Solar Turbines IncorporatedP.O. Box 85376San Diego, CA 92186-5376

SPCUCS/998/12M

CENTAUR 40, CENTAUR 50 ANDTAURUS 60 GAS TURBINE

CO

MPR

ESSO

R SE

TS

FOR MORE INFORMATIONTelephone: (+1) 619-544-5352Telefax: (+1) 619-544-2633Telex: 695045Internet: www.solarturbines.com

Introduction

i

Solar Turbines Incorporated is a worldwide leader inthe design, manufacture and installation of industrialgas turbines. Solar’s 40 years of successful integra-tion of high technology into fluid compression, liquidpumping, and industrial power generation applica-tions has resulted in more than 10,000 gas turbineinstallations in 86 countries around the world.

More than 850 million hours of operation has beenlogged in a wide range of applications, which givestestimony to the mature design and wide user accep-tance of Solar's products. The gas turbine packages,with their selection of driven equipment and controlsystem arrangements, are completely packaged sys-tems that require a minimum of site preparation priorto installation.

Solar’s gas turbine packages represent years ofintensive development by the engineering and manu-facturing groups of Solar Turbines Incorporated. Thegas turbine packages are designed and applied byengineers specifically trained and experienced in theoperation of gas turbines, gas compression and liquidpumping systems, power generation, and equipmentinstallation. The gas turbines are manufactured torigid industrial standards and are thoroughly tested inmodern facilities. Solar’s operations are currentlycertified by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) to conform tothe ISO 9000 series of Quality Systems Standards.

The heart of the mechanical-drive and powergeneration package systems, the gas turbine, offersmany reliable features. Its continuous-burning com-bustion cycle, combined with continuous rotation ofthe turbine rotor, allows virtually vibration-free opera-tion. The gas turbine package delivers efficient anddependable performance.

Both predesigned packages and custom-engi-neered systems are reviewed by specialists inequipment installation to help assure the optimumconfiguration. Qualified technical representativesfrom Solar’s Customer Services organization areavailable around the world to provide start-upsupervision, maintenance planning and services, andoperator training.

We invite you to read further into this bookletto gain a greater appreciation of the features andbenefits of Solar’s gas turbine packages and Solar’scommitment to single-source responsibility for highquality turbomachinery systems. This product de-scription presents the basic package configuration,available options, ancillary equipment, installationrequirements, and support services as of the date ofpublication. Please note that changes in the equip-ment and service descriptions and specificationsmay occur without prior notice.

ii

Contents

Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Gas Turbine Compressor SetsBASIC PACKAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 Gas TurbinesBASIC GAS TURBINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Driven EquipmentGAS COMPRESSORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Control SystemTURBOTRONIC CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10CONTROL OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14GAS COMPRESSOR CONTROLS AND MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18CONTROL SYSTEM ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Start SystemsPNEUMATIC START SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21DIRECT-DRIVE AC START SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Fuel SystemNATURAL GAS FUEL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23SOLONOx COMBUSTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Lubrication SystemBASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Seal SystemsSEAL OIL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27DRY GAS SEAL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Ancillary EquipmentENCLOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32AIR INLET SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35GAS TURBINE EXHAUST SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Installation RequirementsSITE REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36MECHANICAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Testing and Quality AssuranceTEST FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40PERFORMANCE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41QUALITY ASSURANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Support ServicesCONSTRUCTION SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42CUSTOMER SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42CONTRACT POWER AND LEASING SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

iii

Illustrations

Typical Gas Turbine Compressor Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Typical Gas Turbine Gauge Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Typical Two-Shaft Gas Turbine and Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Typical Gas Turbine Cutaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Typical Centrifugal Compressor Cutaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Typical Centrifugal Compressor Cross Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Typical Turbotronic Control Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Typical Operation Summary Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Typical Battery and Charger Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Typical Pneumatic Start System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Typical Direct-Drive AC Start System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Typical Variable Frequency Drive Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Typical Natural Gas Fuel System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Typical Lube Oil System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Typical Compressor Seal Oil and Buffer Gas System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Typical Dry Gas Seal Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Typical Dry Gas Seal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Typical Dry and Wet Seal Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Typical Enclosure Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Typical Water-Wash Cart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Typical Service Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Typical Electrical Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Solar’s Customer Services Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

iv

Conversion Chart

Caterpillar is a registered trademark of Caterpillar Inc.Solar, Centaur, Taurus, Mars, SoLoNOx and Turbotronic are trademarks of Solar Turbines Incorporated.Specifications subject to change without notice. Printed in U.S.A.©1998 Solar Turbines Incorporated. All rights reserved.

ABBREVIATIONS

To ConvertFrom

English

sq in. mm2 645.16 cm2 6.4516sq ft m2 0.0929 m2 0.0929lb/cu ft kg/m3 16.0185 kg/m3 16.0185ft-lbf /lbm kJ/kg 0.0029891 kJ/kg 0.002989Btu kJ 1.0551 kcal 0.252Btu/h W 0.2931 kcal/h 0.252Btu/scf kJ/nm3 39.3694 kcal/nm3 9.382in. mm 25.400 cm 2.540ft m 0.3048 m 0.3048yd m 0.914 m 0.914lb kg 0.4536 kg 0.4536hp kW 0.7457 kW 0.7457psi kPa 6.8948 kg/cm2 0.070psia kPa (a) 6.8948 bars abs 0.068948psig kPa (g) 6.8948 ata 0.070in. Hg kPa 3.3769 cm Hg 2.540in. H2O kPa 0.2488 cm H2O 2.540°F °C (°F-32) 5/9 °C (°F-32) 5/9°F (Interval) °C (Interval) 5/9 °C (Interval) 5/9mph km/h 1.6093 km/h 1.6093ft/s m/s 0.3048 m/s 0.3048cu ft m3 0.028317 m3 0.028317gal (U.S.) L 3.7854 L 3.7854cfm m3/min 0.028317 m3/min 0.028317cfm m3/s 0.00047195scfm nm3/min 0.0268 nm3/h 1.61MMSCFD nm3/min 18.62 nm3/h 1117cm2 mm2 100kcal kJ 4.1868

kcal/h W 1.16279cm mm 10kg/cm2 kPa 98.0665bars kPa 100.0atm kPa 101.325cm Hg kPa 1.3332cm H2O kPa 0.09807nm3/h nm3/min 0.0167

To S.I.Metric

MultiplyBy

To OldMetric

MultiplyBy

CONVERSION FACTORS

To ConvertFrom

Old Metric

abs absoluteata atmosphere absoluteBtu British thermal unitBtu/h British thermal unit/hour°C Degrees Celsiuscfm cubic foot/minutecm centimetercm2 square centimetercm3 cubic centimetercu ft cubic foot°F Degrees Fahrenheitft/s foot/secondft-lb foot-poundft-lbf /lbm foot-pound force/pound massfps foot per secondgal gallonhp horsepowerin. inchin. Hg inch mercuryin. H2O inch waterkcal kilocaloriekg kilogramkgm kilogram masskJ kilojoulekPa kilopascalksi 1000 pounds/square inchkW kilowattL literm metermm millimeterMMSCFD millions of standard* cubic foot/dayMPa Megapascalm2 square meterm3 cubic meterm3/min cubic meter/minutemph miles per hourN NewtonN/m2 Pascalnm3/h normal** cubic meter/hoursm3/h standard*** cubic meter/hourpsi pounds/square inchpsia pounds/square inch absolutepsig pounds/square inch gaugescf standard* cubic footscfd standard* cubic foot/dayscfm standard* cubic foot/minutesq square

* “standard” = 60°F and 14.7 psia** “normal” = 0°C and 1.01325 x 105 Pascals*** “standard” = 15°C and 760 mm Hg

To S.I.Metric

MultiplyBy

PA98045M

1

Centaur 40, Centaur 50 and Taurus 60Gas Turbine Compressor Sets

BASIC PACKAGEThe gas turbine package is a completely integrated,fully operational package consisting of a powermodule for mating with the compressor skid andequipped with all accessories and auxiliary systemsnecessary for normal operation when connected tosuitable facilities. In addition to the wide range ofdriven equipment available, various optional featurescan be supplied to meet varying installation andoperating requirements.

Designed specifically for industrial service, thegas turbine package is a compact, lightweight unitrequiring minimum floor space for installation. Provenpackaging features greatly reduce installation costs,time, materials, and labor.

The gas turbine compressor set includes:

• Two-shaft industrial gas turbine

• Centrifugal gas compressor

• Gas turbine air inlet and exhaust collectors

• Gas turbine/compressor control console

• Start system

• Fuel system

• Lubricating oil system

• Seal system

• Base skid with drip pans

• Onskid electric system and wiring

The base frame is a structural steel assembly withbeam sections and cross members welded togetherto form a rigid foundation suitable for three-pointmounting. Mechanical interface connection points forfuel, air, and water (for gas turbine cleaning) areconveniently located on the outer skid edge. Electri-cal connection points are made in onskid junctionboxes and terminal strips.

Package piping and manifolds are 316L stainlesssteel material. This applies to all package pipingsystems including the start, fuel and lube oil systems,supply, drain and vent lines up to and including 102mm (4 in.) in diameter. In addition, the associatedflange assembly hardware is 316 stainless steel.

Piping sizes 152 mm (6 in.) in diameter and larger arecarbon steel.

The following items are not stainless steel, butmay be considered for a material change:

• Valve bodies or blocks and system functionalcomponents

• Pipe supporting hardware such as cushionclamps and brackets

• Oil tank cover assemblies with connection pip-ing and fittings welded in place

• Sliding lube oil drain couplings and plates

• Pipe flexible couplings

• Filter housings

• Lube oil tank

Onskid Tube FittingsAll tubing is 316 stainless steel using Swagelok branddual ferrule 316 stainless steel compression fittings.

Onskid Gauge PanelThe onskid gauge panel includes various gaugesdepending on type of fuel system used and otherfluid system options. Available as digital display orfluid gauges.

Onskid Electric SystemSolar offers National Electrical Code (NEC) andInternational Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)onskid electric system options and several three-phase motor voltage options to meet varying electricalsupply and code requirements.

NEC, Class I, Group D, Division 1 or 2All electric equipment on the basic package can beprovided in accordance with the National Fire Pro-tection Agency (NFPA) 70 (NEC) requirements forequipment installed in a Class I, Group D, Division 1or 2 hazardous area. All wire runs are made in conduitfor physical protection and isolation from combustibleatmospheres. The gas turbine console and optionalbatteries and battery charger are nonexplosionproofand must be installed in a nonhazardous area.

2

Typical Gas Turbine Compressor Set

Top View

LUBE OILFILTERS OUTPUT

DRIVE SHAFT

EXHAUSTCOLLECTOR

LUBE OILTANK VENT

2438

mm

(8')

Side View

TURBINEGAUGE PANEL

AFTMOUNT

BASEFRAME

2718

mm

(8' 1

1")

2388

mm

(7' 1

0")

8915 mm (29' 3")

CONTROL CONSOLEDepth: 800 mm (2' 7-1/2")

SPCUCS-002M

Gas Turbine 2586 5700 2631 5800 3084 7200

Gas Turbine - SoLoNOx 3493 7700 3538 7800 4173 9200

Gas Turbine Base and Accessories 7938 17,500 7938 17,500 7938 17,500

Gas Compressor - C401 9772 21,500 9772 21,500 9772 21,500

Gas Compressor Base & Accessories 4536 10,000 4536 10,000 4536 10,000

Enclosure (not shown) 5443 12,000 5443 12,000 5443 12,000

Total Installed Dry Package Weight

Standard 26 853 59,200 26 898 59,300 27 533 60,700

SoLoNOx 27 760 61,200 27 805 61,300 28 440 62,700

Control Console 635 1400 635 1400 635 1400

APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS Centaur 40 Centaur 50 Taurus 60

kg lb kg lb kg lb

2286

mm

(7' 6

")

1448 mm(4' 9")

EXHAUSTAIRINLET CENTRIFUGAL

GAS COMPRESSOR

COMPRESSORGAUGE PANEL

FORWARDMOUNT

GAS TURBINE

3

Typical Gas Turbine Gauge Panel

PA98016M

1. Lube Oil Filter ∆P2. Compressor Discharge Pressure3. Lube Oil Pressure4. Fuel Gas Pressure5. Lube Oil Temperature6. Enclosure Pressure (Optional)7. Intrinsically Safe Junction Box8. Junction Box

78

1 2 3 64 5

IEC, Zone 1All electric equipment is in accordance with IECstandards for electric equipment in Zone 1, Group IIAhazardous locations per Solar’s specifications ES1762 and ES 2007. The package is wired with armoredmulti-conductor cables and cable glands where thecable enters a component or terminal box. Stainlesssteel cable trays are used to support, protect androute the armored cables. Separate cable trays areused to segregate intrinsically safe cables from instru-mentation and control cables. The gas turbine consoleand optional batteries and battery charger are

nonexplosionproof and must be installed in a nonhaz-ardous area.

Three-Phase Motor VoltageAll three-phase motors on the package have the samevoltage rating. The required motor starters are notincluded. The standard available motor ratings are:

• 460 Vac, 60 Hz• 575 Vac, 60 Hz• 380 Vac, 50 Hz• 400 Vac, 50 Hz• 415 Vac, 50 Hz

4

Centaur 40, Centaur 50and Taurus 60 Gas Turbines

Typical Two-Shaft Gas Turbine and Load

BASIC GAS TURBINEThe gas turbine is a self-contained, completely inte-grated prime mover of a two-shaft, axial-flow design.The exceptionally compact gas turbine has fourbasic sections: compressor, combustor, gas genera-tor turbine, and power turbine. The gas generator andpower turbine have separate shafts and are mechani-cally independent.

The gas turbine assembly consists of:

• Accessory drive assembly• Air inlet collector• Axial-flow compressor• Annular combustor• Gas generator turbine assembly• Power turbine assembly• Gas turbine exhaust collector

The components of the gas turbine are maintainedin accurate alignment by mating flanges with pilotsurfaces and are bolted together to form a rigidassembly. The accessory drive assembly is drivenby the compressor rotor shaft. The accessory drivesupports and drives the main lube oil pump and startmotor, as well as other accessories depending onthe application.

The gas turbine design includes the fundamentalprinciples of long life and low maintenance. Reflectinga design philosophy that combines the outstandingperformance traits of the gas turbine with the ruggedconstruction best suited for industrial use, the gasturbine has been designed for a high degree ofcompliance with American Petroleum Institute (API)requirements.

One of the key design parameters of the gas tur-bine is to operate at gas temperatures and stresslevels that provide maximum assurance of long lifefor the major rotating and stationary components.Another prime design objective is dependability. Whilemany factors contribute to the dependability of thebasic gas turbine, the selection of proper controls andgas turbine accessories is a major element.

