Manual for Tomato Pest Surveillance

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MANUAL FOR

TOMATO PEST SURVEILLANCE

National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture

Implementation : Natural Resources Management Division,

ICAR, New Delhi

Project Coordination : Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture,Hyderabad

Pest Surveillance Coordination : National Centre for Integrated Pest Management,

New Delhi with Indian Institute of Horticultural

Research, Bengaluru and Indian Institute of

Vegetable Research, Varanasi


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Contributors

Sardana HR1, Bhat MN1, Singh Niranjan1, Kanojia AK1, Mobin A1,Paswan S1, Singh Dharmendra1,

Kanwar Vikas1, Sathyakumar S1, Sridhar V2, Saxena AK2, Kodandaram MH3, Rai AB3, Saha Sujoy3,

Sireesha K4, Sandeep Kaur5, Vineet K5, Abhishek S5, Bachkar CB6, Pallavi RP6, Dutta S7,

Khare CP8, Patil SK8, Rao MS9, Prasad YG9, Prabhakar M9, Desai S9and Vennila S1

1 National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi2 Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru, Karnataka3 Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh4 AICRP on Vegetable Crops, AP Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh5 AICRP on Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab6 AICRP on Vegetable Crops, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidhyapeet, Rahuri, Maharashtra7 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal8 Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh9 Central Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad

Technical Assistance : Ghosh Vishal & Kumari Alpana

Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale, DirectorNCIPM, New Delhi

Dr. B. Venkateswaralu, DirectorCRIDA, Hyderabad

Dr. Amrik Singh Sidhu, Director

IIHR, Bengaluru

Dr. P.S. Naik,Director

IIVR, Varanasi

Citation

NICRA team of Tomato Pest Surveillance 2012.Manual for Tomato Pest Surveillance. Jointly

published by National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM), New Delhi, Central

Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,

Bengaluru and Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,Varanasi. 39 pp.

Printed at

M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110 028


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Foreword

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched the National

Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) during 2010-2011 with

three pronged objectives of strategic research, technology demonstrations

and capacity building. Assessment of the impact of climate change

simultaneous with formulation of adaptive strategies is the major focal

point across all sectors of agriculture, dairying and fisheries. Evolving climate

resilient agricultural technologies that would increase farm production and

productivity vis--vis continuous management of natural and manmaderesources constitute an integral part of sustaining agriculture in the era of

climate change.

Plant protection deserves prime importance in crop production because

of the fact that potential yield of crops are limited by various pests viz.,insects, diseases, weeds, nematode and rodents. Pests are biotic natural

resources of universe and their interdependent interactions amongst

system variables are equally influenced by the factors of climate change.

Climatic effects on pests could be direct as well as crop mediated. NICRA

recognized the importance of pest risks associated with climate change

and provided a research platform across crops of rice, pigeonpea, groundnut,tomato and mango during its first phase of implementation under eleventh

plan. Assessing the changing pest scenario, mapping of vulnerable regions

of pest risks, and to evolve preventive as well as curative pest management

strategies as adaptation towards climatic stress have been emphasized

among many approaches to study the impact of climate change on pests.

The long term trend analysis of their association with climate is important.

Most often, the available historical data lack continuity and their holistic

retrieval is cumbersome. Availability of information technological tools has

made it possible to create centralized database of desired resources andassociated activities with ease, in turn making scientific analyses and

inferences more meaningful.

In case of studies relating to pest dynamics, it is essential to streamline

methods of surveillance through carefully designed data recording formats

relating to crops, pests, production and protection practices in addition

to weather. Implementation of pest surveillance across seven different

tomato growing agro-ecologies under NICRA offers per seheterogeneityof climate, and would help to draw the underlying mechanism of the

observed pest status. Analyses with weather would further aid in delineatingclimate effects on pests. Making pest surveillance operational through

provision of pest scouts and data entry operators, makes it possible to

capture quality data at field level guided by scientific staff.


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Publication of Manual on Tomato Pest Surveillancehas been a part

of systematic attempt to give specific skills to the users to undertake

sampling relating to tomato pests. I appreciate the team work of the tomato

plant protection specialists of the nation, and wish that the research

outcome would be useful for the present and future of tomato pestmanagement.

(Dr. A.K. Singh)Deputy Director General,

Natural Resources Management, ICAR, New Delhi


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Foreword

1. Introduction 1

2. Surveillance plan and procedures

2.1. Nursery surveillance 2

2.2. General information for nursery 3

2.3. Pest observations in nursery

Whiteflies 3

Aphids 3

Thrips 4Leaf miner 4

Mites 5

Damping off 5

Seedling blight 6

2.4. Selection of main fields for surveillance 6

2.4.1. Fixed fields at research station 6

2.4.2. Fixed fields in villages 7

2.4.3. General information for fixed fields 7

2.4.4. Specific guidelines for observations

in fixed fields 7

2.5. Pest observations 8

2.5.1. Insect pests

Aphids 8

Whiteflies 9

Mites 9Thrips 10

Leaf miner 10

Tobacco caterpillar 11

Mealybugs 11

Fruit borer 12

2.5.2. Beneficials

Coccinellids 12

Spiders 13

2.5.3. Diseases

Leaf curl 13

Bud blight 14

Contents


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Tomato mosaic 15

Cucumo virus 15

Fusariumwilt 16

Ralstoniawilt 16Sclerotiumwilt 17

Early blight 18

Bacterial spot 19

Powdery mildew 20

Septorialeaf spot 21

Bacterial canker 22

Late blight 22

Fruit diseases/damage 24Buckeye rot 24

Early blight 24

Late blight 25

Bacterial spot 25

Bacterial canker 26

Sun scald 26

2.5.4. Additional details to be recorded for fixed fields 27

2.5.4.1. Pheromone trap catches 27

2.5.4.2. Crop management practices 28

2.5.5. Random field survey 28

2.6. General instructions 28

References 29

Annexures

Annexure I : Surveillance schedule 30Annexure II : Data sheet for general information and pest 31

observations in nursery

Annexure III : Data sheet for general information for 32fixed fields

Annexure IV : Data sheet for pest observations in fixed 33and random fields

Annexure V : Data sheet for meteorological observations 39


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Manual for Tomato Pest Surveillance

