MANIA Amy Selvaggio. M ilitarism A lliances N ationalism I mperialism A ssassination of Archduke...
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Transcript of MANIA Amy Selvaggio. M ilitarism A lliances N ationalism I mperialism A ssassination of Archduke...
MANIA
Amy Selvaggio
•Militarism
• Alliances
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Nationalism
• Was a unifying force for people within a country, but…
• Created a fierce competition between different countries:– Germany– Austria-Hungary– Great Britain– Russia– Italy– France
• A lot of this competition came from the need for materials and trade markets caused by imperialism
• For example: Germany was challenging Great Britain for industrial power.
Industrialization + Nationalism = Imperialism
We’re #1
Cherio!
• Imperialism + Nationalism = fighting over land– France lost land to Germany in a war
– Russia and Aus.-Hun. Duke it out to dominate Balkans
– Nationalist groups in the Balkans begin to demand freedom
Militarism
• The competition caused by nationalism will eventually lead to a weapons race
• Great power = great military– By 1914 all great powers (except Britain) have a
large armies (Britain had kick-butt Navy)– They also developed plans for mobilization: quick
organization and movement of army
Close proximity causes a chain reaction. If one country built up its army, so did the neighbors
Alliances
• As early as 1870s, Europe’s great powers were forming alliances
• Alliances were designed to keep the peace, but actually pushed Europe into war.
• Let’s begin with Germany…
• Because of the land that France lost to Germany, Otto von Bismarck (leader of Germany’s gov.) saw France as a threat.
• Germany’s goal was to isolate France. – 1879: Dual alliance w/ Aus.-
Hun.– 1882: Triple alliance :
Germany, Aus.-Hun., Italy– 1887: Treaty w/ Russia
There was a flaw in the alliance system:
• Though Bismarck wanted to keep the peace in Europe, he and others knew that the alliances were unstable.
• Many countries tied together because of their loyalty to another country were actually enemies.– For example: Russia and A-H were rivals, competing for
control of the Balkans.
Bismarck Gets the Boot
• In 1890, Kaiser (King) Wilhelm II decided that he didn’t want to share power, so forces Bismarck to resign.– He’s very militaristic– 1890: allows treaty w/
Russia to expire
• Russia decides to ally with France in 1892 and again in 1894
• Now, if anything happened, Germany would have to fight a two-front war
• Germany gets jealous of Great Britain, so begins to build up their colonies and their Navy
• GB gets nervous & expands their Naval fleet– 1904: GB forms entente with France– 1907: GB forms entente with France & Russia-
This was known as the triple entente• This did not mean that GB had to help them in a fight,
but that they would not fight against them.
By 1907:
Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria Hungary
Italy
Triple Entente
Great Britain
France
Russia
Balkans: The Powder Keg of Europe
• By 1900, the Ottoman Empire was falling apart
• Many Balkan regions once under Ottoman control separated and formed new nations:– Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania• (The ethnic and linguistic base of these nations was
Slavic)
• Russia (which had a major Slavic population) supported Serbian nationalism
• A-H felt threatened• Both Russia and A-H hoped to fill the
Leadership role that was left open by the collapse of the Ottoman Emp.
• 1908: A-H annexes Bosnia Herzegovina
• Bos. Herz. Has a large Slavic population
• Their neighbor, Serbia, is outraged (They also have large Slavic population).
• Russia offers to support Bos. Herz. but is not prepared for war
• Germany backs A-H, Russia & Serbia back down
• Serbia gains more territory by 1914 and is eager to take Bos. Herz.
• A-H vows retaliation if Serbs try to take away power
The Spark
• Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
• June 28, 1914 he and his wife, Sophia visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
• Both Ferdinand and his wife were shot by a Serbian nationalist at point blank range
• Gavrilo Princip, 19 yo• Belonged to a
nationalist group, The Black Hand
• wanted Bosnia to join Serbia.
• They thought that assassinating the Archduke would start a war which would lead to uniting Serbia.
• Austria-Hungary believed that the Serbian gov’t was behind the assassination.
• Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany pledges his support to A-H
• A-H issues an ultimatum to allow AH to enter Serbia to investigate.
• Serbia rejects the ultimatum.
Europe at War
• A-H declares war against Serbia on July 28, 1914.
• The same day, Russia mobilized troops to the A-H border.
• GB, Italy, & Germany urge A-H and Russia to negotiate, but it’s too late.
• Because of the Alliance System, Europe would be plunged into the largest war yet.