expect a minimum salary of Rs.14,000/- per month. I am willing to appear for an interview at my cost. I enclose herewith copies of my certificates for your perusal. Expecting your early reply, Yours faithfully, (S. KISHORE KUMAR)
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A GOVERNMENT MEMORANDUM 1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the GOVERNMENT
MEMO neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each.
1) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case centering it.
2) Give Double Line space. Type the name of the DEPARTMENT in capital letters duly centering it. Give Double Line space. Type the Memo. No. and date and center it. Also underline them.
3) Give Double Line space. Type the Subject from 20 degrees of LM using Single Line space. To better its look, do not stretch typing it too far on the RH side.
4) Give Double Line space. Type the Reference matter in Single Line. Hint: Do not expand the abbreviations “Sub: “, and “Ref: “.
5) Give Single Line space. Simply type three hyphens in the centre of the page (as design). ---
6) Take Double Line space. Type the body of the Govt. Memo in Single Line space. Leave 5 spaces (press space bar 5 times) at the beginning of every para. Give paragraph numbers from the second para onwards, where the body has more than one para, and if given in the manuscript. Give Double Line space after each para.
7) Give Double Line space. Type the name and designation of the official in upper case using Single Line space duly centering one to the other. Ensure that the biggest of the two lines ends on the RM. Put a comma (,) after name and a full stop (.) after the designation.
8) Give Double Line space. Type the “To” address starting from the beginning of the LM. Use commas to separate each item of the address and put a full stop at the end of that line. Begin every fresh address entry in a new line from the LM. Hint: Type each item of address in a continuous fashion and do not use Indenting method.
4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations.
5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc. before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Govt. Memo in
format.
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Format of GOVERNMENT MEMORANDUM
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION (POLITICAL.C) DEPARTMENT
Memorandum No. 449/Poli-C/87-1, dated 04-02-1987.
Sub: Government functions - Coverage of media. Ref: Letter No.A.11/456/86, dated 05-12-1986 of Commissioner of Information & Public Relations, Hyderabad.
-o-
All the departments of State Government are advised to ensure that whenever Government functions are organised and when the Chief Minister is participating, proper care should be taken with regard to the issue of invitations and making arrangements. The Press, All India Radio, Press Information Bureau, Television etc., should be invariably invited through the Commissioner of Information and Public Relations, Hyderabad, who will ensure coverage through various media. All the departments of Secretariat and Heads of Departments are requested to note the above instructions and follow them in future scrupulously. SHRAVAN KUMAR, Chief Secretary to Government. To All Secretaries to Government. All Departments of Secretariat. (10 copies). All Heads of Departments.
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING A GOVERNMENT ORDER
1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the GOVERNMENT
ORDER neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each.
1) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case. Leave Double Line space.
2) Type “ABSTRACT” in upper case duly centering it to the page. Leave Double Line space.
3) Type the matter under Abstract using Single Line space starting from 10 degrees of the LM. Give Single Line space and type the horizontal line below Abstract using the symbols “hyphen” (-) or “equal to” (=).
4) Give Double Line space. Type the name of the Department in capital letters duly centering it.
5) Give Double Line space. Type the No. of the G.O. from the beginning of the LM. Type the date of the G.O. such that the last character ends on the edge of the RM degree. Follow the procedure given here: Eg: Your paper width = 85 degrees. No. of characters in the date = 23 (i.e., Dated…) Page width – RM = 85 – 10 = 75 – 23 = 52 degree. You type the date from the 52nd degree.
6) Give Double Line space after date. Type “Read the following” exactly under the same degree where Date was typed. In some G.Os., the words “Read the following:” will not be given because there is no reference to that G.O. In such a case, simply omit the item.
7) Give Double Line space. Type the “reference” matter in Single Line.
8) Give Single Line space. Simply type three hyphens in the centre of the page (as design). ---
9) Give Double Line space. Type “ORDER: ” in capitals from the LM and underline it. Type a colon (:) after the word ORDER Do not underline the colon.
10) Take Double Line space. Type the body of the G.O. in Single Line space. Leave 5 spaces (press space bar 5 times) at the beginning of every para. Give paragraph numbers from the second para onwards, where the body has more than one para, and if given in the manuscript. Give Double Line space after each para.
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11) Take Double Line space. Expand “By order etc.,” and
type it in its full form using capital letters and within brackets (BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA PRADESH) duly centering it.
12) Give Double Line space. Type the name and designation of the official in upper case using Single Line space duly centering one to the other. Ensure that the biggest of the two lines ends on the RM. Type a comma (,) after the name and a full stop (.) after the designation.
Hint: Follow the procedure for typing the date in the G.O. 13) Give Double Line space. Type the “To” address starting
from the beginning of the LM. Use commas (,) to separate each item of the address and put a full stop (.) at the end of that line. Begin every fresh address entry in a new line from the LM. Hint: Type each item of address in a continuous fashion and do not use Indenting method.
4. Precautions : Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing. Understandessence of the order. Amplify abbreviations leaving standard ones (G.O.Ms.No.) untouched.
5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc. before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Government Order
in format.