The gas turbine incorporates Solar’s advancedaerodynamic and mechanical technology and design.

The structural concept of Solar’s gas turbines isunique in the engineering of gas turbines. With a fewexceptions, contemporary machines have been de-signed to two extremes: either they are designedspecifically to aircraft practices of highly sophisti-cated construction for lightweight but short life orthey are designed with the massiveness of industrialsteam turbines to ensure long life. In keeping with anoptimum philosophy, the construction of Solar’s gasturbines lies between the two extremes.

Principles of OperationThe continuous power cycle and rotary motion of a gasturbine provides several advantages over other typesof engines, including relatively vibrationless opera-tion, as well as fewer moving parts and wear points.

SoLoNOx Gas TurbineThe SoLoNOx™ gas turbine is a self-contained, com-pletely integrated prime mover of a two-shaft, axial-flow, dry emissions control design.

The combustion system is an annular type withlean-premixed fuel injectors. This system reducespollution by limiting the formation of nitrogen oxides(NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). Lean-premixedcombustion results in lower maximum flame temper-ature which reduces pollutant formation.

COMBUSTOREXHAUST

DRIVENEQUIPMENTCOMPRESSOR

TURBINE

PA98017M

FUELAIR

SHAFT

GEARBOX(if required)

5

Typical Gas Turbine Cutaway

PA98018M/S

POWER TURBINEROTOR ASSEMBLY

GAS GENERATORTURBINE ROTORASSEMBLY

COMBUSTORHOUSINGASSEMBLY

GAS FUELMANIFOLD

COMPRESSORVARIABLEVANE ASSEMBLIES

AIR INLETASSEMBLY

ACCESSORYDRIVEASSEMBLY

COMPRESSORROTORASSEMBLY

COMPRESSORCASEASSEMBLY

COMPRESSORDIFFUSERASSEMBLY

FUELINJECTOR

BLEEDAIR VALVE

NOZZLE CASEASSEMBLY

EXHAUSTCOLLECTOR

TURBINEEXHAUSTDIFFUSER

OUTPUTDRIVE SHAFTASSEMBLY

6

Driven Equipment

GAS COMPRESSORSSolar has developed a line of centrifugal gas compres-sors designed specifically to match the operatingspeeds of Solar’s gas turbines. All of Solar’s gasturbine packages can be provided with matchingintegrated centrifugal compressor modules, availablein single-body, two-body, or three-body tandem unitsfor direct-drive or gear-driven applications.

Solar’s approach to compressor design is to maxi-mize simplicity and flexibility. Solar gas compressorsare designed to achieve a minimum of three yearsof continuous full-load duty between inspections,and major components are designed for 20 yearsof continuous operation. Many of the features com-monly used in Solar compressor designs conform toAmerican Petroleum Institute (API) 617.

Standard features include:

• Vertically split barrel-type construction• Tilt-pad journal bearings• Self-aligning tilt-pad thrust bearings• Rigid modular rotor construction• Rotor trim balancing• Overcompensating balance piston• Radial vibration measurement• Thrust bearing temperature sensors

Solar’s compressor packages are complete withall unique system requirements built into the basicpackage. This inherent single-source responsibilityeliminates any risk of drive train incompatibility orperformance questions that may arise when thedriver and driven compressors are built by differentmanufacturers.

For more details about Solar’s centrifugal compres-sors and compressor sets, please refer to Solar’spublications B-O&G, SPCC, DS40CS, DS50CSand DS60CS.

Impellers. Compressor impellers are designed toconservative stress levels. All impellers are suitablefor sour gas applications. Each impeller, after machin-ing, is proof tested to 115% of its maximum mechani-cal speed.

Rotor Assembly. The rotor assembly consists ofstub shafts, impellers, and, if required, rotor spacers(to maintain a constant bearing span) and a centerbolt.These components are individually balanced and arerabbet-fit to each other for concentric alignment.Torque is transmitted through dowel pins. The entireassembly is clamped together with the centerbolt.

The rotor assembly is easy to disassemble. Thebenefits from this type of construction are two-fold.Impellers that can be used in a “restaged” rotor areeasily salvaged and downtime is minimized. Reusingold impellers, instead of purchasing new ones tomatch new operating conditions, enhances the eco-nomic feasibility of restaging to maintain optimumcompressor performance and the lowest possibleoperating costs.

Casings. The pressure-containing outer casing of acompressor is an assembly of three components: thesuction and discharge end caps, which contain thebearing and seal assemblies, and the centerbody,which holds the rotor and stator assemblies. This isconsidered a vertically split “barrel” design. The endcaps contain all the service ports for oil and gas.

Compressor Module. The compressor module in-cludes the centrifugal compressor(s) mounted on astructural steel matching base which, when bolted tothe driver skid, forms a continuous base plate onwhich all the required subsystems are installed.

Lube Oil System. The gas turbine, gearbox (if re-quired), and compressor modules have a commonlube oil system.

Seal Oil System. On certain compressor models, aseal oil system and a seal buffer gas system areprovided to contain the gas within the gas compres-sor. The high pressure main seal oil pump is turbinedriven and an auxiliary seal oil pump is provided forstart-up and shutdown.

Dry Seals. On some compressor models, it is pos-sible to provide a complete dry seal system. Solar’sgas compressor tandem dry seal consists of a primaryseal, a secondary backup seal, and a shaft buffer air(or nitrogen) circumferential seal which prevents lubri-cating oil leakage into the secondary seal.

Hydrostatic Testing. Hydrostatic pressure testingof all compressor casings and end caps is done perAPI 617 for 30 minutes at 1.5 times the maximumcasing design pressure, regardless of application.Test water is treated with a wetting agent to allowbetter penetration of possible casing defects. Afterthe hydro and final magnetic particle test, the casingis steam cleaned and bead blasted for surface prepa-ration. Afterwards, it is painted per Solar’s specifica-tion ES 9-58.

7

Typical Centrifugal Compressor Cutaway

Shaft Coupling. Solar’s standard shaft interconnectis a Kop-Flex dry coupling. In some cases, a continu-ously lubricated gear-type coupling is provided.

Preliminary Alignment. The drive train is alignedpreliminarily at the factory to simplify final fieldalignment.

IMPELLERCASING

DISCHARGECAVITY

DISCHARGEBEARING ANDSEAL ASSEMBLY

BALANCEPISTON

DISCHARGEFLANGE(Port)

STATOR

DIFFUSERPASSAGE

COUPLING HUB ORBALANCE SLEEVE

SUCTIONFLANGE(Port)

INLETGUIDE VANE

INLETHOUSING

STATORASSEMBLY

SUCTIONBEARING ANDSEAL ASSEMBLY

PA98020MS

8

Typical Centrifugal Compressor Cross Section

END CAP CASINGINLETCAVITY

VANELESSDIFFUSER DIAPHRAGM

LABYRINTHSEAL

COUPLINGHUB

JOURNALBEARING

SHAFTSEALS

TIEBOLT

ROTORSPACER

IMPELLERSTUBSHAFT

TRIMBALANCE

ROTATING

STATIC

THRUSTBEARINGS

PA98021M

DISCHARGECAVITY

C160A 1-10 10 350 (1500) 50.95 (1800) 4.25 (150) 22.1 (7400) 215 (72,000) 191 (7.50) 22, 300

C160B 1-10 10 350 (1500) 50.95 (1800) 4.25 (150) 22.1 (7400) 215 (72,0000 191 (7.50) 22, 300

C160C 1-10 10 350 (1500) 50.95 (1800) 4.25 (150) 22.1 (7400) 215 (72,000) 191 (7.50) 22, 300

C160RA 1-10 15 513 (2250) 50.95 (1800) 4.25 (150) 22.1 (7400) 215 (72,000) 191 (7.50) 22, 300

C160RB 1-10 20 700 (3000) 50.95 (1800) 4.25 (150) 22.1 (7400) 215 (72,000) 191 (7.50) 22, 300

C166S 1-6 31 050 (4500) 50.95 (1800) 4.25 (150) 22.1 (7400) 132 (44,000) 191 (7.50) 22, 300

C167S 2-6 10 350 (1500) 45.30 (1600) 4.25 (150) 21.5 (7200) 129 (43,000) 178 (7.00) 22, 300

C167P 1-3 10 350 (1500) 90.60 (3200) 4.25 (150) 21.5 (7200) 64 (21,500) 178 (7.00) 22, 300

C284 1-4 5 175 (750) 274.60 (9700) 22.65 (800) 59.8 (20,000) 239 (80,000) 305 (12.00) 22, 300

C304 1-4 10 350 (1500) 212.35 (7500) 22.65 (800) 37.4 (12,500) 149 (50,000) 305 (12 00) 16, 500

C306 1-6 10 350 (1500) 212.35 (7500) 22.65 (800) 31.4 (10,500) 191 (64,000) 305 (12.00) 15, 500

C334I 1-6 13 800 (2000) 268.95 (9500) 22.65 (800) 59.8 (20,000) 299 (100,000) 327 (12.86) 20, 800

C336I 1-9 13 800 (2000) 243.53 (8600) 22.65 (800) 38.8 (13,000) 281 (94,000) 327 (12.86) 16, 500

C337IS 2-8 8 280 (1200) 232.20 (8200) 22.65 (800) 38.8 (13,000) 281 (94,000) 327 (12.86) 16, 500

C337IP 1-4 8 280 (1200) 461.57 (16,300) 22.65 (800) 38.8 (13,000) 140 (47,000) 327 (12.86) 16, 500

C338I 1-12 13 800 (2000) 237.85 (8400) 22.65 (800) 35.9 (12,000) 323 (108,000) 327 (12.86) 16, 500

C401 1 11 040 (1600) 269.00 (9500) 33.98 (1200) 52.0 (19,000) 57 (19,000) 452 (17.80) 14, 300

C402 1-2 11 040 (1600) 269.00 (9500) 42.48 (1500) 53.8 (18,000) 96 (32,000) 419 (16.50) 14, 300

C404A 1-5 13 800 (2000) 254.85 (9000) 22.65 (800) 44.8 (15,000) 170 (57,000) 381 (15.00) 14, 300

C404B 1-5 17 240 (2500) 254.85 (9000) 22.65 (800) 44.8 (15,000) 170 (57,000) 381 (15.00) 14, 300

C406A 2-6 13 800 (2000) 254.85 (9000) 22.65 (800) 44.8 (15,000) 254 (85,000) 381 (15.00) 14, 300

C406B 2-6 17 240 (2500) 254.85 (9000) 22.65 (800) 44.8 (15,000) 254 (85,000) 381 (15.00) 14, 300

C451 1 15 500 (2250) 453.07 (16,000) 79.29 (2800) 66.0 (22,000) 66 (22,000) 560 (22.06) 12, 000

C452 1-2 15 500 (2250) 254.85 (9000) 99.10 (3500) 44.8 (15,000) 90 (30,000) 560 (22.06) 12, 000

C505J 1-5 2 760 (400) 566.34 (20,000) 70.80 (2500) 56.8 (19,000) 284 (95,000) 457 (22.06) 12,000

C505U 1-5 10 350 (1500) 509.71 (18,000) 62.30 (2200) 44.8 (15,000) 224 (75,000) 457 (18.00) 12, 500

C651 1 11 040 (1600) 566.34 (20,000) 113.27 (4000) 57.0 (19,000) 57 (19,000) 665 (26.17) 9730

C652 1-2 11 040 (1600) 566.34 (20,000) 141.59 (5000) 53.8 (18,000) 96 (32,000) 616 (24.25) 9730

(a) Capability of the compressor may vary depending upon maximum package speed, suction conditions, gas composition, impeller material and discharge condition.

(b) Mating flange limit could be lower than the case rating pressure.

Compressor Casing Pressure Maximum Minimum Maximum Maximum MaximumFrame No. of Rating (a,b), Flow (a), Flow (a), Head per Stage (a), Total Head (a), Impeller Dia., MaximumSize Stages kPa (psig) m3/min (cfm) m3/min (cfm) kJ/kgm (ft-lbf/lbm) kJ/kgm (ft-lbf/lbm) mm (in.) Speed, rpm

Compressor Characteristics

Compressor Casing Data

MaximumFrame Compressor Weight, Suction Port, Discharge Port,Size kg (lb) mm-kPa (in.-psig) mm-kPa (in.-psig)

C160A 1066 (2350) 203-4137 (8-600) 203-4137 (8-600)

C160B 1066 (2350) 152-6205 (6-900) 152-6205 (6-900)

C160C 1066 (2350) 203-4137 (8-600) 152-6205 (6-900)

C160RA 1996 (4400) 203-6205 (8-900) 203-6205 (8-900)

C160RB 1996 (4400) 203-10 342 (8-1500) 203-10 342 (8-1500)

C166S 2631 (5800) 203-17 237 (8-2500) 203-17 237 (8-2500)

C167 515 (7750) 356-4137 (14-600) 356-4137 (14-600)

C284 3084 (6800) 305-2758 (12-400) 305-2758 (12-400)

C304 4264 (9400) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C306 5443 (12,000) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C334I 5443 (12,000) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C336I 7031 (15,500) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C337I 9526 (21,000) 610-4137 (24-600) 610-4137 (24-600)

C338I 7983 (17,600) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C401 752 (21,500) 508-6205 (20-900) 508-6205 (20-900)

C402 12 200 (26,900) 508-6205 (20-900) 508-6205 (20-900)

C404A 10 569 (23,300) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C404B 10 569 (23,300) 406-10 324 (16-1500) 406-10 324 (16-1500)

C406A 12 088 (26,650) 406-6205 (16-900) 406-6205 (16-900)

C406B 12 088 (26,650) 406-10 324 (16-1500) 406-10 324 (16-1500)

C451 19 051 (42,000) 610-6205 (24-900) 610-6205 (24-900)

C452 22 680 (50,000) 610-6205 (24-900) 610-6205 (24-900)

C505J 9072 (20,000) 610-2068 (24-300) 610-2068 (24-300)

C505U 19 278 (42,500) 610-6205 (24-900) 610-6205 (24-900)

C651 28 350 (62,500) 762-6205 (30-900) 762-6205 (30-900)

C652 34 474 (76,000) 762-6205 (30-900) 762-6205 (30-900)

9

10

Control System

TURBOTRONIC CONTROLSThe Turbotronic™ control system is a highly inte-grated programmable logic controller (PLC) basedcontrol system with a video display terminal (VDT)and operator interface panel. The main elements ofthe system are the PLC, input/output modules, VDT,relay backup system, control and monitoring soft-ware, freestanding console, and the package sensingand control elements.

CONTROL OPERATIONThe control system, operating on 24-Vdc power,provides for automatic starting, acceleration to oper-ating speed, sequencing control, gas turbine anddriven compressor monitoring during operation, andnormal and malfunction shutdown.