1. Introduction

Tomato is an important and nutritive rich vegetable grown in India over an

area of 0.60 m ha with an estimated production of 11.9 mt. Productivity of

tomato in India is lower (18.6 t/ha) than the world productivity (27 t/ha)(Anonymous 2009). Tomato is grown in a wide range of climatic conditions

across states of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West

Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Tomato crop is

highly sensitive to environmental stress caused by high temperature and

low soil moisture. In fact, temperature is rising in the tomato growing

locations and can cause reduced fruit set and lower the quality of fruits. In

addition, the episodes of insect pests and diseases dependent on prevailing

weather, play a significant role in determining quantity and quality ofharvest. Recently, earlier onset of warm temperature in the winter has led

to whitefly sustenance which boosted the transmission of leaf curl in Varanasi

and Mirzapur districts of UP. Unusual showers in AP during 2006 and morning

foggy conditions led to the outbreak of bacterial spot in about 6000 acres

in Adilabad region. Bacterial spot, a disease of minor concern, is now a

cause of great concern in Kharifcrop. Bacterial wilt is progressing towards

higher altitudes. It is in this context that, National Initiative on Climate

Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) with its priority of achieving food and

nutritional security chose tomato as one of the crops under the study on

pest dynamics in relation to climate change. Seven centres across seven

states from six agro climatic zones have been networked to assess the pest

scenario vis--visclimate (refer the map given on next page). In addition

to analyses of historical records of pests and weather, a strong foundation

is being created through implementation of systematic surveillance based

on carefully designed data recording formats that comprise scientific pest

sampling methods and holistic details on crop production. The complex of

pests and production and protection practices followed during the seasonat field level along with meteorological variables to be documented during

surveillance of the region were finalized by Plant Protection specialistsof

tomato. Manual on tomato pest surveillance has been prepared to assist all

the stake holders in collecting and compiling data on the occurrence and

severity of insect pests and diseases. It is a ready reckoner and guide for

identifying the pests. Manual also includes the plan and schedule of pest

surveillance. Contents of the manual describe the pests of observation and

their sampling procedures followed by the finalized data sheet formats.

2. Surveillance plan and procedures

One nursery and two fixed fields at the experimental station, and one

nursery and one main field each in ten villages of the region, are to be

selected for tomato pest surveillance. Fixed fields are those fields that


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once selected in the beginning of the season would be continuously

monitored till harvest on weekly basis for insect pests and diseases usingthe specified data sheet formats. In addition, a random survey covering

five villages other than the ten selected villages has to be conducted during

each week. The schedule of surveillance is given in Annexure-1.

2.1. Nursery surveillance

One at experimental station and ten nurseries @ one nursery per

selected village where fixed field surveillance would be used for

surveillance.

Observations at nursery are to be made at least thrice.

Use separate sheet for each nursery, during each time of observation.


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2.2. General information for nursery

One time collection of general information relating to each nursery with

details that are self explanatory in Part 1 of Proforma 1 (Annexure II)should

be done.

2.3. Pest observations in nursery (Proforma 1, Part II)

Whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci )

Identification

Whitefly adults are yellowish covered with milky white waxy coating on

wings. Adults often are clustered together on the undersurface of leaves,and fly when disturbed.

Whitefly adults

Procedure for observation

Count and record the number of whiteflies adults visible per 10 seedlings

per spot.

Aphids ( Myzus persicae andAphis gossypii )

Identification

Aphids are tiny, soft-bodied, pale yellowish, green coloured insects with

three dark lines on the back of the abdomen. The aphids are found in great

numbers on the leaves, petioles and stem. Winged and wingless aphids arecommon. Aphids are normally associated with ants and develop sooty mold.


Count and record the number of aphids on 10 seedlings in one spot.


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Thrips ( Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella sp. )

Identification

Thrips are tiny (


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Count and record number of the live maggots on 10 seedlings in one spot.

Mites ( Tetranychusspp. )

Identification

Mites are tiny, elongated to oval in shape, deep orange in colour and

microscopic. Immature instars and adults are found under the leaves.


Count and record the number of mites on 10 seedlings in one spot.

Damping off (Pythiumspp.)

Identification

In pre-emergence damping off, seeds become soft, turn brown, anddecompose. In post-emergence damping-off, roots, hypocotyls and the

crown of the seedlings turn pale brown, soft, water soaked and thinner.

Infected seedlings topple and collapse. Disease is noticed in patches.

Mines on leaves

Nymphs and adults


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Number of infected seedlings out of 20 seedlings at each spot should becounted and recorded.

Seedling blight

Identification

Small, regular to irregular dark brown sots appear on leaves which later

coalesce and turn into blight. The spots may or may not have yellow halos.


Number of infected seedlings out of 20 seedlings at each spot should be

counted and recorded.

2.4. Selection of main fields for surveillance

2.4.1. Fixed fields at research /experimental station

In the experimental station, two experimental plots, each of approximately

250 sq. m, should be planted with local popular variety/hybrid. One of the

plots has to be kept unprotected without any plant protection measures

for any of the pests on tomato crop (designated as Fixed 1). In the other

Toppling of seedlings

Blight of leaf


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plot designated as Protected (Fixed 2), need-based application of pesticides

should be followed to keep the crop free from prevailing insect pests and

diseases.