---
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Format of GOVERNMENT ORDER
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
ABSTRACT
RULES - Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ Travelling Allowance Rules, 1961 - Amendment - Issued.
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
G.O.Ms.No.435. Dated 6th May, 1994. ORDER: In exercise of the powers conferred by Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ (Salaries and Perks) Act, 1956, the Government hereby insert the words “upto 300 KM” at the end of Rule 3 of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature Members’ Travelling Allowance Rules, 1961.
(BY ORDER AND IN THE NAME OF THE GOVERNOR OF ANDHRA PRADESH)
C.R. KAMALANATHAN, Secretary to Government. To All concerned.
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING AN OFFICIAL LETTER 1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the OFFICIAL LETTER
neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair. 3. Steps : Maintain 10 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right Margin (RM) each.
1) Type “Grams” from the left Margin and “Phone” to the right margin. Leave Double Line space
2) Type name of the GOVERNMENT in upper case. Leave Double Line space.
3) Type the name of the Department in upper case. Leave Double line Space.
4) From the Left Margin, type the FROM Address – the address from which the letter is being sent
5) From 500 type TO address against the FROM Address. Leave Double Line space.
6) Type continuous line 7) Centre the Letter No. and date of the letter 8) Type Salutation at the left margin 9) Type Subject and Reference leaving 5 degrees from
the left margin. 10) Type body of the letter preferably in single line spacing.
Indicate the paragraph numbers from the 2nd para. 11) After the body of the letter leave Double Line space. 12) Centre the “Yours faithfully” and “(Name &)
Designation” of the Officer signing the letter to the right half of the page. Leave three lines space for signature.
13) Type “Enclosures”, if any, on the left margin after “Yours faithfully”.
4. Precautions : 1) Read the manuscript thoroughly before typing.
Understand its essence. Amplify abbreviations. 5. Calculations : Make out calculations for centering etc., before typing. 6. Output : Neatly typed out and error free Official Letter in
the prescribed format.
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Format of Official Letter
Grams: “IRRIGATION” Phone: 123456
GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
50o From Sri M.B.G. Tilak, M.E., Engineer-in-Chief (Administration), Irrigation Department, Errum Manzil, Hyderabad
To The Secretary, Andhra Pradesh Public Service
Commission, M.J. Road, Hyderabad
Lr.No.ENC/AE/97 dated 26-1-1997 Sir,
Sub: Public Services – A.P.Engineering Services – Recruitment of Assistant Engineers – Issue of notification – Regarding.
Ref: G.O.Ms.No.567, Irrigation Department, dt. 20-1-1997
@@@
In the reference cited, government have issued orders to fill the vacancies of Assistant Engineers in the Irrigation Department on priority basis in view of the government’s policy to expedite the various works in progress under the State. 2. Accordingly, based on the requirement of personnel obtained from the subordinate offices, a zone-wise vacancy position is prepared and is sent herewith after duly taking into account the absorption and accommodation of engineering personnel rendered surplus by the Andhra Pradesh Construction Corporation, which has been wound up recently. 3. It is, therefore, requested that an employment notification calling for applications for the posts of Assistant Engineers may be issued early to meet the urgent needs of the various on going projects. Yours faithfully, Encl: as above
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PROCEDURE FOR TYPING BALANCE SHEET / INCOME & EXPENDITURE STATEMENT / RECEIPTS & PAYMENTS ACCOUNT 1. Objective : To familiarise the student to type the BALANCE SHEET
neatly and easily in the prescribed format. 2. Equipment and Tools : English typewriter - White papers - Table and chair – Scale Pencil 3. Steps : Maintain 5 degrees of Left Margin (LM) and Right
Margin (RM) each. 1. The name of the Company/Bank/Organisation shall be
typed in capitals without underscoring. 2. The year and the date of the account shall be in lower
case with Initial capitals 3. The world ‘Total’ shall be typed against the grand totals
of the balance sheet on both sides of “Liabilities” and “Assets”
4. The last horizontal figure, the total of which is given in the next column, shall be underscored at all places.
5. Double line space shall be used in the Balance sheet throughout.
6. ‘Liabilities’ must be typed within the left half of the sheet and ‘Assets’ on the right half of the sheet.
7. The words ‘Liabilities’ and ‘Assets’ shall be centered to the typed matter (between the scales chosen).
8. Sub headings used under ‘Liabilities’ and ‘Assets’ shall be typed only in ‘All Caps’.
9. “Auditors’ Report” shall be typed in Capitals and centred.
10. The name of the ‘Auditor’ shall be typed in capitals in such a way that the last letter tallies with the end of the right margin chosen. The word ‘Auditors’ shall be typed in lower case centering the same to the name of the Auditor. The lengthiest line of the above two shall be tallied with the right margin.
11. The place and date shall be typed on the left side of the margin with double line space between them balancing to the names of Auditors etc.
12. Rule up the columns. As the Balance sheet is to be typed in single sheet only (unlike the earlier one being typed on two separate sheets and matched), necessary adjustments with regard to the margins may please be made wherever needed. The other forms are also to be typed in the same manner.
