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1.0 REPORTING PRACTICAL WORK

1.1 Raw Data

Students must submit their raw data, graph or drawing to the instructor at the end of each

experiment. The raw data should be presented in tabular form and all measurements

performed according to the instructions in this lab manual should b e included on a sheet

of A4 paper. The following particulars should also be included:

· Name of experiment

· Name of the students in the group

· Date experiment performed

· A short comment is expected on whether the results substantiated the theory and

factors which contribute to discrepancies. A full report must be submitted within

two weeks after the completion of the experiment.

1.2 Full Report

The general order of the various sections of a full report is as below:

· Front cover

· Table of contents

· Abstract/summary

· Introduction

· Aims/objectives

· Theory

· Apparatus

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· Experimental procedure

· Results

· Sample calculations

· Sample error calculations

· Discussion

· Conclusion

· Recommendations

· References

· Appendices

1.3 Abstract/Summary

The summary is important because it provides information to persons not wanting to read

the whole report. The summary should also contain the general conclusions of any

experimental work under the test conditions and recommendations (if any). It should not

discuss the reasoning or detailed evidence that is contained in the body of the report.

Most importantly, the summary must be brief (1 paragraph).

1.4 Equipment Description and Experimental Techniques

Enough should be said of the equipment and techniques so that the reader could operate

the equipment if necessary.

1.5 Calculated Results

A summary of the calculated results should be clearly tabulated. Related variables should

be represented graphically where dependence needs to be shown.

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1.6 Sample Calculations

A sample calculation from a set of raw data obtained must be presented in the report

showing all appropriate formulae used to obtain the final calculated result.

1.7 Error Calculations

It is important to show the calculation of errors as the reader will know how efficient the

experiment has been carried out. The experimental error calculation can be carried out by

comparing it with the expected theoretical values.

1.8 Results and Discussion

In this section, the results of the experiments are presented as a fulfillment of the aim. A

coordinated analysis of what the data and calculated results mean is presented. The

overall impression of the meaning of the experiment and its significance in the light of

published work or established theory should be apparent from the analysis.

The material should be presented logically. Even the most complicated explanation or

theory can be conveyed easily to the reader if broken down and presented in a logical

sequence. If the discussion is long, its organization should be facilitated by the use of

subdivisions and headings.

The discussion is more detailed than the abstract/summary in that it will include the

opinion/reasoning of the author about various aspects of the experiment. The limitations

of the experiment must be discussed and the accuracy of the result noted.

This section must also show that the significance of the experimental findings has been

appreciated. Recommended journals, textbooks or lecture notes will provide an aid to

such an understanding.

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1.9 Conclusions

The analysis must be objective, keeping in mind experimental problems or deviations

from conditions reported in published work and making a conclusion, if possible, in the

light of this.

1.10 Recommendations

The recommendations should indicate how experimental techniques or apparatus could

be improved in light of the conclusions arrived at and the consistency of the experimental

results in relation to the theory. It is also wise to include the observations which might

have caused errors during the course of the experiment.

1.11 References

References provide the reader with the sources of information that were used during the

writing of the experimental report. Reporting the names of the books and journals

referenced must follow a standard format that includes the author, journal, title, volume,

date and publisher.

1.12 Appendices

Appendices contain material that is not an integral part of the report or cannot be

included conveniently in the body of the report.

It could include material such as supporting information, mathematical derivations or any

material that would overload the body of the report without contributing significantly to

the immediate line of thought.

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

(CPE554)

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5

2 Introduction 5

3 Aims 5

4 Theory 5

5 Apparatus 5

6 Methodology/Procedure 10

7 Results 10

8 Calculations 10

9 Discussion 20

10 Conclusion 10

11 Recommendations 5

12 Reference 5

13 Appendix 5

TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:

Checked by : Rechecked by:

--------------------------- ---------------------------

Date : Date :

NAME :

STUDENT NO. :

GROUP :

EXPERIMENT :

DATE PERFORMED :

SEMESTER :

PROGRAMME / CODE :

SUBMIT TO :

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3.0 SAFETY PROCEDURES IN LABORATORY

Laboratory safety is the top priority and this requires all people in the lab to be observing

safe practices at all times! Following are some safety and procedural rules to help guide

you in protecting yourself and others from injury in the laboratory.

DO

1) MUST use PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS.

2) MUST wear proper ATTIRE and LAB COAT when you are in lab.

3) Long hair MUST be tied back and dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing

must be secured.

4) Shoes MUST completely cover the foot. No sandals are allowed.

5) MUST reports any accidents, injury, fire or emergency happen to the

LECTURER/LAB TECHNICIAN immediately.

6) MUST take CAUTION when handle with glass apparatus.

7) MUST know the location and understand the operation of:

- FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

- SAFETY SHOWER

- EYE WASH STATION

- FIRST AID KIT

- FIRE ALARM

- EMERGENCY EXIT ROUTE

8) MUST strictly follow laboratory safety principles.

9) Perform only those experiments authorized by the instructor. Never do anything

in the laboratory that is not called for in the laboratory procedures or by your

instructor.

10) Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy

at all times.

11) Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains.

12) Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.

DON’T

1) Strictly NOT allowed to use combustible solution near to the open fire.

2) Strictly NOT allowed to heat combustible solution on the hot plate.

3) Strictly NOT allowed to EAT, DRINK and SMOKE in the lab.