During operation, the control system, by means ofautomatic warning and shutdown devices, protectsthe gas turbine and driven compressor from possibledamage resulting from hazards such as turbineoverspeed, high turbine temperature, low lubricatingoil pressure, and excessive oil temperature.

The PLC performs control, sequencing and protec-tion functions, as well as detection and annunciationof abnormal operating conditions. The PLC also con-trols start-up, operation, and shutdown sequences.Control for these functions comes from signals themicroprocessor receives from solid-state devices,control switches, speed probes, pressure and tem-perature transmitters, relays, and solid-state vibrationmonitors. These components provide the PLC withthe data necessary to control and maintain gas turbinespeed and temperature at safe levels.

In the event of an abnormal condition or malfunc-tion, the control system indicates the nature of themalfunction. When an alarm or shutdown is displayedon the VDT, a sequence of appropriate operationsbegins in response to the detected condition. In theevent of a control system failure, the backup relaysystem provides for a safe and orderly shutdown. Thebackup relays operate the lubricating oil system andother subsystems, as required, to avoid gas turbineand driven compressor damage during shutdown.

CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTSThe control system is normally provided in a free-standing, nonexplosionproof, front-access console.The console is designed for mounting in a nonhazard-

ous area. The gas turbine control panel, with allnecessary switches and indicators for gas turbineoperational status, is installed on the front of thecontrol console. All components within the consoleare factory interconnected and wired to terminal stripsto facilitate user connection to the turbomachinerypackage and other equipment as necessary. Labelsand labeled user connections are in English, but canbe provided in other languages. The package param-eters displayed on the VDT can be in SI, Metric orEnglish units.

Please refer to Solar’s publication BTT(1),“Turbotronic Systems,” for additional information.

Controls and InstrumentationTypical gas turbine controls located on the face ofthe console include the following:

Operation Switches.• Off/Local/Remote (control selector with lock-

able positions)• Start• Normal Stop (shutdown with normal no-load

cooldown)• Emergency Stop (shutdown without cooldown)• Horn Silence, audible alarm• Acknowledge (alarms and shutdowns)• Reset (alarms and shutdowns)• Lamp Test• Backup Reset• Speed Control (increase and decrease)• Manual Antisurge Valve (open/close) (with

optional surge control system)• Series/Parallel Select (with series/parallel

compressor)• Load Set Point Auto/Manual (with process

control option)• Test Crank• Gas Turbine Wash (with selected option)

Operation Indication Lights.• Local/Remote• Ready• Starting• Ready to Load• On Load• Backup Active

11

Typical Turbotronic Control Console

Typical Operation Summary Display

• Cooldown• Stopping• Alarm Summary• Shutdown Summary (lockout)

Local Video Display TerminalThe operator interface is a color video display termi-nal, which allows the operator to address and monitormost vital parameters in the system. The followingdisplays and features are typical:

• Operation Summary – operating mode, statusand analog information

• Temperature Summary

• Vibration Summary (with vibration monitoringoption)

• Meters – display of all analog parameters

• First-Out Alarms – status display of first fouralarms/shutdowns

• Alarms – listing of alarms/shutdowns with timeand date stamp

• Trigger Log – when selected event occurs,stores data in RAM for later viewing

• Discrete Event Log – history of all discretechanges

• Data Download – saves selected range of datafor use in playback mode

• Program Constants – display and modificationof constant values (K-values)

• System Manager – display of system mainte-nance screens

• Unit Valve Summary (when appropriate forapplication)

1. CO2 Release Button (a)2. Turbine Control Panel3. Video Display Terminal4. Numeric Key Pad

5. Function Keys 6. Unit Ready Indicator 7. Starting Indicator 8. Ready to Load Indicator 9. On Load Indicator10. Spare Indicator11. Local/Remote Operation Indicator12. Spare Indicator13. Cooldown Indicator14. Stopping Indicator15. Alarm Summary Indicator16. Shutdown Summary Indicator17. Backup Active Indicator18. Gas Select Indicator19. Liquid Select Indicator

PA98022M

2

3

1

4

5

1448 mm(57")

2286

mm

90" 20. Open LP Surge Control Valve (b)

21. Close LP Surge Control Valve (b)22. Off/Local/Remote Switch23. Emergency Stop Button24. Open IP Surge Control Valve (b)25. Close IP Surge Control Valve (b)26. Open HP Surge Control Valve (b)27. Close HP Surge Control Valve (b)28. Horn Silence Switch29. Acknowledge Switch30. Reset Switch31. Lamp Test Switch32. Backup Reset Switch33. Normal Stop Switch34. Start Switch35. Auto/Manual Switch36. Speed Decrease Switch37. Speed Increase Switch

(see View A)

View A

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17

18 19 20 2122 23

24 25

35

27

28 29 30 31

3332

34

16

26

3736

NOTE: (a) Optional with fire detection system

(b) Optional with gas compressor surge control system

PA98024M/S

12

Typical Gas Turbine Package Alarm and Shutdown Indications

Indication Alarm Shutdown Supplied with

Turbine SystemsTurbine Temperature (T5) High FSL Basic SetTurbine Temperature (T5) High Delayed Shutdown X CSN Basic SetGas Generator and Power Turbine Thrust Bearing X FSL Thrust Bearing Temperature Monitoring Temperature High (Provided on Centaur 50 and Taurus 60.

Not available on Centaur 40.)Ignition Failure FSN Basic SetPower Turbine Overspeed FSN Basic SetPower Turbine Backup Overspeed FSL Basic SetPower Turbine Underspeed FSN Basic SetGas Turbine Flameout FSN Exhaust Heat Recovery InterfaceVibration High (Turbine Summary) X FSN Vibration MonitoringVibration High, Individual Channels X FSN Vibration MonitoringGas Generator Overspeed FSN Basic SetT5 ∆T High X Basic SetLube Oil Drain Temperature High, No. 1 Bearing X Lube Oil Drain Temperature MonitoringLube Oil Drain Temperature High, No. 2 & 3 Bearings X Lube Oil Drain Temperature MonitoringLube Oil Drain Temperature High, No. 4 & 5 Bearings X Lube Oil Drain Temperature MonitoringNOx Concentration High X Predictive Emissions Monitoring

Gearbox Systems Gearbox Applications

Vibration High, Individual Channels X FSN Gearbox Vibration MonitoringLube Oil Drain Temperature High X CSN Gearbox Lube Oil Drain Temperature Monitoring

Compressor SystemsDischarge Pressure High X CSN Basic SetDischarge Temperature High X FSN Basic SetSuction Pressure Low X CSN Basic SetCompressor Surge FSL Surge Detection SystemYard Valve Sequence Failure FSL Basic SetThrust Bearing Temperature High X FSL Thrust Bearing Temperature MonitoringSuction Journal Bearing Temperature High X FSL Journal Bearing Temperature MonitoringDischarge Journal Bearing Temperature High X FSL Journal Bearing Temperature MonitoringSuction Lube Oil Drain Temperature High X Lube Oil Drain Temperature MonitoringDischarge Lube Oil Drain Temperature High X Lube Oil Drain Temperature MonitoringSuction Bearing Vibration High, per Channel X FSN Vibration MonitoringDischarge Bearing Vibration High, per Channel X FSN Vibration Monitoring

Control SystemsT1 RTD Failure CSL Basic SetMultiple T5 TC Failure CSL Basic SetT5 Reference Junction RTD Failure CSL Basic SetVibration Monitor Failure X Basic SetPower Turbine Breakaway Failure FSN Basic SetBackup Overspeed Probe Open FSL Basic SetEmergency Stop – Manual FSL Basic SetLow Battery Voltage X FSL Basic SetHigh Battery Voltage X Basic SetBattery Charger Failure X Control Battery SystemPLC Monitoring FSL Basic SetAtmospheric Pressure Transmitter Failure X Predictive Emissions MonitoringAtmospheric Humidity Transmitter Failure X Predictive Emissions MonitoringSurge Control Transmitter Failure CSN Solar’s Surge ControlGas/PCD ∆P Transmitter Failure FSL Basic SetLube Oil Header Temp RTD Failure CSL Basic SetFuel Primary Valve Output Module Failure FSL Basic SetFuel Secondary Valve Output Module Failure FSL Basic Set

13

Typical Gas Turbine Package Alarm and Shutdown Indications, Contd

Indication Alarm Shutdown Supplied with

Start SystemFail to Crank FSN Basic SetFall to Start FSN Basic Set

Fuel SystemGas Fuel Start Flow High X FSN Basic SetGas Fuel Supply Pressure High X FSL Basic SetGas Fuel Supply Pressure Low X Basic SetGas Fuel Valve Fail FSN Basic Set

Lubrication SystemLube Oil Tank Temperature Low FSN Basic SetLube Oil Header Temperature High X CSN Basic SetOil Pressure Low X FSL Basic SetPrelube Oil Pressure Low FSN Basic SetOil Level Low X CSL Basic SetOil Level High X Lube Oil Auto-Fill SystemOil Filter ∆P High X Basic SetLube Oil Tank Pressure High X CSN Lube Tank VentilationBackup Postlube Pressure Low FSL Backup Postlube Pump

Seal SystemSeal Gas Filter ∆P High X Dry SealSeal Gas ∆P Low X FSL Dry SealSeal Leakage Discharge High X FSL Dry SealSeal Leakage Suction High X FSL Dry SealBuffer Air ∆P Low X CSN Dry SealSeal Oil ∆P Low X FSL Oil SealSeal Oil Filter ∆P High X Oil SealSeal Buffer Gas ∆P High X Oil SealSeal Buffer Gas ∆P Low X Oil Seal

Ancillary SystemsInlet Air Filter ∆P High X CSN Inlet Air Filter AirInlet Air Filter Blower Motor Failure X Inlet Air Filters with Scavenge FanEnclosure Ventilation Failure FSL EnclosureEnclosure Temperature High X Enclosure AlarmsEnclosure Pressure Low X Pressurized EnclosureGas LEL High, Enclosure X FSL Gas Detection SystemGas Level Transducer Failure X Gas Detection SystemFire System Fault X Basic SetFire System Locked Out X Fire Protection SystemFire System Fire Detected FSL Fire Protection SystemFire System Discharged FSL Fire Protection SystemEnclosure Vent Filter ∆P High X Enclosure Vent FilterFuel Gas Filter ∆P High X Requires External Input SignalEvaporative Cooler System Failure X Inlet Evaporative CoolerExhaust Heat Recovery System Gas Turbine Start Inhibit X CSN Requires External Input SignalExhaust Heat Recovery System Malfunction X FSL Requires External Input Signal

14

Typical Gas Turbine Package Alarm and Shutdown Indications, Contd

Indication Alarm Shutdown Supplied with

External Process SystemsGas Scrubber 1 Level High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Scrubber 2 Level High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Scrubber 3 Level High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Scrubber 1 Level Low FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Scrubber 2 Level Low FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Scrubber 3 Level Low FSN Requires External Input SignalStation Gas Cooler Discharge Temperature High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Cooler 1 Discharge Temperature High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Cooler 2 Discharge Temperature High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Cooler 3 Discharge Temperature High FSN Requires External Input SignalStation Gas Cooler Vibration High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Cooler 1 Vibration High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Cooler 2 Vibration High FSN Requires External Input SignalGas Cooler 3 Vibration High FSN Requires External Input Signal

CSL = Cooldown Stop Lockout, initiated by automatic shutdownCSN = Cooldown Stop Nonlockout, initiated by automatic shutdown and Stop buttonFSL = Fast Stop Lockout, initiated by automatic shutdown and Emergency Stop buttonFSN = Fast Stop Nonlockout, initiated by automatic shutdown

Cooldown: Driven equipment load is shed and unit is run at no-load for five minutes at idle speed before shutdown.Fast Stop: Driven equipment load is shed and unit is shutdown immediately.Lockout: System is reset from local gas turbine control panel only.Nonlockout: System is reset from local gas turbine control panel or optional remote video display, optional serial link

interface or customer provided switch.

Data stored in memory (such as trigger log, datadownload and optional historical displays) can also beviewed using the Playback (Online and Off-line) Modes.

CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS

Local and Remote Video DisplayTerminal (Optional)In addition to the local display terminal describedabove, a remote VDT is supplied for display andcontrol of specific functions. The display provides allof the information available on the control consoleVDT, but at a separate location. Screen displays canbe selected independent of the control console-mounted VDT and include the ability to start, normalstop, acknowledge, reset and control package speed/load set point.

The remote VDT and control operate over a user-supplied RS232C serial link connected to the local gasturbine control console and can be connected up to 15m (50 ft). For longer distances, boosters, converters,modems, telemetry, or common carrier approachesmay be used.

Gas Turbine Compressor CleaningSystems, On-Crank and On-line(Optional)

Two separate compressor cleaning systems are avail-able. These systems are designed for washing thecontaminating deposits of dust, salt, oil or otherimpurities which may collect on the gas turbine com-pressor blades and degrade gas turbine performance.Both systems include a distribution manifold withspray nozzles and associated onskid piping andsolenoid-operated shutoff valves. With the on-cranksystem, the gas turbine is operated at the maximumspeed attainable from the start system, with fuel andignition systems deactivated. The on-line cleaningsystem is operable between 90% and 100% gasgenerator speed, with or without load on the drivenequipment. The on-line system is available as asupplement to the on-crank system and does notreplace the requirement for periodic on-crank deter-gent or fluid cleaning (depending on site-specificcontamination). Gas turbine cranking is initiated fromthe onskid gauge panel or the control console operator

15

interface panel and water/cleaning solution flow isactivated from the operator interface panel.

Vibration Monitoring Systems (Optional)This system consists of a Bently Nevada Model 2201vibration monitoring system designed specifically tooperate within and interface directly with the TurbotronicPLC. As an integral part of the monitoring system, thePLC is used to configure the 2201 system whichcommunicates monitoring status back to the PLC.The reading of current values, processing of alarmsignals, and system configuration are some of thefunctions performed by the PLC. The 2201 systemmonitor and associated channel monitors plug into theTurbotronic chassis and receive input power fromthe PLC. User interface with the monitor is providedvia the PLC video display terminal (VDT). The systemmonitor communicates with the PLC as an intelligentI/O module employing block transfer for configurationand transferring data to the PLC. Some alarm statusinformation is accomplished via discrete data trans-fer. All data available to the PLC are also available viaserial link for user remote monitoring, diagnostics andtrending.

Several different package vibration monitoringconfigurations are available to provide vibration indi-cation and protection through preset warning indica-tion and shutdown initiation in the event of unacceptablevibration levels in the gas turbine, gearbox and com-pressor. Vibration level, alarm and shutdown indica-tions are displayed on the control system videodisplay terminal. The available configurations providea varying degree of protection and transducer types.Gas turbine vibration monitoring is available withvelocity transducers mounted on the gas turbinediffuser case and the power turbine case, or singleproximity probes at each of the five gas turbinebearings, or two proximity probes placed 90 degreesapart at each gas turbine bearing. In addition, bothtypes of transducers may be employed using thevelocity transducers for package alarm and protectionand the proximity probes for gas turbine diagnostics.