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Format of Balance Sheet
Messrs. COMPLETE BUSINESS SOLUTIONS LIMITED, CHENNAI Balance Sheet as on 31st December, 1996
LIABILITIES ASSETS
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Issued Capital 16,25,000 Goodwill
2,00,000 7% Debentures 5,00,000 Patents 50,000 Add: Interest 17,500 5,17,500 Land 6,00,000
Sundry Creditors 4,00,000 Add: Appreciation 50,000 6,50,000 Bank Overdraft 2,50,000 Machinery
Less: Depreciation 5,50,000
50,000 5,00,000 Director’s Loans 1,00,000 Investments 60,000 Closing Stock 4,30,000 Cash 2,500 Sundry Debtors
Less: Reserve for Bad debts
4,60,000 30,000
4,30,000 Deferred Expenditure 80,000 Profit & Loss Account 4,90,000
Total 28,92,500 Total 28,92,500
AUDITOR’S REPORT We have audited the accounts of the above Company, duly verifying all vouchers, bills, invoices, other documents and the books of accounts placed before us. We, therefore, certify that the Balance reflects a true and correct state of affairs of the company as on date. Chennai, MANIRATNAM AND COMPANY,
10-4-1996 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS.
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101
Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes
The position of women started
deteriorating after the first millennia.
Though our constitution and many other
legislative acts have promoted gender
equality, their status continues to be
low. The empowerment of women
concerns women gaining control and
power over their own lives. It involves
awareness raising, building self-
confidence, expansion of choices,
increased access to and control over
resources. Empowerment should come
from within, women empower
themselves. Inputs to promote the
empowerment of women should
facilitate the articulation of their needs
and priorities and more active role in
promoting these needs and interests.
Women have a crucial role to play in
the modern society. The gender
mainstreaming strategy evolved in the
last two decades and adapted by the
countries all over the world is aimed at
making the goal of gender equality
central to all development activities. In
our country, there is a great upsurge in
awareness about women’s rights
among all sections of society. The
developmental programmes and
policies give emphasis to improving
women’s social status. In spite of
urbanisation and industrialisation our
culture and economy are
predominantly agrarian, rural based. So
empowering women, who are the
backbone of our agrarian economy, is
a sure path to achieve major economic
gains. Our development efforts have
yielded creditable benefits for women in
doubling their life expectancy over the
last fifty years, and considerably
reducing female infant mortality and
child mortality rates.
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102
Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes
The Indian government has taken
a step in the right direction by making
education a fundamental right. It is the
duty of the government to ensure that
every citizen has the right to equal
opportunity to realise his or her full
potential. It is important that the Union
Government ensures that the state
governments take the initiative in
enforcing this fundamental right of the
people – the right to education and
equal opportunities.
India has 300 million poor people
with no access to basic education, skills,
opportunities or jobs. It is important
therefore to make sure that these
depressed classes are pushed up.
Education is a tool through which this
can be arrived at. The system of open
universities and schools that we have
should be expanded to cover the entire
country. Open universities or schools do
not require heavy infrastructure base,
therefore, the whole rural region of India
can be transformed as never before. All
we need is vision to overcome the odds
and sustain hope so that the whole of
the country can benefit from the
advancement of technology and use
education as a means for sustained
growth and development.
As India remains still a largely
traditional society and women quite
often do not have a say in their lives, it is
still progress if they are enrolling in
schools and colleges even if they have
not crossed the fifty per cent
benchmark. Women have to be
integrated in the mainstream society as
mostly in India they do not enjoy equal
status with men and have to fight their
way through if they want to achieve
social or economic advancement.
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103
Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes
There is a new definition of
wealth today. Wealth is no more
measured in terms of fixed assets such
as buildings, land, bank account, etc.
But in terms of those knowledge based
systems, which add value. In today’s
world, goods, services, data, people
etc. cross the physical borders of
different nations freely. However,
adding value through knowledge gives
nations a competitive advantage.
Many countries realise the value of the
intellectual prowess of its people. India
is a developing country but it is one of
the most developed countries as far as
its intellectual infrastructure is
concerned. In that sense then, we
should be a rich country, but we are
not. Why is this so? It is because among
other things, the wealth creation
potential of knowledge is something
that we have not fully understood. We
have still not learnt to build the bridge
between discovery and market place.
Ability to build this bridge is a
prerequisite for Indian science to make
economic sense. If we do that, then we
can set ourselves a heady dream of not
only making India the intellectual
capital of the world but also an
economic power to reckon with. People
describe Indian in many different ways.
Many say, India is a rich country where
poor people live. That richness is due to
our intellectual prowess, our biodiversity,
our traditional knowledge base and, of
course, our rich traditions. The Indian
challenge is simply that rather than
being described as a rich country where
poor people live, someday someone will
have to describe us as a rich country
where rich people live.
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104
Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes
A major task for the leather
industry now is that of capacity building
in harnessing the technological and
material strength and specific
technique to suit demands in different
markets. Tanning is fundamental need
for the leather making and yet there has
been inadvertent neglect of the
tanning sector. Modernisation of the
tannery sector needs to be facilitated
for higher productivity, best use of
chemicals, higher consistency in the
products, reduction in wastes
generated, shorter process time and
cumulative increased returns.