4) Never return unused chemicals to their original containers.

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4.0 LAB MANUAL (OPEN ENDED)

4.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (L1)

Reactor is the heart of any process in industry. Reactor can be classified into two types;

continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor. Both of this type of reactor can be

operate in a continuous and a batch mode depending on the nature of the reaction.

Reactor can be equip with a heating or cooling coil for heating process or cooling

process. It is depending on the nature of reaction which is exothermic or endothermic. A

reactor also can be equip with bed of catalyst for a better reaction processes.

Questions

1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using the continuous

stirred tank reactor available in the laboratory.

2. Develop a simple reaction by using chemical available in the laboratory and

conduct the experiment in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Choose

only a non-hazardous chemical to run the experiment. Please consult the

laboratory technician for the choice of chemicals.

3. Determine the order and the reaction rate and the relationship between

conversion, reaction rate, reactor volume and feed rate.

4. Vary the reaction temperature and investigate the relation between temperature

and reaction rate.

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4.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor in Series (L2)

Reactor is the heart of any process in industry. Reactor can be classified into two types;

continuous stirred tank reactor and a plug flow reactor. Both of this type of reactor can be

operate in a continuous and a batch mode depending on the nature of the reaction.

Reactor can be equip with a heating or cooling coil for heating process or cooling

process. It is depending on the nature of reaction which is exothermic or endothermic. A

reactor also can be equip with bed of catalyst for a better reaction processes. For a high

capacity reaction, either a series of reactor or a single huge reactor is use.

Questions

1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using the continuous

stirred tank reactor in series available in the laboratory.

2. Develop a simple reaction by using chemical available in the laboratory and

conduct the experiment in a batch and in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Choose

only a non-hazardous chemical to run the experiment. Please consult the

laboratory technician for the choice of chemicals.

3. Determine the conductivity of the reaction for each of the reactor. Investigate the

changes of the conductivity throughout time.

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4.3 Cooling Tower (L6)

Cooling towers are commonly used in industry to reduce the temperature of utility

cooling water to allow its reuse in heat exchangers. Inside a cooling tower, a liquid warm

water stream is exposed to unsaturated air. The temperature of the water is decreased by

the simultaneous transfer of mass and heat at the gas-liquid interface.

Questions

1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology by using ‘Water Cooling

Tower HE152’ available in the laboratory.

2. Choose the suitable filling/packing tower on your own.

3. Determine the correlation of water to air mass flow ratio with increasing water

flow rate.

4. Determine the cooling load effect, effect of different air flow rates and also the

effect of different flow rates on the ‘wet bulb approach’ and pressure drop

through the packing.

5. Estimate the evaporation rate of water (water loss) for the tower.

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4.4 Gas Dispersion (L9)

The diffusivity of the vapour of a volatile liquid in air can be conveniently determined by

Winklemann’s method in which liquid is contained in a narrow diameter vertical tube,

maintained at a constant temperature, and an air stream is passed over the top of the tube

to ensure that the partial pressure of the vapour is transferred from the surface of the

liquid to the air stream by molecular diffusion.

The apparatus that we are concerned with for this experiment is the gas Dispersion

Apparatus that consists of an acrylic assembly which is sub-divided into two

compartments. One compartment is constructed from clear acrylic and is used as a

constant temperature water bath. The other compartment incorporates an air pump and

the necessary electrical controls for the equipment. The assembly is mounted on

adjustable feet.

Questions

1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology for this experiment.

2. Construct a suitable graph from your data to calculate the diffusivity, D.

3. Use different temperatures and comment on the effect of temperature on the

diffusivity, D.

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4.5 Liquid-Liquid Extraction (L12)

Extraction is a process that separates components based upon chemical differences rather

than differences in physical properties. The basic principle behind extraction involves the

contacting of a solution with another solvent that is immiscible with the original. The

solvent is also soluble with a specific solute contained in the solution. Two phases are

formed after the addition of the solvent, due to the differences in densities.

The simple example of liquid-liquid extraction is when we mixed together solvent (water)

and solution (organic solvent / propionic acid) and then allowed them to separate into the

extract phase and the raffinate phase. The extract phase will be water and propionic acid

and the raffinate, organic solvent with a trace of propionic acid.

Questions

1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology regarding liquid-liquid

extraction.

2. Determine the distribution coefficient for the system organic solvent-propionic

acid-water and show its dependence on concentration.

3. Demonstrate how a mass balance is performed on the extraction column and

measure the mass transfer coefficient with the aqueous phase as the continuous

medium.

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4.6 Membrane Separation Unit (L14)

New chemical separation techniques such as membrane separations are becoming

increasingly popular as it provides effective separation without the use of heating energy

as in distillation processes. Heat sensitive materials can be separated or concentrated by

virtue of their molecular weights.

Membrane separation technology has evolved from a small-scale laboratory technique to

a large-scale industrial process during the past 30 years. Numerous theoretical models for

ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis have been proposed along with the

identification of new factors controlling flux or mass transfer through membranes. The

basic operating patterns are best outlined in terms of the hydrodynamic resistance

resulting from the buildup of deposited materials on the membrane surface.

Questions

1. You are required to determine the suitable methodology for this experiment by

using ‘Membrane Test Unit’ available in the laboratory.

2. Study the characteristic on different types of membranes.

3. Construct a suitable graph of permeate weight versus time from your data and

comment it.