Gearbox vibration monitoring is also available us-ing either accelerometers, single proximity probes ordual proximity probes at the input and output shaftbearings. The vibration monitoring system will alsoaccommodate as many channels as are required fromvelocity, accelerometer or proximity probe inputs tosupport the compressor vibration monitoring and pro-tection requirements.

A power turbine keyphasor is also available foruse with the dual proximity probe configuration toprovide additional vibration diagnostic capability withthe use of externally applied diagnostic equipment.

The following table provides a summary of theavailable configurations:

Available Vibration Monitoring Configurations

Quantity Type Location

Gas Turbine2 Velocity Gas Turbine Diffuser/

Power Turbine Case5 Proximity 1Y each Bearing

(Not available on Centaur 40.)10 Proximity 1X and 1Y each Bearing

(Not available on Centaur 40.)

Gearbox2 Accelerometer Gearbox Case2 Proximity 1Y each Input and Output Shaft

Radial Bearing4 Proximity 1X and 1Y each Input and Output

Shaft Radial Bearing

CompressorsAs Required X and Y proximity probes, keyphasors, and bearing

temperature sensors

Gas Turbine Thrust Bearing TemperatureMonitoring (Optional – Not available onCentaur 40)The gas turbine thrust bearing temperature monitoringsystem provides temperature indication and protec-tion through preset warning indication and shutdowninitiation in the event of unacceptable gas turbinethrust bearing temperature. The system monitorsRTDs at both the gas generator and power turbinethrust bearings. Temperature level, alarm and shut-down indications are displayed on the control systemvideo display terminal.

Lube Oil Drain Temperature Monitoring(Optional)Lube oil drain temperature monitoring system optionsare available to provide temperature indication andpreset warning in the event of unacceptable lube oildrain temperature. Options are available for monitor-ing RTDs located in the gas turbine, gearbox, andcompressor lube oil drain lines. Temperature level andalarm indications are displayed on the control systemvideo display terminal.

Gas Turbine Performance Map Display(Optional)The gas turbine performance map displays real-time gas turbine performance corrected to standardconditions. The performance map is essentially

16

for reference and is used to monitor trends in gasturbine performance, not to verify absolute gas tur-bine performance levels. The system includes instru-mentation to measure flow of the fuel to the gasturbine and requires certain static and dynamic inputsfrom the driven equipment. (See “Gas CompressorPerformance Map Display.”) For gas fuel flow mea-surement, an orificed metering run is provided foroffskid field installation. The metering run includesan upstream pressure transmitter, an orifice delta Ptransmitter and thermowell with RTD. For liquidfuel flow measurement, an onskid rotary transduceris provided.

Historical Displays (Optional)The following maintenance and diagnostic programsare available to assist in routine monitoring of the gasturbine condition, as well as to make informed pre-dictions of the future health of the unit. The historicaldisplay option includes running time display, elapsedtime display and predictive trend monitoring as de-scribed below:

Running Time Display. The running time displayfeature provides a four-channel strip chart recorderformat displayed on the video display terminal. Itprovides simultaneous plots of multiple, operator-selected analog variables in real time of four select-able variables at selected time scales. Each plot isscaled for the selected variable and displays thenumerical value of the raw data for each variable foractual running time only. Data are compressed after aperiod of time by averaging groups of data points sosuccessively longer-term data are stored. Data arestored only while the gas turbine is running so thattrends relate to only operational data. Any four param-eters may be displayed at one time. Data to be plottedare chosen from an array of gas turbine and compres-sor parameters, including lube temperature, gas tur-bine temperature, gas turbine pressures, gas turbinevibration, air inlet system, and gas compressor data.

Elapsed Time Display. The elapsed time displayfeature is used for plotting and determining trends ingas turbine or gas compressor data. Selected analogvariables are stored on disk whether or not the unit isin operation, providing a continuous data file of allstored analog parameters. Data are saved at predeter-mined intervals and can be retrieved for analysis.Typically, data are stored at hourly intervals withapproximately one month of data per disk.

Predictive Trend Monitoring. The predictive trendmonitoring feature analyzes the running time his-torical data base and approximates the futureanalog signal trends. Deteriorating trends resultin a display that has the trend line intersecting a

predetermined alarm and shutdown level at a definedfuture time.

Printer/Logger (Optional)The data logging and print system provides eventlogger, standard report form and screen print func-tions. The system consists of the control software anda table-top 80/160-column dot-matrix printer, avail-able in 120 or 240 Vac, single phase, 50/60 Hz and a7.6-m (25-ft) interconnect cable. For multiple unitapplications, the control software can be configuredfor a dedicated printer for each unit or one printer forseveral units.

The following functions are provided:

• Status Print – current value of analog and statusof discrete variables. Menu selectable and auto-matically generated on shutdown event followedby first-out alarm print.

• Alarm Logging – prints alarm with time anddate stamp.

• Daily Log – last 24 hours of elapsed time data.

• Print Screen – prints current screen.

• Historical Files – prints data from all histori-cal files.

Predictive Emissions Monitoring System(Optional)The predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS)predicts NOx (oxides of nitrogen) emissions concen-tration and flow in the gas turbine exhaust. Thesystem does not measure or predict CO (carbonmonoxide) or UHC (unburned hydrocarbons) emis-sions. The predictions are based on gas turbinemeasured T1 and T5 temperature and gas turbine inletair pressure and relative humidity. The calculationsare done once per minute. The concentration predic-tions are averaged to provide hourly averages. Theflow predictions are totalized to provide hourly, daily,monthly and annual totals. The results are displayedon the video display terminal. A daily report is loggedon a printer, listing the average concentration and flowfor each of the 24 hours of the previous day. (Theprinter/logger option must be provided with this op-tion.) The system absolute pressure transducer ismounted on the turbomachinery package. The sys-tem printer and humidity transmitter are shipped loosefor installation by the purchaser.

Supervisory Interface – Serial Link(Optional)The following serial interface options provide a setof analog and discrete data from the Turbotroniccontrol system. Includes definition of the PLC com-

17

munication interface data structure to facilitate userdevelopment of the supervisory side of the interface.

The user may:

1. Request the “standard message” from the PLC

2. Read specific memory locations

3. Send supervisory control signals

The standard message provides the same dataused by the display system, including all input ana-logs, a number of computed values, status indicationsand all active alarms and shutdowns.

Typical data include:

• Gas compressor status• Gas generator turbine speed• Power turbine speed• Turbine T5 temperature• Lube oil header pressure• Lube oil temperature• Ambient temperature• All alarms and shutdowns• All panel light status

Supervisory control signals include:

• Start• Stop• Acknowledge/Reset• Remote Speed/Load Set Point

The available options are:

Remote RS232C/422 (DF1). (Optional) A table-top-mounted interface module is provided whichconnects to the control system via the Data HighwayPlus network. The module can be located up to3048 m (10,000 ft) from the control system. The seriallink uses the DF1 protocol. The module is connectedto the user’s device through an RS232C serial portfor applications located within 15 m (50 ft) or an RS422serial port for applications located within 1219 m(4000 ft). The module requires a 120-Vac, 50/60-Hzpower supply.

Local RS232C (DF1). (Optional) A console PLC rack-mounted interface module is provided which connectsto the control system via the Data Highway Plusnetwork. The serial link uses the DF1 protocol. Themodule is connected to the user’s device through anRS232C serial port for applications located within15 m (50 ft).

Local RS232C, Modbus. (Optional) A console PLCrack-mounted interface module is provided whichconnects to the control system through the PLCbackplane. The serial link uses a subset of the remote

terminal unit (RTU) version of the Modbus protocol.The module acts as a Modbus slave device to com-municate with the user’s Modbus master device. Themodule is connected to the user’s device through anRS232C serial link for applications within 15 m (50 ft)and an RS422 for applications within 1219 m (4000 ft).Distances greater than this may require boosters,converters, telemetry or common carrier approaches.

Spare Inputs and Outputs (Optional)Options are available for an additional 10%, 15% or20% spare input/output analog/discrete channels forcustomer use. Does not include any signal condition-ing or programming.

External Process Malfunction Override(Optional)This system provides a temporary bypass of speci-fied user and package-related shutdowns. Shutdownsrelated to the protection of the gas turbine, gearbox ifapplicable, and gas compressor are excluded. Up to24 preselected shutdown malfunctions can be by-passed for a limited time for the purpose of testing thefunctionality of the sensing equipment. The bypass isactivated by the operator at a specific user inter-face screen.

PLC Field Programming (Optional)This feature allows the user, through predefined secu-rity access, to change the programming of controlsequence, logic and values within the microproces-sor. Includes programming software, interface card,and instruction manual. A laptop computer for inter-face to the microprocessor may also be provided.

Heat Recovery Application Interfaceand/or Control (Optional)This option provides the gas turbine control systemmodifications necessary to provide an interface be-tween the gas turbine control system and the heatrecovery control system. The modifications can in-clude provisions to receive a “start permissive” signalfrom the heat recovery controls, to have an extendedstart cycle designed to purge the exhaust bypass, tohave a gas turbine flameout protection system, toreceive a malfunction shutdown signal from the heatrecovery controls, and to send a malfunction shut-down signal to the heat recovery control in the eventof a gas turbine shutdown. In addition, the heatrecovery control may use the gas turbine Ready toLoad signals as an indicator to begin operation. Alsoavailable is an expanded control scope to providecontrol of the diverter valve only or to provide theentire heat recovery device controls. The control’s

18

interface is limited to heat recovery applicationswhere the gas or dual fuel gas turbine package isoperating in conjunction with one heat recovery sys-tem with a diverter valve and without supplementalduct burning. The complete heat recovery controloption may accommodate more complex heat recov-ery systems.

GAS COMPRESSOR CONTROLS ANDMONITORING

Process Control (Optional)The process control options provide for unit controlbased on the gas compressor suction pressure, dis-charge pressure, flow or combinations of these pa-rameters. Local and remote set-point adjustment isincluded. An on-screen mimic diagram of the processcan also be provided. The necessary transmitters areprovided by Solar.

Discharge and Suction PressureShutdown Switch (Optional)The basic package may be supplied with gas com-pressor suction and discharge pressure transmittersand associated control system logic to provide forindication, warning alarm, and unit shutdown when thedischarge pressure exceeds a preset value. Thisoption is to provide a pressure switch for the shutdownfunction in lieu of the transmitter signal. The transmit-ter is still used for warning alarm and indication, butthe shutdown function is controlled by the indepen-dent pressure switch.

Gas Compressor Antisurge ControlSystem (Optional)Surge at a given gas compressor speed is caused byexcessive head across the gas compressor (isen-tropic head) for a given suction flow rate. Therefore,surge in the gas compressor may be controlled bydecreasing the head across the gas compressor and/or by increasing the flow rate of the gas to the suctionside of the gas compressor.

The antisurge control system prevents surge bymodulating a surge control (bypass) valve to lowerhead and increase suction flow. A typical systemconsists of pressure and temperature transmitters onthe gas compressor suction and discharge lines,a flow differential pressure transmitter across thesuction flow meter, an algorithm in the control sys-tem, and a surge control valve with correspondingaccessories to keep the gas compressor from goinginto surge.

Typical system scope includes the following:

• Engineering to determine the optimum controlalgorithms

• PLC software programmed and tested for theselected gas compressor staging

• Engineering to specify the antisurge controlvalve and accessories, including valve perfor-mance evaluation over the gas compressorperformance map at varying valve positions

• Engineering to specify the flow meter typeand size

• Evaluation of user piping and instrumenta-tion diagram

• Documentation, including all surge control cal-culations and program constants

• Gas compressor flow versus differential pres-sure control with suction pressure and tempera-ture compensation

• Automatic override of manual control mode

• Speed set-point decoupling

• Surge detection with step valve opening

• On-screen, real-time graphic displays

• On-screen, real-time control parameter setting

• All surge control parameters are available forremote monitoring via serial link.

• Suction flow transmitter – shipped separately forinstallation by purchaser

• Suction pressure transmitter – shipped sepa-rately for installation by purchaser

• Discharge pressure transmitter – shipped sepa-rately for installation by purchaser

The following components and information arerequired from the purchaser in order to facilitate thesurge control system design and onsite operation:

• Expected gas compressor operating conditionrange for suction pressure (P1), suction tem-perature (T1), discharge pressure (P2), flow andgas specific gravity

• Flow meter specification sheet

• Purchaser piping and instrumentation diagramincluding suction and recycle pipe size andschedule

• Antisurge control (recycle) valve and specifica-tion sheet, unless included in Solar’s scope

• Suction gas temperature signal (100-ohm plati-num RTD preferred)

19

Gas Compressor Surge DetectionSystem (Optional)For applications without an antisurge control systemsupplied by Solar, a gas compressor surge detectionsystem is recommended. The system detects gascompressor discharge pressure pulsations and ini-tiates a gas turbine shutdown if pulsations exceed apreset value within a predetermined time period.

Antisurge Recycle Valve (Optional)A wide variety of antisurge valves are available tofacilitate the antisurge control system operation.Valves are available in 51, 76, 102, 152, 203, 254, and305 mm (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in.) sizes from twodifferent valve manufacturers.

High Discharge Temperature ShutdownSwitch (Optional)The basic package may be supplied with a gascompressor discharge temperature RTD and associ-ated control system logic to provide for indication,warning alarm, and unit shutdown when the dischargetemperature exceeds a preset value. This option isto provide a temperature switch for the shutdownfunction in lieu of the RTD signal. The RTD is still usedfor warning alarm and indication, but the shutdownfunction is controlled by the independent tempera-ture switch.

Gas Compressor Journal BearingTemperature Monitoring (Optional)The gas compressor journal bearing temperature moni-toring system provides temperature indication andprotection through preset warning indication and shut-down initiation in the event of unacceptable journalbearing temperature. The system monitors eitherthermocouples or RTDs, depending on the type ofsignal provided by the gas compressor, with as manychannels as required by the gas compressor configu-ration. Temperature level, alarm and shutdown indica-tions are displayed on the control system videodisplay terminal.

Gas Compressor Thrust BearingTemperature Monitoring (Optional)The gas compressor thrust bearing temperature moni-toring system provides temperature indication andprotection through preset warning indication and shut-down initiation in the event of unacceptable thrustbearing temperature. The system monitors eitherthermocouples or RTDs, depending on the type ofsignal provided by the gas compressor, with asmany channels as required by the gas compressorconfiguration. Temperature level, alarm and shutdown

indications are displayed on the control system videodisplay terminal.