Under utilisation of capacity is
reported in the leather processing
sector due to raw material shortage,
high price of raw materials, lack of
modernisation, financial and power
constraints and stringent environmental
regulations. Availability of funds at
affordable cost has been a limiting
factor mitigating modernisation. Hence
Indian leather industry finds it difficult to
compete with Chinese counterparts
which has attracted large investments.
India has not been able to attract large
foreign investments. Indian investment is
the only alternative in the present
scenario for modernisation of tanneries.
Lack of investment would result in unit
value realisation far below the global
average.
The fundamental issue that needs
debate is, can the tanning industry face
the challenges? If not, a system has to
be created to keep a global watch on
strategies adopted by major global
players and the tanners, chemical
manufacturers and other concerned
alerted timely about emerging
international concern on any specific
chemical or effluent parameter.
--:o0o:--
105
Type the following: 30 wpm Time: 10 minutes
With a view to overcome the
constraints and achieve the desired
objectives, several specific provisions
have been made in the Constitution
itself for empowerment of the weaker
sections. Besides, special legislations
have been enacted and numbers of
plans and programmes have been
launched from time to time by the
Governments, both at Central and State
level, for welfare of the weaker sections.
Majority of people in our country
live in the rural areas and earn their
livelihood from agriculture related
activities. However ownership of land in
the rural India has remained skewed
and bulk of the poor have no land of
their own. Various proactive legislative
and administrative measures taken by
the Government since independence
have improved the position to some
extent. However, it is obvious that there
are inherent constraints in bringing
about welfare of the weaker sections
based on land based activities alone.
In view of the large population and
limited financial resources available with
a developing country, credit plays a
critical role in economic empowerment
of the poor and the disadvantaged.
With this understanding, provision of
credit as such and under various credit
linked poverty alleviation programmes
have been taken up from time to time.
Our country has a tradition of
mobilising thrift, which in turn meets the
credit needs of the rural areas locally. At
the time of independence, the
cooperative sector was playing a
leading role in meeting the credit
requirements of the rural areas.
--:o0o:--
106
Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes
The human race is now in a
crucial phase of its long and tortuous
history on Planet Earth. The last 50 years
have seen developments that have
profoundly affected the way people
perceive our universe. The breaking of
the space barrier is enabling us now to
reach the moon, the planets, and
stretch out to the stars beyond, and
provide fascinating insights into the
mysteries of the universe around us. The
unravelling of the human genome is
beginning to unlock the secrets of life
itself, and we will soon be in a position to
create life artificially with profound
implications for the future of the human
race. Technological breakthroughs in
medicine have transformed the way in
which we can deal with illness and
ageing. Transportation has now
assumed entirely new dimensions, while
economic prosperity, though still limited
to roughly one-third of the human race,
could now be extended to less
deprived sections of society.
However, these very scientific
and technological breakthroughs have
thrown up negative elements which
threaten our natural environment and
indeed the very future of the human
race. Nuclear weapons of mass
destruction are now proliferating. The
malign underworld of trafficking in
human beings, and drugs and arms
trafficking have assumed global
dimensions. We are being constantly
bombarded by a torrent of horror and
violence in the movies and on our
television screen which is bound to have
an adverse impact upon the
consciousness of the younger
generations.
While all dimensions of education
are important, it is during the secondary
education period that the minds of our
adolescents are most impressionable,
and the contours of their consciousness
can be decisively shaped. This is a
challenge facing all societies in the
world today.
107
Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Planning for competitive
advantage will require designing of
policies that would aim at harnessing
kills, technology and learning. In the era
of globalisation, economy is knowledge
intensive and induced by innovation
and utilisation of new technologies.
Preparation of a cadre of manpower
that can effectively function in the
global economy is therefore critical for
improving productivity of resources.
In India, the overall improvement
in competence level of labour force as
measured by the indicators of
education and health care is very slow.
The proportion of vocationally trained
persons to the total working population
is abysmally low, 5 per cent, whereas
the corresponding ratios for developed
countries varies between 60 to 80 per
cent.
Globalisation provides unlimited
access to economic opportunities I the
world. But, to reap its benefits, through
the pursuance of an effective
competition policy, technical and
professional capacity of manpower of
all types and levels ought to be
enhanced, at least to match the levels
obtaining in other countries with which
India have to compete in the domestic
and international markets. And for this,
concerted efforts would be required to
design strategies for teaching and
learning to cater for education and
training needs of all the aspirants. Such
efforts, moreover, should be
commensurate with the requirements of
the world of work. Besides, the
perceived methods of imparting
education and skills should be cost
effective.
While India’s conventional
education systems and structures are
duly comprehensive to respond to
manpower needs of the society and
economy, the size of working
population is so large that it is not
possible to provide financial
wherewithal to impart quality education
to all the aspirants.
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108
Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Air pollution in urban areas is
commonly associated with the
contamination of atmosphere by
automobile exhaust emissions or
industrial effluents. In view of our
changing lifestyle, indoor air pollution
has become a major health hazard.
