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MANPAD Protection for Commercial Aircraft

Jack PledgerDirector, IRCM Business Development

199-004225April 2004

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IntroductionThe Threat

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The Threat is Real and Present Today

Region Non-State Group1 Location Band I2 Band IV2

Africa Armed Islamic Group (GIA) Algeria StingerHuta Militiamen Rwanda Unspecified UnspecifiedN. Un. For Tot. Ind. Angola (UNITA) Angola Unspecified UnspecifiedOromo Liberation Front (OLF) Ethiopia Unspecified UnspecifiedRwanda Patriotic Front Rwanda SA-7 SA-16Somali National Alliance Somalia Unspecified UnspecifiedUnited Somali Congress Somalia Unspecified Unspecified

Asia Harkat ull-Ansar (HUA) Kashmir SA-7Hizbul Majahideen (HM) Kashmir StingerKhmer Rouge Thailand, Cambodia Unspecified UnspecifiedLiberation Tigers of Tamil Belam (LTTE) Sri Lanka SA-7, HN-5 SA-14, StingerUnited State Wa Army Myanmar SA-7, HN-5

Europe Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) Kosovo SA-7Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Turkey SA-7 StingerNational Liberation Army (UCK) Macedonia SA-18Prov. Irish Republican Army (PIRA) Northern Ireland SA-7

Mid-East Al Qa'ida Afghanistan SA-7 StingerHezbulla Lebanon SA-7 Stinger, QW-1Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) Turkey SA-7 StingerPalestine Authority (PA) Palestine, Lebanon SA-7 StingerPop. Fr. For the Liberation of Palestine Palestine, Lebanon Unspecified UnspecifiedTaliban Afghanistan SA-7 Stinger

S. America National Liberation Army (ELN) Columbia StingerRevol. Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) Columbia SA-7 SA-14, SA-161 "The Proliferation of MANPADS." Jane's Intelligence Review, September 20012 Jane's Land-Based Air Defence, 2002-2003: Jane's Electro-Optic Systems, 2002-2003

Type

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Zone of Susceptibility

300 Sq Miles per Runway

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IRCM APPROACHES

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MANPAD Threat – Sophisticated IR Seekers• Jet aircraft have infrared signatures emitting from engine plumes,

hot exhaust gases, hot metal parts, and/or solar reflections• MANPAD threats have seekers that range from simple hot metal

trackers to more sophisticated plume trackers

SunPlume

Emissions

Hot engine Parts

Emissions From

Warm Avionics Bay Hot Air Plume From Environmental Control Air Conditioning Packs

Reflected SunlightSkin Emissions

• Missile seeker spectral response is a function of detector type and the spectral characteristics of the internal optical components

IRCM Solution RequiresMultiple-Band Coverage

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0WAVELENGTH (microns)

REL

ATI

VE R

ESPO

NSE

Hot Metal Engine Plume

Response Curves for TypicalIR Missile Systems

1.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1

0

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Approaches to Infrared CountermeasuresAircraft SignatureSuppressionObjective: Reduce the IR signature of the aircraft

• Cannot fully eliminate signature• Engine performance, cost, and

weight impacts to consider

• Effective against 1st and 2nd Gen IR threats• Limited performance against newer threats• Hazardous materials and munitions storage

considerations• Limited decoy resources• Higher operational costs

Flare Decoy IRCMObjective: Present a more attractive IR target to the missile

• Proven effective against 1st through3rd Generation IR threats

• Induces optical breaklock • Safer over populated areas than

burning flares• Re-usable jamming resources

Directed IRCMObjective: Create false guidance signals within missile seeker to induce sufficient missile miss distance

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Northrop Grumman Military IRCM Systems

Large Transmitter Lamp System Small Transmitter Lamp System

Small Transmitter Laser System GuardianTM System(In Development)

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Function

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2) SLEW & HAND-OFF2) SLEW & HAND-OFF

Processor

Laser DIRCM Engagement

LAUNCHAAR-54

1) MWS DETECT & DECLARE1) MWS DETECT & DECLARE

3) TRACK3) TRACK

Transmitter

Laser

4) JAM4) JAM

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The Legacy Systems Successful Live-FireProvides Foundation for Commercial Counter-MANPADS Program

Fully Autonomous System(i.e., No a Priori Knowledge of

Missile Type or Location)

• Laser-based (June-July 2002)• 21 missile engagements• 100% jamming effectiveness• 100% hardware reliability

No Jamming

With Jamming

VIDEOVIDEO

VIDEOVIDEO

VIDEOVIDEO

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Transition from Military to Commercial