2.4.2. Fixed fields in villages

Select 10 tomato growing villages representing the agro-ecology of the

identified region in the same district or nearby districts distributed randomly.

In each village, one farmer field (Fixed 1) of near to one acre, should be

selected for surveillance during the season. Assigning fields of farmers as

Fixed 1 should be made during the first observation and the same should

be maintained till the end of season.

Take care to select farmers growing the popular tomato cultivars of the

region. The latitude, longitude and altitude of the selected field should be

recorded once using GPS unit.

2.4.3. General information for fixed fields (Proforma 2, Annexure III)

The geographical, cropping system and agronomical details relating to

general information which are self explanatoryshould be collected once in

the beginning of the season from experimental fields Fixed 1 (Unprotected)

and Fixed 2 (Protected) and fields of farmers in the selected villages. The

exact date of planting, growing conditions and cultivar details are veryimportant and are to be noted with great care. If all information cannot be

gathered at one stroke, they can be completed during the subsequent

visits of surveillance by meeting the farmer.

2.4.4. Specific guidelines for observations in fixed fields (Proforma 3,

Annexure IV)

Observations in all the designated fixed fields should be taken on weekly

basis.

Surveillance on pest occurrence at the main field should commence

soon after crop establishment after transplanting and at weekly intervals

thereafter.

Fill in the details on state, district, taluka/tehsil information each

time so that it becomes easy for data entry.

For the plots of experimental station, the name (location) of the centre

and field type either Fixed 1 i.e., Unprotected or Fixed 2 i.e. Protected,has to be tick marked.

For the selected fixed fields of farmers in ten villages, only tick markas Fixed 1 at all the times of observation.

Write the date of observation and tick mark the general crop health as

Excellent/Good/ Poor and the stage of the crop i.e. vegetative/first

flowering/ 50% flowering / fruit set & development/ripening.


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2.5. Pest observations

2.5.1. Insect pests

Aphids (Myzus persicaeand Aphis gossypii)

Identification

Aphids are tiny insects that are pale yellowish, green in color with three

dark lines on the back of the abdomen. Aphids are found in great numbers

on the leaves. Both wingless and winged forms are found in colonies. Ants

are associated with aphids and sooty molds develop.

In each of the fields, select five spots randomly as shown (four in

the corners, at least 5 feet inside of the field borders, and one in

the centre).

Select five random plants at each spot for recording counts of insects

as per procedure finalised for individual insects.


Record aphid numbers (both nymphs and adults) by counting on five

randomly selected young leaves per plant.

Nymphs and adult


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Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci)

Identification

Whiteflies adults are yellowish, covered with a milky white waxy coating.They fly when disturbed. Adults are clustered together on the undersurface

of leaves.


Count and record the number of whiteflies adultspresent on five randomly

selected leaves per plant.

Mites (Tetranychusspp.)

Identification

Mites are tiny and spider-like creatures. They are elongated-oval,

microscopic and deep orange to red in color. Immature instars and adults

are largely found under the leaves.


Count and record mite numbers (both nymphs and adults) on five randomly

selected leaves per plant.

Nymphs and adults

Nymphs and adults


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Thrips (Thrips tabaci, Frankliniellasp.)

Identification

Thrips are tiny, slender and free moving insects. Adults are yellowish toyellowish brown and have a pair of fringed wings with long hairs when

observed under magnifying lens. The immature stages have the same body

shape as adults but are lighter in color and are wingless.


Count and record the number of nymphs and adults of thrips present on

five terminal leaves per plant (Tappingmethod also can be used to count

thrips).

Leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii)

Identification

Maggot mines into the leaf between the upper and lower surfaces and

feeds on the mesophyll tissues making serpentine mines. Young leaves have

small and thin mines. In old leaves, white long circular mines are seen.


Only the number of live mines on five randomly selected leaves per plant

should be counted and recorded.

Leaf miner damaged leaves

Thrip


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Tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)

Identification

Young larvae are light green in color. Full grown larvae are stout, cylindricaland pale greenish brown with dark markings. Colour varies from blackish

grey to dark green with dark longitudinal bands on the side of the body. No

hairs are seen on the body surface.

Mealybugs

Foliar damage Fruit damage


Count the number of young and grown up larvae on each plant and record.

Mealybugs (Maconellicoccus sp., Phenacoccus solenopsis)

Identification

Mealybugs are soft-bodied, small, oval, cottony in appearance and are

white to pink in color. Females are wingless with one pair of tail filaments

that are half as long as the body. Crawlers excrete honey dew and sooty

mold develops. Adults also secrete waxy material.


Mealybug severity, based on their plant coverage, must be noted based on

the ratings given below.


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Grade 1: Few mealybugs scattered on plant

Grade 2: 25% plant affected with mealybugs

Grade 3: 50% plant affected with mealybugs

Grade 4: Whole plant affected with mealybugs

Fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

Symptoms

Larvae show color variations ranging from greenish to brown. Fully grown

caterpillars are apple green with whitish and dark grey broken longitudinal

stripes. Larvae feed on leaves and fruits. Advanced stage larvae make clear

cut circular holes and eat the contents with rear part of their body seenoutside the fruit.


Total number of fruits, damaged fruits due to Helicoverpa armigeraand

number of larvae on individual plants should be counted and recorded.

2.5.2. Beneficials

Coccinellids

Identification

Adults are brightly coloured, yellow to reddish brown with spots on elytra.