The problem is more aggravated in
developing countries due to over
population and congested and
unhygienic living conditions in urban
slums. Combustion, building materials,
the ground under the building and the
bio-aerosols are the four principal
sources of pollutants of indoor
atmospheric air. In developed nations
the most important indoor air pollutants
are radon, asbestos, volatile organic
compounds, moulds and tobacco
smoke. However, in India the most
important source of indoor air pollution
are the combustion products of
unprocessed solid biomass fuels used by
the poor urban and rural folk for
cooking and heating purposes.
Approximately, half the world’s
population and up to 90% of rural
households in developing countries still
rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such
as wood, dung cakes and crop
residues. An indoor pollutant is one
thousand times more likely to reach and
affect people’s lungs than a pollutant
released outdoors. A recent report of
the World Health Organisation states
that nearly 3 million people are killed
every year world over due to air
pollution following innumerable
respiratory and heart disorders.
Unfortunately, the serious impact of
indoor pollution on human health has
not received the attention of
environmental scientists, planners and
administrators in our country. The
people residing in rural as well as urban
areas are suffering from indoor air
pollution of different types. In the rural
areas poverty contributes significantly to
the unhygienic indoor conditions.
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109
Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Headache is one of the most
common complaints with which the
patient goes to the primary physician or
a neurologist. Most people accept that
an occasional headache is normal. Self
treatment is very common. Most
people with a mild recurrent or isolated
headache do not consult a physician.
Patients come to the physician because
of unusual severity or frequency of
headache. They seek medical
attention for headaches that have
changed in character, have become
more explosive or progressive. Almost
everyone has a headache at some time
when stressed, overworked or angry.
Headaches can also result from
muscular strain due to working in a
physiologically unsound position and
rapidly subside with relaxation, sleep, or
ingestion of simple analgesics. The
prevalence of this type of headache is
unknown because medical help is
sought only when the condition occurs
frequently, becomes chronic and
interferes with the patients’ life style.
Majority of the people self medicate
themselves through television
advertisements and over the counter
medications.
Headache results due to the pain
signals from the Blood vessels and
nerves surrounding the brain. The
structures external to the skull-scalp,
neck muscles, cervical nerves and roots
also results in headache. During a
headache, the pain does not come
from the brain, as many sufferers
believe, but from stretching of the
surrounding structures or it may be a
referred pain.
There are two major categories
of headaches Primary and Secondary.
Primary headaches are those, where
there is no other underlying cause,
tension type cluster and miscellaneous
headaches. Secondary headaches are
caused by other medical conditions
such as sinusitis, dental problems, head
injury or brain tumours.
--:o0o:--
110
Type the following: 35 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Technological development
plays a vital role in any sector. But it is
unlucky on the part of handloom sector
that the economic viability as well as
the marketing of handloom product
which mainly depend on technological
development are facing the advanced
and sophisticated technology posed by
powerloom and mill sector.
The advent of powerlooms and
the organised mill sector with its
sophisticated machinery for imparting
better finish and longer lasting
properties to the fabrics has posed a
serious challenge to the handloom
sector. Not only this but also it
endangered the very existence of
handloom sector introducing a
significant change I the consumer tastes
and preferences. Besides, it is also a
drawback for handloom sector that the
handloom weaver is generally
conservative and shows an inherent
resistance to take up new techniques.
However, with the march of time
the sector and the Government realised
the significance of taking the challenge
posed by the powerloom and mill
sector. The need for catering to the
demand of new markets depending
upon different tastes of consumer was
greatly felt. With a view to meeting this
long felt an urgent necessity for
technically qualified personnel was also
realised.
The first attempt at technical
development to face the challenge of
the mill sector and powerloom was
started in the early year 1950 with the
formation of the All India Handloom
Board. A number of schemes
formulated by the Board made
conversion of new shuttle Pit loom into
fly shuttle ones. The board also made
provision of finances to the cooperative
societies etc. At present the Indian
Institute of Handloom Technology
provide technical trend manpower,
development of new design and
upgradation of skill throughout the
country.
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111
Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes
The quantum of resources
required to be mobilised places the
financial sector in a vital position for
promoting efficiency and momentum.
It intermediates in the flow of funds from
those who want to save a part of their
income to those who want to invest in
productive assets. Till about two
decades ago, a large part of household
savings was either invested directly in
physical assets or put in bank deposits
and small savings schemes of the
Government. Since the late eighties
however, equity markets started playing
an important role. Other markets such
as the medium to long term debt
market and short term money market
remained relatively segmented and
underdeveloped. In the past decades,
the Government and its subsidiary
institutions and agencies had an
overwhelming role with extensive system
of controls, rules, regulations and
procedures, which affected the
development of these markets.
Worldwide experience confirms
that the countries with well-developed
and market oriented financial systems
have grown faster and more steadily
than those with weaker and closely
regulated systems. The financial sector
in general and banking system in
particular in many of the developing
countries have been plagued by
various systemic problems which
necessitated drastic structural changes
as also a reorientation of approach in
order to develop a more efficient and
well functioning financial system.
The Indian financial system has
been no exception in this respect and
the problems encountered in the way of
efficient functioning necessitated the
financial sector reforms. Recognising
the critical nature of the financial sector
prompted the Government to set up
two Committees on the Financial
System to examine all aspects relating
to the structure, organisation, functions
and procedures of the financial system.
