Managing Time and Space

Managing Time and SpaceManaging Time and Space

Vehicle PositioningVehicle Positioning

USE ANY OF THESE VISUAL TECHNIQUES

1.IPDE2.The Smith System3.Zone Control

1. “IPDE”Identify – use a visual search pattern to

gather information about the roadway ahead.

Predict – Use your knowledge and experience to predict the actions of others and the environment.

Decide – If you need to change or maintain direction and speed, or communicate.

Execute – Your chosen actions.

VISUAL SEARCH PATTERNSVISUAL SEARCH PATTERNS

Peripheral Vision

Central Vision Focus Vision

THE THREE VISUAL FIELDSTHE THREE VISUAL FIELDS

URBAN DRIVING SEARCH PATTERNSURBAN DRIVING SEARCH PATTERNS

15-20 seconds 4-8 seconds

Rural or High Speed Search Patterns

20 to 30 Second

Search Area

12 to 15 Second

Search far ahead to identify potential conflicts• Objects in Path and Areas of Limited Visibility

• Limitations to Path of Travel and Line of Sight

Control Area

2. SMITH SYSTEMAim High in steering to allow more time for driver responseKeep your eyes moving to search for hazards and vehicle movement around the vehicleGet the big picture of where your vehicle is located in time and spaceMake sure others see you by using appropriate communication, lane position, and visibility Leave yourself an out to reduce risk of collision from the front, sides or rear

Aim High : TargetingAim High : Targeting

A “Target” is a fixed object in the center of the path you intend to drive

What is the target in the driver’s path of travel?

Target AreaTarget AreaThe Target area is the area to the left and right of your target

DETERMINING FOLLOWING INTERVALSDETERMINING FOLLOWING INTERVALS

A 3 second following interval should provide enough time to avoid a problem if you are monitoring the actions of drivers 8 to 12 seconds ahead in your path of travel. In most cases, you’d still have to steer towards an “escape path”, so 3 seconds is MINIMUM!

3 second interval8 – 12 second interval

Control Space to the Rear

Check rear view mirror: After seeing a zone change Before and after braking While stopped Before and after making turns Before and after a lane change

Check blind spots

Traffic Controls

Motor Vehicles

Non-Motorized Users

Highway

Visual Search CategoriesVisual Search Categories

Highway ConditionsHighway ConditionsWidth Curbing Curves Slopes

Roughness Slick Wet Leaves Mud Sand

Shoulders Affixed Objects Adjacent Buildings

Illumination Glare Precipitation Wind/Noise

Sensory Input to the Brain

Highway

Roadway Structure

Roadway Surface

Roadway Features

Atmosphere

Intersection

IDENTIFYING VEHICLES IDENTIFYING VEHICLES TYPESTYPES


CAMPER, PICK-UP, MOTOR HOMES, MOTORCYCLES, FARM MACHINES, OFF-ROAD SNOWMOBILES

MotorVehicles

Road Handling Characteristics

Type

Identifying Non-Motorized UsersIdentifying Non-Motorized Users

NON-MOTORIZED USERS

KIND AND SIZE NUMBERS AGE OF RIDER ACTIVITY RIDER ABILITY

In-Line Skates, Skateboards

Animals


Pedestrians

Bicycles

SENSORY INPUT TO THE BRAIN


TRAFFICTRAFFICCONTROLSCONTROLS

RegulatoryWarning Guide

Stop/Go Lane Turning FlashesPassing

Crosswalk Stop line

Signs

Signals

Roadway Markings

Unmarked Intersections

Interchanges

Traffic ControlsTraffic Controls

INTERSECTION SEARCH PATTERNSINTERSECTION SEARCH PATTERNSIntersection Approach Check open areas, then

closed areas to front

Check to the rear

Communicate as necessary

Check areas adjacent to path of travel

Check sightlines left and right

Adjust speed and/or position as appropriate

Open Open

ClosedClosed Open

Open

LINE OF SIGHT THROUGH LEFT CURVELINE OF SIGHT THROUGH LEFT CURVE

Establish Line of Sight and Projected Path of Travel

Check to the Rear Adjust Position for Maximum View of

Oncoming Traffic Establish Target Area for Path of

Travel Adjust Speed and Position to Conditions

LINE OF SIGHT THROUGH RIGHT CURVESLINE OF SIGHT THROUGH RIGHT CURVES

T – 5.20

LINE OF SIGHT OVER HILLLINE OF SIGHT OVER HILL

• Sightline limitations are similar to a curve

• Adjust speed and vehicle position to the right or outside of lane

What’s this car NOT What’s this car NOT doing correctly?doing correctly?

Front RightFront Right

Front LeftFront Left

Front CenterFront Center

Rear RightRear Right

Rear CenterRear Center

Rear LeftRear Left

Be aware of these six “zones” around your Be aware of these six “zones” around your vehicle and make note if they are “open” vehicle and make note if they are “open” (nothing is there) or “closed” (something (nothing is there) or “closed” (something is there). is there).

MAXIMIZE LANE USE

Use the lane position that gives you the best line of sight and path of travel. This diagram is based upon an average 12 foot wide lane.

2

54

1

3

Lane Position # 1Lane Position # 1

12-3 Feet

2-3 Feet


2

3-6 Inches


3

3-6 Inches

Lane Positions #4 and 5Lane Positions #4 and 5Lane positions 4 and 5 – straddling the line to avoid a problem

5

4

HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW FAR YOUR VEHICLE IS FROM THE CURB OR EDGE OF THE ROAD?

DriverDriver

ANSWER: REFERENCE POINTS

This driver is using her This driver is using her left side mirror, lined left side mirror, lined up with the first up with the first crosswalk line, to help crosswalk line, to help her know that the front her know that the front of her car is stopped of her car is stopped just before the just before the crosswalk!crosswalk!

MORE REFERENCE POINTS

This driver can use the right strap holding his canoe on as a reference point. This driver can use the right strap holding his canoe on as a reference point. As long as it lined up with the solid white line, his car is in the middle of his As long as it lined up with the solid white line, his car is in the middle of his lane.lane.

ANOTHER EXAMPLE

You could use the windshield sticker to help keep the car about 3’ from the left edge of this lane.

You could also use the little bump in between the wipers to keep the car about 3’ from the right edge of the lane.

Reference points can be very useful when parking in tight parking spaces!

SSuummmmaarryy Use IPDE to reduce risk. Use the Smith System to be aware of

your surroundings. Use Zone Control to manage the

immediate area around your vehicle. Use reference points to help know

your vehicle’s position in the road.

Managing Time and Space

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