Head and ventral side are blackish. Pupa is light brown marked with blackdot and fixed on leaves at the posterior end. Grubs are black with whitish

or grey markings and possess only thoracic legs.

Larva on fruit


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Count the number of grubs, pupa and adults together of coccinellids on

whole plant basis and record.

Spiders

Identification

Adults have two major body regions - a head region (cephalothorax) and an

abdomen, and have eight legs. They lack wings and antennae. Some are

free living and some are web spinners.

Spiders

Coccinellid adult


Count the young and adult stages of spiders on whole plant basis and record.

2.5.3. Diseases

Leaf curl (Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) )

Symptoms

Leaf symptoms include mosaic, intervenal yellowing, vein clearing, and

crinkling and puckering accompanied more often by inward rolling of leaf

margins. The older leaves become leathery and brittle. The disease also

induces severe stunting, bushy growth and partial or complete sterility

depending on the stage of the crop. Infected plants bear few or no fruits.


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Bronzing of leaves Chlorotic rings on fruits

Necrotic ring spots on leaves Tip necrosis


Count and record the number of leaf curl infected plants out of 10 plants

in a selected spot.

Bud blight ( Groundnut Bud Necrosis Virus )

Symptoms

Characteristic symptoms on leaves include yellowing, chlorotic and necrotic

ring spots and tip necrosis. Presence of longitudinal, brown, necrotic streaks

is conspicuous on the petioles, stem and fruit stalks. Chlorotic ring spots

ToLCV symptoms


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are often observed on fruits. Fruit set is markedly reduced. Die back and

stunted plant growth are common.


Count the number of infected plants with bud blight out of the 10 plants in

the selected spot and record.

Tomato mosaic (TMV, ToMV, PVY, CMV )

Symptoms

Mosaic symptoms appear on leaves as dark green islands surrounded by

light green areas. Leaf size is reduced. The dark green areas of the mottle

often appear thicker and somewhat elevated giving the leaves a blister

like appearance. Leaves sometimes look fern like and sharply pointed.

Early infections reduce fruit set and occasionally cause blemishes and

distortions of the fruits.

Procedure for observationCount the number of mosaic infected plants out of the 10 plants in the

selected spot.

Cucumo virus (CMV )

Symptoms

Plants at all growth stages may show symptoms. On young leaves, CMV

causes a shoestring effect with formation of narrow, tendril-like leaflets.Plants with severe shoestring symptoms are stunted with little or no

marketable fruits. CMV symptoms may be misdiagnosed as tomato mosaic

virus (ToMV) infection for ToMV produces fern-like leaves; Both CMV and

ToMV produce mosaic symptoms.

Symptoms of mosaic virus


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Count the number of cucumo virus infected plants out of 10 plants in the

selected spot and record.

Fusarium wilt ( Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. lycopersici)

Symptoms

Lower leaves turn yellow. Yellowing often begins on one side of the plant

and progresses upwards. Infected leaves curl downward, followed by

browning and drying. Vascular browning is evident in stems and leaf petioles.

Young plants when infected, are severely stunted.


Count the number of Fusarium wilt infected plants out of 10 plants in the

selected spot.

Ralstoniawilt ( Ralstonia solanacearum)

Symptoms

Wilting occurs among plants in patches. Wilting of terminal leaves followed

by sudden and permanent wilting of whole plants are seen in 2-3 days.

Adventitious roots develop on the main stems and vascular bundle turns

Severe wiltingYellowing of lower leaves and

wilting upwards

Source: web.avrdc.org

Shoestring symptom


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brown. Bacteria oozes from freshly cut stem when placed in water. Recently

wilted plants are green which distinguishes from Fusariumwilt, wherein

plants develop yellowing of leaves. The discoloration of the pith also

distinguishes bacterial wilt from Fusarium.


Count and record the number of Ralstoniawilt infected plants out of 10

plants in the selected spot.

Sclerotium wilt ( Sclerotium rolfsii)

Symptoms

Brown lesions are seen on the stem just above the soil surface or at the

foot of the plant. Brown lesions later become covered with white radiating

mycelium that encircles the affected portion. Subsequently, mustard sized

sclerotia appear on the infected area as the disease develops and spreads.Distinct rot occurs beneath the fungal weft leading to wilt like symptoms

characterized by yellowing and browning of the foliage. Foot rot symptoms

are recognized when young plants are completely griddled and killed.

Wilt progressing downwards Milky oozing

Whitish mycelial growth at collar

and soil regionsWilting of plants


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Count the number of Sclerotiumwilt infected plants out of 10 plants in the

selected spot.

Early blight ( Alternariaspp. )

Symptoms

The lower leaves are more susceptible than the upper ones. Similarly, disease

is more serious in older than younger plants. Small, dark, circular lesions

develop on leaves which later turn distinctly zonate with conidia forming

at the necrotic regions. Under severe attack, spots rapidly enlarge, coalesce

and turn into complete blight, resulting in death of the leaves. Small,

dark, slightly sunken lesions form on the main stem and side branches

which enlarge and form dark brown, elongated spots, which occasionally

having concentric rings like those appear on the leaves.


The number of infected plants under each of the severity scale in 10 plants

in the selected spot should be recorded. The severity scale based on the

ratings given ahead (also given in data recording sheet) should be used.

Sunken lesions on stemConcentric ring

Infected branches Symptoms on lower leaves


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Bacterial spot ( Xanthomonas campestris pv.vesicatoria)

Symptoms

All above ground parts are affected viz., leaves, stems, petioles and fruits

producing varied symptoms. Symptoms appear on leaves as small, discrete

light brown to dark brown, water soaked lesions of < 2 mm in diameter.