The deliberations of the Committee
were guided by the demands that
would be placed on the financial
system by the economic reforms taking
place in the real sectors of the
economy.
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112
Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Agricultural commodity Futures
exchanges in India are still not
developed as compared to other
countries. The dominant political
ideology during early years after
independence dealt a severe blow to
development of futures exchanges in
India. It is only after the onset of
liberalisation that attitude towards
futures trading has changed and its
potential benefits are now being
acknowledged in the policy circles.
However, there are still a number of
impediments in their growth many of
which are on account of regulatory
provisions while others relate to the
practices of trade prevalent in these
exchanges. As a result of these
impediments membership to
commodity exchanges and volume of
futures transactions have remained low.
The membership of a majority of
agricultural commodity exchanges
have either remained stagnant or
declined during last few years. Small
and stagnant number of members
proves that the business of trading in
futures is not considered attractive. In
most of the agricultural commodity
exchanges, less than ten per cent of the
registered members are actually
actively trading.
It hardly needs to be emphasised
that futures trading can be conducted
only in commodities, which have
competitive markets. It is necessary that
the market forces of demand and
supply should largely determine the
prices. However, this is not allowed to
happen in India due to operation of
multiple restrictions such as price
controls, restriction on storage and
movement, etc. India has already
made a transition from food importing
country to a food surplus country. Many
of these restrictions have lost their
justification to continue. There is a need
to substantially dilute these controls and
integrate the internal food grains market
with the global markets. The shortage
conditions and the perception that
futures market has volatility aggravating
impact in the shortage situation futures
market helps to smoothen the demand
for the commodity and helps in
reducing intra-seasonal price spread.
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113
Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Stress comes in all shapes, and has
become so pervasive, that it seems to
percolate everything and everybody.
There is job stress in businessmen, directors,
managers, lawyers, doctors, nurses,
teachers, politicians, bureaucrats, police,
taxi drivers, housewives, children,
teenagers, senior citizens, etc. There is
stress of different kinds. There is the stress of
bereavement, divorce, poverty,
unemployment, social isolation, travelling,
driving, retirement, job insecurity,
attending school, examinations, child
rearing, etc. And there is also more and
more media attention because of
growing confirmation of the role of stress
in heart disease, hypertension, headache,
stomachache, smoking, depression,
substance abuse and a host of infections
and immune system disorders.
Numerous surveys confirm that the
problem has progressively escalated.
Why all the commotion and more
attention today, even though stress has
been around since the beginning of our
civilisations.
It is because there is more stress today. The contemporary stress is somehow different and more dangerous. The frenzy of media attention is due to our increasing ability to explain the mechanism of many stress-induced disorders. The economic, social, cultural, work environment and other such changes have escalated the stress and stress-related problems. Moreover, we recognise that stress management can be extremely cost effective, not only by reducing litigation, errors, mistakes, accidents and health expenses, but also absenteeism and worker turnover, and thus improving productivity, performance, morale and peace.
Stress is an unavoidable
consequence of life. Without stress, there
would be no life. However, just as distress
can cause disease, there are good
stresses that offset this, and promote
wellness. Increased stress results in
increased productivity up to a point.
However, this level differs for each of us.
The trick is to function with a level of stress
that is life enhancing, not life threatening.
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114
Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Commercial rubber culture in India
is hundred years young and the historic
event is celebrated with great joy and
plans are made to frame our future
course of action with a vision on the fast
changing global economic
developments.
Though India possess over 329
million hectares growing almost all crops
raised in any part o the world, the area
conducive to grow rubber is limited to its
southern and north eastern parts. The
spread of rubber in the southwestern
India especially in the state of Kerala
during the last three decades of
twentieth century, adopting the most
scientific farming practices is hailed as
one of India’s golden achievements in
the crop production and management
sectors.
Generating new technologies
among the rubber growers supported by
appropriate input supplies has scored
spectacular success in India. The
contribution of small growers numbering
over 7 lakhs make the achievement more
shining as their productivity per hectare
compares well and sometimes even
excel with the best managed estates.
The extension activities of the
Rubber board of India could be well
adjudged as one of the best performing
network functioning in any part of the
world. It has imparted titanic strength to
the highly motivated farmers whose
performance forms the primary factor
that helped the nation to lift is annual
production. The accomplishment has
made the nation self sufficient in natural
rubber production. India now pins its
hope to find remedies to the problems
arising from the international obligations
by equipping its farmers to enhance
productivity and bring down the cost of
production through different new
approaches by enlisting intensive grower
participation. Here again extension has a
very major role to perform because the
dream of the mighty rubber sector is to
export one lakh tons of rubber as early as
possible annually. The research to
develop new inputs, techniques and
products are making good progress and
it will find new areas for consuming more
and more natural rubber.
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115
Type the following: 40 wpm Time: 10 minutes
BANKING SYSTEM
An area of concern which impacts
of investment is the relatively high interest
rate structure that prevailed in the
country. The spread between the deposit
and lending rates in India is high by
international standards and reflects both
the constraints faced by banks and the
relatively low level of efficiency in the
financial intermediation system.