Gas Compressor Performance MapDisplay (Optional)This feature provides for the display of a real-time gascompressor nominal head-versus-cfm performancemap and shows the position of the actual operatingpoint. The primary sensing elements are not included.The accuracy of the map is commensurate with theaccuracy of the sensing instrumentation. Gas com-pressor performance checkpoint data must be sub-mitted to Solar in a specific format. Gas compressormaps are limited to one gas composition. Side streams,changing gas composition or other factors which canchange gas compressor performance characteristicsmust be reviewed to confirm compatibility with thesoftware program. The gas turbine performance mapdisplay option, described previously, requires thisfeature.

CONTROL SYSTEM ACCESSORIES

Control Battery/Charger System(Optional)The control battery/charger system supplies the nec-essary 24-Vdc power for the operation of the gasturbine control system. The 135-ampere-hour leadacid, 150-ampere-hour lead calcium, or 102-ampere-hour nickel cadmium batteries and integrated 50-ampere charger are mounted in a nonhazardous,freestanding, weatherproof National Electrical Manu-facturers’ Association (NEMA) 3R cabinet. The chargeris available with 240/480-Vac, 208/220/230-Vacand 120/240-Vac, 50 or 60-Hz, single-phase inputs.

Typical Battery and Charger Cabinet

PA98026M

787 mm(2' 7")

BAFFLE

1003 mm(3' 3-1/2")

927 mm(3' 1/2")

FRONT AND REAR KICKPLATEFOR WIRING CONNECTIONS

1219

mm

(4')

673 mm(2' 2-1/2")

BATTERYCOMPARTMENTWITH RACKS

BATTERYCHARGER

CONTROLPANEL(inside door)

DOOR

20

Lead acid batteries are shipped dry; the electrolyte isnot included.

Control and DC Lube Pump Battery/Charger System (Optional)This battery/charger system supplies the necessary24-Vdc power for the operation of the gas turbine

control system and dc postlube backup pump. The250-ampere-hour lead calcium or 184-ampere-hournickel cadmium batteries and integrated 50-amperecharger are mounted in a nonhazardous, freestand-ing, weatherproof NEMA 3R cabinet. The charger isavailable with 240/480-Vac, 208/220/230-Vacand 120/240-Vac, 50 or 60-Hz, single-phase inputs.

21

Start Systems

Typical Pneumatic Start System

PNEUMATIC START SYSTEM

The pneumatic start system is especially suited forgas turbine starting requirements and can use eithergas or compressed air as a power source. Compo-nents of the standard system included with the pack-age are a strainer, shutoff valve, starter motors, andassociated stainless steel piping and manifolds.

The turbine starter motors are mounted on theforward side of the accessory gear housing andtransmit starting power to the gas turbine via acommon overrunning clutch and shaft. When the gasgenerator reaches starter dropout speed, the startermotors shut down and the clutch overruns.

DIRECT-DRIVE AC START SYSTEM

The direct-drive ac (DAC) start system consists of asquirrel cage, three-phase, ac induction motor with asolid-state variable frequency drive (VFD). The startmotor is mounted directly on the gas turbine acces-sory drive gearbox. Starting power is transmitted to

the gas turbine via the accessory drive gearbox andoverrunning clutch and shaft assembly.

The VFD requires a supply of three-phase, 380-to-575 volt, 50/60-Hz ac power. The VFD regulatesthe voltage and frequency to the start motor asrequired to initiate gas turbine rotation, accelerate topurge speed, and then accelerate to ignition andstarter dropout speed as commanded by theTurbotronic control system.

The VFD cabinet is shipped separately for installa-tion in an appropriate nonhazardous location andprovides for direct across-the-line starting control ofthe motor. The typical maximum symmetrical faultcurrent capacity of the VFD is 25,000 amps. Feedercircuits exceeding this limit require the use of anisolation transformer, line reactor or other meansof adding similar impedance to limit fault current.Electric disconnects and overcurrent protection de-vices are normally provided by others. The powercable run from the VFD to the start motor should notexceed 183 m (600 ft).

PA98027M

TOTURBINE

AIR/GASSUPPLY

TOTURBINE

PILOTAIR/GASSUPPLY

SHUTOFFVALVE

STRAINER

SKIDEDGE

V

G

G

G

V

V

V

G

LEGEND

Air/Gas

Vent STARTERMOTOR

STARTERMOTOR

22

Typical Direct-Drive AC Start System

Typical Variable Frequency Drive Cabinet

PA98029M

VARIABLEFREQUENCYDRIVE

ACMOTOR

ADAPTER HUB COUPLING/CLUTCHASSEMBLY

GASTURBINE

CUSTOMERAC INPUT

SKIDEDGE

PA98030M

421 mm (1' 4-1/2")

Depth - 322 mm (1' 5/8")Weight - 70 kg (154 lb)

880

mm

(2'

10-

5/8"

)

23

Fuel System

NATURAL GAS FUEL SYSTEMThe fuel system, in conjunction with the electriccontrol system, includes all necessary componentsto control fuel at the proper schedule during start andto modulate fuel flow during operation. The systemalso provides temperature topping control of fuel flowduring start-up, acceleration and operation.

The system requires a natural gas supply thatconforms to Solar’s specification ES 9-98. The gasshould have a lower heating value (LHV) of 31 496 to39 370 kJ/nm3 (800 to 1000 Btu/scf) and should befree of sulfur, contaminants, entrained water, andliquid hydrocarbons.

The natural gas fuel system includes:• Pilot-operated primary fuel shutoff valve• Pilot-operated secondary fuel shutoff valve• Natural gas electric fuel control valve• 10-micron pilot gas filter• Gas fuel pressure gauge• Fuel injector assemblies• Valve check pressure switch• High gas fuel pressure shutdown switch• Gas strainer (loose shipped for field installation)• Torch ignitor• Drain valves• Vent valve

Component OperationFuel gas supply pressure required at the unit skidmust meet minimum pressure requirements or the lowpressure switch disables unit operation.

The primary fuel shutoff valve is a pneumaticallyoperated, spring-closed ball valve. Pilot gas pressureis admitted and exhausted from the operator via an in-tegral solenoid valve. Removal of pilot gas or electricpower will allow the springs to close the main valve.

The secondary (backup) fuel shutoff valve is pilotgas operated by dual three-way solenoid valves.When energized, these solenoid valves admit pilotpressure to the valve-opening operator and exhaustpressure from the valve-closing operator, causing themain spool to shift to the open position. Whendeenergized, these solenoid valves vent the openingoperator and supply pilot pressure in the closingdirection to close the secondary shutoff valve.

During the unit start sequence, prior to ignition, theprimary and secondary fuel shutoff valves are bothoperated to verify proper operation. This fuel valvecheck sequence is verified by the valve-check pres-sure switch located between the two valves.

Solar has developed an electric fuel control valvewhich replaces the pressure regulator/gas loader,throttle valve, and associated electrohydraulic actua-tor. This system has improved light-off reliability andenhanced performance flexibility to meet the demand-ing requirements of SoLoNOx gas turbine configura-tions and has allowed easier adjustments of fuel flowschedules for steady-state and transient conditions.

The electrically controlled valve is composed of abalanced poppet valve actuated by a proportionalsolenoid-operated device mounted directly on thevalve. All components, including the electronics, arepackaged in a compact, lightweight housing con-structed of either aluminum or stainless steel. Internalmetering components are stainless steel. The valveassembly can operate in ambient and gas temper-atures of 93°C (200°F). Control and actuation powerrequired is 24 Vdc and less than 65 watts. The valveposition is controlled by a 4-to-20 mA signal and thevalve provides a 4-to-20 mA feedback signal via anintegrated linear variable differential transformer(LVDT). The valve is certified to Canadian StandardsAssociation (CSA) and NFPA/NEC Class I, Group D,Division 1, as well as IEC Zone 1. A differential pres-sure transmitter is included to measure the differentialpressure across the injectors in order to properlyschedule fuel flow during gas turbine light-off andacceleration.

The fuel is distributed to the combustor via a fuelgas manifold and fuel injectors.

SOLONOx COMBUSTIONSoLoNOx combustion systems use special fuel injec-tors, each with main and pilot fuel ports. The ratio offuel injected through these ports is controlled duringstarting and operation to maintain a stable combustorflame while minimizing the formation of NOx and COemissions. Combustion airflows, which affect theemissions levels, are also regulated within allowablelimits using variable guide vanes and a bleed valve onthe axial air compressor.

24

Typical Natural Gas Fuel System

PA98031M/S

ELECTRICCONTROL SIGNALFROM PROCESSCONTROL SYSTEM

EXHAUST

BLEEDVALVE

COMBUSTOR

LEGEND:= Main Fuel Path

= Air

= Drain

= Electrical

= Gas Fuel

= Oil

= Vent

PACKAGE DRAINCONNECTION

COMBUSTORDRAINVALVES

GUIDE VANEACTUATOR

TORCH

COMPRESSORVARIABLEGUIDEVANES

AIRINTAKE

INJECTORS

PRESSURECONTROL VALVE

COMPRESSORDISCHARGEPRESSUREGAUGE

BLOCK ANDBLEED VALVE

PRESSURETRANSMITTER

∆ PRESSURESWITCH

GAS FUEL CONTROLVALVE/ACTUATOR

GASMANIFOLD

TORCHSHUTOFFVALVE

PILOT GAS SUPPLY TOPNEUMATIC START SYSTEMAND PRE/POST LUBE PUMP

ORIFICE

FILTER

PRESSURECONTROLVALVE

PILOTPRIMARYSHUTOFFVALVE

PILOTSECONDARYSHUTOFFVALVE

PRIMARYSHUTOFFVALVE SECONDARY

SHUTOFFVALVE

VALVE CHECKPRESSURESWITCH

GAS VENTVALVE

VENTPRESSURETRANSMITTER

BLOCKAND BLEEDVALVE

GAS FUELPRESSUREGAUGE

STRAINER

SKIDEDGE

GAS FUELSUPPLY

A

D

E

G

O

PILOT GASRELIEF VALVE

V

CHECKVALVE

E

E

25

Lubrication System

BASIC LUBRICATION SYSTEMThe lube oil system is a complete system suitable foroperation with lube oil conforming to Solar’s specifica-tion ES 9-224. The system, which circulates oil underpressure to the various working parts of the gasturbine and driven equipment, is supplied from thelube oil tank located in the steel base frame. Proper oiltemperatures are maintained by thermostatic oil con-trol valves and an optional oil cooler.

The lubrication system incorporates the followingcomponents:

• Oil tank

• Gas turbine-driven primary pump

• Motor-driven pre/post pumps

• Duplex oil filters with replaceable five-micronelements

• Offskid oil cooler (optional)

• Oil level, pressure and temperature gauges

• Oil pressure transducers

• Pressure and temperature regulators

• Strainers

The filters are supplied with a six-way transfervalve, a differential pressure gauge, and differentialpressure alarm.

The system includes all piping and manifoldsinternal to the skid. The interconnect piping betweenthe skid edge and the remote mounted oil cooler(optional) is not supplied as part of this system unlessthe cooler is provided as part of an enclosure roof-mounted ancillary skid (optional).

When unit start-up is initiated, oil is delivered to thegas turbine bearings by the pre/post lube oil pump fora predetermined period of time. As the gas turbineaccelerates, the pre/post oil pump is shut down and alllube oil is supplied by the gas turbine-driven mainpump. When the unit starts during cold ambientconditions, oil bypasses the cooler through a tempera-ture control valve in the system control module.

Pre/Post Lube Oil System. A pre/post lube oil pumpsupplies oil prior to package start-up and postlubecooling after shutdown. The pump is a rotary, positive-displacement-type driven by an ac electric motor or by

a pneumatic motor. The pneumatic motor requires anair or gas supply.

Postlube Backup Oil System. A 24-Vdc or pneu-matic motor-driven lube oil pump, filter and relief valveare available to supply the necessary oil pressurefor postlube cooling of the gas turbine bearings inthe event the postlube oil system is inoperable onshutdown.

Lube Oil Tank Heater System. (Optional) A thermo-statically controlled 10-kW lube oil tank heater isavailable to maintain lube oil temperature above 10°C(50°F). This heater requires ac electric power.

Lube Oil Cooler. (Optional) A wide variety of air-to-oiltype coolers is available to facilitate the oil coolingneeds of the gas turbine, gearbox (if applicable), andthe driven equipment. The standard cooler options areavailable with either ac motors or hydraulic motor-driven fan and are sized for a range of heat loads andambient temperatures. The cooler is loose shipped foroffskid installation by others. Both simplex and duplexwater-to-oil cooler systems are also available.

Lube Oil Vent Separator. (Optional) An offskid me-chanical coalescer element is provided to remove oilfrom the lube oil tank vent. The oil is allowed to drainback to the lube oil tank while the remaining oil vaporis exhausted to the atmosphere. A lube oil tank over-pressure alarm and shutdown is included. The sepa-rator is approximately 1727 mm (68 in.) high by 610mm (24 in.) in diameter and weighs 227 kg (500 lb) dry.

Lube Oil Vent Flame Trap. (Optional) A lube oil ventflame trap can be provided to prevent an ignitionsource from entering the lube oil tank. Provided forinstallation by others, it must be installed verticallywithin 4.6 m (15 ft) of the end of the lube tankvent piping.

Lube Oil Tank Level Control. (Optional) This systemconsists of a slow flow meter and a level controllerwhich is used to maintain proper oil level in the tankduring operation. It requires a user-provided, externaloil supply and includes a high lube oil tank level alarm.

Stainless Steel Lube Oil Tank and Filters. (Optional)Lube oil tank, covers and filters are normally carbonsteel, but can be provided in 316L stainless steelif required.

26

Typical Lube Oil System

TRANSFERVALVE

PA98033M

Liters (gal.) mm (in.) from tank bottomOptional High Level Alarm 2362 (624) 495 (19.5)Low Level Alarm 1756 (464) 368 (14.5)Low Level Shutdown 1514 (400) 317 (12.5)

SIGHTGLASS

SIGHTGAUGES

RTDS(optional)

PRESSURETRANSMITTER

BLOCK ANDBLEED VALVE

PRESSUREGAUGE

O

O

TRANSFERVALVE

ALARMSWITCH

∆PGAUGE

FILTER

RTD

TEMPERATUREGAUGE

O

COOLERBYPASSVALVE

O

OILCOOLER

TEMPERATURECONTROL VALVE

DRIVENEQUIPMENT

TANKVENTAL/SDPRESSURESWITCH(optional)

E

FLAMEARRESTOR(optional)

RELIEFVALVE

OMAINLUBEPUMP

PRESSURECONTROLVALVE

STRAINER

CHECKVALVE

PRE/POSTLUBEPUMP

POSTLUBEBACKUPPUMP

RELIEFVALVE

STRAINERS

STRAINER

CHECKVALVE

O

CHECKVALVE

FILTER

*

*

CHECKVALVE

VENTSEPARATOR(optional)

INSTVALVE

INSTVALVE

GEAR-BOX

OFILTER

O

E

HEATER(optional)

*To guide vane, bleed valve and fuel actuator - Centaur 50 and Taurus 60 only To fuel actuator - Centaur 40 only.