Lesions turn black often surrounded by a yellow halo which later disappear

when lesions coalesce. Infected leaves become chlorotic, exhibit

epinasty and finally dry out. On petioles and stems, symptoms appear as

circular to elongated light brown lesions which later turn into dark

brown streaks. On stems, lesions may turn into dark brown and sunken

longitudinal cracks.


The number of infected plants under each of the severity scale out of 10

plants in the selected spot should be counted and recorded. The severityscale based on the ratings given on next page (also given in data recording

sheet) should be used.

Dark spots with yellow halo

Scale Description

0 No symptoms

1 1-4 % area of a plant infected



4 26-50% area of a plant infected

5 >50% area of a plant infected

Disease rating scale for early blight

Horsefall and Barret, 1945


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Powdery mildew ( Oidium sp. andOidiopsis sp. )

Symptoms

Oidium lycopersici appear as small, powdery white colonies on the upper

leaf surface. Oidiopsis taurica cause yellow blotches or spots on the upper

leaf surface with white powdery growth occurring on the undersurface.

Severely affected leaves turn yellow, then brown and later become

shriveled. Generally, the lower leaves are affected first and the disease

gradually moves up the plant.

Yellow blotches due to OidiopsisPowdery patches due to Oidium

Disease rating scale for powdery mildew

Scale Description

0 No symptoms

1 10 % leaves with lesions & minimal defoliation

2 25 % leaves infected with slight defoliation

3 50 % leaves with lesions & moderate defoliation4 75 % of leaves with lesions & heavy defoliation

5 90 % leaves with lesions with very heavy defoliation

Correll et al. 1988

Scale Description

0 No symptoms




4 26-50% area of a plant infected

5 >50% area of a plant infected

Disease rating scale for bacterial spot

Horsefall and Barret, 1945


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The number of infected plants under each severity scale out of the 10

plants in the selected spot should be entered. The severity scale based on

the ratings given on previous page (also given in data recording sheet)should be used.

Septorialeaf spot ( Septoria lycopersici)

Symptoms

Septoria leaf spot occurs at any stage of the crop with first infection

appearing on older leaves. Numerous, small circular water soaked spots

appear on the under surface of the lower leaves. These spots develop dark

brown margins with sunken white or grey centres containing numerous

black doted pycnidia. Severe spotting results in extensive leaf drying and

wilting. A progressive loss of foliage from the bottom upwards is quite

characteristic. Fruits are not affected. Uniform, small sized spots and the

lack of concentric rings differentiates it from early blight.


The number of Septorialeaf spot infected plants under each of the severityscale out of 10 plants in the selected spot should be entered. The severity

scale is furnished hereunder.

Dark rim with grey centre

Disease rating scale for Septorialeaf spot

Scale Description

0 No symptoms

1 Top leaves free; lesions on basal leaves without coalescence

2 Top leaves free; lesions on basal leaves with rare coalescence

3 Top leaves free; lesions on basal leaves with frequent coalescence

4 Top leaves free; lesions on leaves in middle portion of plant withcoalescence

5 Lesions in top leaves, > 50 % of plant with lesions & prematuredefoliation

Malufet al. 1985


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Bacterial canker ( Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.michiganensis)

Symptoms

Dark necrotic lesions at the margins of older leaves are characteristic.Early infection becomes systemic and affects vascular tissue. Entire branch

or whole plant wilts and dies.


The number of bacterial canker infected plants under each of the severity

scale out of 10 plants in the selected spot should be entered.The severityscale is furnished hereunder. (also given alongside data recorded sheet).

Late blight ( Phytophthora infestans)

Symptoms

Late blight appears on the leaves, stems, and fruits. On the leaves, symptoms

appear as pale green, water-soaked spots, often begins at the leaf tip or

edge. These lesions are often surrounded by a pale yellowish-green border

that merges with healthy tissues. Under favourable conditions, lesions

enlarge rapidly and turn dark brown to purplish-black, killing the leaves

Marginal necrosis of leaves

(http:)Stem canker and pith necrosis

(http:)

Shengeet al. 2010

Disease rating scale for bacterial canker

Scale Description

0 No symptoms

1 Trace: one leaf symptomatic

2 Slight: two leaves symptomatic

3 Moderate: > 2 leaves symptomatic

4 Severe: half plant affected5 Very severe: more than half plant affected

6 Stunted with extensive collapse

7 Dead plant


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instantly. High humidity and leaf wetness, favors the growth of a cottony,

white mould on the lower side at the edges of lesions. However, in dry

weather, infected leaf tissues quickly dry and the white mould growth

disappears. On stem, brown to black lesions which enlarge rapidly undermoist conditions and the entire stem may be killed soon.

Severe blighting of plants

Pale green water soaked spots

on upper leaf surface

Sporulation at the border of

the spot on lower leaf surface

Black lesions on stem

Disease rating scale for late blight

Mean

severity (%) Limits (%) Symptoms

0 0 No symptoms

2.5 Tr < 5 Up to 10 lesions per plant

10 5 -15 Lesions easily seen at closer distance. Maximum foliagearea affected up to 20 leaflets

25 15 - 35 About 25 % of foliage is covered with lesions

50 35 - < 65 Lower leaves are dead. About hal f the fol iage areais destroyed

75 65 - < 85 About 75 % leaf area destroyed; field appears neitherbrown nor green

90 85 - < 95 Only top leaves are green. Many stems have largelesions

97.5 95 - < 100 All plants in a spot are brown-colored. A few top leavesstill have some green areas. Most stems have lesions

100 100 All leaves and stems dead

Henfling 1987


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For late blight, record the severity of disease on plants in an area of 3 m X

3 m per spot. Mean seveirty per cent would be entered directly based on

the limits depending on symptoms given in the table.