The Reserve Bank of India has in
the recent past been signalling a soft
interest rate stance and there have been
several reductions in the interest rates
across the board. The most recent step
has been to reduce the report rate by
half a percentage point. A cut in the
repo rate, which is the rate at which
banks lend to Reserve Bank is expected
to soften the overall interest rate
structure. The central bank was
prompted to lower the repo rate on
account of a fall in the level of inflation
and the good monsoon as well as to
reduce the flatness or the yield curve. This
move would give a boost to economic
growth through cheaper credit. Although
in recent years there has been
considerable liberalisation in the banking
sector with tightening of prudential norms
and accounting practices which have
led to an improvement in the health of
the banking industry, there are some
areas of concern which need to be
examined.
The ability of the banks to increase
their loan portfolio is not only determined
by a growth in their deposits, but also by
the need to conform with prudential
norms relating to capital adequacy.
Once a bank has reached a level of
advances commensurate with the
capital adequacy norms, any increase in
loan assets has to be preceded by a
proportionate increase in capital. This
can be achieved either by tapping the
market or by the Government providing
the capital in case of public sector banks.
It was earlier difficult for public sector
banks to raise fresh equity from the
market unless the Government
subscribed to the issue in order to
maintain its majority share. This was
limiting the options for some banks to
enter the market.
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116
Type the following: 45 wpm Time: 10 minutes
GLOBALISATION In common parlance Globalisation
is supposed to be a newfound
phenomenon. However, this is far from
reality. In fact, globalisation is as old as
history, starting with the large migration of
people across the great landmasses.
During the pre world war period, three
was rapid integration of the economies in
terms of trade flows, movement of capital
and migration of people. The inter war
period witnessed the erection of various
barriers to restrict free movement of
goods and services. After independence,
there was a drive to increased integration,
studies point out that trade and capital
markets are no more globalised today
than they were at the end of the
Nineteenth century. However, there are
more concerns about globalisation now
than ever before because of the nature
and speed of transformation. What is
striking in the current episode is not only
the rapid pace but also the enormous
impact of globalisation.
Globalisation in its present form
though spurred by far reaching
technological changes is not a pure
technological phenomenon. It has many
dimensions including ideological. To deal
with this phenomenon we must
understand the gains and the losses, the
benefits as well as the dangers. It is
against this backdrop an attempt is made
to assess how globalisation has impacted
the Indian Corporate Sector and how the
Indian corporates are attempting to take
on these global giants.
The post war period witnessed the
emergence of a hitherto unknown
corporate entity, the Multinational
Corporations, the gigantic business
enterprises undertaking direct foreign
investments through their establishments
spread over a large number of countries.
They sprawl across national boundaries
and tie together general markets of
national jurisdiction under a single locus
of control. The fruits of science in the form
of instant communication, quick transport,
sophisticated computers and modern
managerial techniques have been helping
them in reshuffling costs, prices and
availabilities of large untapped sellers
markets and cheap labour force in
developing or less developed economies.
As far as India is concerned, a host of
multinationals have been in operation for
about four decades in diverse fields.
117
Type the following: 45 wpm Time: 10 minutes
Human resources are one of the
most strategic and critical determinants of
growth. In spite of abundant physical
resources, a country cannot make rapid
economic and social advancement unless
it has enterprising people with necessary
knowledge, skills and attitudes. In any
developing country, human resource
development is the key to development in
all sectors of the economy, more
particularly rural sector where majority of
the people are very poor, illiterate and lack
the necessary knowledge, skills but also
creativity, interpersonal relations, team
building, leadership, motivation, training,
education, health, nutrition, employment,
empowerment and rights of the people.
Given the natural endowment of
resources the fact that development or
underdevelopment of any nation is largely
the reflection of the abundance or scarcity
of entrepreneurship. Development of
entrepreneurship is a crucial factor for the
development of a nation, and it is
necessary for harnessing vast untapped
human resources of a country like India.
And several research findings do suggest
that entrepreneurship is the dominant
variable in the growth process of any
nation.
An entrepreneur is basically an
innovator who introduces something new
into the economy. He is a person who is
capable of taking investment decisions,
calculated risks under conditions of
uncertainty can plan and innovate, take
prompt and wise decisions in selection of
a product or product mix, technology mix
and marketing. An entrepreneur is a
dynamic agent of change, or catalyst who
transforms the physical, natural and
human resources into corresponding
production possibilities. He is the key
person who envisages new opportunity,
new techniques, new lines of production,
new products and coordinates all other
activities. Basically an entrepreneur is a
person who is responsible for setting up a
business or an enterprise, and strives to
maximise profits by adopting innovations.
Entrepreneurship is the creative and
innovative response to the environment,
which can take place in variety of fields of
social endeavour – business, industry,
agriculture, education, social work and the
like and it is the potent limiting factor in
economic development. It is an act of
assuming risk of business ownership.
118
Type the following: 45 wpm Time: 10 minutes
As a member of society every
human being is bestowed with rights
which belong to him absolutely. Human
rights are concerned with the dignity of the
individual at a level of self-esteem that
secures, identifies and promotes human
community. In order to have or to claim
human rights, one need not be or do
anything special other than being born as
a human being. Human rights may be said
to be those fundamental rights to which
every man or woman inhabiting in any part
of the world should be deemed entitled
merely by virtue of having been born a
human being.
