1. Microcontroller based Harmonium

AIM: To design and develop microcontroller based Harmonium.

APPRATAUS REQUIRED: Computer or Laptop, T2P Board, Speaker, Connecting Wires, T2P USB Programmer.

THEORY: Seven tones sa, re, ga, ma…. Are corresponding to seven frequencies as given in Table1.0 We will generate these frequencies with the help of microcontroller and connects its output to

speaker.

Tones Frequency (Hz) Time Period (us)

sa 300 3333

re 337 2967

ga 378 2645

ma 401 2493

pa 451 2217

dha 506 1976

ni 569 1757

SA 603 1658

Table 1.0

Waveform Representation of tone sa:

Figure 1.0

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect T2P Board to computer or laptop via USB Programmer. 2. Connect MCU to 8 KEYS corresponding to SA RE GA…… 3. Observe the waveform of SA RE GA….. Tone on Oscilloscope and Verify the frequency as given in TABLE 1.0. 4. Connect output of keys to speaker. 5. Observe the different sounds corresponding to seven tones. 6. Verify the notes corresponding to songs (Table 1.1) and Play the same on your harmonium. 7. Discuss with your friends and music teacher. 8. Download other notes and play them on your harmonium.

OBSERVATION:1. Observe the waveform on oscilloscope and verify the frequency.2. Press 8 keys to get some of different tones.3. Play the notes given in table and observe the music.

PRECAUTION:1. Connect all the wires correctly.2. Use oscilloscope carefully.3. Switch-off the power supply a�er the comple�on of prac�cal.4. Connect USB Programmer correctly and program the MCU.

RESULT:Hence, we have designed and developed our own microcontroller based harmonium and also observed affect of frequency on sound.

2. Measure the speed of sound using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board

AIM: To measure the speed of sound using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board. APPRATAUS REQUIRED: Computer or Laptop, T2P Board, Ultrasonic Sensor, Connecting Wires, T2P USB Programmer.

THEORY: Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates

attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively.

Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving

the echo to determine the distance to an object.

Figure 2.0

S.No. Measured

Distance(scale)

Time on T2P

Board

v=d*2/t

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Table 2.0

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect T2P Board to computer or laptop via USB Programmer. 2. Connect 7-SEGMENT Display to MC. 3. Connect Ultrasonic Sensor to T2P Board. 4. Put a Obstacle in front of sensor. 5. Measure distance of obstacle using scale. 6. Now, trigger the Ultrasonic Sensor. 7. Note the �me on T2P Board. 8. Calculate speed of sound as distance divided by �me. 9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 for four different distances.

OBSERVATION:1. Observe the construc�on of Ultrasonic Sensor .

PRECAUTION:1. Connect all the wires correctly.2. Use Ultrasonic Sensor carefully.3. Switch-off the power supply a�er comple�on of prac�cal.4. Connect USB Programmer correctly and program the MCU.

RESULT:Hence, we have measure the speed of sound using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board.

3. Measure the distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board

AIM: To measure the distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board. APPRATAUS REQUIRED: Computer or Laptop, T2P Board, Ultrasonic Sensor, Connecting Wires, T2P USB Programmer. THEORY: Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.

Figure 3.0

S.No. Time on T2P Board

Experimental Distance(s=v*t*0.5)

Distance (scale)

Error

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Table 3.0

PROCEDURE:1. Connect T2P Board to computer or laptop via USB Programmer.2. Connect ULTRASONIC Sensor to T2P Board.3. Place an object in front of sensor.4. Trigger the ULTRASONIC Sensor.5. Note the �me on T2P Board.6. Calculate distance D1(Tx Ob Rx) by mul�plying speed & �me. Assuming speed

as 330 m/s.7. Calculate distance D2 (TX Ob) as D1/2.8. Measure distance by scale D3.9. Calculate Error in measurement as D3-D2.10. Repeat steps 4 to 9 for different measurements.

OBSERVATION:1. Observe the construc�on of ultrasonic sensor.

PRECAUTION:1. Connect all the wires correctly.2. Use Ultrasonic Sensor carefully.3. Switch-off the power supply a�er the comple�on of prac�cal.4. Connect USB Programmer correctly and burn the program.

RESULT:Hence, we have measure the distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board.

Microcontroller-Introduction & Applications

Microcontroller is like mini computer which is fi�ed into a system to accomplish given task which can be programmed as per requirement.It is re-programmable,which means with a same microcontroller youcan do many experiments.

For example: Digital Weighing Machine. In digital weighing machine there is a microcontroller to perform following func�ons: a) Measure weight of a given object with the help of load cell. b) Display the weight on seven segment display. c) User interface with help of keypads for Tare, Calibra�on func�ons. d) To send data to printer for prin�ng bill with date,�me, weight and Price.

Office Automa�on Finger print A�endance system,Smart Card based Gate access system, Projectors and Camera System.

Factory Automa�on Monitoring & Controlling various process like Heat Treatment ,Cu�ng , Welding. Motor control and Power Electronics based system.

Home Automa�on Microwave oven,Home security,Washing Machine, TV ,Set top Box for TV. Automobile Automa�c Trac�on System, GPS Naviga�on System, Air bag system etc.

Metering Electrical Energy Metering, Water Metering ,Measurement of physical parameters like Temperature ,Flow ,Pressure etc.

Medical Sector Pa�ent Health monitoring , X-Ray machine , Blood pressure and Temperature Measurement , ECG etc.

Applications