Fruit diseases/damage

Buckeye rot ( Phytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica)

Symptoms

Infection first appears on lower immature green fruits which are either on

or near to the soil level. Infected lesions have dark brown centre surrounded

by water soaked zonations. Lesions enlarge rapidly and within 3-4 days,the entire fruit surface turn dark brown which feels soft on touch. As the

spots enlarge, lesions assume a pattern of concentric rings of narrow, dark

brown and wide light brown bands. The internal flesh discolours without

any rotting on the skin which peels off easily. In warm and humid weather,

white flocculent superficial growth of the fungus develops profusely on

the diseased fruits.


Count and record the number of infected fruits with buck eye rot disease

from 20 randomly selected fruits in each spot.

Early blight

SymptomsOn green or semi ripe fruits, dark, velvety, sunken spots having distinct

concentric rings develop at the stem end.

Concentric rings


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Count and record the number of early blight infected fruits from 20 randomlyselected fruits in each spot.

Late blight

Symptoms

The fungus produces grey-green water-soaked spots on fruits which enlarge,

coalesce, and darken, resulting in large, firm, brown, leathery-appearing

lesions on fruits. White moldy growth may also appear on fruits underhumid conditions.


Count and record the number of infected fruits with late blight from 20

randomly selected fruits in each spot.

Bacterial spot

Symptoms

On immature green fruits, small, water soaked spots appear with a

pronounced yellowish green halo. Later on halo disappears; spots turn brown

Fruit infection at stem end

Infected fruit


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26

with a depression in the centre giving cankered appearance. On ripe fruits,

dark brown to blackish brown water soaked spots appears which later

develops cracks in these spots.


Count the number of infected fruits from 20 randomly selected fruits in

the spot and record.

Bacterial canker

Symptoms

Small, raised white blisters known as birds-eye spot seen on young

green fruits.


Count the number of infected fruits from 20 randomly selected fruits in

the spot and record.

Sun scald ( physiological )

Symptoms

Rapid desiccation leads to sunken area which results in white shiny, papery

on green or yellow on red fruit patches on the side of the tomato exposed

Birds- eye spots

Raised rim with depression at centre


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27


to the sun. The sunken area becomes wrinkled. Fruits nearing maturity

when exposed to sun are more prone to sunscald. Mature green and red

tomatoes are most susceptible.


Count and record the number of fruits affected with sun scald from 20

randomly selected fruits in the spot.

2.5.4. Additional details to be recorded for fixed fields

2.5.4.1. Pheromone trap catches

Pheromone traps for two insects viz., Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera

litura @ 2/fixed field have to be installed. Install the traps for each species

separated by a distance of >75 feet in the vicinity of the selected fixed

field. Fix the traps to the supporting pole at a height of one foot above the

plant canopy. Use a cotton swab dipped in dichlorvos inside the polythene

bag to kill the insects getting trapped (take care that the insecticide does

not come in contact with funnel at any one time). If insecticide is not

used, see to it that the live moths are killed before counting/emptying.Change of lures should be made once a month. During each week of

surveillance, the number of moths/trap should be counted and entered.

Emptying moths from poly bags and ensuring the trap presence/readiness

to replace in case of breakage/missing events should be followed

meticulously. Therefore, after initial installation, scouts should carry few

traps and lures for attending to unforeseen events immediately.


Total number of moths of Helicoverpa armigeraand Spodoptera litura/

trap/week should be recorded year round. The trapped moths should be

destroyed and removed after each recording.

White shiny patches on fruits


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2.5.4.2. Crop management practices

The crop management practices followed during the week such as plant

protection sprays, fertilizer and cultural management, and prevailed/

prevailing unusual weather events are to be indicated in the tables thatare explanatory under additional details to be collected for fixed fields.

Yield harvested during each picking in respect of fixed fields and the

prevailing market price at the picking time of the commodity should be

collected. Small diary may be procured and given to each of the selected

farmers of the fixed fields that they keep a record of intercultural events

and harvest details with day/date that could be checked during the trip

for surveillance during each week.

2.5.5. Random field survey

The survey is to be conducted once in a week (Friday) by scientist along

with project staff in the villages not covered by scouts. During the survey,

the team will cover five fields selected at five different villages having

larger area under tomato. Observations on pests are to be made using the

same pest data sheet (Proforma 3, Annexure IV) as per the guidelines given.

General information and additional details need not be recorded for fields

of random survey. All relevant details of random survey viz., date of survey,village name, GPS co-ordinates and crop stage are to be recorded. Cultivar

name, if easily available for random fields should also be recorded. Random

survey should commence along with fixed field surveillance i.e. from crop

establishment in the main field.

2.6. General instructions

Centre having automatic weather stations may furnish relevant weather

variables important in respect of diseases for use in models (attached as

separate files). In case of closed holidays, the surveillance should be

adjusted so as to cover the fields on the subsequent day and the same

flexibility applies for uploading of data also. Ensure quality data collection

by adhering to data sheet and guidelines. Only presence of pests on the

crop need sampling and recording of their counts/severity etc., and the

columns of pests not present should be entered with zero. In case of non

recording of observations in any of the fields during any of the weeks, it

should be reported as not recorded with reasons under remarks column a

provision that would be made available in the software.


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References

Anonymous (2009). Indian Horticulture Database. National Horticulture

Board, Department of Agriculture Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture.

Correll, J.C., Thomas R., Gordon P. and Vern J. Elliott. 1988. The

epidemiology of powdery mildew on tomatoes. California Agriculture,

March-April. 8-9.