Since human rights cover people all
over the world irrespective of their social,
cultural, racial, ethnic, religious and
communal differences, it is natural that
they are a matter of international concern.
The charter of the United Nations
focussed principal of individual rights. The
merit of the charter is that it affirms faith in
fundamental human rights, in the worth
and dignity of the person, in equality of
persons of all nations and its resolve to
promote social progress and better
standard of life. The Universal Declaration
of Human Rights contains a long list of
civil, social, political, economic and
cultural rights as equality before law,
protection against arbitrary arrest and
detention, right to vote etc. These human
rights are granted as fundamental rights
by the Constitution of India.
Among many types of violences,
the United Nations General Assembly has
emphasised on violence which includes
any act of gender based violence that
results in, or is likely to result in physical,
sexual or psychological harm or suffering
to women, including threat of such acts,
coercion or arbitrary deprivations of liberty
whether occurring in public or private life.
Violence against women in the family
occurs in developed and developing
countries alike. It has long been
considered a private matter by strangers
including neighbours, the community and
government, but such private matters
have a tendency to become public
tragedies. Domestic violence may be seen
in the form of mental and physical torture,
murder, rape and battering by husband or
other male partners. Several studies
show that wife battering was associated
with the husband alcoholism.
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Irrigation has a major role in
enhancing agricultural production. The
National Water Policy has defined water
allocation priorities broadly for supply of
water for drinking, irrigation, hydropower,
ecology, agro and non-agro industries,
navigation and various other uses. The
present productivity of agriculture is
capable of substantial improvement, which
will be a necessity keeping in view
population growth and requirement of
food. The need for people centred
approach in water resources management
and improvement in water use efficiency
has been emphasised in the paper.
Educating the farmers about judicious and
prudent use of irrigation water, metered
irrigation water supply and water audit has
also been emphasised. The need for
recycling of water for industrial use by
treatment within the industrial complex
itself would naturally be required to take
care of the continuous increasing demand
of industrial water besides working out the
ways and means for reducing the
evaporation losses. The suggestions of
agriculture scientists for reducing the
evapo-transpiration losses would also play
a vital role. The phenomenon of
sedimentation of reservoirs is also to be
tackled which has since become
controversial as the opponents of large
dams cite this as a negative environmental
factor.
Water being precious, finite and in
view of growing demand, ultimately is a
scarce natural endowment. Our main
strategy is to optimise its availability for
different purposes, and accordingly
National Water Policy has defined water
allocation priorities broadly for supply of
water for drinking, irrigation, hydropower,
ecology, agro industries and non-
agricultural industries, navigation and
various other uses. Of equal importance
are the objectives of achievements of
efficiency, equity, and sustainability in the
use of water.
Irrigation has a major role in
enhancing agricultural production.
Sustainability of irrigated agriculture and
maximisation of benefits from this sector
through efficient environment friendly
irrigation management now assumes
much more significance even at any time
in the past. Full resource value of water
economic, social cultural and
environmental needs to be recognised in
irrigation water management.
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According to Ayurveda human
beings are a part of nature and hence
nature has all the remedies for the ills of
humans, both physical and mental. The
sun, the mountains, the rivers, the forests
and the dense vegetation are all central to
human survival and life cycle. Ayurveda
believes that health is the product of a
correct balance between the individual and
the environment. If that equilibrium is
disturbed, it causes illness.
The Ayurvedic doctor interviews a
patient, assesses the malady both by
interrogation and by reading the pulse, in
the light of the patient’s lifestyle.
Preparation of medicines is carried out
under the personal supervision of a
dedicated practitioner. To deal with
emergency patients and to give immediate
relief, sometimes an Ayurvedic practitioner
may resort to prescribing allopathic
medicines. But this is only to make way for
Ayurvedic treatment, the effect of which
may be slow, but steady and curative
without any side effects. Ayurvedic
medicines are products of nature and as
such they can be taken for any length of
time without any ill effect. They can cause
no harm to the body or mind. These
medicines which may be in the form of
tablets, capsules, powders or liquids
produce wonderful effects over a period of
time if combined with acupressure therapy
or physiotherapy wherever necessary. But
to benefit from the elixir of Ayurveda, a
patient has to be patient enough and
consume the medicines meticulously as
per the advice of the practitioner. But care
has to be taken to identify genuine
Ayurvedic practitioner from quacks who
tarnish the fair name of Ayurveda and bring
it to disrepute.
Ayurveda can cure even chronic
illnesses such as chronic asthama,
bronchitis and so on. Ayurveda has a cure
for many more diseases for which
allopathy has no answer. Ayurveda is a
boon to numerous patients who are scared
of surgery, as it obviates the need for any
surgical operation. In the Himalayan
foothills, where herbs and plants with
medicinal properties abound, practitioners
of Ayurveda have found a natural haven.
Some Ayurvedic medicines are primarily
processed and strained through three
mediums – honey, ghee and jaggery. Oil
based herbal medicines are prepared and
administered with care to ensure the
success of a therapy.