Seal Systems

27

SEAL OIL SYSTEM (Optional/As Available)Compressor shaft end seals and their attendantsystem prevent the escape of process gas alongthe compressor shaft. The seal oil system delivers theoil and buffer gas required for operation of the com-pressor floating ring oil seals. The seal assemblytypically consists of two carbon ring oil seals, separat-ing spacer and housing. Seal oil is introduced betweenthe two seals at a pressure slightly above compressorsuction pressure. Oil leakage is controlled by theclearance established between the seal’s inside diam-eter and the shaft’s outside diameter. A small portionof the oil leaks across the inner seal toward theprocess gas, creating the seal. This oil is returned tothe lube oil tank via a high pressure trap and degas-sing system upstream of the oil tank. The balance ofthe inlet oil flows across the outer seal and returnsdirectly to the oil tank.

Solar compressor packages normally use a com-bined lube and seal oil system with internally suppliedbuffer gas. The buffer gas can be taken from compres-sor discharge when the gas composition, tempera-ture, and contamination are within acceptable limits.Although clean (sweet) buffer gas is preferred, thesystem may tolerate sour buffer gas, depending onthe process conditions, gas composition and requiredseal oil flow. The buffer gas is taken from the com-pressor discharge and supplied to the bearing and sealcapsules to buffer the compressor case from the sealoil. Seal oil at a pressure slightly higher than buffer gasis injected between the two liquid-film carbon seals toprevent the buffer gas from escaping into the lubesystem. The mixture of seal oil and buffer gas isseparated in the seal oil trap where the buffer gas isreturned to the compressor suction and the oil isreturned to the oil tank.

The standard seal oil system includes the followingprimary components:

• Turbine-driven main seal oil pump• Auxiliary and backup seal oil pump• Seal oil filter with differential pressure switch

and gauge• Seal oil differential pressure regulation system• Seal oil flow control valve• Buffer gas differential pressure regulation

system• Dual traps, one for each compressor seal• Degassing flue

• Flame arrestor for field installation on degassingflue vent

• Sight glasses, strainers and relief valves• Pressure and differential pressure gauges

and switchesA system compliant with National Association of

Corrosion Engineers (NACE) MR0175 is also avail-able as an option.

DRY GAS SEAL SYSTEM (Optional)The dry gas seal system is composed of two closelyinterrelated systems: the seal gas system and thebuffer air system. The seal gas system maintains abarrier between the process gas in the compressorfrom the compressor bearings. The buffer air systemmaintains separation of the compressor bearing lubeoil from the dry gas seals.

Seal Gas SystemSolar’s gas compressor tandem dry seal system foreach shaft end consists of a primary and secondarygas face seal to prevent the escape of process gas.

The primary dry seal takes the full pressure drop.It is used to provide the main sealing function. Thesecondary or backup seal acts as an emergencybarrier between the process gas and the atmosphereand operates at zero pressure differential.

The dry gas seal system uses either clean and dryprocess gas or an independent clean and dry gassource as seal gas. A second buffer gas source ofeither air or nitrogen is required to isolate the lube oilfrom the seal gas. This buffer air must be available atall times during lube oil pump operation.

Typical seal gas supply flow is 1.34 to 3.35 nm3/min (50 to 125 scfm) at 690 kPa (100 psi) abovemaximum suction pressure, depending on compres-sor model and suction pressure. The seal gas flowrates are metered by maintaining a constant pressuredrop across a flow-limiting orifice in each seal gassupply line to each compressor seal capsule. Differ-ential pressure switches provide low flow alarm andshutdown functions. The seal gas supply flow ishigher than the primary seal leakage. Most of the sealgas flow travels by the compressor shaft labyrinthseals and into the compressor case. This ensures thatthe dry seal cavity is flushed with clean dry gas andthat the dry seal operates in a clean environment.

The seal gas may be supplied from the dischargeof the compressor, preferably from downstream ofthe gas cooler, if the process gas is clean and dry.

28

Typical Compressor Seal Oil and Buffer Gas System

PRIMINGORIFICE

SIGHTGLASS

ORIFICE

SIGHTGLASS

DEGASSINGFLUE

TO LUBEOIL TANK

SIGHTGLASS

FLAMEARRESTOR

SHUTTLEVALVE

SIGHTGLASS

STRAINER

ORIFICE

STRAINER

O

SIGHTGLASS

O

G

PA98035M

RELIEFVALVE

AUXILIARYSEAL OILPUMP

MAINSEAL OILPUMP

CHECKVALVE

CHECKVALVE

TO LUBEOIL TANK

PRIMINGORIFICE

SIGHTGLASS

G

O

TO LUBEOIL TANK

TO LUBEOIL TANK

HIGHDISCHARGE GASTEMPERATURESHUTDOWNSWITCH (RTD onMicroprocessorController Units)

SUCTION

GAUGE

O

P GAUGE

SIGHTGLASS

COMPRESSOR SUCTIONPRESSURE GAUGE

COMPRESSORCASEPRESSURIZATIONSWITCH

LOW SUCTIONPRESSURESHUTDOWNPRESSURETRANSMITTER

HIGHDISCHARGEPRESSURESHUTDOWNPRESSURETRANSMITTER

COMPRESSORDISCHARGEPRESSURE GAUGE

DISCHARGE

BUFFERGAS PREGULATOR

HIGH PALARMSWITCH

PGAUGE FILTER

G

TRAP

TRAP

G

E

BUFFERGAS

G

G

O

O

G

P GAUGE

LOW PSHUTDOWNSWITCH

LOW PALARMSWITCH

E

E

PRESSURECONTROLVALVE

O

SUCTION DISCHARGE

LUBEOIL IN LUBE

OIL IN

G

G

O

COMPRESSOR

TO LUBEOIL TANK

BUFFER GAS

FROMLUBE OILHEADER

FROMLUBE OILTANK

Legend

= Main Line

E = Electrical O

G = Buffer Gas

= Seal Oil

G G

TO LUBEOIL TANK

O

OSEAL OIL PREGULATOR

G

E

E

O

PUMPSEQUENCESWITCH

PRIMINGORIFICE

RELIEFVALVE

CHECKVALVE

TO LUBEOIL TANK

O

PNEUBACKUPSEAL OILPUMP(optional)

FROMLUBE OILTANK

RELIEFVALVE

E

FLOWCONTROLVALVE

PNEUMOTORPUMPDISCHARGEPRESSURE

29

Typical Dry Gas Seal Assembly

The onskid duplex seal gas coalescing filters aredesigned for typical clean transmission pipeline con-ditions. If larger particle or liquid loads are expected,a larger offskid filtration with a high pressure externalseal gas supply is recommended. When the seal gasis supplied from the compressor discharge but thecompressor is not operating at a pressure ratio (i.e.,start-up, shutdown, or pressurized hold), there is noflow of seal gas through the filters. During these times,the gas leakage across the dry seals is raw processgas from inside the compressor case. This is normallynot a problem on clean transmission pipeline applica-tions; however, it may be on new pipelines until thenew line cleans up, or on pipelines handling wet and/or dirty gas. Under these conditions, an external highpressure seal gas supply is recommended.

Leakage past the primary dry seals is measured bymonitoring the pressure drop across an orifice run.High flow alarm and shutdown functions are providedby pressure switches. Primary and secondary sealvent lines must be vented by the customer to a safelocation. Vent pressure must not exceed 35 kPagauge (5 psig).

Buffer Air SystemA circumferential buffer air or nitrogen circumferentialseal, manufactured by Kaydon, provides for bufferingof lube oil and dry seal and is the outboard mostcomponent of the complete seal assembly.

The buffer air or nitrogen circumferential seal is asegmented, split-ring type seal and functions to sepa-rate the seal from the lubricating oil. It is the outboardmost component of the complete seal assembly.

Buffer air or nitrogen at 517 to 1724 kPa gauge(75 to 250 psig) at a flow of 0.13 nm3/min (5 scfm) isrequired from a customer’s source during all periods of compressor pressurization or lube oil pump opera-tion. Maximum supply temperature is 93°C (200°F).Buffer air is injected between a pair of seal rings at aregulated pressure of approximately 172 to 207 kPa(25 to 30 psi) above the secondary seal gas/buffer airvent pressure. Air flows between the seal rings andthe compressor stub shaft. Buffer air flowing passthe outboard seal mixes with lubricating oil and drainsto the lube oil reservoir. Air flowing past the inboardseal is vented through the secondary seal gas/bufferair vent. The buffer air source may be clean dry shopair, instrument air, or nitrogen. The system includesa hand valve for maintenance, a coalescing filter, adifferential pressure regulator, and pressure switchesand gauges to monitor the buffer air differentialpressure.

The system forms a positive separation betweenthe lube oil and the dry seal. Flame arrestors aresupplied for the primary and secondary vents.

Typical primary seal leakage rates per compressorfor dynamic operating conditions are as follows, de-pending on the type of compressor, seal condition,speed, and suction pressure:

• Dry gas face seal: 0.0536 to 0.268 nm3/min(2 to 10 scfm)

• Air or nitrogen circumferential seal: 0.0027 to0.080 nm3/min (0.1 to 3 scfm)

This leakage seal gas and buffer air must be pipedaway by the customer to selected safe areas.

PA98036M

LUBE OIL/BUFFERAIR TO DRAIN

BUFFERAIR SEALS

DRIVESHAFT

DRY GAS SEALASSEMBLY

StationaryRotating

JOURNALBEARINGASSEMBLY

BUFFER AIR OR N2 SEAL ASSEMBLY

SECONDARYSEAL VENT

BUFFERAIR OR N2

SECONDARYSEAL

PRIMARYSEAL VENT

PRIMARYSEAL

LABYRINTHSEAL

SEALGAS IN

30

Typical Dry Gas Seal System

= Electrical

= Gas

= Oil

G

LEGEND:

O

E

FILTER

PA98037M

E

E

E

G

G

E

G

G

G

G

GG G

GGG

G

G

G G

GG

E

G

SUCTION DISCHARGE

LUBEOIL IN

HIGHDISCHARGE GASTEMPERATURESWITCH

ALARMSWITCH

BUFFER AIR∆P GAUGE

ALARMSWITCH

SHUTDOWNSWITCH

FLOW ∆PGAUGE

ORIFICE RELIEFVALVE

ALARMSWITCHSHUTDOWN

SWITCH

SEAL GAS∆P GAUGE

FLOW ∆PGAUGE

SHUTDOWNSWITCH

ORIFICE

ALARMSWITCH

COMPRESSORSUCTIONPRESSUREGAUGE

ORIFICE

SUCTION

LOW SUCTIONPRESSURESHUTDOWNSWITCH

FILTER ∆PGAUGE

BUFFER AIRFILTER ∆PGAUGE

CHECKVALVE

LOW ∆PALARMSWITCH

EXTERNALSEAL GASSUPPLY

RELIEFVALVEORIFICE

FLOWSWITCH

FLAMEARRESTOR

FLAMEARRESTOR

HIGH DISCHARGEPRESSURESHUTDOWNSWITCH

DISCHARGE

COMPRESSORDISCHARGEPRESSUREGAUGE

FILTER

BUFFER AIR∆P REGULATOR

BUFFERAIR/N2SUPPLY

LOW ∆PSHUTDOWNSWITCH

LUBEOIL IN

E

SEAL GAS ∆PREGULATOR

G

COMPRESSOR

O

O

O

O

FILTER

LIQUID DROP-OUTLEVEL GLASS

LIQUID DROP-OUTLEVEL GLASS

31

Typical Dry and Wet Gas Seal Panels

PA98038M

DRY SEAL PANEL

1. Compressor Suction2. Compressor Discharge3. Seal Gas Differential Pressure4. Buffer Air Differential Pressure5. Primary Seal Leakage Flow Differential

Pressure Suction6. Primary Seal Leakage Flow Differential

Pressure Discharge7. Seal Gas Filter Differential Pressure8. Buffer Air Filter Differential Pressure

WET SEAL PANEL

1. Compressor Suction2. Compressor Discharge3. Buffer Gas Differential Pressure4. Seal Oil Differential Pressure5. Seal Oil Filter Differential Pressure6. Seal Oil Differential Pressure

21 3

4 5 6

7 8

21 3

4 5 6

32

Ancillary Equipment

ENCLOSUREThe all-steel enclosure housing is a completely self-contained, weatherproof, insulated, and sound-attenuated structure assembled on the gas turbinepackage skid base. It can be provided in severalconfigurations to house the gas turbine only, the gasturbine and driven equipment, or the gas turbine,gearbox and driven equipment.

The enclosure sides and roof include panels andaccess doors supported on a heavy-duty frame. Thepanels are treated with fiberglass material for noiseattenuation and thermal insulation, and weather strip-ping is installed on all panels for sealing and soundattenuation. The enclosure is constructed to supporta specified roof load and to withstand a wind load of161 km/h (100 mph). The panels and doors providedfor access, inspection, and maintenance are easilyremoved for component removal by fork lift or over-head crane. Additional access doors can be providedwhen necessary.

The gas turbine gauge panel is visible through aglass window in the enclosure wall.

Standard FeaturesSound Attenuation. The sound attenuated enclosureis intended for use with suitable gas turbine air inletand exhaust silencing systems in environments wherelow noise levels are required. In addition, the enclo-sure ventilation openings are equipped with silencersto achieve maximum sound attenuation.

The actual achievable noise reduction is a functionof the noise source, installation considerations, otherequipment in close proximity, and the acousticalcharacteristics of existing buildings and barriers. Theintent of the enclosure design is to comply with U.S.Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)standards for eight-hour employee exposure. Trans-mission loss of the panels in decibels is availableupon request, and further information is available inSolar’s publication SPNG, “Noise Prediction Guide-lines for Industrial Gas Turbines.”

Exterior Connections. Connections for oil vent line,fire and gas suppression systems, and gas turbineair inlet and exhaust are terminated outside theenclosure.

Wiring. Electrically operated and controlled devicesincorporated in the enclosure are wired accord-

ing to standard commercial wiring practices and asnecessary to meet the requirements for equipmentinstalled in hazardous areas.

Ventilation. All enclosures are ventilated using anac motor-driven fan to provide the airflow requiredto ensure that internal temperatures remain withinacceptable limits. Fan motor wiring is terminated atthe motor junction box. Suitable openings are pro-vided so that adequate free flow of ventilation iscirculated through the enclosure. Ventilation openingsmay be equipped with elbow or straight-through typevent silencers.