Commercial Approach

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US LAIRCM

C-130sInternational Selection

AN/AAQ-24(V) DIRCM in Production on 22 Aircraft Platforms

Over 250 individual aircraft

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LAIRCM System• LAIRCM installed on C-17

aircraft• Protects C-17 from infrared

guided missiles• In service• Forerunner to pod

configuration for commercial airline fleet protection

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Moving From Military to Commercial Operations

• Operation– No operator input required– Jam codes encrypted (no crew interaction required)– Multi-source ground inhibit

• Maintainability– Delivered system aligned at OEM– One pod for use across all aircraft types– Removal and replacement using standard hand tools– No test equipment required

– BIT integrated within the DIRCM system– Easy to read system go/no-go indicator

– Maintenance requirements aligned with standard airline practices

Airline Friendly Concept

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Guardian™

A/C InterfacePlate

MWS (4)

Optical Bed

Processor

Shroud

Pod Controller/Interface

TRU

UniqueAircraft

Common Interface

• Simple• Bolt on• Connector(s)• Pod level R&R• Minimize A/C impact• Minimize airport impact

Universal Mounting Attachment ConceptCommon Interface – Simple Installation

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Mounting Location Optimized with Airline Industry Participation

• Under the aircraft in the constant section forward of the tail strike location

– Optimize coverage and engine to jammer separation

– Consideration of structure, antennas, obstructions, airflow, drag

MD11

767

737

Photos Courtesy of Northrop Grumman / BAe Flight Systems

747

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Installation

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DIRCM Conformal Pod with Common Interface

Aircraft Adapter Concept• Aircraft / pod mounting adapter

– Provides unique mounting interface to aircraft while using a common pod design interface

– Aircraft specific adapters take advantage of internal structure available ineach aircraft type

– Accepts aircraft specific mold line contours– Actual attachments points are aircraft dependent– Allow pod remove and replacement in < 1 hour– Aircraft modification time will be less than 4 days

Aircraft

Aircraft/Pod Interconnect Harness

Aircraft Specific Mounting Adapter

Adapters Thickness Will Vary Only 0.5” – 2.0” to Fit All Aircraft

Mold Lines

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Flight Line Install

• Pod installation on flight line requires four steps:– Raise pod to aircraft– Connect power and signal connector between

aircraft and pod– Attach pod to aircraft adapter– Run test

• Remove and replace time will be less than 1 hour

• Aircraft modification time will be less than 4 days

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Aircraft Modifications

Typical structural aircraft modifications will consist of installation of doublers, ribs, stringers, intercostals …

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Universal Aircraft Installation

B747

MD11

B737

• Designed to fit a full range of commercial platforms • DIRCM conformal pod, with common interface, located on

the bottom of the aircraft just forward of the “rotation” ortail strike point

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• Fault tolerant BIT – no test equipment required

• All DIRCM maintenance actions coincide with current airline scheduled intervals

– Required actions will not increase aircraft out of service time– Clean windows– Replace consumables

• Pod designed for R&R to be accomplished in 60 minutes

– Task and skills requirement consistent withthose currently present in airline environment(avionics background not required)

• Flight crew interaction is to:– Visual check of pod during aircraft walk-around– Observe system status indicator

Maintenance ConceptSeamless Integration With Standard Maintenance Practices

Removal and Replacement Within Airline Standard of One Hour

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Training

Aircrew• Aircrew

– Projected to be 30 minutes in duration– To be incorporated in existing course

– Familiarization– System concept of operation– Effects to aircraft– Protocol when laser fire

notification received

Maintenance• Maintenance (treated much like another piece

of emergency equipment)– A&P mechanic skill level required – Initial classroom or on-line tutorial

projected to be 2 hours in duration or less– To be incorporated in existing course

– Familiarization– System concept of operation

– Pod/aircraft interface– Pod removal and replacement– Basic maintenance program tasks

Inventory/Storage/Security

• Inventory/Storage/Security– Projected to be 2 hours in duration– To be incorporated in existing course

– Familiarization– Weight and handling

characteristics– Restrictions in handling– Records management

TrainingAirport/Airline

Operations• Airport/Airline Operations Centers Staff

– Projected to be 2 hours in duration– To be incorporated in existing

course– Familiarization

– System concept of operation

– Emergency notification protocol

– Emergency response plans

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Summary

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All Aspects of Airport Airline Operationsare Being Considered

• Proven capability to protect large aircraft

• Minimal impact to daily operations

• Minimize airline maintenance cost through– Majority of maintenance tasks during normal

maintenance schedule– Ease of pod R&R– Low training/technical pubs impact– Low logistics foot print

• Fits into airline operating procedures

• Airlines are part of the TEAM