Henfling, J.W., 1987. Late blight of potato. Technical Bulletin No. 4.

International Potato Centre Lima, Peru P.25.

Horsefall, J.G., Barret, R.W. 1945. (Modified). An improved system for

measuring plant disease. Phytopathol., 35: 655.

http://www.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/ext_files/PPFShtml/PPFS-VG-6.pdf

Maluf, W.R., Miranda J.E.C., Bittencorut, C. 1985. Evaluation of

Lycorpersicon spp. accessions to Septoria leaf blight. Horticultura

Brasileira3: 9-11.

Shenge, K.C., Mabagala, R.B. and Morensen, C.N. 2010. Current status of

bacterial canker and spot diseases of tomato in three tomato growing

regions of Tanzania.J. Agri. Ext. Rural Development, 2:84-88.


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Annexure - I

Schedule for surveillance

Day Schedule for pest scouts and data entry operator (DEO) No. of fields

Monday Two fields

Tuesday Four fieldsin fourvillages

Wednesday Four fieldsin fourvillages

Thursday Two fields intwo villages

Friday Five fields in5 villages

Saturday _

Two fixed plots (Fixed 1 Unprotected) and (Fixed 2 Protected)

at experimental station; Documentation of historical data of

the Centre.

@ One fixed field/village in two villages by one Scout (Total

of four fields at four villages by two scouts);

DEO to enter the data collected on previous day + documen-

tation of historical data.

@ One fixed field/village in two villages by one Scout (Total

of four fields at four villages by two scouts);

DEO to enter the data collected on previous day + documen-

tation of historical data.

@ One fixed field/village /scout (Total of two fields at two villages

by two scouts). Scouts would also look for presence of new

pests (insects and diseases) and out breaks for general reporting

under pest alerts

Random field survey across five villages (@one field/village)

by scientist and surveillance team; look for new/emerging

pests for reporting in addition to using prescribed data sheet.

Checking data/Uploading of pest and weather data


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NICRAREALTIM

EPESTSURVEILLANCE(

TOMATO)

Datasheetf

orgeneralinformationandpestobservationsinnursery

Insects(No.on10seedlings)

Ap

hids

Thrips

Lea

fm

inermaggo

ts

M

ites

Damp

ingo

ff

S

ee

dling

blight

1 2 3 4 5 To

beco

llec

ted

atleas

tthrice

be

fore

transp

lanting

Wh

ite

fly

Spotno.

GeneralInformationfornurse

ry(Onetimeinformation)

Nurserysurve

y(Part-1)

Nameofcultivar

Sowingduringtheseason

Variety

Hybrid

Early

Normal

Late

Nursery

Survey:

(Onea

tExperimen

talStationa

nd10nurseries

@o

nenurser

yperse

lec

tedv

illage

for

fixed

fie

ld

surve

illance;Use

separatesheetforeachnursery

)

Nameofthe

experimental

station/village

Datasheetfornurserypests

Nurserysurvey

(Part-2)

(Proforma-1)

Dateofsowing

Seedtreatment

Yesor

No

Ifyes,

Nameo

f

chem

ica

l/bioagen

t

Diseases(No.infectedoutof

20seed

lings)

An

nexure

-II

Application

ofpesticides

Yeso

rno

Ifyes,nameo

f

theche

mica

l

Dateofobservation


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NICRAREALT

IMEPESTSURVEILLANCE

(TOMATO)

D

atasheetforgeneralinformationoffixedfields

(Generalinformationforallfixedfieldsin

cludingtheexperimentalstationtobefilledonlyon

ceinthebeginningoftheseason)

(Useseparatesheet

foreachfield)

Croppingsystemdetailsoftheregion

MajorCropping

Systemsofregion

Growingseason

Norm

alsowingtime

New

cropsoftheregion

(Kharif/Rabi/Summer)

Kharif

Rabi

Summer

(duringlastfiveyears)

Ann

exure

-III

Cropsin

the

adjacent

fields

Sourceof

irrigation

(Canal/Well/

Tubewell/Drip)

Meth

odof

irrigation

(Drip/flooding/

sprin

kler)

Soilapplication

(Yes/No)

ifyesdosag

e/acre

Neem

cake

Trichoder

ma

Others

Agronomicdetailsofthefield

Growth

pattern

(Determinateor

indeterminate

S

eedling

Dateof

transplanting

Seedlingtreatment(Y

/N)

InsecticideFungicide

Ow

n

Purchased

Trich

oderma/

Pseu

domonas

Agroclimaticzo

ne

State

District

Tes

hil/Block

Experimentalstation/

Latitude

Longitude

Altitude

Villagename

(Proforma-2)

Approx.

Area

(acres)

Soil

type

FYM

(Y

es/No)

Ifyes

dosage/

acre

Fixed1

Rowtoro

w

Spacin

g(cm)

Field

Plantto

plant

Sole/

intercrop

Nameofcultivar

Variety

Hybrid

Previous

crop

Nameof

the

farmer

Field

Fixed1

GeographicDetails


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33


State

District

Tehsil

ExperimentalStation

Vegetative/firstflowering/50%fl

owering/Fruitset

&de

velopment/Ripening

Unp

rotected(Fixed1)/

Protected(Fixed2)

Fixedfieldsoffarmers

Villagename

Fixed1

Locationname

Field

type/no.

Stageof

crop

NICRAREALTI

MEPESTSURVEILLANCE

(TOMATO)

Datash

eetforpestobservationsinfixedandrandomfie

lds

(Proforma-3)

Thrips(Numbersperfiveterminal

leaves)

Leafminer(Numb

eroflivemines/five

random

leaves)

Plant2

Plant3

Plant4

Plant5

1.2.3.4.5.