Enclosure High Temperature Alarm. A heat sensor,which is completely separate from the fire systemthermal detectors, is mounted in the enclosure. Thesensor is set to activate an alarm if enclosure tem-perature is abnormally high.

Optional Features

Lights. (Optional) Internal, explosionproof, incandes-cent or fluorescent lights are available to illuminatethe gas turbine and driven equipment areas inside theenclosure, with an on/off switch located at an enclo-sure door. Backup dc lighting is also available withpower supplied from the control battery system.

Fire Detection/Suppression System. (Optional)An automatic, electronically controlled fire detection/fire suppression system is installed in the enclosure.The system provides detection, suppression andsupervision of input and output circuits for fault or lossof integrity. Design is in accordance with the U.S.National Fire Protection Association codes.

Detection. The primary fire detection system usesultraviolet (UV) detectors. The system includes theautomatic optical integrity feature, which provides acontinuous check of the optical surfaces, detectorsensitivity and electronic circuitry of the detector-controller system. Also included is an automatic faultidentification which provides a digital display of sys-tem status.

The secondary detection system consists of ther-mal detectors. The thermal detectors are designedwith “rate compensation.”

Suppression. The enclosure is equipped with a CO2fire suppression system consisting of a primary totalflooding distribution system and a secondary metered

33

Typical Enclosure Configurations

distribution system. If a fire is sensed, the detec-tors transmit an electric signal via the fire systemcontroller and the fire system supervisory panel toactivate the fire suppression system. Upon receivingthis signal, the explosionproof control heads activatethe discharge valves on the primary and extendedCO2 cylinders, releasing the CO2 into the enclosureand pressurizing the trips which close all vent open-ings. The primary suppression system is designed toprovide the proper concentration of CO2 to extinguishthe fire. A secondary metered distribution system is

used to extend the design concentration of 34% CO2for 20 minutes.

Other fire suppression systems are available.

Fire Cylinder Cabinet. (Optional) A weatherproof firecylinder cabinet is available to house the CO2extinguishant cylinders and is equipped with doors forservicing. The manual pull levers are routed by cableto the exterior wall of the cabinet.

Fire Detection System Test Equipment. (Optional)A portable UV light source complete with built-in

Aft End

COMPRESSORGAUGE PANEL(inside door)

DOOR

BASIC ENCLOSURE

Forward EndDOORS

Forward End Left Side

COMPRESSORGAUGE PANEL(inside door)

SPCUCS-020MTYPICAL ENCLOSURE WITH ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT

DOORSForward End Left Side

Aft End

DOORForward End

HORNFIRE SYSTEMCONTROLSEMERGENCYSTOP BUTTON

••

•STROBELIGHTS (2)(fire systemdischarge)

TURBINEGAUGE PANEL(inside door)

AIR INLETTURBINE

TURBINEEXHAUST

ENCLOSUREVENTILATIONEXHAUST

LUBE OIL TANK VENTFLAME TRAP (optional)

LUBE OILTANK VENTSEPARATOR(optional)

VENTILATIONENCLOSURE

INLET

• HORN• FIRE SYSTEM

CONTROLS• EMERGENCY

STOP BUTTON

TURBINEAIR INLET

STROBELIGHTS (2)(fire systemdischarge)

TURBINEGAUGEPANEL(inside door)

ENCLOSUREVENTILATIONINLET

ENCLOSUREVENTILATIONEXHAUST

SUPPORTANCILLARY

FRAME

TURBINEEXHAUST

GAS COMPRESSORSUCTION/DISCHARGECONNECTION

GAS COMPRESSORSUCTION/DISCHARGECONNECTION

34

Typical Water-Wash Cart

charger is available for testing the system. The lightactivates the UV detector which, in turn, activates thesuppression system.

Combustible Gas Monitoring System. (Optional)A single- or dual-channel system is available tocontinuously monitor for the presence of combustiblegases within the enclosure. The PLC monitors the“smart” gas sensor(s) and the start signal is inter-locked with the combustible gas monitoring systemto ensure the atmosphere is clear prior to initiatinggas turbine start. An alarm is initiated if the gasdetector fails.

Gas Monitoring System Test Equipment. (Optional)A portable purge calibration cylinder containing meth-ane is available complete with the regulator, gauge,valve and extension tube used to periodically cali-brate the gas detector.

Fire and Gas System Test Kit. (Optional) The com-bustible gas calibration equipment and UV test lightare available as a combined kit in a specially designedcarrying case.

Dust Protection System. (Optional) Enclosure inletvents are equipped with cleanable, barrier-type, iner-tial separator-type, or self-cleaning barrier-type filtersto remove dust and sand. The exhaust vents areequipped with back-draft dampers to prevent the entryof dust when the unit is not running.

Pressurization System. (Optional) A pressurizationsystem can be furnished to provide positive or nega-tive pressure inside the enclosure compartment(s) toprevent entry of hazardous atmospheres throughenclosure seams in hazardous areas.

The system consists of the pressurizing fan, manu-ally adjustable dampers, differential pressure gaugeand switch, differential pressure alarm, and purgingprior to start and after shutdown.

Ancillary Support Frame. (Optional) A single-liftancillary skid can be provided to roof-mount the gasturbine air inlet system and lube oil cooler. This skidis shipped complete with all ancillary equipmentmounted, preassembled, and ready for installation,including gaskets, mounting hardware, and illustratedassembly drawings.

Maintenance Platform and Access Ladder. (Op-tional) A maintenance platform and ladder can beprovided to allow servicing of the ancillary skid-mounted gas turbine air inlet filter. The platform andladder are supplied with necessary hardware andinstructions for assembly at the site by others.

Gas Turbine Handling Equipment. (Optional) A gasturbine handling kit can be provided which consists ofthe following:

• Internal maintenance frame trolley rail

• 3048-mm (10-ft) external extension to themaintenance frame trolley rail installed withinthe enclosure.

• Single-point lift tool

• Rail hugger chain-fall hoist and trolley

The single-point lift tool, which has an adjustablecenter of gravity, attaches to the gas turbine flangesand provides a single-point attachment for the chainfall, allowing complete removal of the gas turbine orselected gas turbine components.

The trolley beam extension allows gas turbineremoval through the side of the enclosure. One end ofthe beam extension attaches to the inside trolley rail;the other end is floor-standing. The gas turbine can beremoved through the enclosure side and placed on atruck bed or cart.

Gas Turbine Cleaning System Cart. (Optional) Awater-wash and solvent-cleaning cart is availablewhich contains a stainless steel mixing tank andsystems capable of supplying 7 to 15 L/min (2 to 4gpm) at 138 to 276 kPa gauge (20 to 40 psig) to the gasturbine water-wash manifold. Approximately 0.08 nm3/min (3 scfm) of shop-quality air is required at 586 to689 kPa gauge (85 to 100 psi).

Package Lifting Kit. (Optional) Also available is alifting kit (shipped separately) containing slings,spreader bars, and assorted hardware to facilitatelifting the enclosed gas turbine package.

660 mm(2' 4")

1320 mm(4' 4")

DRAIN

RELIEFVALVE

PRESSUREGAUGE0-1379 kPa(0-200 psi)

WASHFLUIDOUTLET

TANK

GAUGE,FLUID LEVEL0-60 LITERS(0-16 GALLONS)

PA98039M

App

rox

863

mm

(2'

10"

)

406

mm

(1' 4

")

381

mm

(1' 3

")

35

AIR INLET SYSTEMThe air intake system for the gas turbine packagenormally consists of an air inlet filter, air inlet silencer,and connecting ducts. Solar can recommend andsupply suitable filtration, silencers, and duct work forany installation.

Evaporative cooling is available and can be usedwhere humidity is sufficiently low to give significanttemperature reduction. Effectiveness of the cooler istypically 92% of the wet-bulb/dry-bulb differential. Ifthe water supply is limited, a recirculating cooler maybe used, but with provision for regular blow-down ofthe water system to dispose of accumulated salts andimpurities.

GAS TURBINE EXHAUST SYSTEMWhen heat recovery equipment or silencers are used,the ducting must be adequately supported and expan-sion joints should be used to avoid exceeding theallowable loading of the gas turbine exhaust flange.Typically, the gas turbine exhaust system will consistof the following:

Exhaust Silencer. The exhaust silencer is designedto provide attenuation consistent with the over-all package noise emissions. Special silencers canbe provided to meet special criteria when needed.Sound attenuating data and dimensional details areavailable upon request.

Gas Turbine Exhaust Connection. As a standard,the gas turbine package is provided with an exhaustbellows, which allows a limited amount of compres-sion for installations between the gas turbine exhaustcollector and the external ducting. The bellows termi-nates in a lightweight flange.

EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERYHigh thermal efficiencies can be obtained by using thegas turbine exhaust heat energy. There are severalmethods for using the exhaust heat and attaininggreater than 70% thermal efficiency. The methodused and efficiency achieved are primarily dependenton the type of application. The most common usesare: (1) producing steam with a heat recovery steamgenerator (HRSG) or heating a process fluid with aheat recovery fluid heater; (2) using the gas turbineexhaust as a source of preheated combustion air ina boiler or furnace (the gas turbine exhaust contains15-to-18% oxygen); and (3) using the gas turbineexhaust directly for a drying or heating process inwhich high temperature air is necessary. A mixture ofgas turbine exhaust and fresh air can be used in areduced air temperature process. An air-to-air heatexchanger is required when the process involves anyproducts in the human food chain.

The exhaust heat recovery system must be de-signed to minimize the back pressure imposed on thegas turbine exhaust and provide for smooth flowtransition into the exhaust heat recovery device. Therecommended nominal system back pressure on thegas turbine is 203 mm (8 in.) water column, but higherback pressures can be accommodated. The exhaustback pressure should be less than 25.4 mm (1 in.)water column during gas turbine starting.

Several manufacturers meet Solar’s design re-quirements for gas turbine exhaust heat recoveryequipment. Solar can design and provide a completeexhaust heat recovery system to meet specific appli-cation requirements.

36

Installation Requirements

SITE REQUIREMENTSThe gas turbine package is a compact, lightweight,vibration-free, unitized package requiring minimumfacility support preparation. Since the package isgenerally supplied with completely self-containedoperating systems for fuel, lube oil, and controls, itrequires a minimum of piping and wiring connectionsto complete the installation. General installation re-quirements and typical use of standard ancillaryequipment are described in this section.

MECHANICAL INSTALLATIONREQUIREMENTS

Mounting. Correct mounting of the gas turbine pack-age is vital to the success of the installation andrequires adequate preparation by the user. The sitepad thickness is governed by soil condition and weightof the gas turbine package, air inlet system, andexhaust system. Mounting pad locations and pack-age weights will differ with each package dependingon options selected and will be clearly shown on theinstallation drawings.

The equipment layout should provide adequatefloor space for major components with sufficientaccess space around the set for routine maintenance.Space between units in multiple-unit installationsshould be a minimum of 2.4 m (8 ft).

Cooling. Normally, the lube oil coolers are not integralwith the package and must be located and installedseparately. The following installation requirementsapply:

• Top of the coolers should not be more than 9.1m (30 ft) above the bottom of the package frame.

• Total oil volume of the “outgoing and return”lines should be limited to 132 L (35 gal.). Thisis to prevent oil tank flooding in the event ofdrain back.

• Maximum total design pressure drop of thecombined “outgoing and return” lines and coolershould not exceed 345 kPa gauge (50 psig).

Gas Turbine Air Inlet System. Inlet air is required foroperation of the gas turbine. Total pressure dropacross the inlet system should be kept to a minimum.The system should consist of all components up-stream of the gas turbine inlet collector, includingsilencers, ducting, evaporative coolers, heat recoveryequipment, air cleaners, insect screens and weather

hoods, that are necessary to supply a clean, smoothflow of air to the gas turbine. Recommended maxi-mum pressure drop is 76-mm (3-in.) water column.The air intake should be located so that entry of gasturbine exhaust, oil tank vent vapor, or other contami-nants is minimized. The air inlet duct must be free ofaccumulated water prior to starting the gas turbine.

Loads exceeding 91 kg (200 lb) should not beapplied in any direction on the air inlet duct connec-tion. Proper gas turbine inlet air filtration is critical togas turbine life. Careful consideration should be givenin selecting the appropriate filter for the specificapplication.

Units to be installed in a salt-laden atmosphere orin an extremely dusty environment should incorporatean on-crank cleaning system to facilitate gas turbinecompressor cleaning.

An on-line cleaning system is also available asan option. This system can be used in addition to theon-crank system to increase the time between on-crank cleaning.

Gas Turbine Exhaust System. The importance ofhaving an exhaust system properly designed and in-stalled cannot be overemphasized. A poorly designedor installed system can cause loss of power capabilityand impose severe mechanical strains on the gasturbine. The system should consist of all componentsdownstream of the gas turbine exhaust flexible sec-tion, including silencers and ducting, that are neces-sary to supply a smooth flow of exhaust gas from thegas turbine. The exhaust duct system must be termi-nated in a manner that precludes recirculation ofexhaust products through the gas turbine air inlet or oilcooler. Exhaust requirements include considerationof the relative height of the exhaust duct above the airinlet, building roof design, direction of prevailing winds,and the proximity of adjacent structures. Exhaustsystems should be designed to meet the followingrequirements:

• Total system pressure loss should not be ex-cessive. Recommended maximum is 203-mm(8-in.) water column.

• Duct design must be adequately sized for ex-haust flow and temperature of 538°C (1000°F).

• The gas turbine must not be started againstan excessive exhaust back pressure. Recom-mended maximum is 25.4-mm (1-in.) watercolumn.

37

Typical Service Connections

Forward End

TURBINEGAUGEPANEL

TURBINEEXHAUSTTURBINE

AIR INLET

Left Side

GASTURBINE

TURBINEGAUGEPANEL

TURBINEEXHAUST

TURBINEAIR INLET

Aft EndForward End

Aft End Forward End

LUBE OILFILTERS

SPCUCS-022M

Right SideAft EndAft End

GASTURBINE

DRIVEN SKID

Left Side:

1. Gas Compressor Discharge Gas Pressure 2. Gas Compressor Suction Gas Pressure 3. Driven Equipment J-Box I.S. 4. Driven Equipment J-Box Non I.S., DC 5. Ground, Package Frame (2 places)

Right Side:

1. Degassing Flue, Sparging Air Inlet 2. Pneumatic Supply, Auxiliary Seal Oil Backup 3. Pneumatic Supply, Auxiliary Seal Oil 4. Oil Drain from Drip Pan 5. Buffer Gas Filter Drain 6. Buffer Gas Inlet 7. Seal Gas Inlet - Dry Seals 8. Buffer Air Inlet - Dry Seals 9. Primary Seal Vent - Dry Seals10. Secondary Seal Vent - Dry Seals11. 2 Grounds, Package Frame12. Auxilary Seal Oil Pump Motor, AC

ENCLOSURE: 1. Turbine Air Inlet Flange 2. Turbine Exhaust Flange 3. Lube Oil Tank Vent 4. Pneumatic Start Vent 5. Degassing Tank Vent 6. Compressor Suction Flange (hp) 7. Compressor Discharge Flange (hp) 8. Pneumatic Postlube Backup Vent 9. Pneumatic Vent, Auxiliary Seal Oil Backup10. Pneumatic Vent, Auxiiary Seal Oil11. Pneumatic Pre/Post Lube Vent12. Enclosure Vent Fan, AC

DRIVER SKID

Left Side:

1. Turbine Exhaust Collector and Combustor Drain 2. Natural Gas Fuel Inlet 3. Water-Wash Inlet 4. Turbine Air Inlet Duct Drain 5. Pneumatic Start Inlet 6. Pilot Valves, Air/Gas Vent 7. Pneumatic Pilot Valve Air Inlet 8. Liquid Fuel Inlet 9. Liquid Fuel Atomizing Air Inlet10. Liquid Fuel Return to Fuel Tank11. Liquid Fuel Drain12. Compressor Air for Self-Cleaning Filters13. Water Injection Inlet14. On-Line Cleaning Fluid Inlet15. Oil Drain from Drip Pan16. Liquid Fuel Primary Pump Motor, AC17. Customer Service Box (2 places), DC18. Driver J-Box I.S., DC19. Ground, Package Frame (2 places)20. Water Injection Motor, AC21. Air-Assist Pump Motor, AC

Right Side:

1. Lube Oil Cooler Vent 2. To Lube Oil Cooler Hydraulic Fan Motor 3. Lube Oil Tank Drain 4. Lube Oil to Cooler 5. Lube Oil from Cooler 6. Pneumatic Pre/Post Lube Inlet 7. Lube Oil Tank Level Control Inlet 8. Lube Oil Filter Drain 9. Pneumatic Postlube Backup Supply10. Enclosure Fire Ext Medium Inlet (Main)11. Enclosure Fire Ext Medium Inlet (Extended)12. Oil Drain from Drip Pan13. Lube Oil Tank Heater, AC14. Pre/Post Lube Oil Pump Motor, AC15. Ground, Package Frame (2 places)16. Backup Lube Oil Pump Motor, DC17. Enclosure Lighting, AC18. Enclosure Lighting, DC

COMPRESSORGAUGE PANEL

• Where two or more units exhaust into a com-mon header, such as used for heat recoveryequipment, provision must be made to preventhot gas from flowing into the nonoperating unit.(Common exhaust ducting is not recommended.)

• Final termination of the ducting must not allowexhaust gas to be drawn into the gas tur-bine inlet.

• Provide the capability to purge the completeexhaust system prior to gas turbine light-off. Forshort, simple exhaust systems, purging capabil-ity should be designed to accomplish three airvolume changes. For large, complex exhaustsystems, purging capability should be designedto accomplish five air volume changes.

• Loads exceeding 91 kg (200 lb) should notbe applied in any direction on the exhaustconnection.

When exhaust silencing is required, provisionsmust be made to adequately mount and support theequipment and limit the exhaust silencer pressureloss. Silencers and expansion joints can be providedby Solar. For long or complex exhaust systems,adequate provisions must be made to ensure properpurging capabilities either through gas turbine crank-ing or supplementary exhaust blowers.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTSOnsite electrical interconnection requirements varywidely according to basic unit configuration and

standard options selected. Complete interconnectwiring diagrams are provided for each unit.

OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEMANUALSFour copies of an operation and maintenance manualare supplied for each type of equipment on each order.The manuals can be provided on CD-ROM if re-quested.

In addition to operating instructions, the manualcontains recommended maintenance procedures forfield level onsite maintenance and troubleshooting, anillustrated parts list for the entire gas turbine andaccessories, and detailed system descriptions.

DRAWINGSThree sets of prints and one reproducible of thefollowing drawings are provided:

• Electrical Schematic

• Wiring Diagram

• Electrical Interconnect/Interface

• Software Documentation (on diskette)

• Mechanical Installation Drawing

• Start System Schematic

• Fuel System Schematic

• Lube Oil System Schematic

• Surge Control (when applicable)

38

39

Typical Electrical Connections

AC PRE/POSTLUBE PUMPMOTOR STARTER

110 V, 50 or 60 Hz

220 V, 50 or 60 Hz

OIL COOLERFAN MOTORSTARTER

OIL COOLERFAN

CONTROL-BATTERYSYSTEM

AIR FILTERMOTORSTARTER

AC STARTVARIABLEFREQUENCY DRIVE

ENCLOSUREVENT FANMOTOR STARTER

LUBE TANKHEATERCONTACTOR

INERTIAL AIRFILTER LEADS

MAINPACKAGEJ-BOX

AC PRE/POST-LUBE PUMPLEADS

AC STARTLEADS

AC ENCLOSUREFAN LEADS

AIR FILTER

3 ac motors and lube oil tank heaters may be 460 V, 60 Hz; 575 V, 60 Hz; 380 V, 50 Hz; 400 V, 50 Hz; or 415 V, 50 Hz.φMotor starters are customer supplied and must have a 24 -Vdc coil.

OPTIONALCUSTOMERCONNECTIONS

CO2 FIREDISCHARGESOLENOID

PA98066M

AC LUBE TANKHEATER

ENCLOSURELIGHTS AC

24 VDC

POWER MODULE

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Testing and Quality Assurance

Factory testing is in accordance with Solar’s specifi-cations and as generally outlined below. The pur-chaser or purchaser’s designated representative isprovided access to Solar’s Production Test facilitiesto observe factory production tests scheduled inaccordance with production and testing schedules.Unavailability of the purchaser or purchaser’s repre-sentative will not be cause for delay in the perfor-mance of the production tests.

TEST FACILITIESThe computer-controlled test system includes a real-time data acquisition system which collects rawdigital and analog data from the gas turbine packageand displays or prints out results in customary engi-neering forms and units.

The control and display units provide the capabilityof monitoring and controlling the power and test inputsto operate the unit under test and to measure andevaluate its performance. The system is used toestablish specified test conditions by keying in cali-bration coefficients, constants and operating limits.Test data are displayed by a video terminal as in-structed by the test agenda, selecting various param-eters for display, checking values and limits, andgenerating hard-copy records as needed. When per-formance levels have been achieved, the test techni-cian initiates a command to capture all instrumentedpoints, which initiates automatic performance compu-tations and prints the results for review for a perma-nent test record.

TESTINGGas Turbine Acceptance Test. Each gas turbine issubject to a run-in and calibration test in accordancewith Solar’s specifications. A test run at incrementalloads up to and including full speed and power ensuresfunctional and structural integrity and high perfor-mance standards. Gas turbine power is absorbed bya high speed dynamometer, enabling all aspects ofgas turbine performance to be measured accurately.

Gas Compressor Test. Prior to assembly of theinternal components, all compressor casings aresubjected to hydrostatic testing per API 617. Then,following a procedure similar to the gas turbine run-intest, the gas compressor is tested.

For the aerodynamic test, the gas compressor isdriven by a slave turbine or electric motor at the air

equivalent of the design speed, and the head-versus-capacity characteristics of the machine are deter-mined. Surge points are determined at various speedpoints to validate the surge flow estimate for the entireoperating range of speed. Extensive instrumentationvalidates mechanical and aerodynamic performance.The gas compressor dry gas and seal oil systems aretested statically by pressurizing with nitrogen.

The gas turbine-to-gas compressor alignment isadjusted to the manufacturing tolerances for bore plusface runout at the output drive bearing housing afterinstallation of the gas compressor on the package.

Package Acceptance Tests. Package acceptancetesting is divided into two phases. In the first testphase of static electrical checkout, all sensing deviceactuations are manually simulated by closing variousswitches installed in parallel with the actual sensors.The control system outputs are then indicated bylights installed in parallel with the driven devices, andall modes of operation and malfunction protection aredemonstrated in accordance with a rigorous testagenda. The second test phase involves prestartflushing of lube and seal oil supply lines, calibration ofinstruments and controls, and actual operation of thepackage up to gas generator idle speed. These testsare performed to satisfy a predetermined test agenda,confirming that the unit is ready for delivery.

The basic package assembly, including the gasturbine, gearbox (if provided), and package-mountedaccessories, together with the control console, istested to ensure proper integration and function of thetotal package in accordance with Solar’s test speci-fications. Results are recorded and maintained bySolar. The package acceptance testing is run atgas generator idle speed and generally includes thefollowing:

• Starting and combustion cycles

• Lubricating oil system flow, temperature andpressure measurements

• Vibration measurement

• Turbine temperature measurements

Items excluded from standard package testing arecontract inlet and exhaust system ancillary equip-ment, such as filters, silencers and ducting, batterysystems, oil coolers, package enclosure, ancillaryskid, and any customer-furnished hardware.

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PERFORMANCE REVIEWAcceptance Test Data. Acceptance test data arefurnished approximately four weeks after completionof acceptance testing. The report provides test re-sults and compares the results to Solar’s acceptancetest specification requirements by means of calcula-tions, graphs, strip charts and descriptions. Data areprovided for each gas turbine compressor set. Theacceptance test data include measurement and veri-fication of heat rate and power. Fuel consumption,output power, and gas temperature are correlated andcorrected to standard conditions of turbine “match”temperature, sea level, and zero duct losses. Testdata are taken at rated speed and full load.

QUALITY ASSURANCEAll testing operations are conducted under the directcontrol of Solar’s Quality Assurance activity and inaccordance with Solar’s ISO 9000 Operation Prac-tices. This activity ensures absolute compliance withthe test procedures specified.

In addition to final in-plant testing of the finishedpackage, Quality Control engineers maintain surveil-lance over the manufacture of all purchased parts and

subassemblies and are responsible for functionaltesting of incoming components. The same rigidstandards applied to parts manufactured by Solar areapplied to all supplier parts received by Solar.

Prior to commencement of testing, an inspectionand test plan (ITP) is generated. The ITP documentsquality assurance, inspection and testing require-ments and defines the level of customer or third-party involvement in the inspection process. The ITPis the controlling Quality Assurance document fora project.

Solar is an ISO 9000-certified company. The certi-fication is a tool for continuous quality improvement.

PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMThe continuing design activity in Solar’s ProductImprovement Program utilizes new technologies, pro-cesses and equipment to upgrade and improve all ofSolar’s products. These activities cover a broadscope and are aimed at improving reliability and usefullife of equipment manufactured by Solar. Specialeffort is made to maintain interchangeability withprevious designs so that the improvements can beretrofitted economically into existing units.

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Support Services

CONSTRUCTION SERVICESSolar’s Construction Services organization offers acomprehensive range of equipment and services toassist you in successfully meeting your completepower system expectations. Our experience takes usto many parts of the world, onshore and offshore,managing various types of power configurations.

Our services, based on years of experience andexpertise in power system engineering and completeproject management, include:

• Feasibility studies• Proposal preparation• Design and engineering• Material procurement• Fabrication• Onsite construction• Quality control• Scheduling• Budget control• Shipping• Installation, testing, and commissioning

Material procurement, for example, can includeprime movers, driven equipment, associated me-chanical process equipment, and electric powergeneration equipment. Construction Services isuniquely qualified worldwide to give you completecompression and/or power generation systems, withsingle-source responsibility, engineering expertise,optimal economic designs, and real attention to qual-ity and safety to ensure you are satisfied with yourcomplete power system.

CUSTOMER SERVICESSolar’s Customer Services organization is dedicatedto the support of Solar’s equipment worldwide. Cus-tomer Services support includes technical training,field service personnel, service parts, overhaul andrepair services, and customized operation and main-tenance programs. Customer Services also offersgas turbine uprates and updates, retrofit conversionsto low emission SoLoNOx turbine configurations, andcomplete package refurbishments, all of which pro-vide cost-effective life-cycle solutions.

Solar’s Customer Services organization is well-known for its excellent service and support. No othergas turbine service company can compare in:

• Product knowledge and experience with morethan 10,000 units in more than 86 nations

• In-depth technical support via Solar’s globalCustomer Information Network

• Factory-qualified repair and overhaul procedures• Genuine Solar Certified Parts• Worldwide field service personnel and service

facilities• Around-the-clock response• Exchange engine program to minimize your

downtime

Solar Turbines stands behind each of our custom-ers with uncompromising commitment to the successof their turbomachinery installations throughout aproject’s life cycle.

CONTRACT POWER ANDLEASING SERVICESSolar’s Contract Power organization is dedicated toproviding numerous financing options. All or part of aproject can be financed, offered under a lease agree-ment, or installed on a service tariff with a perfor-mance contract.

Financing or leasing terms can extend from short-term rentals to long-term leases of 10 years or more.Financing can be structured as full-payout financinginstruments that lead to ownership or as off-balancesheet operating leases that can allow for the return ofthe equipment at the end of the lease.

Under a performance contract, Solar may supply,install, operate, maintain, and own the equipment, aswell as auxiliary components required to provide theservice, such as electric power, steam, or com-pressed gas. The tariff charged by Solar is based onthe amount of service delivered.

The Contract Power organization is fully qualifiedwith worldwide experience and expertise in financ-ing and power contracts to assist you in deter-mining the best financial option to optimize youreconomic return.

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Solar’s Customer Services Facilities

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PACIFIC31 Bandung32 Beijing33 Jakarta34 Kuala Lumpur35 Singapore36 Tokyo

AUSTRALIA37 Melbourne

38 Perth

PA95141MS

HeadquartersRepresentativesOverhaul CenterRepair CenterBoost Compressor O/R CenterService Parts AdministratorExchange TurbinesRefurbishment CenterService Parts Center

CANADA14 Calgary15 Edmonton

LATIN AMERICA16 Buenos Aires17 Caracas18 Cd. Del Carmen19 Mexico City20 Rio de Janeiro21 Tijuana22 Veracruz23 Villahermosa

EUROPE/AFRICA24 Aberdeen25 Dublin26 Esbjerg27 Gosselies

28 Lagos29 London

MIDDLE EAST30 Dubai

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UNITED STATES1 Anaheim2 Anchorage3 Chicago4 DeSoto5 Houston6 Lafayette7 Mabank8 Miami9 New Orleans

10 Odessa11 Ontario12 Upper Saddle River13 Salt Lake City

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Solar Turbines IncorporatedP.O. Box 85376San Diego, CA 92186-5376

SPCUCS/998/12M

CENTAUR 40, CENTAUR 50 ANDTAURUS 60 GAS TURBINE

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FOR MORE INFORMATIONTelephone: (+1) 619-544-5352Telefax: (+1) 619-544-2633Telex: 695045Internet: www.solarturbines.com