Plant2

Plant1

Plant1

Spotno.

Plant3

Plant4

Aphids(Numbersperfiveyoungle

aves)

Whiteflyadults

(Numberperfive

random

leaves)

Plant2

Plant3

Plant4

Plant5

1.2.3.4.5.

Plant2

Plant3

Plant4

Plant1

Plant1

Spotno.

Annexure-IV

Dateofob

servation

Randomsurvey

Latitud

e

Cultivar

name

Villagename

Longitude

Fieldarea

(approximate

area)(acres)

(Page-1)

Altitude

Plant5

Plant2

Plan

t1

N

o.ofcoccinellids(wholeplantbasis)

Plant3

Plant4

Plant5

Plant5

Plant2

Plan

t1

Mites(Numberperfiverandom

leaves)

Plant3

Plant4

Plant5


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FruitborerHelicoverpaarmigera(wholeplantbasis)

Damaged

fruits

No.of

larvae

1.2.3.4.5.

No.of

fruits

Spot

no.

Dam

aged

fruits

No.of

larvae

No.of

fruits

Damaged

fruits

No.of

larvae

No.of

fruits

D

amaged

fruits

No.of

larvae

No.of

fruits

Da

maged

f

ruits

No.of

larvae

No.of

fruits

Plant1

Plan

t4

Plant5

P

lant2

Pla

nt3

NICRAREALTIMEPESTSURVEILLANCE

(TOMATO)

(Page-2)

No.ofspiders(wholeplantbasis)

Numberoflarvaeoftobaccocaterpillar

(S.litura)(wh

oleplantbasis)

Plant2

Plant3Plant4

Plant5

1.2.3.4.5.

Plant2

Plant1

Plant

1

Spot

no.

Pla

nt3

Plant4

Plant5

Plant2

Plant3

Plant1

Mealybug(Maconellicoccus/

P

henacoccus);Grade1(Few

insects

scatteredonplant)/G2(25%

plant

affected)/G3(50%

plantaffected)/G4

(wholeplantaffected

)

Plant4

Plant5


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Page -3NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (TOMATO)

Bacterial spot

0 1 2 3 4 5

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

No. of plants with severity grades (0-5 scale)Spot no.

(10 plants)

Early blight

0 1 2 3 4 5

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Spot no.

(10 plants)

No. of plants with severity grades (0-5 scale)

Early blight & Bacterial spot

0 = No symptoms

1 = 1-4 % area of a plant infected



4 = 26-50% area of a plant infected

5 = >50% area of a plant infected

Viral and wilt diseases

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Spot no.

(10 plants)Tomato

leaf curl

Bud

blight

Tomato

mosaic

Fusarium

wilt

Ralstonia

wilt

Sclerotium

wilt

No. of infected plants out of 10 plants per spot

Cucumo

virus


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Page - 4NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (TOMATO)


0 1 2 3 4 5

Powdery mildew

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Spot no.

(10 plants)

Disease rating scale for powder mildew

0: No symptoms

1: < 10 % leaves with lesions & minimal defoliation

2: 25 % leaves infected with slight defoliation

3: 50 % leaves with lesions & moderate defoliation

4: 75 % of leaves with lesions & heavy defoliation

5: 90 % leaves with lesions with very heavy defoliation

Disease rating scale Septoria leaf spot

0: No symptoms

1: Top leaves free; lesions on basal leaves without coalescence

2: Top leaves free; lesions on basal leaves with rare coalescence

3: Top leaves free; lesions on basal leaves with frequent coalescence

4: Top leaves free; lesions on leaves in middle portion of plant with coalescence

5: Lesions in top leaves; > 50 % of plant with lesions & premature defoliation


0 1 2 3 4 5

Septorialeaf spot

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Spot no.

(10 plants)


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Late blight

Spot no. ( 3m X 3m) % mean severity on a scale of 0-100%

1

2

3

4

5

Late blightMean Limits Symptoms

severity (%)

0 0 No symptoms

2.5 Tr.< 5 Up to 10 lesions per plant

10 5-15 Lesions easily seen at closer distance. Maximum foliage areaaffected up to 20 leaflets

25 15-35 About 25 % of foliage is covered with lesions

50 35


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Fruit diseases/damage (no. of diseased fruits/20 fruits/spot)

Plant protection sprays Name of chemical No. of applications

Against insects

Against diseases

Against weeds

Use of biorationals


Spot no. Buckeye Early blight Late blight Bacterial Bacterial Sun scald

rot spot canker

1

2

3

4

5

Fertilizer and cultural management

FYM Yes/No

Earthing up Yes/No

Poly mulching Yes/No

Staking Yes/No

Type of fertilizer used Over use/ optimal/ deficit use

Name of nutrient spray

Unusual weather events of the week

Unseasonal rains Yes/No

Hail storms Yes/No

High intensity rains Yes/No

Prolonged dry spells Yes/No

Floods Yes/No

Temperature High/ Low/ Normal

Any other Remarks

Record the following for fixed fields only

Pheromone trap catches (no. of moths/trap)

S. litura H. armigera

Trap no.

1

2

Additional

picks

Yield (Kg/acre)

Market price (Rs./kg)

Pick 1 Pick 2 Pick 3 Pick 4 Pick 5Particulars


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NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (TOMATO) Annexure - V

(Proforma - 4)

Location Latitude Longitude Altitude

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION (based on the nearest location/research station)

Max. Temp. Min. Temp. RH (%) Rainfall Sun Shine Wind velocity

(0C) (0C) Morning Evening (mm) (hrs.) (km h-1)Date

Data sheet for meteorological observations


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Manual for Tomato Pest Surveillance

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